How cruelly I suffered because of you. Pre-Petrine Rus'. What were the consequences of the introduction of “reserved years”

1) rental of small and medium-sized enterprises

2) surplus appropriation

3) universal labor conscription

4) concessions to foreign entrepreneurs

5) free utilities

6) broad cooperative movement

Establish a correspondence between the events of the Civil War and their dates

A) march on Moscow by troops of A.I. Denikin

B) mutiny of the Czechoslovak Corps

C) the defeat of P.N.’s troops. Wrangel in Crimea

D) the end of the Civil War in the Far East

Which three of the following documents were adopted in the 1920s?

2) resolution “On Party Unity”

3) the first Constitution of the USSR

5) the law “On the entry of Western Ukraine into the USSR”

6) the first five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR

Place historical events in chronological order

1) Soviet-Finnish war

2) suppression of the “Prague Spring” by Soviet troops

3) Soviet-Polish war

4) mutiny of the Czechoslovak Corps

5) entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan

Which three of these provisions characterize Stalin's policy after the war?

1) fight against cosmopolitanism

2) weakening the pressure on the countryside, reducing taxes on collective farms

3) anti-Semitic campaign, limiting opportunities for creative and career self-realization of Jews

4) carrying out repressions among local party leaders and economists

5) encouraging the development of independence of national entities within the USSR

6) policy of non-rotation (constant change) of party and government personnel

Part C

1. Read a passage from a historical source and briefly answer the questions

I remember one thing: it used to be that we were playing children’s games, and Prince Ivan Vasilyevich Shuisky was sitting on a bench, leaning his elbow on our father’s bed and putting his foot on a chair, but he wouldn’t even look at us, and certainly not like a slave at his masters. How many times I was not given food on time. They plundered everything in an insidious manner, took the treasury of our grandfather and father for themselves, and with the money they forged gold and silver vessels for themselves and inscribed the names of their parents on them.”

Using your knowledge of history, indicate the names: mother, father, grandfather of Ivan IV.

What kind of oppression did Ivan himself experience? What damage to the state is he talking about? Indicate at least three provisions in total.

2. Read an excerpt from a historical essay and briefly answer the questions

From the work of S.M. Solovyova.

“Before her accession to the throne... a popular movement was expressed, directed against the predominance of foreigners, which had established itself in the last two reigns... From the very first days of her reign, it was clear that the national movement would consist in a return to the rules of Peter the Great, therefore, in accordance with these rules, it was necessary the issue of the attitude of Russians towards foreigners would be resolved, and Peter’s rule was known: one must use skilled foreigners, employ them in the service, but not give them preference over Russians and occupy the most important positions in government exclusively with the latter.

She announced the liquidation of the Cabinet of Ministers and the establishment of the Imperial Council... The Empress also took measures to revive and strengthen some institutions created under Peter I. Thus, the Senate again became governing, i.e. the main authority in the country after the empress. It was replenished with Russian nobles.

She restored some of Peter's colleges, as well as the Chief Magistrate. The reprisals against the nobility and nobility ceased.

The army and navy were once again the focus of government attention. The Empress encouraged the construction of new ships and restored the quantitative composition of the Russian army, as under Peter I. The strengthening of the state apparatus continued.”

Which empress is being referred to in the above passage? Name the years of her reign.

Using the text of the document and knowledge from the history course, name what was done by the Empress to “return to the rules of Peter the Great.” List at least three provisions.

What features, according to the historian, distinguishes this reign? List at least three provisions.

3. Read a passage from a historical study and briefly answer the questions.

Fragment of the scientific research “Political history. Russia – USSR – Russian Federation.”

“The critical point at which the entire knot of socio-economic and political contradictions was focused was the uprising in Kronstadt... The political situation... forced the Bolsheviks to call this uprising anti-Soviet, although it must be qualified as anti-Bolshevik, since the political slogans of the rebels were limited to the demand for re-election of the Soviets (“Soviets without communists", "Power to the Soviets, not to the parties").

The fortress of the Bolshevik dictatorship was swaying not only under the blows of peasant uprisings. Political reality, the main core of which was the growing dissatisfaction with the economic situation and military-bureaucratic methods of management, destroyed another fairly stable myth - the confidence of the Bolshevik government that the support of the working class, its social support, was guaranteed under any conditions. However, by the autumn of 1920, the prisons of both capitals were overcrowded with arrested workers who participated in numerous strikes and “bagpipes” demanding immediate improvement in their financial situation. The protracted fuel crisis and the reduction in food rations that took place in January 1921 caused a new outburst of discontent. Workers' strikes of many thousands swept across large industrial centers. The country was flying into the abyss of chaos, the Bolshevik government faced the threat of being swept away during the unfolding new round of the civil war.”

When did the uprising take place in Kronstadt? Who took part in it?

Indicate what three forms of dissatisfaction with the Bolshevik rule are named in the text.

3) What did the rebels demand? Based on the document and your knowledge of history, name at least three requirements.

Write the missing word (term)

Used during the NEP years, the commissioning of natural resources, enterprises and other economic facilities owned by the state to foreign entrepreneurs under certain conditions is called ___________________.

Key to the test

Part A	Part B
1. – 1 2. – 3 3. – 3 4. – 2 5. – 3 6. – 4 7. – 4 8. – 1 9. – 1 10. – 1 11. – 4 12. – 4 13. – 4 14. – 2 15. – 1 16. – 3 17. – 3 18. – 4 19. – 4 20. – 2	1. – 21453 2. – 124 3. – 42351 4. – A3B1V4G5 5. – 42531 6. – 123 7. – 126 8. – A3B2V4G1 9. - A3B4V1G2 10. – A5B1V4G2 11. – 235 12. – G5 13 . - 236 14. – 43125 15. – 134

Part C

Exercise 1.

1. Answer:

2. Answer:

3. Answer:

Task 2.

1 Answer:

2. Answer:

3. Answer:

Task 3.

1. Answer:

2. Answer:

3. Answer:

Task 4.

Concession – 2 points.

The autocracy of the Russian kingdom, filled with true Orthodoxy, began by God's will from the Grand Duke Vladimir, who enlightened the Russian land with holy baptism, and the Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh, who received high honor from the Greeks, and from the brave great sovereign Alexander Nevsky, who won a great victory over the godless Germans, and from worthy of praise of the great sovereign Dmitry, who won a victory over the Don over the godless Hagarians. We praise God for his immeasurable mercy, that until now he has not allowed our right hand to be stained with the blood of our fellow tribesmen, for we did not want to take away the kingdom from anyone, but by God’s will and with the blessing of our forefathers and parents we were born into the kingdom and raised. We did not obtain the kingdom by violence, especially because whoever resists such power resists God! The Apostle Paul says: “Slaves! Obey your masters, obey not only the good, but also the evil, not only out of fear, but also out of conscience.” This is the will of the Lord if you have to suffer. If you are righteous, why didn’t you want to suffer from me, the obstinate ruler, and earn the crown of eternal life?

Because of one angry word, you destroyed not only your soul, but also the souls of your ancestors by dog treachery, violating the kiss of the cross.

Is this really the light - when priests and crafty slaves rule, while the king is only a king in name and honor, and in power is no better than a slave? The Apostle Paul wrote: “The heir, as long as he is in the nursery, is no different from a slave; he is subject to stewards and teachers until the time appointed by the father.” We, thank God, have reached the age appointed by our father, and it is not appropriate for us to obey our mentors.

And when you asked why we handed over the governors given to us by God to fight our enemies to various executions, you wrote a lie. But we did not kill the strong, and I don’t know who the strongest is, because the Russian land is held together by God’s mercy and the mercy of the Most Pure Mother of God, and the prayers of all the saints, and the blessing of our parents, and, finally, by us, our sovereigns, and not by judges and voivodes. And we were always free to give favors to our slaves, and we were also free to execute them.

How cruelly I suffered because of you from my youth until recently. Everyone knows this. When we were left with our deceased brother Georgiy - 460 orphans - no one helped us. Our subjects achieved the fulfillment of their desires - they received a kingdom without a ruler. They took over the yards and villages of our uncles 461. And the mother’s treasures were transferred to the Great Treasury, and the rest was divided. I remember one thing; It used to be that we were playing children’s games, and Prince Ivan Vasilyevich Shuisky 462 was sitting on a bench, leaning his elbow on our father’s bed and putting his foot on a chair, but he wouldn’t even look at us, and certainly not like a slave at his masters. How many times I was not given food on time. They plundered everything in an insidious manner, took the treasury of our grandfather and father for themselves, and with the money they forged gold and silver vessels for themselves and inscribed the names of their parents on them. And all people know that during our mother’s time, Prince Ivan Shuisky had a fur coat of fly-fly 463 green on martens, and also on worn ones, so if this was their inheritance, then rather than forge vessels, it would be better to change the fur coat when there is extra money .

There was a dog at our court, Alexei Adashev, but we took him from the dung and equalized him with the nobles, hoping for his faithful service. Then, for advice in spiritual matters and the salvation of my soul, I took priest Sylvester. Priest Sylvester became friends with Alexei, and they began to consult secretly from us, considering us unreasonable, they began to subordinate you, boyars, to their will, taking you out from under our power, teaching you to contradict us. They surrounded themselves with friends and exercised all power according to their own will. And so we lived in persecution and oppression.

Until now, Russian rulers have not reported to anyone; but they were free to reward and execute their subjects.

Test on the topics “The Age of Ivan the Terrible” and “The Troubles in Russia”

Place historical events in chronological order

The uprising of I.I. Bolotnikov

Devlet-Girey's campaign against Moscow

Seven Boyars

Match events and dates

Events

Dates

A) Second militia

1)1598-1613

B) Livonian War

2)1612

B) Troubles

3)1552

D) The beginning of the reign of Ivan the Terrible

4)1533-1584

5)1547

6)1558-1583

3. Establish a correspondence between events and facts

Events

Dates

A) The reign of Fyodor Ioannovich

1)1610-113

B) Uprising led by Cotton

2)1605-1606

B) The reign of False DmitryI

3)1589

D) Compilation of the Code of Law of Ivan the Terrible

4)1550

5)1584-1598

6)1603

4. Establish a correspondence between events and participants in these events

Events

Dates

A) Reforms of the Elected Rada

1Elena Glinskaya

B) Expulsion of the Poles from Moscow

2) Grigory Otrepiev

C) Establishment of the Patriarchate

3) Alexey Adashev

D) Currency reform

4) Fyodor Ioannovich

5) Kuzma Minin

6)Boris Godunov

5. Establish a correspondence between events and participants in these events

Events

Dates

A) First militia

1Makariy

B) Polish intervention

2) Sigismund III

B) "Domostroy"

3) Job

D) Ivan’s weddingIV to the kingdom

4) I. Bolotnikov

5) P. Lyapunov

6) Sylvester

6.Fill in the blank cells of the table using the list of missing elements below

Time

Event

Participant

____________(A)

_______________(B)

Ivan Susanin

October 1612

Liberation of Moscow

_______________ (IN)

_____________(G)

Livonian War

______________ (D)

1589 g

_______________(E)

Job

1612 g

1558-1583

1611

Annexation of the Kazan Khanate

Establishment of the Patriarchate

Troubles

Dmitry Pozharsky

Stefan Batory

Ermak Timofeevich

Century

Ruler

Successor

XIII

Alexander Nevskiy

______________(A)

_________________(B)

______________(IN)

Dmitry Donskoy

______________(G)

Ivan the Great

_______________(D)

Ivan groznyj

______________(E)

1) XVII

2) XIV

3) XVI

4) Vasily Dark

5)Ivan Krasny

6)Ivan Kalita

7) Fedor

8)Daniil

9) Vasily III

7. Fill in the blank cells of the table using the list of missing elements below

Event

date

Participant

Oprichnina

1565-1572

______________(A)

_________________(B)

______________(IN)

Dmitry Pozharsky

Livonian War

______________(G)

Andrey Kurbsky

_______________(D)

1564

______________(E)

1) Malyuta Skuratov

2)Ivan Fedorov

3) Filaret

4) Troubles

5) "Apostle"

6) Capture of Astrakhan

7)1558-1583

8)1598-1613

9)1533-1584

8. Establish a correspondence between cultural monuments and their characteristics

Cultural monuments

Characteristics

A) St. Basil's Cathedral

1) Built under IvanIII

B) Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye

2) Built by Aristotle Fioravanti

B) Assumption Cathedral

3) Built in honor of the capture of Kazan

D) Red stone Kremlin in Moscow

4)Built in honor of the birth of IvanIV

5) Built under Boris Godunov

6) Built in honor of the annexation of Siberia

9. Establish a correspondence between cultural monuments and their authors

Cultural monuments

A) "Apostle"

1) Sylvester

B) "Domostroy"

2) Afanasy Nikitin

B) "Trinity"

3)Andrey Rublev

D) "Walking across three seas"

4)Mark Fryazin

5)Ivan Fedorov

6)Aristotle Fioravanti

10.Which of the listed historical figures were contemporaries of Ivan IV ?

1)Sofia Paleolog

2) Elena Glinskaya

3) Khan Kuchum

4) Khan Akhmat

5) V. Shuisky

6) A. Adashev

11.What three cities were annexed to Moscow in X VI century?

1) Pskov

2) Smolensk

3) Ryazan

4) Tver

5) Novgorod

6) Kolomna

12. Which historical figures were members of the Elected Rada?

1) Ivan Bolotnikov

2)Patriarch Job

3) Alexey Adashev

4)Ivan Viskovaty

5) Boris Godunov

6) Archpriest Sylvester

13.Which three of the following events occurred during the Troubles?

1) Intervention of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

2) Oprichnina

3) First militia

4) Defense of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra

5) Establishment of the patriarchate

6) Livonian War

14. Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, belong to the era of Ivan IV .

1) archers, 2) guardsmen, 3) regiments of the “new system”, 4) Elected Rada, 5) Stoglavy Cathedral, 6) Code of Service

15. Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, reflect the process of enslavement of peasants in XV - XVI V.

1)lesson summer, 2) elderly, 3) Table of ranks 4) reserved summer, 5) Cathedral Code, 6) St. George’s Day

16. Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, relate to events XII - XV V.

1) nobles, 2) archers, 3) estate, 4) Josephites, 5) Horde exit, 6) localism

The period during which the owners could bring a claim for the return of runaway serfs to them.

17. Indicate the term in question

The main part of Russian territory not included in the oprichnina by Ivan IV

18. Write the missing word (phrase)

In the Moscow state, the advisory body under the sovereign was ______________, consisting of XV V. their representatives were of two ranks: boyars and okolnichy.

19. Write the missing word (phrase)

After the overthrow of Vasily Shuisky, a boyar government was in power in Russia, which went down in history under the name _____________________________

20. Establish a correspondence between fragments of historical sources and their brief characteristics: for each fragment indicated by a letter, select two corresponding characteristics indicated by numbers.

FRAGMENTS OF SOURCES

A) “Article 10. If a slave runs and hides with a Varangian or a kolbyag, and they do not bring him out within three days, but discover him on the third day, then the master will take away his slave, and 3 hryvnia for the offense...

Article 15. If someone, having identified a slave, wants to take him, then the master of the slave should lead him to the one from whom the slave was bought, and let him lead him to another seller, and when he reaches the third, then tell the third: give me your slave, and you look for your money in front of a witness.

Article 16. If a slave hits a free husband and runs into the mansion of his master and he begins not to give him up, then take the slave and the master pays 12 hryvnia for him, and then, where the slave is found by that hit man, let him beat him.”

B) “In the summer of September 7006, the Great Prince Ivan Vasilyevich of All Rus', with his children and with the boyars, ordered a trial, as he judges the boyars and okolnichi... Article 57. On peasant refusal. And peasants should be allowed to leave the volost, from village to village, for one period of the year, a week before Saint George’s Day and a week after Saint George’s Day. Elderly peasants should pay a ruble per yard in the fields, and half a ruble per yard in the forests. And if a peasant lives with someone for a year and goes away, he pays for a quarter of the yard, but if he lives for two years and goes away, he pays for half the yard, but if he lives for three years and goes away, he pays for three-quarters of the yard, and he lives for four years. , he pays for the whole yard.” CHARACTERISTICS

1) This legislative act prohibited blood feud.

2) The head of the state under which this legislative act was adopted subordinated the Yaroslavl and Tver principalities to Moscow.

3) This legislative act was approved by the Zemsky Sobor.

4) The head of the state under which this legislative act was drawn up won a major victory over the Pechenegs.

5) This legislative act marked the beginning of the process of enslavement of peasants.

6) This legislative act established a single fine for the murder of any free resident of the state.

Fragment A

Fragment B

Answer:

21. Read the text and indicate the name of the icon painter mentioned in the text.

“In the twenties of the 15th century. the artel of masters he headed decorated the Trinity Cathedral in the monastery of St. Sergius, erected over his tomb, with icons and frescoes. The iconostasis included the “Trinity” icon as a highly revered temple image, placed according to tradition in the lower (local) row on the right side of the Royal Doors. There is evidence from one of the sources of the 17th century. about how the abbot of the monastery Nikon entrusted him with “the image of painting the Most Holy Trinity in praise of his father Saint Sergius.”

1) Epiphanius the Wise

2) Andrey Rublev

3) Dionysius

4) Vassian Patrikeev

22. Fragment of a historical document authored by Ivan IV

“How cruelly I suffered because of you from my youth until recently. Our subjects achieved the fulfillment of their desires - they received a kingdom without a ruler. They took the yards and villages of our uncles for themselves. And the mother’s treasures were transferred to the Great Treasury, and the rest was divided. I remember one thing; It used to be that we were playing children’s games, and Prince Ivan Vasilyevich Shuisky was sitting on a bench, leaning his elbow on our father’s bed and putting his foot on a chair, but he wouldn’t even look at us, and certainly not like a slave at his masters. How many times I was not given food on time. They plundered everything in an insidious manner, took the treasury of our grandfather and father for themselves, and with the money they forged gold and silver vessels for themselves and inscribed the names of their parents on them.”

2. Indicate the names: mother, father, grandfather of Ivan IV.

3. What kind of oppression did Ivan himself experience? What damage to the state is he talking about? Indicate at least three provisions in total.

4. The Principality of Moscow, when Ivan III became its ruler, faced important foreign policy tasks. He successfully dealt with many of them. Indicate at least three facts related to the foreign policy of Ivan III.

23. Look at the diagram and complete the tasks

1. Write the name of the war, the events of which are reflected on the map.

2. Write the name of the city in which the punitive campaign of government troops was carried out, accompanied by massacres.

Answer:___________________________________

3.. Write the number that indicates the “unofficial capital” of the state after the Tsar’s departure from Moscow.

Answer:___________________________________

4. Which judgments related to the events indicated in the diagram are correct? Choose three judgments from the six proposed. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) Russia won this war,

2) during the war, the government lifted restrictions on the right of peasants to transfer to another owner,

3) Russia’s enemy in the war was Sweden,

4) during the war a new state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was formed,

5) during the war, domestic policy became tougher,

6) the war took place during the final period of the formation of a unified Russian state.

Answer:_____________________ .

24.

Look at the image and complete the tasks.

What judgments about the icon painting depicted in the photograph are correct? Choose three judgments from the six proposed). Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) this work of ancient Russian art was created in the 13th century;

2) currently the icon is in the State Russian Museum of St. Petersburg;

3) at the moment, “Trinity” is stored in the hall of ancient Russian painting at the Tretyakov Gallery;

4) this is the icon of the Holy Trinity by Simon Ushakov;

6) in the icon painting, according to theological concepts, three angels are the image of the consubstantial and trinitarian God - the Holy Trinity and symbolize unity and harmony.

27 . In 1601, the monk of the Chudov Monastery, Grigory Otrepiev, fled from Russia to Poland. He declared himself the miraculously saved Tsarevich Dmitry. In the fall of 1604, he invaded Russia with only about four thousand Cossacks and Poles. In 1605 he ascended the throne. Explain what caused the success of False Dmitry I in the struggle for power (give three explanations).

28. In historical science, there are controversial issues on which different, often contradictory points of view are expressed. Below is one of the controversial points of view existing in historical science.

“The oprichnina policy of Ivan the Terrible contributed to the strengthening of the Russian centralized state.”

Using historical knowledge, give two arguments that can confirm this point of view, and two arguments that can refute it. Write your answer in the following form.

Arguments in support:

1)...

2)...

Arguments to refute:

1)...

2)...

29. Historical essay

You need to write a historical essay about ONE of the periods of Russian history:

1) 1533-1598;

2) 1598-1613;

3) 1565-1572

The essay must:

– indicate at least two events (phenomena, processes) relating to a given period of history;

– name two historical figures whose activities are connected with these events (phenomena, processes), and, using knowledge of historical facts, characterize the role of these personalities in the events (phenomena, processes) of a given period in Russian history;

– indicate at least two cause-and-effect relationships that existed between events (phenomena, processes) within a given period of history.

Using knowledge of historical facts and (or) the opinions of historians, give one historical assessment of the significance of this period for the history of Russia. During the presentation it is necessary to use historical terms, concepts,

related to this period.

The first message of Ivan the Terrible to Kurbsky

The autocracy of the Russian kingdom, filled with true Orthodoxy, began by God's will from the Grand Duke Vladimir, who enlightened the Russian land with holy baptism, and the Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh, who received high honor from the Greeks, and from the brave great sovereign Alexander Nevsky, who won a great victory over the godless Germans, and from worthy of praise of the great sovereign Dmitry, who won a victory over the Don over the godless Hagarians. We praise God for his immeasurable mercy, that until now he has not allowed our right hand to be stained with the blood of our fellow tribesmen, for we did not want to take away the kingdom from anyone, but by God’s will and with the blessing of our forefathers and parents we were born into the kingdom and raised. We did not obtain the kingdom by violence, especially because whoever resists such power resists God! The Apostle Paul says: “Slaves! Listen to your masters, obey not only! good, but also evil, not only for fear, but also for conscience.” This is the will of the Lord if you have to suffer. If you are righteous, why didn’t you want to suffer from me, the obstinate ruler, and earn the crown of eternal life?

Because of one angry word, you destroyed not only your soul, but also the souls of your ancestors by dog treachery, violating the kiss of the cross.

* By serfs, Ivan the Terrible means all his subjects, regardless of their position, class status, including people of the highest rank: boyars, governors, etc.

How cruelly I suffered because of you from my youth until recently. Everyone knows this. When my brother George and I were left as orphans who had passed away, no one helped us. Our subjects achieved the fulfillment of their desires - they received a kingdom without a ruler. They took the yards and villages of our uncles for themselves**. And the mother’s treasures were transferred to the Great Treasury, and the rest was divided. I remember one thing; It used to be that we were playing children’s games, and Prince Ivan Vasilyevich Shuisky*** was sitting on a bench, leaning his elbow on our father’s bed and putting his foot on a chair, but he wouldn’t even look at us, and certainly not like a slave at his masters. How many times I was not given food on time. They plundered everything in an insidious manner, took the treasury of our grandfather and father for themselves, and with the money they forged gold and silver vessels for themselves and inscribed the names of their parents on them. And all people know that during our mother’s time, Prince Ivan Shuisky had a fly fur coat **** green on martens, and also on worn ones, so if this was their inheritance, then rather than forge vessels, it would be better to change the fur coat when have extra money.

* Georgy (Yuri) Vasilyevich (1532 – 1563) – younger brother of Ivan the Terrible. He did not take part in political life because he was deaf and dumb.

** In the first third of the 16th century. in the conditions of further centralization of the Moscow state, the liquidation of the appanage principalities that existed within it took place. After the death of Vasily III, there remained the principalities of Dmitrovskoye, which belonged to his brother Yuri, and Staritskoye, which was owned by his other brother, Andrei. During the reign of Elena Glinskaya, first Yuri and then Andrei were captured and both died in prison in 1536. After the death of the ruler, boyar groups replaced each other in power in Moscow, whom Ivan the Terrible accuses of plundering the lands and yards of disgraced appanage princes. So, Prince Vasily Vasilyevich Shuisky settled in the courtyard that belonged to Andrei Staritsky.

*** Ivan Vasilyevich Shuisky (d. 1546) - boyar, headed the Shuisky clan after the death of his older brother Vasily (1538).

**** Fly fur coat - the top of such a fur coat was sewn from fly fur, silk fabric with woolen thread, produced in the countries of the East.

Until now, Russian rulers have not reported to anyone; but they were free to reward and execute their subjects.

Kurbsky's second message to Ivan the Terrible

I received your broadcast and noisy message; such a thing would not only be for a king, but also for a simple warrior; from many sacred books it was grabbed, apparently, with much fury, not in lines or verses*, as is the custom of skilled and learned people, when they happen to write to someone, in in short words, setting out important thoughts, and beyond measure verbose and empty talk, right there about beds, and padded jackets, like absurd women's tales, and everything is so ignorant that it is surprising not only for learned men, but also for simple ones, and even more so to send them to someone else’s a land where people meet who know not only grammar and rhetoric, but also dialectics and philosophy.

* Kurbsky wants to say that the tsar’s message lacks the clarity and conciseness inherent in authors who know how to express a thought in one line or verse.

So noisily, without waiting for God’s judgment, to condemn and threaten me like that!

And I don’t know what you want from me anymore. Not only did he destroy princes of the same tribe, ascending to the family of the great Vladimir, with various deaths, and took away their wealth, which your grandfather and your father had not yet plundered. But the king wanted to respond to every word of yours and could have written no worse than you, for by the grace of my Christ I mastered the ancient style to the best of my ability, already in my old age I learned it here, but I held back my hand with the pen because I put everything on God's judgment.

Correspondence of Ivan the Terrible with Andrei Kurbsky. L., 1979. pp. 119-164.

Section III

Russia in the 17th century The emergence of absolutist institutions in the public administration system

In general, state building and the activities of government bodies of the 17th century can be divided into three chronological stages:

The Time of Troubles (from the end of the 16th century to the 1620s) became a severe shock for Russian statehood. This was a period of acute political and social crisis, complicated by foreign intervention. In the literature of this time, the story of Abraham Palitsyn (d. 1627) occupies a prominent place. The cellarer of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery described in detail the struggle of his monastery with the support of peasants and other patriots against the troops of False Dmitry II, led by Jan Peter Sapieha, who were besieging the monastery. In the story (document no. 1) a general assessment of the events of the Troubles is also given. It is very characteristic of a Russian person of that time, who was religiously inclined and belonged to the social elite.

Among the works about the Time of Troubles there are also interesting monuments of historical thought. One of the most remarkable among them is “Vremennik” by clerk Ivan Timofeev (document№ 2). Vremnik is the traditional name for Russian medieval historical stories and chronicles. In his work, Ivan Timofeev (d. 1631) talks about events from the time of Ivan IV to the accession of Mikhail Romanov. He critically evaluates Boris Godunov, Vasily Shuisky, as well as the boyars and clergy. Ivan Timofeev sees the “abduction” of the throne by Boris Godunov with the silent connivance of the boyars and the top of the church as one of the main reasons for the Troubles.

After the Time of Troubles, the structure of the restored state power remained the same. It is important to emphasize that the models of public administration of the previous period served as the basis for the reviving Russia, which indicates the deep and original roots of Russian statehood. In 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected Mikhail Romanov to the throne, thereby establishing a new dynasty of Russian sovereigns. Document№ 3 allows us to judge the wide representation of individual localities and cities at the Zemsky Sobor and the difficulties associated with convening the council itself.

Second half of the 17th century. - This is the period of heyday of the order management system and its transition to a collegial one. A turning point in the state sphere was the adoption of the Council Code of 1649. (document no. 4). This is a legislative act of Russia that formalized the social and political system of the state, determining the life of the country for the next two centuries. The adoption of the Code at the Zemsky Sobor marked the strengthening of the rule of serf owners and autocracy. The provisions of Chapter XI - “The Court of Peasants” - satisfied the main demand of the nobility for the abolition of “lesson years” and for the indefinite search of runaway peasants, established the heredity of serfdom and asserted the landowner’s right to the peasant’s property. Chapter XIX of the Code - “On Posad People” - legitimized the unconditional attachment of the posad population to posads and the sovereign's tax and authorized the confiscation of privately owned settlements in posads. This important decree strengthened the position of the trade and craft population of the cities and deprived the feudal lords of the opportunity to put pressure on them; the predominant position in the settlement was assigned to the top of the commercial and industrial population.

In the 17th century The creation of a central control system through orders was completed. This order reflected, first of all, the increased centralization of management. Essay by G.K. Kotoshikhin (document no. 5) gives an idea of the extensive network of orders, their competence and shortcomings in their activities, primarily associated with the unclear distribution of administrative functions, especially in financial and judicial matters. G.K. Kotoshikhin, being a clerk at the Ambassadorial Prikaz, knew well the procedures of Russian office work; his notes contain rich material about the system of administrative management in Russia. His notes G.K. Kotoshikhin wrote at the request of local authorities in Sweden, where he fled from Russia, fearing exposure of his espionage activities in favor of Poland. Subsequently G.K. Kotoshikhin was convicted by a Swedish court of murdering the owner of the house in which he lived and executed.

The country's active foreign policy explains the presence of many foreign representatives in the capital. Among them is Augustin F. Mayerberg. The ambassador of the German emperor was in Moscow in 1661 - 1663. and wrote two essays about the Moscow state. An excerpt from one of them (document no. 6) characterizes voivodeship administration in Russia.

In the 17th century The composition of the ruling class has changed significantly. The old noble boyars, especially in the second half of the century, were pushed out of control by the emerging new noble families and the growing dyacry. The nobility demanded equalization of their rights to occupy the highest government positions on the basis of personal merit and abilities. The strengthening autocracy also sought to eliminate the procedure for filling positions based on the principle of birth, which was preserved according to centuries-old feudal traditions. The solution to this issue was in direct connection with the reorganization of the armed forces and the need to create a combat-ready army, not weakened by the phenomena of localism. The equalization of the rights of individual groups of the feudal class occurred in 1682 under Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich as a result of the destruction of localism (document№ 7 ).

Documentation

№ 1. THE STORY OF ABRAHAMI PALITSYN ABOUT THE SIEGE OF THE TRINITY-SERGIUS MONASTERY

First, the Lord God allowed the defrocked Grigory Otrepiev* to rule us, who called himself the Tsar’s son Dmitry Ivanovich of All Rus' and ascended to the Tsar’s throne. But soon that Gregory died a cruel death. Then someone else showed up for the same place. And it reaches the very reigning city of Moscow, but it turns out not to be accepted. Rumors about him spread everywhere in Russia, and therefore all the thieves gathered to see him: not to elevate him to the royal throne, but to plunder all the ancient royal treasures. All of Russia suffers painfully from false kings. Vasily Ivanovich is called the Tsar of all Russia, but the entire Russian state is being ruined by Tushino’s thief.

* Stripping is the traditional nickname of False Dmitry I. As you know, he was a monk of the Chudov Monastery. Subsequently, he left the monastery and renounced monasticism, that is, he “cut his hair.”

A small number of cities in Pomerania were not tempted and, with the kiss of the cross, adhered to the Moscow state. Others, due to their long distance, were subordinated to Russian enemies. The path from everywhere to Moscow was difficult for everyone who wanted good, for the enemies surrounded the reigning city around. Due to the lack of everything necessary, the city of Moscow was in an extremely disastrous state. Those who fled from it, and unwillingly, replenished the number of enemies, and self-confidently the enemies had fun about this.

At that time, the monastery of the wonderworker Sergius was of great benefit to the reigning city. People living by the sea in the North, people from Veliky Novgorod, and from Vologda, and from the Dvina River and the whole Siberian land - everyone helped Moscow. Also, both from the Nizhny Novgorod land and from Kazan, people all served without betrayal. And when someone from all the named places had nowhere to go, they all came to the monastery of the miracle worker.

Monuments of literature of Ancient Rus': The EndXVI- StartXVIIcentury. M., 1987. S. 165-169.

№ 2. VREMENNIK OF CECIPAL IVAN TIMOFEEV

In the last years of the current time, Shuisky, by the name of Vasily, called the Tsar of All Rus', having elected himself, sat on the throne of the first autocrats who had the supreme power, I think, without God’s election and without his will, and not according to the common people’s council from all the cities of Rus' , but of his own free will; (this happened) with the help of a certain false nobleman who joined him, the completely noble Mikhail Tatishchev, who agreed with him in thoughts, fickle in deeds and words, predatory like a wolf. This aforementioned Vasily, without the consent of the people of the whole earth, by chance and hastily, as speed was possible in this matter, by people located only here in the reigning city, without any resistance from him, was first named king in his own court, and then made king all great Russia.

In the years when the limit of life of Boris, who reigned over us, ceased with death and when he was struck by the wrath of the wrath of the Lord and killed by the hand of the people of Rasstriga, envy of the reign arose in Tsar Vasily, and, like an arrow shot by the lust for power of the first, he acted even more boldly than those two: very imprudently and hastily sat on the throne, since he was not skilled in this. He created a house for himself and did not dig it into the ground, but founded it only on sand. Without the consent of the whole earth, he appointed himself king, and all the people were embarrassed by his quick anointing (to the kingdom); by this he aroused the hatred of all the cities of his state. From here, after the first (invaders), all the evil in Rus' began and many disorders began to occur in the land; namely, disobedience and autocracy of slaves and the siege of cities began, so that our own slaves of the same faith with us, having come with an army to the mother of cities (Moscow), by this approach to the walls of the city, treacherously showed contempt for the very head of the kingdom, and the newly reigned (Vasily Shuisky ) with all his family was locked by them, like a bird in a cage.

When, suddenly struck by the wrath of the wrath of the Lord, betrayed by the hands of the people to bodily death in the very royal palaces, and then thrown out of them into the square in the middle of the capital, a lion cub, an asp* or, better yet, a basilisk egg** fell, as if struck by thunder, - Grishka Rastriga , nicknamed Otrepiev, - he was like a son according to his evil promise to the Lithuanian king Sigismund ***. Then King Sigismund boldly took up arms against all the good that had sung and multiplied in us with the help of God, and first of all against the pious and blessed faith, and then against the abundance of earthly blessings. If he did not himself, having taken up arms, moved and came against us, then he released all his well-armed people to the city - the head of our kingdom - with the order to deceive and again clothe a certain (Tushinsky thief) as if in clothes, in an unusual name - and so on , what they were both taught by their teacher - the enemy ****. And those of our cities that they happened to destroy, they completely erased everything and made them empty and, approaching the mother of cities and stopping a few miles away for the purpose of a siege, they created fortifications. They frightened our king, the committing Vasily, with his entire family and those who were in the city, locking him up like a bird in a cage, and forcing him to remain here without escape.

* Asp is a poisonous snake. According to medieval beliefs, the asp is deaf because his ears are filled with poison. He is identified with a person who has given in to the devil and does not hear the voice of God.

** Basilisk is a mythical snake-like creature. The king of snakes (from the Greek basileus, basileus - king). It usually appears winged, with a human (maiden) face, with a cock's comb, etc.

*** We are talking about Sigismund III (1566 - 1632), elected king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1587. He pursued an active foreign policy and laid claim to the Swedish throne, since his father and grandfather belonged to the Swedish royal Vasa dynasty. Taking advantage of the turmoil in Russia, he sought to subordinate the Moscow state to his influence, supported False Dmitry I, did not interfere with the participation of detachments of the Polish gentry in military operations on the side of False Dmitry II, and finally, under the pretext of cooperation between the government of Vasily Shuisky and Sweden, he undertook an intervention in Russia, sought to establish himself in Moscow royal throne. At the same time, under Sigismund III in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, opposition to royal power on the part of large magnates intensified, some of them openly opposed the king and, on their own initiative, intervened in events in Russia.

**** ...their teacher is the enemy - meaning the devil, Satan.

The name of Razstrig, which revived again after his certain murder, came along with the others and began to serve the insidious plans of the second desecrator of the true name, who falsely called himself the real sovereign, Tsarevich Dimitri, deceiving us that he reigned over us, and, inventing lies, said that he somehow survived and escaped death. With this lie he captured the foolish into his will.

Among the apostates who united with foreign forces, helping our opponents to wise up against us, there were not only our small warriors, but there were also many nobles and other dignitaries close to the king. Together with them, each of those who by rank belonged to the royal court moved out of the city to the camp of the opponents, seduced by unconfirmed deception and seducing others, showing everyone an example of their weakness and lack of courage, as if it were possible to bring all people into a similar destruction . And these did this, and others, from neighboring cities, who swore an oath of the cross to the physical enemy (the impostor), smearing their souls with lies, not so much their lips - some, not loving the king, in the city, others - due to the lack of what was necessary for life, since there was severe famine in the city at that time. In short, not so many people remained in the city with the king, but there were defectors who went over to the false king.

Even if those who ran there knew that he was a false king, they worshiped him as an idol represented in a bodily form, thus annoying the real king who was in the city, and the city, as if it were a stranger, and together with the enemies all the time doing all sorts of dirty tricks. Shortly before this, they, like locusts, dispersed fearlessly to the ends of the earth of our entire kingdom, not finding anyone resisting them anywhere, but on the contrary, (finding) helping them: they captured all the cities and villages, exposing the inhabitants and the faithful to torment, and their property plundering. And it is impossible for anyone to count or describe the numerous troubles of the Russian people.

Temporary work by Ivan Timofeev. M., 1951. P.273 – 301.

№ 3. CREDIT D.M. POZHARSKY ON THE DVINA ON THE CONVENING OF THE ZEMSKY CATHEDRAL

(Abridged)

On the Dvina, the archimarite, and the abbot, and the archpriest, and the entire consecrated cathedral, and the voivode..., and the village elders, and the kisser, and all the residents and district people of the Moscow state, archbishops and bishops and all spiritual ranks and the boyar and voivode Dmitry Trubetskoy and the steward and voivode Dmitry Pozharskaya and his comrades, and stewards, and solicitors, and Moscow nobles, and clerks, and nobles and boyar children from the cities, and heads of streltsy and Cossacks, and centurions, and atamans, and Cossacks, and streltsy, and all kinds of servants people, and the entire Moscow state, people beat all ranks with their foreheads.

Gentlemen, we wrote to you in advance and more than once, so that you, for the Great Zemstvo general council and for the sovereign's fleecing, having selected ten people from spiritually and from all ranks of the best and reasonable, strong and stable people, send to us, to Moscow. .. And you... elected people... were not sent to us... But from many cities to us, to Moscow, the authorities and all sorts of ranks people... came... The Moscow state without a sovereign is not built on anything and on many parts are divided by the thieves' factory, and civil strife is caused... And we have now, by a common great council, sentenced for the Velikovo Zemstvo Council and the sovereign's robbery to come to us, to Moscow, from the spiritual rank of five people, and from the Sadsky and from the district people, twenty people . There are five archers. And the boyars, and the okolnichi, and the captains, and the solicitors, and the Moscow nobles, and the tenants, and the clerks, and the Moscow tenants who live in the cities, were sentenced to be sent to Moscow for the baptism of Christ in the current year 121.

BBK 84... 24 , 1969, p. 92. 17 Theobald: [ 63 ... work 94 chie - ... 6, 1969, p. 90 . 13 Materials... not separate 338 convenience, ..., social responsibility, hedonistic... editor HE. Adasknna Technical editor O.V. Pankrashina the Younger editor ...

Executive editor - Translation - (Psychology of transference) (articles)

Abstract of the dissertation

Transfer UDC 159.964 BBK 56.14 Responsibleeditor-S.L.Udovik... Using dream analysis 63 dreams, at the very least... (according to John 12, 24 ). Hortulanus (Ruska, Tabula, p. ... 23, cols.211- 338 . For translation, ... niveau mental 90 , 94 , 96, ...

FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO THE PRESENT

Document

Interested in the history of the republic. UDC94 (470.57) BBK63 .3 (2 Ross. ... 1755-1756. Was responsibleeditor part 1 and the compiler of volume ... 57, 338

Help please!! What kind of oppression did Ivan the Terrible experience? What damage to the state is Ivan the Terrible talking about? Specify at least three provisions. Thanks in advance. How cruelly I suffered because of you from my youth until the end of recent times. Our subjects achieved the fulfillment of their desires - to receive a kingdom without a ruler.

Answers:

It seems to me that your question contains the answer. You just didn't read it carefully

How cruelly I suffered because of you. Pre-Petrine Rus'. What were the consequences of the introduction of “reserved years”

23. Look at the diagram and complete the tasks

Section III