Second Moroccan crisis (1911). Moroccan crises German financial crisis

MOROCCAN CRISES

major international conflicts that reflected imperialist rivalry. powers, especially Germany and France, in Morocco in the beginning. 20th century (1905-11). Morocco, possessing means. natural resources and occupying an important geographical location. the situation remained at the beginning. 20th century unity a country in the Maghreb that maintained its independence. France, which by that time had captured Algeria and Tunisia, sought to capture the entire Maghreb. To this end, France concluded agreements with Italy in 1902, and with England and Spain in 1904, which granted it “freedom of action” in Morocco (Spain was promised a small part of Morocco’s territory in the far north and south as a sphere of influence). Then France provided the Sultan of Morocco with an enslaving loan and established customs. control over Moroccan ports, etc. Activation of the French. politics in Morocco caused a sharp reaction from Germany, which strengthened the economy. positions in this country with con. 19th century Germ. pr-in, protecting the interests of the Germans. monopolies in Morocco, spoke out in March 1905 (visit of Kaiser Wilhelm II to Tangier) against the expansion of the French. expansion, for maintaining in Morocco the principles of “open doors” and “equal opportunities” adopted at the Madrid Conference of 1880. In an effort to undermine the French-English. The Entente, in particular the 1904 agreement on Morocco, Germany insisted on convening an international. conference on the Moroccan question. France, which opposed the convening of the conference, threatened to send troops to Morocco. For his part, Germ. The government openly hinted at the possibility of war. performances from Germany. The General Staff in Berlin considered the moment favorable for war against France. England came out in support of France, promising it military service. help. This is how the M.C. arose in 1905. However, France preferred negotiations and agreed to convene a conference on the Moroccan issue. The Algeciras Conference of 1906, which completed the M.C. 1905, brought political. defeat of Germany and strengthened the position of the French. imperialism in Morocco.

A new deterioration in relations between France and Germany occurred after the occupation of France. troops of Casablanca and Oujda in 1907. This conflict, which developed during the Bosnian crisis of 1908-09, was resolved by Franco-German. agreement (February 1909) on the preservation of "economic equality" of the French. and german monopolies in Morocco. Germany recognized, however, "special" political. French interests in Morocco.

In 1911, after the capture of the French. troops of Fez, Germany. the government demanded territory. "compensation" in Morocco or other parts of Africa. 1 July 1911 German gunboat "Panther" under the pretext of protecting the interests of the Germans. citizens in Morocco entered the port of Agadir; the so-called The Agadir crisis, which again brought about the Franco-German crisis. relations on the brink of war. England, in order to strengthen the Entente, again supported France. Germany was forced to agree (Franco-German agreement November 4, 1911) to recognize the advantages. France's rights in Morocco in exchange for France's cession of part of the right bank of the Congo (275 thousand km 2) and recognition of its right to “open doors” in Morocco for 30 years. V.I. Lenin in “Notes on Imperialism” noted “1911: Germany is on the verge of war with France and England. Morocco is being plundered (“divided”). Morocco is exchanged for the Congo” (Works, vol. 39, p. 668) . M. to. had a great influence on the development of international. relations on the eve of the 1st World War; they were a test of the strength of the two imperialists. blocks. M. k. were a prelude to the establishment of the French. and Spanish domination in Morocco. V.I. Lenin named M.K. among “the most important crises in the international politics of the great powers after 1870-1871” (ibid.).

Source: Die grosse Politik der europäischen Kabinette. 1871-1914, Bd 20, 21, 29, V., 1925-27; Documents diplomatiques français (1871-1914), ser. 2, t. 5-11, P., 1934-50; British documents on the origins of the war. 1898-1914, v. 3, 7-8, L., 1928-32; Affaires du Maroc. 1901-1912, v. 1-6, P., 1905-1912 (in the series "Livres jaunes"); Intl. relations in the era of imperialism, ser. 2, t. 18, parts 1-2, (M.-L.), 1938; Bülov V., Memoirs, (translated from German), M.-L., 1935; Lancken-Wakenitz O., Meine 30 Dienstjahre, V., 1931; Rosen F., Aus einem diplomatischen Wanderleben, (Bd 1-2), Wiesbaden, (1931-32); Monts A., Erinnerungen und Gedanken, V., 1932; Glass H., Wider den Strom, Lpz., 1932; Paléologue M., Un grand tournant de la politique mondiale (1904-1906), P., (1934); Saint-Réné-Taillandier G., Les origines du Maroc français, P., (1930); Caillaux J., Agadir, P., (1919).

Lit.: History of diplomacy, 2nd ed., vol. 2, M., 1963; Kiguradze G. Sh., Essays on the history of the preparation of the 1st World War (1st Moroccan Crisis), Tb., 1960 (in Georgian); Yerusalimsky A.S., Germ. imperialism, M., 1964; Lutsky V.V., New history of Arab. countries, M., 1965; Heydorn G., Monopolies. Press. War, trans. from German, M., 1964; Ayash A., Morocco. Results of one colonization, (translated from French), M., 1958; Hallgarten G., Imperialism before 1914, (translated from German), M., 1961; Klein F., Deutschland von 1897-1898 bis 1917, 2 Aufl., V., 1963; Schreiner A., ​​Zur Geschichte der deutschen Aussenpolitik. 1871-1945, (2 Aufl.), Bd 1, V., 1955; Prokopczuk J., Geneza pierwszego kryzysu marokanskiego, "Materialy i studia", Warsz., 1960, t. 1; El-Hajoui M. O., Histoire diplomatique du Maroc (1900-1912), P., (1937); Williamson F. T., Germany and Morocco before 1905; Balt., 1937; Anderson E. N., The first Moroccan crisis. 1904-1906, Chi., 1930; Barlow I., The Agadir crisis, Chapel Hill, 1940; Hale O., Publicity and diplomacy. 1890-1914, N. Y.-L., 1940; Renouvin P., Histoire des relations internationales, t. 6, Pt 2, P., 1955; Rinouvin P. et Durosselle U., Introduction a l "histoire des relations internationales, P., 1964.

N. S. Lutskaya, G. N. Utkin, M. N. Mashkin. Moscow.

Soviet historical encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ed. E. M. Zhukova. 1973-1982 .

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Moroccan crises: First Moroccan crisis 1905 1906 Second Moroccan crisis 1911 ... Wikipedia

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In February 1905, France presented the Moroccan Sultan with a treaty for a protectorate modeled on Tunisia. Germany opposed this and pushed the Sultan to refuse. The issue of Morocco was raised at the conference. The conference participants are countries that have signed the Madrid Treaty on Trade Equity in Morocco. The French diplomat Delcasse strongly rejected these demands, but most French politicians feared a conflict with Germany and when the Sultan refused to sign without the consent of the participating countries, the French government opposed the minister. RuyeMelnikova O.A. became new. History of international relations. - P. 132..

He offered compensation to Germany for Morocco. Chancellor Bullow refused and on July 8, 1905, Germany and France agreed to convene a conference. In 1906, a conference was held in Spain. It turned out that Germany is isolated on this issue. Even Austria did not support her. Germany did not dare to take military action and made concessions. On April 7, the treaty was signed. The independence of the Sultan and the integrity of his territory were guaranteed. In financial and commercial terms, all countries had complete equality. International control over Moroccan customs was established. The results of the first Moroccan crisis were the diplomatic defeat of Germany, which failed to receive any colonial compensation, failed to cause discord in the Entente and win Russia over to its side. Kozin I.M. Crisis in international relations:. - P. 114..

During the crisis, Nicholas II and Wilhelm II met on the yacht "Polar Star" and signed an alliance treaty. This is how the famous Bjork Agreement appeared. There is a theory: Nikolai’s myopia, because of the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, it was necessary to be friends with Germany. This treaty provided for mutual assistance in the event of an attack by a third power and contradicted the Russian-French alliance and never came into force. The Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Witte, persuaded the Tsar that without the consent of France, the treaty was not valid. It was a refusal. Negotiations with England began. In 1907, an agreement was signed on the delimitation of spheres of influence in Iran and Tibet, which meant Russia’s accession to the Entente. After the crisis, the arms race intensifies even more, especially in England and Germany.

The British government is making peace-loving proposals. In August 1908, Edward VII, together with one of the heads of the Foreign Office, visited William II at his residence. These negotiations were conducted with the goal of reconciling Anglo-German differences and stopping the arms race. In both cases, the German side put forward unacceptable demands. In 1908, the British decided to build 2 ships for every 1 German Kruglov V.V. History of international relations. - P. 117..

In 1908, there was a new aggravation of the Moroccan issue after the murder of a French subject. France occupies the Moroccan regions adjacent to Algeria. In August 1908, the French occupied the Moroccan port of Casablanca. On September 25, the German consul arranged the escape of 6 deserters from the French legion. They were captured on the ship. As a result of the fight, the secretary of the German consulate was injured and three more Germans were arrested. Germany demanded their release and an apology. France refused. Germany was trying to aggravate relations with France, but because of the Bosnian crisis (Austria), Germany made concessions and transferred the case to the Hague Tribunal, which issued a verdict favorable to France. France granted Germany equal rights to economic activity in MoroccoLenin V.I. The main crises in the international politics of the great powers after 1870-1871 // PSS, T. 28, P. 597.

In November 1910, negotiations between Russia and Germany took place in Potsdam. Bentan proposed to Sazonov a draft Russian-German treaty, according to which Russia would not interfere with the construction of the Baghdad railway, and Germany would not interfere with Russian influence in Persia. As well as a mutual obligation not to take part in any groups hostile to each other. Sazonov did not dare to give consent. Germany delayed the signing in every possible way. During the negotiations, Benthan made a statement in the Reichstag that Russia and Germany were not participating in the blocs. This alarmed London and Paris. Nicholas assured England that Russia would not conclude an agreement without familiarizing the English government with it. In 1911, a Russian-Turkish agreement on Persia was signed. Russia did not interfere with the construction of the railway.

The third Moroccan crisis soon broke out. In the spring of 1911, an uprising broke out in the vicinity of the capital of Morocco. France took advantage of this and occupied the capital. Morocco finally goes to France. She appeals to the Germans for compensation. They are silent. The gunboat Panther arrived in Morocco, followed by the cruiser Berlin. This was a clear provocation. France is trying to come to an agreement. Germany demands the entire French Congo as compensation. England took the side of France. On July 24, Lloyd George said that England would not allow this issue to be resolved without its participation. Germany was scared and agreed: Morocco became a French protectorate, and Germany received part of the French Congo (jungle).

Thus, the very beginning of the war was associated with the initiative of Germany and England. Both the Russians and the French demanded clear support from the British. The Germans were made to understand that England was not interested in this war, and they really counted on its non-intervention.

Morocco being torn apart by European powers. Caricature from the French magazine "Asiet-aux-bers"

At the end of 1904, French financiers, relying on the support of a number of influential politicians, began to impose a large loan on the Moroccan Sultan.

The loan was conditional on the introduction of French control over customs and police in the most important ports and the invitation of French instructors to the army.

The implementation of these demands led directly to the destruction of Moroccan independence. The German imperialists, who had their own designs on Morocco, decided to intervene in order to prevent the implementation of the plans of their French rivals.

Their other goal was to test the effectiveness of the Anglo-French agreement and prove to France that in an acute moment England would not support it.

On March 31, 1905, Wilhelm II, having arrived in the Moroccan port of Tangier, publicly stated that Germany would not tolerate the domination of any power in Morocco and would provide all possible resistance to it.

The German government then announced that it refused to negotiate with the French Foreign Minister Delcasse, considering his policies hostile to Germany.

Germany's maneuvers, however, met with an immediate reaction in England. The British government advised the French Prime Minister Rouvier not to yield to Germany in Morocco and to leave Delcasse in his post.

English military circles promised France that in the event of a German attack they would land a 100-115 thousand-strong English army on the continent.

Based on these, although not entirely official, assurances of the British government, Delcasse, at a stormy meeting of the French government, proposed rejecting the German proposals.

However, due to the weakening of France's military ally, Tsarist Russia, the French government decided to retreat. In June 1905, Delcasse was forced to resign, and France agreed to consider the issue of Morocco at an international conference.

At the beginning of 1906, a conference on the question of Morocco opened in Algeciras (in southern Spain). It determined the new balance of power that has emerged in the international arena.

France received the most decisive support from England, which demonstrated the strength of the Anglo-French “cordial agreement”. The position of Tsarist Russia also played an important role at the Algeciras Conference.

Weakened by the war with Japan, facing the threat of financial bankruptcy and in dire need of foreign loans, the tsarist government, after some hesitation, provided diplomatic support to France at the decisive moment of the Algeciras Conference; the latter immediately paid tsarism by providing a large loan to suppress the revolution.

Even Italy supported France at the conference, not its ally Germany. This was explained by the fact that back in 1900, Italy, despite its participation in the Triple Alliance, concluded a secret agreement with France on the division of spheres of influence in North Africa: recognizing the interests of France in Morocco, it received from France a promise not to interfere with the seizure of Tripolitania, which was part of part .

Two years later, in 1902, Italy signed a new secret agreement with France on mutual neutrality, which further indicated that Italy had begun to withdraw from the Triple Alliance.

As a result, France won a diplomatic victory at the Algeciras Conference. The conference formally recognized the equality of the economic interests of all the “great powers” ​​in Morocco, but the maintenance of “internal order” in the country and control over the Moroccan police were transferred to France.

This was a major success for French imperialism, making it easier for it to subsequently capture Morocco.

They brought civilization! French colonial troops land in Morocco - 1911

These days mark exactly one hundred years since the diplomatic incident, due to which the First World War could have started three years earlier. In July 1911, a tiny German ship, the gunboat Panther, entered the Moroccan port of Agadir. Its armament was insignificant. The crew is small. The only thing the Panther's decorative cannons were capable of was frightening the natives and knocking oranges off the trees. But the sudden appearance of this “tub” of the fleet of Kaiser Wilhelm II in the African outback, the existence of which most European inhabitants did not even suspect, caused simply indescribable hysteria, which almost blew up the so-called “civilized world”.

The British free press spat with anger, as if on command. However, why “free”? And why "how"? The unexpected unanimity of the London newspapers, which suddenly howled about the “German threat,” could only be explained by the same unanimous position of their owners. There was clearly a command - it came from London clubs, where the true owners of “public opinion” smoked cigars along with members of parliament and His Majesty’s ministers.

German caricature. "Panther" and French camel in Agadir

And the expressive Gallic kicks of the Parisian newspapers, whose editorials kicked the “damned Germans” and their “crazy Kaiser,” as if throwing up their legs in a cancan, were explained by the same unanimity of the inspirers of the colonial policy of “Belle France.” And only Russia, represented by its also “free” press after the Tsar’s manifesto on October 17, 1905, reacted sluggishly to African passions - it had not yet recovered from the shock of the lost Russian-Japanese war. Their unlicked Far Eastern wounds burned more painfully than Moroccan ones that had not yet been opened.

But for what reason did the international conflict break out?

TWO EUROPES. Europe, with the exception of Republican France, was still ruled by emperors and kings. However, there were more similarities between that bourgeois-aristocratic and current bourgeois-democratic Europe than differences. That Europe valued profit in the same way. But, deifying the Golden Calf, most of all, like her modern heiress, she loved to rant about morality. Today's Europe carries democratic values ​​and human rights throughout the world. That Europe enlightened the “savages” and brought them the “light of civilization.” And just as the modern West is everywhere concerned about the rights of sexual minorities, it defended Christian missionaries everywhere, which, however, was often the same thing. And missionaries, you know, went into “backward” countries! Yes, so quickly that even Jaroslav Hasek (then not yet a Czech classic, but a loyal subject of the Austro-Hungarian crown) wrote one of his most brilliant humoresques, calling it “How Mr. Law Teacher and I tried to convert African black children to the Christian faith.” Nowadays, Hasek would simply not be allowed to publish such a work - he would be hounded by a progressive European pack for just the word “black man.” So another question is, which Europe is “freer” - TA or ETA?

French medal. In memory of the “conquest” of Morocco

True, there were differences between the two Europes. For example, seasonal workers from the border provinces of the Russian Empire went to Germany in the fall to pick apples just as freely as Czechs from Austria-Hungary went to work in Kyiv. At the border no one asked them for their foreign passports. But internal passports were only available in Russia and Turkey, for which they were constantly criticized throughout Europe as “police” states. Passes for short-term stays abroad, even in “reactionary” Russia, were issued right at the border - in gendarmerie railway sections - “directorates”, as they were officially called. Austrian officers from the regiments stationed in Galicia went on weekends to Russia - to the Volyn and Podolsk provinces. Officers of the Russian Imperial Army, on the contrary, preferred to relax in Austria - that is, in some Tarnopol or Stanislavovo, getting acquainted with the delights of local prostitutes. And even the insane Ivan Franko, whose name the Soviet authorities had not yet assigned to the city of Stanislavov, came from Austrian Lemberg (now Lvov) to Russian Kyiv without any documents.

Regimental badge. This French unit remained in Morocco until 1944

In my opinion, life in that Europe was simply charming. She also invented thong panties for beautiful ladies and electric epilators for their equally beautiful legs (the cornet of the 9th Kiev Hussar Regiment Yuri Oslopov assured in his memoirs that his Lemberg girlfriend shaved her legs and “the most secret places intended for pleasure” with his ceremonial saber - feel what the syllable is!), this obscene continent would have no price at all! However, the continent, fed up with a beautiful life, dreamed only of bleeding itself no less beautifully. And I was looking for a reason for this with all my might. One of these occasions was the arrival of a gunboat with the erotic name “Panther” in Agadir.

Magazine cover from 1911. France defends Morocco's "freedom"

Unfortunate "blacks." Morocco, a small African kingdom, whose shores were washed by the Mediterranean Sea from the north and the Atlantic Ocean from the west, had a population of just over 7 million (mainly Arabs and Berbers) and occupied an area of ​​460 thousand square meters. km. Its southern border disappeared into the sands of the Sahara Desert, where French colonial possessions in Algeria began. Moroccans were mainly engaged in agriculture, growing olives, wheat and citrus fruits, and cattle breeding. But to their misfortune, in the depths of this country at the end of the 19th century, deposits of phosphates, manganese, zinc, lead, tin, iron and copper were discovered. To simple savages, such wealth! - they decided almost simultaneously in Paris, London, Berlin and Rome.

But France was the first to come running to share the spoils. Exactly like today in Libya. In 1881, under the pretext of fighting the raids of Moroccan tribes on Algeria, the French transferred parts of the Foreign Legion to the Sahara and captured several border oases there in disputed territories. Having surrounded the kingdom from the east and south, in 1901 Paris forced its Sultan Abdulaziz to sign a treaty that authorized the invasion of French troops into Morocco to “maintain order.” A year earlier, the French secretly agreed with the Italians on the division of spheres of influence in North Africa: Italy gave France complete freedom of action in Morocco, and France, in return, agreed with the right of the Italians to do whatever they wanted in Libya. A “gesheft” occurred - two Euro-robbers divided what did not belong to them.

"WORLD COLONIZATION SOCIETY". But Germany was offended. Having embarked on the path of industrial development later than other great European nations, but immediately surpassing all of them in growth rates, and then leaving them far behind, the Germans also created their own small colonial empire. Created in 1884, the “Society for German Colonization” complained in an appeal to its compatriots: “The German nation emerged empty-handed from the division of the globe, which it witnessed from the 15th century to the present day. All the other cultural peoples of Europe own entire states in our part of the world! As the Fatherland patriots said: “We also want a place in the sun!” And, as you know, the sun is most abundant in Africa. Therefore, at the end of the 19th century, Germany hastily acquired “German East Africa” (now Tanzania), “German South-West Africa” (modern Namibia), and at the same time “bought” Cameroon.

Wherever the Germans appeared, they tyrannically forced the natives to wash their hands, and those who did not want to wash received the most severe thrashing. The Herero tribe in German South-West Africa especially did not like to wash their hands. Offended by such non-compliance with hygiene standards and disrespect for their civilizing mission, the German educators, without hesitation, killed them in 1904-1906. about 30 thousand “dirty” Hereros with the help of the latest automatic - Maxim machine guns. At the same time, a poem went around in the African colonies of European countries:

To all your questions -
We have one answer:
We have machine guns
But you don’t have them!

True, the first to use this poetic masterpiece were even more clean and correct British gentlemen - representatives of the nation that gave the world the water closet. They composed this poem, glorifying the achievements of technological progress, after they mowed down the army of the local ruler Mahdi with machine guns in Sudan in 1898. The Sudanese went into desperate psychic attacks with sabers, and the British methodically exterminated them with lead rain and still reveled in what “heroes” they were.

Bloody maniac Churchill - participant in the genocide in Sudan

By the way, the future “savior of the free world” Winston Churchill took part in this bloody massacre. The twenty-four-year-old freckled monster then served in Queen Victoria’s army as a cavalry officer and left a cynical memoir, “The River War,” about his atrocities. Note that hypocritical Europe, which today judges Serbian generals in The Hague and regularly kicks Stalin’s corpse, did not even think of condemning the bloody executioner Churchill with at least a conventional historical court. On the contrary, she also erected a monument to this maniac and alcoholic, whose crimes in the colonial wars were in no way inferior to Nazi atrocities! Why not drag his ashes to The Hague and take them apart piece by piece? After all, the future Nazis learned from the British! And the first concentration camp for civilians was invented not by the Germans, but by the philanthropic British in South Africa during the Boer War of 1899-1901!

By the beginning of the twentieth century, German capital occupied third place in the Moroccan economy after British and French. About 40 German companies built railways here and were involved in the extraction of raw materials. The government of the German Empire dreamed of building naval bases and coaling stations for its fleet on the coast of this country. Therefore, the impending occupation of Morocco by the French could not but irritate Berlin. “If we silently allow France to step on our foot in Morocco,” wrote one German Foreign Ministry official, “then we will encourage the same to be repeated in other places.”

THE FRENCH WANT MOROCCO. The independence of Morocco was guaranteed by the Treaty of Madrid in 1880. It was signed by 13 states - including Austria-Hungary, France, Belgium, Germany, Great Britain, the USA, Italy, Spain and even cold Sweden, far from Africa. In 1905, the First Moroccan Crisis broke out. The emotional and eloquent German Emperor Wilhelm II, on his way to the Greek island of Corfu, landed in the Moroccan port of Tangier, where he announced that he was paying a visit to the Sultan as an “independent monarch.” William expressed the hope that "free Morocco" under the rule of the Sultan would remain "open to the peaceful competition of all nations without monopolies or exceptions on the basis of absolute equality" and called for an international conference to defend Moroccan sovereignty.

It is easy to see that Wilhelm II said approximately the same thing that the WTO is broadcasting today. This is understandable, since German goods were then replacing English and French ones all over the world, and it was the Germans who captured the markets who needed freedom of trade more than others. Finally, the Kaiser added that he considered the Moroccan Sultan to be an “absolutely free monarch.” Today they would say the same thing, but a little differently: “free country” or “free people.” But this would not change the essence of the matter. After listening to all this, the Sultan of Morocco realized that Germany stood behind him like a mountain, and sent the project of “reforms” proposed by the French in his country to where it had crawled from - to Paris.

"LET'S ANNOUNCE MOBILIZATION!" William II's demarche in Tangier aroused the ire of the French Foreign Ministry. Foreign Minister Delcasse, an emotional and stupid man, said that Germany's demands to maintain equal rights for the great powers in Morocco were a bluff that should not be ignored, even if the Germans threatened France with war. Britain, fearful of hypothetical German bases in this African country, promised France support and said it would land an army of 100,000 on the German coast if Germany declared war on the French.

But Wilhelm continued to stick to his line. In response to the threats, he spoke even more decisively: “Let the French ministers know what they are risking... The German army before Paris in three weeks, a revolution in the 15 main cities of France and 7 billion francs in indemnity!”

On July 6, 1905, the frightened French government held an emergency meeting. The question was stark: either agreement to an international conference or war. "So what? - Foreign Minister Delcasse responded to his Prime Minister Rouvier. “Let’s announce mobilization!”

Fellow ministers looked at their violent brother as if he were a complete idiot. France's ally Russia was at war with Japan in the Far East and could do nothing to help. The Germans would indeed be near Paris in three weeks. Dalcassé was immediately removed from his post and agreed to proposals to convene a conference.

THEY STOPPED THE DIPLOMAT'S SNOUT. Wilhelm II was upset. He was not allowed to “save” Morocco and punish the country of vile frog eaters for 7 billion francs. But tension on the African coast did not subside even after the conference. On September 25, 1908, French soldiers punched the secretary of the German consulate in the Moroccan port of Casablanca in the face. A German diplomat tried to smuggle out on a ship several soldiers of the French Foreign Legion - German subjects who had been deceptively recruited, as the Germans claimed, into this “terrible” formation, where even the names given to them at birth were taken away from people. Europe was again on the verge of war. And again, Wilhelm II showed weakness and agreed to transfer the case of the Franco-German massacre to arbitration proceedings of the Hague Tribunal. The Hague mumbled that the French authorities acted correctly, however, allowing “excessive violence” in capturing the deserters. But France was forced to reach an agreement with the Germans on Morocco and pledged “not to interfere with Germany’s commercial and industrial interests” in this country.

And yet, the “Moroccan fever” did not subside. Apparently the place was so restless. Just smeared with honey. Soon, a rebellion against the Sultan broke out in Morocco, caused by the local nomads fueled by French money - just like in Libya today! And on May 21, 1911, under the pretext of protecting the legitimate government and protecting European citizens, the French entered the Moroccan capital, the city of Fetz. The Germans could not stand it - someone is again establishing world order, and again without us! The gunboat Panther jumped into Agadir.

And then something began that the reader already knows about from the beginning of this article. Newspaper hysteria. Mobilization of the French army in Europe. Britain's oath to help at sea and on land. And even the return of the rabid Delcasse to the cabinet - this time as the head of the Maritime Department. And the war would begin. But Russia was still “not ready” and made the condition for its assistance to France recognition of its right to the Bosporus and Dardanelles. Negotiations between Paris and St. Petersburg, as well as Paris and Berlin, bargaining and the diplomatic fuss of “secret diplomacy” lasted until the fall. And they culminated on November 4, 1911 with a new Franco-German agreement. Germany agreed to the French occupation of Morocco. France - ceded 230,000 square meters to Germany in the Congo. km. with 600 thousand “blacks” and “negros” or, as we would say today politically correctly, “Afro-Africans”. And... it resolved. Until August 1914, when Russia finally felt “ready.”

And then it all ended - good old Europe, Galician Jewish smugglers, Austrian officers on weekends in Kamenets-Podolsky, Russians in Tarnopol, and no one will know what the cornet Oslopov’s mistress used to shave her “hidden places” now. He himself did not write anything in his memoirs. And girls, as you know, rarely write memoirs - due to their innate deceit, which prevents them from writing any honest memories.

At the end of 1904, French financiers, relying on the support of a number of influential politicians, began to impose a large loan on the Moroccan Sultan. The loan was conditional on the introduction of French control over customs and police in the most important ports and the invitation of French instructors to the army. The implementation of these demands led to the loss of Moroccan independence.
Germany, which had its own plans for Morocco, decided to intervene to prevent the implementation of the plans of its French rivals. Its other goal was to test the effectiveness of the Anglo-French agreement and prove to France that in an acute moment England would not support it.
On March 31, 1905, Wilhelm II, having arrived in the Moroccan port of Tangier, publicly stated that Germany would not tolerate the domination of any power in Morocco and would provide all possible resistance to it. The German government then announced that it refused to negotiate with the French Foreign Minister Delcasse, considering his policies hostile to Germany.
Germany's maneuvers, however, met with an immediate reaction in England. The British government advised the French Prime Minister Rouvier not to yield to Germany in Morocco and to leave Delcasse in his post. English military circles promised France that in the event of a German attack, they would land a 100-115,000-strong English army on the continent.
Based on these, although not entirely official, assurances of the British government, Delcasse, at a stormy meeting of the French government, proposed rejecting the German proposals. However, due to the weakening of its military ally - Tsarist Russia - the French government decided to retreat. In June 1905, Delcasse was forced to resign, and France agreed to consider the issue of Morocco at an international conference.

At the beginning of 1906, a conference on the question of Morocco opened in Algeciras (in southern Spain). It determined the new balance of power that has emerged in the international arena. France received the most decisive support from England, which demonstrated the strength of the Anglo-French “cordial agreement”.
The position of Tsarist Russia also played an important role at the Algeciras Conference. Weakened by the war with Japan, facing the threat of financial bankruptcy and in dire need of foreign loans, the tsarist government, after some hesitation, at the decisive moment of the Algeciras Conference, provided diplomatic support to Morocco, which was being torn apart by France; LAST Paid Immediately

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Even Italy supported France at the conference, not its ally Germany. This was explained by the fact that back in 1900, Italy, despite its participation in the Triple Alliance, concluded a secret agreement with France on the division of spheres of influence in North Africa: recognizing French interests in Morocco, it received a promise from France not to interfere with the seizure of Tripolitania , part of the Ottoman Empire. Two years later, in 1902, Italy signed a new secret agreement with France on mutual neutrality, which further indicated that Italy had begun to withdraw from the Triple Alliance.
As a result, France won a major diplomatic victory at the Algeciras Conference. The conference formally recognized the equality of the economic interests of all the “great powers” ​​in Morocco, but the maintenance of “internal order” in the country and control over the Moroccan police were transferred to France.