Tolstoy lev nikolaevich. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy: a short biography and creativity An abbreviated biography of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy

In 1828 in the Yasnaya Polyana estate, on August 26, the future great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy was born. The family was well-born - his ancestor was a noble nobleman, who received the count's title for his service to Tsar Peter. The mother was from the ancient noble family of the Volkonskys. Belonging to the privileged stratum of society influenced the behavior and thoughts of the writer throughout his life. A short biography of Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy does not fully disclose the entire history of the ancient clan of the family.

Serene life in Yasnaya Polyana

The writer's childhood was quite prosperous, despite the fact that he lost his mother early. Thanks to family stories, he kept her bright image in his memory. A short biography of Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy testifies that his father was the embodiment of beauty and strength for the writer. He instilled in the boy a love for hound hunting, which was later described in detail in the novel War and Peace.

There was a close relationship with his older brother Nikolenka - he taught little Levushka different games and told him interesting stories. Tolstoy's first story, Childhood, contains many autobiographical memories of the writer's childhood.

Youth

The serene joyful stay in Yasnaya Polyana was interrupted due to the death of his father. In 1837, the family was under the tutelage of an aunt. In this city, according to the short biography of Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy, the writer's youth passed. Here he entered the university in 1844 - first at the philosophy, and then at the law faculty. True, studies attracted him little, the student preferred various amusements and revelry more.

In this biography, Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy characterizes him as a person who disdained people of the lower, non-aristocratic class. He denied history as a science - in his eyes it had no practical use. The writer retained the sharpness of his judgments throughout his life.

In the role of a landowner

In 1847, without graduating from the university, Tolstoy decides to return to Yasnaya Polyana and try to arrange the life of his serfs. The reality was in sharp contrast to the ideas of the writer. The peasants did not understand the master's intentions, and a short biography of Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy describes his experience of farming as unsuccessful (the writer shared it in his story "The Morning of a Landowner"), as a result of which he leaves his estate.

The path of becoming a writer

The next few years, spent in St. Petersburg and Moscow, were not in vain for the future great prose writer. From 1847 to 1852, diaries are kept in which Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy carefully checks all his thoughts and reflections. A short biography tells that while serving in the Caucasus, work is being carried out on the story "Childhood", which will later be published in the journal "Sovremennik". This marked the beginning of the further creative path of the great Russian writer.

Ahead of the writer awaits the creation of his great works "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina", but for now he is honing his style, publishing in Sovremennik and basking in favorable reviews from critics.

Later years of creativity

In 1855, Tolstoy came to St. Petersburg for a short time, but literally a couple of months later he left him and settled in Yasnaya Polyana, opening a school there for peasant children. In 1862 he married Sophia Bers and was very happy in the early years.

In the years 1863-1869, the novel War and Peace was written and revised, which had little resemblance to the classic version. It lacks the traditional key elements of the time. Rather, they are present, but not key.

1877 - Tolstoy completed the novel "Anna Karenina", which repeatedly uses the technique of internal monologue.

Since the second half of the 60s, Tolstoy is experiencing which he managed to overcome only at the turn of the 1870s and 80s by a complete rethinking of his previous life. Then Tolstoy appears - his wife categorically did not accept his new views. The ideas of the late Tolstoy are similar to socialist doctrine, with the only difference that he was an opponent of the revolution.

In 1896-1904, Tolstoy finished the story, which was published after his death, which occurred in November 1910 at the Astapovo station of the Ryazan-Ural road.

Conversation for children 5-9 years old: "Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy"

Dvoretskaya Tatyana Nikolaevna, GBOU School No. 1499 DO No. 7, educator
Description: The event is intended for children of senior preschool and primary school age, preschool educators, primary school teachers and parents.
Purpose of work: The conversation will acquaint children with the great Russian writer Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy, his work and personal contribution to children's literature.

Target: familiarizing children of senior preschool and primary school age with the world of book culture.
Tasks:
1. to acquaint children with the biography and work of the writer Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy;
2. to introduce children of senior preschool and primary school age to literary works; 3. to form emotional responsiveness to a literary work;
4. to instill in children an interest in the book and its characters;
Attributes for games: rope, 2 baskets, dummies of mushrooms, hat or mask - Bear.

Preliminary work:
- Read fairy tales, stories, fables by Leo Tolstoy
- Organize an exhibition of children's drawings based on the works read

Introductory word in verse

Dvoretskaya T.N.
Big soul man
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy.
The famous writer is talented from God.
A wise teacher with the soul of a teacher.
He was a generator of bold ideas.
He opened the school for peasant children.
Lev Nikolaevich is a great thinker.
Founder, benefactor.
Noble family, count's blood.
He thought about the troubles of ordinary people.
Left behind a legacy
Knowledge has become an encyclopedia.
His works and experience are invaluable capital.
For many generations, it has become the foundation.
Famous writer, and in the 21st century
We are proud to tell you about this person!

Conversation progress:
Leading: Dear guys, today we will meet an amazing person and a great writer.
(Slide number 1)
Under the city of Tula there is a place called Yasnaya Polyana, where the great Russian writer Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born on September 9, 1828. He was the fourth child in a large noble family. His mother, Princess Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya. His father, Count Nikolai Ilyich, traced his ancestry to Ivan Ivanovich Tolstoy, who served as a voivode under Tsar Ivan the Terrible.
(Slide number 2)
The little writer spent his childhood years in Yasnaya Polyana. Leo Tolstoy received his primary education at home, he was given lessons by French and German teachers. He lost his parents early. Leo Tolstoy's mother died when he was one and a half years old, and his father died when the boy was nine years old. The orphaned children (three brothers and a sister) were taken in by their aunt, who lived in Kazan. She became the guardian of the children. Lev Tolstoy lived in the city of Kazan for six years.
In 1844 he entered Kazan University. Classes in the program and textbooks weighed him down and, having taught a lesson for 3 years, he decides to leave the institution. Leo Tolstoy left Kazan, for the Caucasus, where his older brother Nikolai Nikolaevich Tolstoy served in the army as an artillery officer.

Young Leo Tolstoy wanted to test himself, whether he was a brave man, and to see with his own eyes what war is. He entered the army, at first he was a cadet, then after passing the exams, he received a junior officer's rank.
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy took part in the defense of the city of Sevastopol. He was awarded the Order of St. Anna with the inscription "For Bravery" and medals "For the Defense of Sevastopol.
Russian people have long praised courage, bravery and courage.
Listen to what sayings were composed in Russia:
Where there is courage, there is victory.

Do not lose courage, not a step back.
It is a soldier's business to fight bravely and skillfully.
Those who have not been in battle have never experienced courage.
Now we will check how brave and brave our boys are.
Exit to the center of the hall. The game is played: Tug-of-war.
Leo Tolstoy traveled abroad twice in 1850 and in 1860.
(Slide number 3)
Returning back to Yasnaya Polyana, the family estate Lev Tolstoy opens a school for serf children. At that time, there was serfdom in the country - this is when all the peasants obeyed and belonged to the landowner. Earlier, even in the cities, there were not many schools, and only children from rich and noble families studied in them. People lived in the villages and they were completely illiterate.

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy announced that the school would be free, that there would be no corporal punishment. The fact is that in those days it was customary to punish children, they were beaten with rods (a thin twig) for bad behavior, for a wrong answer, for not learning a lesson, for disobedience.
(Slide number 4)
At first, the peasants shrugged their shoulders: where have you seen it, to be taught free of charge. People doubted whether such lessons would be useful if they did not whip a mischievous, but lazy child.
In those days, there were many children in peasant families of 10 - 12 people. And they all helped with the housework for their parents.

But soon they saw that the school in Yasnaya Polyana was not like any other.
(Slide number 5)
“If,” wrote Leo Tolstoy, “the lesson is too difficult, the student will lose hope of fulfilling the assigned task, will take care of something else, and will not make any effort; if the lesson is too easy, it will be the same. It is necessary to try so that all the attention of the student can be absorbed by the given lesson. To do this, let the student work in such a way that each lesson feels like a step forward in learning. "
(Slide number 6)
About the power of knowledge, folk proverbs have survived and survived to this day:
From time immemorial, the book raises a person.
It is good to teach the one who listens.
Alphabet - the wisdom of the step.
Live and learn.
The world is illuminated by the sun, and man is illuminated by knowledge.
There is no learning without patience.
Learning literacy is always useful.
(Slide number 7)

In the Tolstoy school, the guys learned to read, write, count, they had lessons in history, science, drawing and singing. Children felt free and fun at school. In the classroom, little students sat down, whoever wanted to: on benches, on tables, on the windowsill, on the floor. Everyone could ask the teacher about anything he wanted, talked to him, consulted with neighbors, looked into their notebooks. The lessons turned into a general interesting conversation, and sometimes into a game. No homework was given.
(Slide number 8)
During breaks and after classes, Lev Tolstoy told the children something interesting, showed them gymnastic exercises, played games with them, ran a race. In winter, I rode with children on sleds from the mountains, in summer I took them to the river or to the forest for mushrooms and berries.

(Slide number 9)
Come on, guys, and we will play the game: "Mushroom pickers"
Rules: Children are divided into 2 teams, each team has 1 basket. At the signal, the children pick mushrooms.
Condition: you can take only 1 mushroom in your hands.
Music sounds, children pick mushrooms and put them in their common team basket.
The music dies down, a bear comes out into the clearing (starts roaring), the mushroom pickers freeze and do not move. The bear bypasses the mushroom pickers, if the mushroom picker moves, the bear eats it. (The eaten mushroom picker is put on a chair). At the end of the game, the mushrooms in the baskets are counted. The team that has collected the most mushrooms and who has the most mushroom pickers in the team who remain safe and sound wins.
(Slide number 10)
There were few books for children at that time. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy decides to write a book for children. The ABC was published in 1872. In this book, Lev Nikolaevich collected the best fairy tales, fables, proverbs, stories, epics and sayings. Small instructive works make children all over the world sympathize and worry, rejoice and grieve.

(slide number 11)
The works written by Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy store useful and wise advice, teach you to understand the world around you and the relationship between people.
(Slide number 12)
The creativity of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy is a real pantry for children. Children are small and attentive listeners who learn love, kindness, courage, justice, resourcefulness, honesty.
Children are strict judges in literature. It is necessary that the stories for them were written clearly, and entertainingly, and morally ... Simplicity is a huge and elusive virtue.
L.N. Tolstoy.
(Slide number 13)
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was a master at inventing different games and fun for children. Here are some of them. Try to guess the kids interesting riddles.
It walks along the sea, but when it reaches the coast, it disappears. (Wave)
In the yard it is a mountain, and in a hut - with water. (Snow)
Bows, bows, comes home - stretches out. (Axe)
Seventy clothes, all without fasteners. (Cabbage)
Grandpa is paving the bridge without an ax. (Freezing)
Two mothers have five sons each. (Arms)
Twisted, tied, dancing around the hut. (Broom)
Itself is made of wood, and the head is iron. (Hammer)
Every boy has a closet. (Signet)

(Slide number 14)

Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy wrote sayings for children.
Where there is a flower, there is honey.
Friend unknown, not good for service.
Help your friend as much as you can.
The bird is red with a feather, and the man is with the mind.
A drop is small, but drop by drop is the sea.
Do not take it in a handful, but take it in a pinch.
Do you want to eat rolls, do not sit on the stove.
Summer gathers, winter eats up.
Know how to take, know how to give.
You can't learn everything right away.
Learning is light, not learning is darkness.
The end is the crown of the work.
Leading: Well, at the end of our event, we invite you to play an outdoor game:
"Golden Gate".

Rules of the game: The two leaders join hands and build a "gate" (raise their closed hands up). The rest of the players join hands and begin to lead a round dance, passing under the "gate". The round dance must not be broken! You can't stop!
All the chorus members say the words (chorus)

"Golden Gate, come in, gentlemen:
The first time he says goodbye
The second time is prohibited,
And for the third time we will not let you in! "

When the last phrase sounds, "the gates are closed" - the drivers give up and catch and lock those participants in the round dance who are inside the "gate". Those who are caught also become “gates”. When the "gate" grows to 4 people, you can divide them and make two gates, or you can leave just a giant "gate". If there are few "masters" left in the game, it is advisable to come under the gates by moving with a snake. The game usually goes to the last two uncaught players. They become new leaders, form new gates.
(Slide number 14 and number 15)

Thank you for your attention! Until next time!

Lev Tolstoy- the most famous Russian writer, famous all over the world for his works.

short biography

Born in 1828 in the Tula province into a noble family. He spent his childhood in the Yasnaya Polyana estate, where he received his primary education at home. He had three brothers and a sister. He was brought up by his guardians, so in early childhood, at the birth of his sister, his mother died, and later, in 1840, his father, which is why the whole family moved to relatives in Kazan. There he studied at Kazan University in two faculties, but decided to quit his studies and return to his native places.

Tolstoy spent two years in the army in the Caucasus. He bravely participated in several battles and was even awarded an order for the defense of Sevastopol. He could have had a good military career, but he wrote several songs ridiculing the military command, as a result of which he had to leave the army.

At the end of the 50s, Lev Nikolayevich went to travel across Europe and returned to Russia after the abolition of serfdom. Even during his travels, he was disappointed with the European way of life, as he saw a very large contrast between the rich and the poor. That is why, returning to Russia, he was glad that the peasants were now uplifted.

He got married, 13 children were born in marriage, 5 of whom died in childhood. His wife, Sophia, helped her husband by copying all her husband's creations in neat handwriting.

He opened several schools, in which he furnished everything as he wanted. He himself made up the school curriculum - or rather, the absence of such. Discipline did not play a key role for him, he wanted the children to strive for knowledge themselves, so the main task of the teacher was to interest the students so that they would want to learn.

He was excommunicated for the fact that Tolstoy put forward his theories about what the church should be. Just a month before his death, he decided to secretly leave his native estate. As a result of the trip, he became very ill and died on November 7, 1910. The writer was buried in Yasnaya Polyana near the ravine, where he loved to play with his brothers as a child.

Literary contributions

Lev Nikolayevich began to write while studying at the University - mostly it was homework compared to various literary works. It is believed that it was because of literature that he dropped out of school - he wanted to devote all his free time to reading.

In the army, he worked on his "Sevastopol Stories", and also, as already mentioned, composed songs for his colleagues. Upon his return from the army, he took part in a literary circle in St. Petersburg, from where he went to Europe. He noticed the peculiarities of people well and tried to reflect this in his works.

Tolstoy wrote many different works, but gained worldwide fame thanks to two novels - "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina", in which he accurately reflected the life of people of those times.

The contribution of this great writer to world culture is enormous - it was thanks to him that many people learned about Russia. His works are published to this day, they are used for performances and films.

If this message is useful to you, it's good to see you.

In August 1828, a talented writer and, moreover, a philosopher, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born. His parents died early, and almost from birth he was raised by a guardian from Kazan.

At the age of sixteen, Lev Nikolaevich entered the Faculty of Philology of Kazan University, later he transferred to the Faculty of Law. But still, he did not study for a long time and left the university altogether. He began to look for himself, living in Yasnaya Polyana, which he inherited from his father. A little later he took part in the Caucasian war against the Chechens. During these years, Lev Nikolaevich began to write his autobiographical trilogy "Childhood" (1852) and "Boyhood" (1852-1854). And it was this period of his life that was reflected in a large number of Tolstoy's works, for example, the story "Raid" (1853), "Cutting the Forest" (1855), the story "Cossacks" (1852-1863), in which a young nobleman wants to live an ordinary life , next to nature.

After the start of the Crimean War, at the request of Lev Nikolaevich, he was transferred to Sevastopol. There he wrote many works, which soon greatly impressed his readers. Tolstoy received many awards for bravery and for the defense of Sevastopol. In the same years, namely 1855-1857, Lev Nikolaevich wrote the last part of the "Youth" trilogy.

In 1855, Lev Nikolaevich returned to St. Petersburg and retired, due to the fact that he did not like to fight. He meets a lot of writers. During this period, he travels a lot in France, Germany, Switzerland and Italy. He opens schools for peasant children in Yasnaya Polyana and in the surrounding area. Travels a lot because of this event. In the year of the abolition of serfdom, he begins to actively defend the peasants from the landowners who wanted to take away the land from the liberated. Because of this, many complaints were received that demanded the dismissal of Tolstoy. They searched his house, followed him, tried to find dirt on Tolstoy, but soon his life became very quiet.

In 1862, Lev Nikolaevich married Sofya Andreevna Bers. After a while, his family was very large, Tolstoy had nine children. He writes two of his most popular works: in 1863-1869 "War and Peace", and in 1873-1877 "Anna Karenina", a story about a woman who was subjected to criminal passion.

A little later, he and his family moved temporarily to Moscow to educate their children, but this trip gave Tolstoy a little more than the education of children. It was in Moscow that Lev Nikolaevich changed his attitude to work. He saw how ordinary hard workers are fighting for a piece of bread, and decided to be like them. Tolstoy renounces the authorship of all his written works and begins to make a living with his hands. But soon the need for money forced Tolstoy to return his authorship. Over the years, he writes again. In the interval between 1879 and 1882. writes the work "Confession", in 1884, "What is my faith?", and from 1884 to 1886 "The Death of Ivan Ilyich." In 1886 the drama "The Power of Darkness" was published, and until 1890 the play "The Fruits of Enlightenment" was written. Also during this period, namely from 1887 to 1889, Lev Nikolaevich created the story "The Kreutzer Sonata", and immediately proceeded to the novel "Resurrection", which he finished in 1899. In 1890, Tolstoy wrote the work "Father Sergius".

In the early 1900s, he wrote a series of articles exposing the entire system of government. The government of Nicholas II issued a decree according to which the Holy Synod (the highest church institution in Russia) excommunicated Tolstoy from the church, which caused a wave of indignation in society.

The last decade of Tolstoy presented readers with such works as the story "Hadji Murad" (1896-1904), the drama "The Living Corpse" (1900), the story "After the Ball" (1909, but published in 1911).

Before his death, Lev Nikolaevich lived for a long time in the Crimea. He was very ill and began to draw up a will, which caused quarrels in his family over the division of the inheritance.

In 1910, Tolstoy secretly leaves Yasnaya Polyana and catches a cold on the way, and while on the road, namely at the Astapov station of the Ryazan-Ural railway, Lev Nikolayevich dies on November 20.

Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich (28.08. (09.09.) 1828-07 (20) .11.1910)

Russian writer, philosopher. Born in Yasnaya Polyana, Tula province, into a wealthy aristocratic family. He entered Kazan University, but then left it. At the age of 23, he went to war with Chechnya and Dagestan. Here he began to write the trilogy "Childhood", "Boyhood", "Youth".

In the Caucasus, he took part in hostilities as an artillery officer. During the Crimean War, he went to Sevastopol, where he continued to fight. After the end of the war, he left for St. Petersburg and published Sevastopol Stories in the Sovremennik magazine, which vividly reflected his outstanding writing talent. In 1857, Tolstoy went on a trip to Europe, which disappointed him.

From 1853 to 1863 wrote the story "Cossacks", after which he decided to interrupt his literary activity and become a landowner-landowner, doing educational work in the countryside. To this end, he left for Yasnaya Polyana, where he opened a school for peasant children and created his own system of pedagogy.

In 1863-1869. wrote his fundamental work "War and Peace". In 1873-1877. created the novel "Anna Karenina". In the same years, the writer's worldview, known as "Tolstoyism", was fully formed, the essence of which can be seen in the works: "Confession", "What is my faith?", "Kreutzer Sonata".

The doctrine is set forth in the philosophical and religious works "Research of Dogmatic Theology", "Connection and Translation of the Four Gospels", where the main emphasis is on the moral improvement of man, exposure of evil, non-resistance to evil by violence.
Later, a dilogy was published: the drama "The Power of Darkness" and the comedy "The Fruits of Enlightenment", then a series of stories-parables about the laws of being.

Admirers of the work of the writer came from all over Russia and the world to Yasnaya Polyana, whom they regarded as a spiritual mentor. In 1899 the novel "Resurrection" was published.

The last works of the writer are the stories “Father Sergius”, “After the Ball”, “Posthumous Notes of Elder Fyodor Kuzmich” and the drama “Living Corpse”.

Tolstoy's confessional journalism gives a detailed idea of ​​his mental drama: painting pictures of social inequality and idleness of the educated strata, Tolstoy in a harsh form posed questions of the meaning of life and faith to society, criticized all state institutions, reaching the point of denying science, art, court, marriage, achievements of civilization.

Tolstoy's social declaration is based on the idea of ​​Christianity as a moral doctrine, and the ethical ideas of Christianity are interpreted by him in a humanistic way, as the basis of the worldwide brotherhood of people. In 1901, the Synod responded: the world famous writer was officially excommunicated, which caused a huge public outcry.

On October 28, 1910, Tolstoy secretly left Yasnaya Polyana from his family, fell ill on the way and had to get off the train at the small Astapovo railway station of the Ryazan-Uralskaya railway. Here, at the station master's house, he spent the last seven days of his life.