What is the difference between mechanization and automation? The level and degree of mechanization of production processes for vehicles. Mechanization of production labor - replacement of muscular human energy through the use of mechanical machines and mechanisms, which

MECHANIZATION

(from Greek mechane - tool, machine) - replacement of manual labor tools cars And mechanisms with the use of rael for their action. types of energy in labor processes. Basic M.'s goals are to increase labor productivity and free people from performing difficult, time-consuming, and tedious operations. M. ensures the development of production. forces and serves as the material basis for increasing production efficiency. Depending on the level of production equipment. technical processes means and type of work, a distinction is made between partial and complex mechanization.

Big Encyclopedic Polytechnic Dictionary. 2004 .

See what “MECHANIZATION” is in other dictionaries:

MECHANIZATION, mechanization, many others. no, female (book). 1. Action under Ch. mechanize and mechanize. “...The mechanization of labor processes is that new and decisive force for us, without which it is impossible to maintain either our pace or the new ones... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Replacement of manual labor with machine labor; stage of evolution of the productive forces of society. In English: Mechanization See also: Mechanization Methods of production Technology Financial Dictionary Finam ... Financial Dictionary

Mechanization Dictionary of Russian synonyms. mechanization noun, number of synonyms: 3 mechanization (1) ... Synonym dictionary

- (from the Greek mechane tool machine), replacement of manual means of labor with machines and mechanisms; one of the main directions of scientific and technical progress. There are partial and complex mechanization... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Using machines instead of people... Glossary of crisis management terms

MECHANIZE, I'm ruining, I'm ruining; anna; owls and nesov., that. Convert (drive) to mechanical traction, energy; supply (give) machines, mechanisms. M. construction. M. agriculture. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949… … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

- (from Greek mecha nik tool, machine) English. mechanization; German Mechanisierung. 1. Replacement of manual labor with machine labor. 2. The stage of evolution of the productive forces of society, which replaces manufacture, in which manual means of labor are replaced... ... Encyclopedia of Sociology

mechanization- and, f. mécanisation f. gr. Replacement of manual labor with mechanisms and machines, introduction of technical means into various areas of human activity. Krysin 1998. And the city of New York itself is mortally tired and disgusted... from all... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

mechanization- Using machines instead of people. Topics management in general EN mechanization ... Technical Translator's Guide

MECHANIZATION- replacement or reduction of manual labor with machines and mechanisms using various types of energy for their operation. The main goals of M.: freeing a person from performing difficult, labor-intensive and tedious operations, increasing... ... Big Polytechnic Encyclopedia

Mechanization- (Mechanization) History of mechanization, management of mechanization, means of mechanization, mechanization of labor Using machines instead of people, mechanization of construction work, mechanization of agriculture, comprehensive mechanization, mechanization ... ... Investor Encyclopedia

Books

• Mechanization of livestock farming: diploma and course design on mechanization of livestock farming. Tutorial. Grif Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Filonov R.F.. The methods of complex intra-company analysis of the results of the production and financial activities of an enterprise are considered in detail, taking into account domestic, foreign experience and our own...
• Mechanization and technology of livestock farming. The basics of livestock production technology are outlined. The designs of installations, machines and equipment for the complex mechanization of production processes are described. Considered...

There are manual and complex mechanization, automation and robotization.

Mechanization is the replacement of manual labor with the work of individual machines and mechanisms.

Mechanization is divided into partial and complex, semi-automatic and full automation; the use of robotics has recently found application.

Partial mechanization means the use of mechanisms when performing individual operations. In this case, a number of related and subsequent work is performed manually.

When performing installation work, in the vast majority of cases, only one process is partially mechanized - installation. In turn, it consists of such operations as equipping the mounting element with load-handling devices - i.e. slinging, moving a prefabricated element in space, laying a prefabricated element, its temporary fastening and unslinging. Of the listed operations, only movement is mechanized, although here too there are significant labor costs.

During excavation work, only 35% of the volume of excavation work is performed manually (rework, work in cramped conditions, backfilling).

Significant successes have been achieved in the production of monolithic works; only 8% of the total volume of concrete is laid manually; before the mechanization of production processes, labor costs amounted to 70%.

Integrated mechanization means the implementation of all simple processes included in the process, without exception, by a set of machines and mechanisms interconnected by technology and productivity and ensuring the effective implementation of the construction process.

Currently, the concept of integrated mechanization is undergoing a transformation stage in the concept of a system of machines.

A machine system is a dynamically changing set of main and auxiliary machines, vehicles, means of mass mechanization and power tools, formed in accordance with promising technology and ensuring comprehensive mechanized performance of all types of construction and installation work.

The machine system consists of ten subsystems, including technological complexes of machines and mechanization equipment of various compositions, but all these sets are organized according to the principle of basic machines.

Depending on the degree of mechanization, all workers are divided into 4 main groups:

Workers who perform work in a mechanized manner using machines and mechanisms;

Workers performing manual work, working with machines and mechanisms;

Workers performing manual work outside of machines and mechanisms;

Workers performing manual work to set up and repair machines and mechanisms.

Semi-automation consists in the partial use of automatic machines in individual operations, for example, when moving cranes, during spot welding, and when applying paint and varnish layers. The design features of the machines are the presence of a specific control system that coordinates working movements according to a specific program.

Automation - assumes that all operations included in a certain process are performed according to a pre-developed program through a system of mutual connections in the technological sequence of machines. The workers in this case only control their work.

Robotization is the implementation of work according to a program with programming and making adjustments to the process.

Flow organization consists of the rational combination of repeatable construction processes (types of construction work) over time on sections of buildings and structures.

The flow organization of construction and installation works can significantly reduce the duration of work compared to a sequential organization, while being characterized by a greater intensity of resource consumption and the complexity of organizational work.

The flow organization of work allows us to ensure the rhythm and continuity of the process.

The highest efficiency of flow organization of construction is achieved if the following signs of construction flow are present:

1. Division of the work front into sections, sections, plots, tiers;

2. Division of the process of erection of buildings and structures into separate works;

3. Establishing an appropriate sequence of work in the dissected process of constructing objects and connecting interrelated works into a common cumulative process;

4. Assigning certain types of work to certain teams, establishing the sequence of inclusion of individual teams in the flow;

5. Equipping teams of workers with construction machines, mechanisms, tools and equipment to ensure that the work assigned to the teams is completed within the estimated time frame.

6. Ensuring the simultaneous execution of all or most work and the consistency of quantitative relationships between the duration of certain types of work and the number of work teams.

Standardization is the establishment of uniform standards for types, brands, and quality of products, as well as for measurement values, test methods, control and rules for labeling and storage of products, as well as production technology.

In Ukraine, state standards (GOST) are used; in their absence, technical conditions are applied - TU; the use of GOST and TU is mandatory for all sectors of the country's economy.

Typification is the reduction of the variety of shapes, sizes, properties to an optimally limited quantity.

Unification is the use of the same resources, tools, materials for different purposes. For example, standardized designs of formwork panels can be used in the construction of various concrete structures.

The main directions for increasing the efficiency of capital construction:

1. Increasing the technical level of construction:

Improvement of design work, widespread introduction of integrated and parallel design;

Variant design;

Application of new materials;

Introduction of new effective technologies.

2. Integrated automation and mechanization of construction:

Introduction of comprehensive mechanization and machine systems;

Reducing manual labor costs;

Development and implementation of new machines and mechanisms

3. Improving technologies for organizing and managing construction:

Introduction of progressive methods of organizing construction;

Introduction of scientific organization of labor;

Reducing lost working time;

Widespread use of computers in organizing construction;

Improving logistics systems.

4. Improving socio-psychological factors at work and at home:

Development of creative activity and initiative;

Ensuring job satisfaction and reducing staff turnover;

Strengthening discipline and increasing material interest;

Improving housing and communal conditions;

Increasing educational level and qualifications.

Mechanization and automation of production processes is one of the main directions of technical progress. The purpose of mechanization and automation is to facilitate human labor, leaving the person with the functions of maintenance and control, to increase labor productivity and improve the quality of manufactured products.

Rice. 3.2. Manipulator model ASH-NYU-1, used for mechanization of loading operations, including loading of equipment

Mechanization- direction of development of production, characterized by the use of machines and mechanisms that replace the muscular labor of a worker (Fig. 3.2).

According to the degree of technical perfection, mechanization is divided into the following types:

partial and small mechanization, characterized by the use of simple mechanisms, most often mobile. Small mechanization can cover parts of movements, leaving many types of work, operations, and processes non-mechanized. Small-scale mechanization mechanisms may include trolleys, simple lifting equipment, etc.;

complete, or comprehensive mechanization, includes the mechanization of all main, auxiliary, installation and transport operations. This type of mechanization

characterized by the use of fairly complex technological and handling equipment.

The highest level of mechanization is automation. Automation means the use of machines, instruments, devices, devices that allow production processes to be carried out without the direct participation of a person, but only under his control. Automation of production processes is inevitably associated with the solution of management processes, which must also be automated. The branch of science and technology that deals with control systems for automatic equipment is called automation. Automation is based on management, control, collection and processing of information about the automatic process using technical means - special instruments and devices. The automated control system (ACS) is based on the use of modern electronic computing technology and electronic-mathematical methods in production management and is designed to help improve its productivity.

Automation production processes are also divided into two parts:

partial automation covers part of the operations performed, provided that the remaining operations are performed by humans. As a rule, the direct impact on the product, i.e. processing, is automatically performed, and the loading operations of the workpieces and the restart of the equipment are performed by a person. Such equipment is called semi-automatic;

complete or complex automation, characterized by the automatic execution of all operations, including loading. A person only fills the loading devices with workpieces, turns on the machine, controls its actions, carrying out adjustments, changing tools and removing waste. Such equipment is called automatic. Depending on the volume of implementation of automatic equipment, automatic lines, automatic sections, workshops and factories are distinguished.

As practice has shown, ordinary automation and complex automation schemes are effectively used only in large-scale and mass production. In multi-item production, where frequent flow changeovers are required, ordinary automation schemes are of little use. Equipment equipped with stationary automation systems does not allow switching to manual control. An ordinary automation scheme means the use of loading devices (slides, trays, hoppers, feeders, etc.) and processing equipment adapted to perform automatic operations. The processed products are removed using a device for receiving processed products (slides, trays, magazines, etc.).

Automatic operators and mechanical arms, long used in conventional automation schemes, served as prototypes for a new type of automation. A new type of automation using industrial robots (IR) makes it possible to solve issues that cannot be solved using conventional automation schemes. Industrial robots, according to their developers, are designed to replace humans in hard and tedious work that is hazardous to health. They are based on modeling human motor and executive functions.

Industrial robots solve complex product assembly processes, welding, painting and other complex technological operations, as well as loading, transporting and storing parts. The new type of automation has a number of qualitatively different properties that give PR significant advantages over conventional schemes:

high handling properties, i.e. the ability to move parts along complex spatial trajectories;

own drive system;

program control system;

the autonomy of the PR, i.e., that it is not integrated into the technological equipment;

versatility, i.e. the ability to move various types of products in space;

compatibility with a sufficiently large number of types of technological equipment;

adaptability to various types of work and products replacing each other;

the ability to disable the PR and switch to manual control of the equipment.

Depending on human participation in the processes of controlling robots, they are divided into biotechnical and autonomous.

Biotechnical- These are remote copying robots controlled by humans. The robot can be controlled from a remote control using systems of handles, levers, keys, buttons, or by “putting” special devices on a person’s arms, legs or body. These devices serve to reproduce human movements at a distance with the necessary increase in effort. Such robots are called exoskeleton robots. Semi-automatic robots are also classified as biotechnical robots.

Autonomous robots operate automatically using software control.

Over the relatively long history of the development of robotics, several generations of robots have already been created.

First generation robots(software robots) are characterized by a rigid program of actions and elementary feedback. These usually include industrial robots (IR). Currently, this robot system is the most developed. The first generation robots are divided into universal, target robots for the lifting and transport group, and target robots for the production group. In addition, robots are divided into standard size ranges, rows according to maximum productivity, service radius, number of degrees of mobility, etc.

Second generation robots(sentient robots) have coordination of movement with perception. The control program for these robots is carried out using a computer.

TO third generation robots include robots with artificial intelligence. These robots create conditions for replacing humans in the field of skilled labor and have the ability to adapt during the production process. Third-generation robots are able to understand language, can conduct a dialogue with a person, plan behavior, etc.

Carrying out comprehensive automation of technological processes at sites, workshops and factories, they create robotic technological complexes (RTC). Robotic technological complex is a collection of technological equipment and industrial robots. The RTK is located in a certain area and is intended for one or several operations in automatic mode. The equipment included in the RTK is divided into processing equipment, servicing equipment and monitoring and control equipment. Processing equipment includes core processing equipment that has been modified to work with industrial robots. The service equipment contains a device for placing parts at the entrance to the robotic complex, interoperational transporting and storage devices, devices for receiving processed products, as well as industrial robots (Fig. 3.3). Monitoring and control equipment ensures the operating mode of the RTK and the quality of the products.

Fig. 3.3. Floor-standing robot with a horizontal retractable arm and a console lifting mechanism PR-4

Increasing the efficiency of the use of industrial robots is facilitated by a rational reduction in the range of robots and an improvement in their adaptability. This is achieved by typing PR. A comprehensive analysis of production is carried out, grouping of robotic objects and establishing the types and main parameters of the production process. Typification of robots is the basis for the development of their unification, which should be aimed at ensuring the possibility of creating robots through aggregation. To ensure the principle of aggregation, standardization is carried out: 1) connecting dimensions of drives, transmission mechanisms and feedback sensors; 2) series of output parameters of drives (powers, speeds, etc.); 3) methods of communication of program control devices with executive and measuring devices.

The result of work on the unification of PR should be the creation of their optimal type and a system of aggregate-modular construction. An aggregate-modular system for constructing industrial robots is a set of methods and means that ensure the construction of different standard sizes of robots with a limited number of unified units (modules and assemblies). It allows the use of a minimum number of commercially produced functional units, which are selected from special industrial catalogs. This makes it possible in multi-item production to quickly rebuild robotic machine systems to produce new products. Flexible automated production (GAP) is based on PR with an aggregate-modular structure.

Planning the introduction of mechanized and automated equipment is associated with production analysis. Analysis of production comes down to identifying a number of conditions that contribute to the use of this equipment. Production involving the use of heavy manual labor is not subject to analysis. Mechanization and automation of heavy manual labor is a primary task and does not depend on the results of economic calculations.

Designing mechanization and automation of technological processes must begin with an analysis of existing production. During the analysis, those features and specific differences on the basis of which one or another type of equipment is selected are clarified and clarified. The pre-design stage of developing mechanization and automation of production processes includes solving a number of issues.

1. Analysis of the product release program includes the study of: the annual product release program, stability and release prospects; level of unification and standardization; specialization and centralization of production; rhythm of production; freight turnover (freight turnover is the total weight of incoming and outgoing cargo - for loading operations). It must be remembered that the effectiveness of mechanization and automation of the process largely depends on the product production program. Mechanization and automation devices in mass and small-scale production will vary significantly.

2. The analysis of the technological process for manufacturing products subject to mechanization and automation includes: determining the suitability of the technological process for mechanization and automation; identifying shortcomings of the current technological process; determining the labor intensity of main and auxiliary operations;

comparison of current manufacturing modes with modes recommended in reference books; analysis of the use of group technology; division of the technological process into classes.

The first main class includes processes that require the orientation of the workpiece (part) and are characterized by the presence of a machined tool. These processes are characteristic of the main range of products that are manufactured by cutting, pressing, or assembled, controlled, etc. The second main class includes processes that do not require orientation of the workpiece (part); they use a working environment instead of a processing tool. These include heat treatment, tumbling, washing, drying, etc.

The first transition class includes processes that require orientation of the workpiece (part), but there is no tool, and its role is played by the working environment; application of local coatings, hardness control by magnetization, etc. The second transition class includes processes that do not require orientation of the workpiece (part), but involve a processing tool; production of parts using powder metallurgy, production of metal-ceramic and ceramic parts, etc.

3. Analysis of the product design, while establishing the clarity of the product processing and the completeness of the technical requirements for the manufactured part; the shape, dimensions, materials, weight of the product are examined and suitability for a particular type of mechanization and automation is established.

4. Selection of information on different types of mechanization and automation. Before starting work, all techniques and technological schemes, as well as equipment, devices and means mastered by industry, must be known. Before making a decision, information is searched for on the production of similar products in the country and abroad.

5. Economic calculation of the effectiveness of the proposed mechanization and automation of production.

6. Development and approval of recommendations for changing current production conditions. Recommendations are developed on the basis of the analysis and may include: unification, i.e. bringing products with similar designs to one standard size; changing the sequence of technological operations or using a completely new progressive technological process; the use of a group technological process of products that are similar in design; use of a new type of product blank; clarification and, if necessary, change of technical requirements of the drawing; changing the shape and size of the product; change in product material.

7. Making a decision on the use of a certain principle of mechanization and automation and drawing up technical specifications for development.

MECHANIZATION OF PRODUCTION, replacement of manual means of labor with machines and mechanisms using various types of energy and traction for their operation in branches of material production or labor processes. M.P. also covers the sphere of mental work (see, for example, Accounting mechanization, Information retrieval and etc.). Basic The goals of mechanical engineering are to increase labor productivity and free people from performing difficult, time-consuming and tedious operations. Manufacturing process contributes to the rational and economical use of raw materials, materials and energy, reducing costs and improving product quality. Along with improving and updating technical equipment. means and technologies of labor production are inextricably linked with increasing the level of qualifications and organization of production, changing the qualifications of workers, and using methods of scientific organization of labor. M. p. is one of the main areas of technical technology. progress, ensures the development of productive forces and serves as a material basis for increasing the efficiency of societies. production, developing using intensive methods. To technical means of mechanical production include working machines with engines and transmission devices for them, performing specified operations, as well as all other machines and mechanisms that are not directly involved in these operations, but are necessary so that this production process can be carried out at all , for example, ventilation and pumping units.

Depending on the degree to which production processes are equipped with technical means and the type of work, a distinction is made between partial and complex mechanical engineering.

With partial M., the items are mechanized separately. productions, operations or types of work, Ch. arr. the most labor-intensive, while maintaining the share of manual labor, especially in auxiliary. loading, unloading and transport. works.

A higher level is complex mechanical labor, in which manual labor is replaced by machine labor on all bases. technological operations process and auxiliary works of production, process. Integrated mechanical engineering is carried out on the basis of a rational choice of machines and other equipment operating in mutually agreed upon modes, linked in terms of productivity and ensuring the best performance of a given technological process. Manual labor for complex medical work can be retained in the department. non-labor-intensive operations, mechanization of which is not essential for facilitating labor and is not economically feasible. The person also retains the functions of managing the production process and monitoring. Integrated manufacturing predetermines the possibility of using continuous production methods for products, helps improve their quality, and ensures the preservation of homogeneity, the degree of accuracy, and the constancy of specified parameters.

The next step in improving production processes after complex manufacturing processes is their partial or complete automation (see. Automation of production).

The means of labor, being an integral part of the productive forces, are created and improved in the process of social production. The invention of new tools and the introduction of new technologies. processes are directly related to the development of natural science and are carried out on the basis of knowledge and the use of its laws. Before industrial revolution 18-19 centuries tools remained manual and the number of working tools with which a person could act simultaneously was limited to his natural tools, that is, the organs of his body. The forces of nature used included water, wind and domesticated animals. In the manufacturing period preceding industrial revolution, the division of craft labor and its professions, as well as the specialization of tools, reached such a high degree that the prerequisites arose for the combination of tools in a machine and the replacement of the worker’s hand with the tool by a mechanism. “As a machine,” noted K. Marx, “a means of labor acquires such a material form of existence that determines the replacement of human power with the forces of nature and empirical routine techniques - the conscious application of natural science” (Marke K. to Engels F., Works, 2 ed., vol. 23, p. 397). Improvement of tools and methods of labor, the emergence of a universal steam engine, the use of machines and mechanisms to facilitate labor was called into question. 18-beg. 19th centuries a sharp jump in the level and scale of production. Replacing manual labor in performing technological and transport functions, mechanical the means of labor were the starting point of technology. progress in various industries played an important role in the formation of capitalism. production method. Prom. The revolution created the conditions for manufacturing, primarily weaving, spinning, metal and woodworking. The ability to use the power of a steam engine to drive a number of working machines led to the creation of a wide variety of transmission mechanisms, which grew into many. cases in a widely branched mechanical system.

With the increase in the size of the motor and transmission mechanisms, with the complication of working machines, with the advent of new materials that are difficult to process, an objective need arises for the use of various machines and mechanisms in mechanical engineering itself. production Having started the production of machines by machines, large-scale industry thereby created technical technology equivalent to it. basis. Throughout the 19th century. M.P. quickly penetrates not only into individual links of production and process, but also conquers one branch of industry after another, displacing old traditions. forms of production based on manual labor and primitive technology. Mechanic production is becoming widespread in all developed countries.

With the development of large-scale industry, the design is being improved, the power and productivity of mechanical equipment is increasing. 19th century Along with the steam engine, a more economical and compact one is gradually being introduced. internal combustion engine, which allowed the creation of new workers and transport. tractors, cars, excavators, ships, airplanes, etc. New methods of energy conversion are emerging, based on the use of steam and hydraulic. turbines connected to electric generators. current. Development and improvement of electrical cars leads to the first floor. 20th century to the widespread introduction of group and individual electric drives of working machines in metal-cutting, woodworking, weaving and other machines, forging and pressing, mining, hoisting and transport machines, rolling mills, etc.

In a system of machines, the object of labor sequentially passes through a number of interconnected partial processes, which are carried out by a chain of heterogeneous, but mutually complementary machines, mechanisms, and apparatus. Mechanical system means of labor leads to continuous flow production in a developed form.

Further development of manufacturing processes is aimed at maximizing the intensification of production processes and reducing technological requirements. cycle, release of labor, implementation of comprehensive mechanization in the most labor-intensive industries.

Among the technical means of mechanical production, combined machines have been developed - combines, in which units located in technological areas. sequences automatically affect the subject of labor. The development of combination, complex mechanization and automation led to the creation automatic lines machines, automatic and automatic workshops. factories with high production and efficiency.

In capitalist conditions. society and the production relations inherent in it, the means of labor, acting as a machine, immediately becomes a competitor of the worker, one of the main means of his exploitation and the most powerful weapon in the hands of the capitalists to suppress the workers’ revolts. “...The introduction of machines strengthened the division of labor within society, simplified the functions of the worker within the workshop, increased the concentration of capital and further dismembered man” (K. Marx, ibid., vol. 4, p. 158). The feasibility of using new means of production under capitalism is ensured by the fact that their cost should be lower than the cost of the labor force they replace.

In socialist society machines and all other technical. means of labor mechanization are created and used not for competitive purposes and not for the exploitation of workers, but to increase labor productivity, the economic efficiency of social production, to facilitate and improve the conditions of labor processes, which is ultimately aimed at increasing the material well-being and cultural level of the people. “Previously,” wrote V.I. Lenin, “the entire human mind, all its genius worked only in order to give some all the benefits of technology and culture, while depriving others of the most necessary things - education and culture. Now all the wonders of technology, all the achievements of culture will become the property of the whole people, and from now on the human mind and genius will never be turned into means of profit, into means of exploitation" (Poln. sobr. soch. 5th ed., vol. 35, p. 289).

Under planned socialist conditions. x-va the most favorable conditions are created for the rational use of mechanical equipment as the basis of technical technology. progress in industry and agriculture. x-ve. “Large machine industry and its transfer to agriculture is the only economic basis of socialism...” (V.I. Lenin, Pol. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 44, p. 135). In socialist In society, mechanical engineering is a powerful human tool for the all-round facilitation of labor and the steady growth of social production. The introduction of mechanization into socialist in the national economy also occurs in cases where its result is not only a material effect, but also an improvement in working conditions and increased safety. Contributing to the elimination of heavy manual labor, reducing the working day and increasing cultural and technical skills. and material level of workers, M.p. plays an important role in the implementation of scientific research. organization of production, in erasing beings, the differences between mental and physical labor.

In the USSR, agricultural production was the basis for the industrialization of the country and the collectivization of rural areas. x-va; it predetermines the growth rate of productivity of societies and labor based on the further development of comprehensive mechanization and automation of production and processes.

Implementation of M.p. depends primarily on the equipment of industry, construction, transport, etc. of the most advanced machines, mechanisms and devices (see table). The production of machines, mechanisms, installations and equipment in the leading branches of industry (power and electrical engineering, machine tool building, mining and chemical engineering) developed at the highest rates in the USSR. High growth rates are also characteristic of instrument making, the production of radio equipment, automation and computing equipment, equipment, electrical household machines and mechanisms. The level and efficiency of mechanical production of a certain industry or process is, in practice, assessed by various indicators. Such indicators can be: the level of labor mechanization, the level of mechanization of work, mechanical equipment and power supply of labor, etc. The level (coefficient) of labor mechanization is understood as the share of mechanization. labor in the total labor costs for the manufacture of certain products or for performing work on a site, workshop, enterprise, etc. This indicator is determined by the ratio of time spent on performing mechanical work. and manual works. The indicator of the degree of coverage of mechanical workers has a similar purpose. labor, which is determined by the ratio of the number of workers performing mechanical work. way, to the total number of workers. The specifics of certain types of production necessitate the introduction of such an indicator as the level (coefficient) of mechanization of work - the ratio of the volume of products completed by mechanization. way to the total volume of production. This indicator is used in foundry and forging industries, in transport and construction work, etc. The mechanical equipment of labor is usually assessed by the cost of the machines and mechanisms in production, per average worker. The power supply of labor (or in some cases the power supply) is expressed by the ratio of the number of mechanical parts. and electric (or only electrical) energy consumed in the production process per 1 man-hour worked or per 1 worker. These indicators are used conditionally for a comparative assessment of the mechanization of individual processes. When choosing a technical M. p. means, the cost of which is included in capital costs and is transferred to the cost of the product for the entire period of their use, weight and dimensions, payback periods, energy consumption, and operational reliability are taken into account;

Development of production of some of the most important means of mechanization in the USSR

Mechanization means

Metal-cutting machines, thousand pieces

Forging and pressing machines, thousand pcs.

Turbines, thousand N no

Generators for turbines, thousand N no

AC motors current, thousand n no

Metallurgical equipment, thousand T

Coal cleaning combines, pcs.

Trucks, thousand units Tractors, thousand units

Combine harvesters, thousand pcs.

Mainline diesel locomotives, sections.

Mainline electric locomotives, pcs.

Excavators, pcs.

Weaving machines, thousand pieces.

wear resistance of components and parts, maintaining the constancy of basic parameters for the entire period of operation, speed of setup, ability to re-adjust to perform other similar operations, ease of maintenance, technical. inspection and repair.

M. p. in sectors of the national economy of the USSR. Creation of a large socialist industry, capable of solving the most complex scientific and technical problems. problems and national economies. task, is the greatest achievement of the Owls. people, the triumph of Lenin's socialist ideas. industrialization. Revolutionary The largest measures for the mechanization of work in various sectors of the national economy, carried out during the years of Soviet power, are important. Thousands of modern samples have been developed and introduced into production. highly productive machines-tools. Machine systems are being created for complex mechanization and automation of basic production and processes in industry, construction, and villages. x-ve and on transport. Based on improved technical the level of production is consistently reducing the use of manual and heavy, as well as unskilled labor in all sectors of the national economy. At the same time, the need for technical means to complete complex mechanization in all industries is steadily increasing.

M. p. in the energy sector is associated with the commissioning of large electric power plants. stations and the creation of unified energy systems. Consolidation of the power of power plants makes it possible to significantly reduce the costs of labor, materials and fuel for the production of electricity, to use effective means of monitoring, regulation and management of both individual units and power plants as a whole. The energy capacity of the USSR will increase. arr. due to the construction of thermal power plants with large power units with a capacity of 300, 500, 800 MW, and subsequently with a capacity of 1000 MW and higher. Maintenance of such power units is completely mechanized, which significantly reduces the need for labor per unit of installed capacity. Mechanical engineering in heat power engineering is aimed at improving the means of preparation, loading, and supply of fuel, methods of water treatment, ash removal, etc. Turbines with a capacity of 500 have been created for hydroelectric power plants. MW(Bratskaya HPP) and turbines with a capacity of 630 MW(for Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP). At nuclear power plants, reactor units with a capacity of 1000 MW and more. A distinctive feature of nuclear energy is the comprehensive mechanization and automation of technological processes. processes, which allows, by reducing labor and material costs, to ensure its high competitiveness in relation to traditional energy sectors.

In the mining industry, mechanical engineering is aimed at reducing the time required for opening, preparing, and putting into operation new deposits and horizons, as well as reducing the costs of maintaining workings in working condition, which is associated with the expansion of complexity in the mechanized processes of underground and open-pit mining. High-performance products are used in mines. narrow-cut combines and plows, working in combination with moving face conveyors and individual metallich. or hydrofic. support (see Coal complexes). As a result of the introduction of machines and mechanisms, the level of mechanization of coal loading in longwalls of flat and inclined slopes amounted to St. 90%; delivery of coal, underground haulage of coal and rock and loading of coal into railways. the carriages are fully mechanized. Methods are being introduced deserted coal mining, providing a significant increase in labor productivity. Hydraulic coal mining is developing. way (see Hydromechanization). Developing at a fast pace open-pit mining using complex mechanical equipment based on high-performance equipment: draglines, bucket wheel excavators, transport-dump bridges, powerful dump trucks, electric locomotives, dump cars, diesel trolley trucks, etc.

In the gas and oil industries, the application is highly productive. M.'s funds contributed to an increase in oil and gas production and an increase in their share in the country's fuel balance. Oil fields use powerful drilling equipment, including installations for drilling deep wells, and complex hydraulic structures are being introduced. drilling rigs with discrete execution of tripping operations, mechanization and automation of all drilling processes. The equipment of oil producing enterprises with block-packaged automation continues. installations that provide significant savings in labor, money and time. Increasing the level of mechanization and industrialization of gas fields, underground gas storage facilities, and gas processing plants is ensured by the use of block and block-packaged technologies. installations, fully prefabricated buildings and structures with metal frames. Gas pipelines with a diameter of 1420 are widely used for gas transportation. mm at operating pressure 7.5 Mn/m2. As a result of the introduction of comprehensive mechanization and automation, compressor stations of gas pipelines built in the Arctic and other hard-to-reach regions of the country operate with virtually no maintenance personnel.

In metallurgy, metallurgy is aimed at completing the mechanization of individual labor-intensive work and implementing comprehensive metallurgy in blast furnace, steel-smelting, and rolling shops. The most difficult work at the hearths of blast furnaces and all the necessary operations for servicing tapholes have been mechanized. The production of mechanized equipment for servicing blast furnaces with a volume of 3200 is carried out m 3, a mechanical complex has been developed. equipment for blast furnaces with a volume of 5000 m 3. The operation of new units with increased blast pressure and the use of oxygen makes it possible to speed up the smelting process, reduce fuel consumption and improve the quality of cast iron. In steelmaking, advanced refueling machines are used, the processes of breaking and laying ladle linings, loading large-capacity electric furnaces are mechanized, and the use of automatic systems is expanding. regulation of oxygen consumption in converters, control of carbon content in metal, thermal control systems for open-hearth furnaces, etc. The converter method of steel smelting will be further developed using converters with a capacity of 250-300 T and continuous casting of steel with a high level of complex metallurgy. To improve the quality of steel, it is planned to develop such mechanized processes as metal processing with synthetic slags, extra-furnace evacuation, electroslag and vacuum remelting of metal. For new technological processes, machines and equipment have been created that operate on the automatic principle. regulation of production processes and comprehensive mechanization of operations for preparing the charge, loading units and casting metals. Natural gas is widely used in steelmaking. In rolling production, complex mechanics are put into operation. hot and cold rolling mills for sheet steel with assembly lines for applying metal to sheets. and non-metallic. coatings; the creation of precision and special equipment is envisaged. mills for the production of high-precision long products and economical profiles, mechanized and automated lines for finishing (adjusting), straightening, sorting, laying and packaging of sheet and long products. In mechanical engineering, mechanical engineering is related to Ch. arr. with the quantities, composition and structure of the metalworking park. equipment, since the most labor-intensive operations in the manufacture of products are mechanical. processing of parts. In mass mechanical engineering. production complex mechanization of mechanical processes. processing is carried out through the use of aggregate, special. and specialist machine tools, automatic machines and semi-automatic machines. The fleet of machines for electrical and physical science is expanding. and electrochemical processing methods that allow replacing many. labor-intensive, tedious and even harmful manual operations in the manufacture of stamps, molds, turbine blades, carbide tools, as well as parts of particularly complex shapes or materials that are difficult to process with conventional tools, the use of machines with numerical control and adaptive devices is expanding, and In the future, it is planned to create and use various types of programmable manipulators And robots. This means that the production process in mechanical engineering will be influenced by the development of the production of blanks, the norm and size of which are as close as possible to the finished parts. For this purpose, the existing ones are being reconstructed and new ones are being created. enterprises producing castings and forgings. The proportion of metal forming is increasing (see. Forging and stamping production). For foundry equipment will be created in the form of technological sets, for example, equipment for mixture preparation areas, sets of equipment for investment casting, mechanics. lines for molding, pouring, knocking out castings, etc. Integrated metal processing will receive significant development in the processes of welding, heat treatment of parts, and machine assembly.

The widespread development of unification and standardization of units and parts for general machine-building applications (bearings, gearboxes, couplings, flanges, chains, etc.) has a significant impact on the level of mechanical engineering in mechanical engineering. as well as standardized tools and standard equipment, the production of which is organized at specialized enterprises.

During lifting and transport and loading and unloading operations, mechanical efficiency is achieved by using cranes, reloaders, floor lifting and transport means. equipment, containers, builds, lifts, elevators, cable cars, monorail feed systems. Among the lifting and transport means also include small-scale mechanization tools: blocks, crampons, pulleys and other lifting mechanisms. The choice of mechanization means for lifting and transport and loading and unloading operations is determined by the type of cargo (piece, long, liquid, bulk), type of vehicles (wagons, ships, cars), container, volume of work performed, distance of movement of goods and lifting height. The complexity and mutual correspondence of the methods of lifting, moving, loading, unloading and stowing cargo at the points of departure and arrival is important. The volume of these types of work depends on the number of cargo transshipments. The level of mechanization of lifting and transport and loading and unloading operations is determined by the ratio of the amount of cargo processed using mechanization means to the total volume of processed cargo. Important for reducing industrial labor costs. enterprises has the introduction of mechanization tools with the aim of completely replacing manual labor in intra-shop and inter-shop loading and unloading of materials, parts, semi-finished products, loading and unloading of railways. wagons, trucks and trailers, stacking of semi-finished and finished products in workshop and factory warehouses. Basic ways to carry out a comprehensive management of these works: rational organization of warehouse facilities of enterprises, max., bringing warehouses closer to consumer workshops, combining transport and warehouse operations with technological ones. processes bas. production; modern equipment of loading docks and warehouses. means of mechanization (stacker cranes, floor electric stackers, loaders, etc.); centralization of the work of in-plant transport, introduction of route transportation; use of progressive transport funds (conveyors And monorails with automatic addressing of cargo, electric tractors, pneumatic transport), introduction of uninterrupted cargo transportation based on the widespread use of package and container transportation with application of unified returnable packaging; mechanization of auxiliary operations during the loading and unloading operations themselves, related to the strapping and unslinging of cargo, the use of containers with slings, the formation and dismantling of packages on pallets, etc.

In the construction of mechanical equipment, it is associated with the peculiarities of the technology of construction and production, which include large load capacity and a change in the scope of work. M. in construction facilitates labor and reduces the time required to commission objects. It is directed to Ch. arr. to transform the construction industry into mechanical engineering. continuous process of assembly and installation of buildings and structures from large-panel elements and assemblies manufactured for specialized purposes. s-dah. Increased production of construction equipment, widespread introduction of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures, new construction materials, high productivity. working methods ensured an increase in labor productivity in the country by 60% in 1960-70. Achievements in the field of creating new structures, improving technology. methods of construction, production, an increase in the volume of assembled elements contributed to a change in a number of parameters of construction, machines, and sometimes their radical reconstruction, which led to the emergence of new, previously unused machines. Powerful earth-moving, road-building, construction machines have been created and are successfully used - multi-bucket excavators, rotary and chain trenchers, wheeled single-bucket loaders, etc. The level of comprehensive mechanization of the most difficult and labor-intensive excavation, concrete and installation work in 1972 was 90-97.5%. Loading and unloading of stone, sand, gravel, crushed stone, timber, metal is 97% mechanized. Between 1960 and 1972, the mechanical output of labor in the building increased by 2.5 times. The construction of large-sized structures, elements, units, panels and blocks with complete assembly of load-bearing and enclosing structures is approx. 4/4 of the total volume of construction and installation work, labor in preparing concrete and preparing mortar is being mechanized at a high rate. Fundamentally new designs of small-scale mechanization and manual machines: self-propelled machines for roll and non-roll industrial coatings. buildings, machines for applying and grouting plaster, painting nozzles with protective air screens, etc. The further task of M. p. in the building is the introduction of machines for loading and unloading cement, plastering, painting and plumbing. works, implementation of comprehensive manufacturing in the construction and construction materials industry.

In transport M.p. determined by the specifics of vehicles. On the railway On roads, transport is achieved by using progressive means of traction (electric and diesel), increasing the power of locomotives (with a corresponding increase in the weight of trains and their speed), using heavy-duty and self-unloading cars, and railway equipment. lines with automatic blocking, dispatch centralization, etc. The level of mechanization of loading and unloading operations is increasing based on the use of lifting and transporting machines for railways. roads and industrial access roads. enterprises. If in 1960 at the freight yards of the main railways. roads were completed in a comprehensive manner by mechanics. method of 50% of the total volume of loading and unloading operations, then in 1972 this mechanization rate was 84%. The mechanization of road transport is being further developed. The share of heavy-duty vehicles and road trains in the vehicle fleet is increasing. The use of truck cranes, vehicles with tail lifts, semi-trailers, container carriers, self-unloading road trains and metal carriers will make it possible to mechanize loading and unloading operations in a number of industries. The maritime transport industry has reached a high level. By 1972, the sea and river fleets included more than 90% of diesel-electric ships and motor ships, including dry cargo and oil tankers, equipped with the latest navigational instruments. Sea and river ports have such mechanization equipment as gantry cranes, electric forklifts, special equipment. bilge machines, floating reloaders, etc. More than 90% of the total volume of cargo in seaports is processed in a complex-mechanical manner. way. On river transport, 99% of loading and unloading operations are carried out using mechanization. This means expanding the capacity of sea and river ports, creating special facilities. highly mechanical transshipment complexes for loading and unloading containers, bulk and timber cargo. Due to the increase in the share of liquid and gaseous fuel in the country's fuel balance, fully mechanized fuel production is developing at a high rate. pipeline transport For oil(see section Oil production), petroleum products and natural gas. Length oil pipelines in the USSR in 1973 amounted to 42.9 thousand. km, gas pipelines - St. 70 thousand km. The world's largest oil pipeline was put into operation "Friendship from the USSR to the countries of the socialist community.

In agricultureM.p. is one of the most important problems in increasing production efficiency and improving working conditions. Productivity p. farming, along with selection, chemicalization and moisture regulation, is determined by the level of mechanization of all types of agriculture. works In 1972 energy. power s. farms amounted to approximately 265 million. ket(362 million l. With.), of which the share is mechanical. engines accounted for St. 99%. The energy output of labor in 1973 was 10.3 ket(14 l. With.) per 1 employee. Agricultural Park numbered cars in 1973 St. 2.1 million tractors, more than 670 thousand grain harvesters, approx. 1.3 million trucks, St. 40 thousand cotton picking machines. A high level of mechanization has been achieved on collective and state farms in basic field work (plowing, sowing grain, planting potatoes, cotton and sugar beets, harvesting grain, tea, silage crops, etc.), in inter-row processing of sugar beets, cotton, and during cleaning grain, harvesting corn for grain with combines, loading grain when transporting it from the fields, etc. At the same time, sowing and planting vegetables in 1972 were mechanized only by 72%, hay baling by 74%, loading potatoes by 37%, distribution of feed on farms cattle by 17%, on pig farms by 39%. Collective and state farms will be equipped with tractors of increased power and high productivity. grain combines, wide-cut and multi-row machines, as well as combines. machines that perform several jobs in one pass. operations. The supply for the village is increasing significantly. of earth-moving and reclamation equipment, off-road and heavy-duty vehicles, dump trucks, automobile and tractor trailers, specialized vehicles. In livestock and poultry farming, the development trend is to create large specialized industrial-type farms, introduce electric machine technology, and use continuous production lines (milking and primary processing of milk, preparation and distribution of feed, etc.). In the forestry industry, timber production is also aimed primarily at facilitating labor in difficult and labor-intensive logging operations. works (see Forestry equipment). The most mechanized processes are such as felling timber, transporting wood to upper warehouses and removing it. For logging. enterprises by 1973 had St. 72 thousand tractors of various types, St. 35 thousand cars, 1.6 thousand diesel locomotives; various machines and mechanisms were used for felling timber, debarking logs, loading, skidding and removal of wood, etc. Volume of mechanization. of the total volume of work performed on felling timber is 99%, transporting wood to the upper warehouses is 98%; Wood removal is completely mechanized. When felling trees, hydraulic wedges, electric and chainsaws are used, which are controlled by one person and allow cutting down trees with trunks with a diameter of up to 1 m. Machines for chokerless forest skidding have been created. For transportation of timber to the railway. transport uses powerful timber trucks with special trailers. Developed high-performance semi-automatic. lines for cutting logs, machines that comprehensively perform tree felling, limbing, cutting wood and forming packages. 75% of all wood is sent for processing, used for the production of furniture, as construction, material and raw materials for pulp and paper industry.

In the light and food industries, mechanical engineering is aimed at facilitating labor-intensive and tedious operations, for which the labor of women is mainly used. Manufacturing in the light industry is associated with the organization of new types of production from newly created materials and raw materials, as well as with the expansion and rapid change of the range of products. Light industry is equipped with mechanized equipment. production lines, has almost 500 thousand automatic units. and semi-automatic equipment. In the industry they work in a complex-mechanical-nisir way. sections, workshops, entire enterprises. Enterprises install high-performance equipment. carding machines, high-speed drawing machines, spinning-twisting and pneumomechanical machines. spinning machines, automatic weaving machines to replace outdated mechanical ones, etc.

Mechanical equipment is being introduced into the food industry. and complex mechanic. lines for the production of bread and bakery products, dough preparation. continuous and periodic units actions, production lines for the production of confectionery products. The level of mechanization in the meat industry is increasing: conveyor lines for slaughtering and cutting up livestock, and a flow machine are being put into operation. lines for processing by-products, producing semi-finished products, making sausages, dumplings, cutlets, etc., systems are being introduced

complex mechanization and automation of refrigeration workshops. The fishing industry is replenished with vessels equipped with mechanized equipment. fish processing lines that provide comprehensive processing of the catch and full use of waste for the production of feed meal.

In consumer services, mechanical engineering is aimed at equipping consumer service enterprises with mechanization means and using at home various machines, instruments and devices that replace manual labor in processing products and cooking, washing and ironing clothes, cleaning premises, etc. (see. Municipal vehicles).

Further development and improvement of M. p. means. associated with the use of technical achievements and scientific discoveries based on the development of nature. Sci. The most important areas of scientific and technical. progress and creation of new means of labor are: further development of synthesis, direct transformation of energy, depth of

Mechanization dramatically increases labor productivity, frees people from performing heavy, labor-intensive, tedious operations, allows for more economical use of raw materials, supplies, and energy, helps reduce production costs, improve their quality, and increase production profitability.

The mechanization of production has not only economic, but also great social significance - it changes the conditions and nature of work, creates the prerequisites for eliminating the differences between mental and physical labor. Since machines and mechanisms are periodically replaced with more and more advanced ones, the technology and organization of production are improving, and the requirements for the qualifications of workers are increasing.

In modern society, the boundaries of production mechanization are expanding: it is carried out not only in cases where it gives a material effect, but also when it improves working conditions, increasing its safety, and ensures environmental protection.

Mechanization of production is one of the important areas of scientific and technological progress. Depending on the degree of equipment of production with technical means, mechanization can be partial or comprehensive. With partial mechanization, individual production operations are mechanized, but a more or less significant share of manual labor is still retained. With complex mechanization, manual labor is replaced by machine labor in all interconnected operations and can only be retained in individual operations.

The next step forward is production automation, which can also be partial or complex. With automation, the functions of managing and monitoring the production process, which were previously performed by worker operators, are transferred (partially or completely) to instruments and automatic devices. Human labor is used only for setting up, monitoring and monitoring the progress of the production process.

Automatic line. One person (operator) controls its operation, and he or another worker adjusts the machines when they break down or switch to another operating mode.

Of great importance is the creation of combined harvester machines, which consist of several separate mechanisms-units. These units are located in a certain sequence and alternately automatically act on the parts or products being processed. In the course of complex mechanization and automation, automatic machine lines, automatic workshops, and automatic factories are created.

Automation today is the most important component of scientific and technological progress. Further development of automation is moving towards the introduction into production of industrial robots and manipulators, numerically controlled machine tools, computer technology for process control and design automation.

Among the newest machines used in the process of modern production automation are rotary machines. In rotary machines, tools and actuators of the machines are located on the rotor drum, informing the tools of the necessary working movements during the rotation of the rotor.

The difference between rotary and rotary-conveyor machines from ordinary, traditional machines is that their transport (moving an object of labor for its processing) and technological functions (impact on an object of labor, its processing) do not depend on each other and do not interrupt each other. Conventional machines perform these functions sequentially: processing of an item cannot begin until its transportation is completed, and vice versa. These machines have lower productivity than rotary machines. On rotary and rotary-conveyor machines, processing is carried out during non-stop transportation of labor objects together with tools. The connection of such machines in a line, i.e., the transfer of processed items from. one rotor to the next, interoperational transport rotors are performed, receiving synchronous rotation with the working rotors from the common drive of the line.

Currently, production automation has reached such a level that for different types of production organization (see Mass and serial production) their own areas of automation are used. Thus, mass production is characterized by the use of automatic production lines. For small-scale and mass production, the main direction is the use of flexible automated systems that can be quickly reconfigured to produce a specific type of product in connection with production needs. At the same time, they ensure production of products with the least amount of time and resources, and contribute to increased production efficiency.