What are the styles of swimming. Freestyle Swimming

Freestyle swimming is a discipline of swimming in which the swimmer is allowed to swim by any means, randomly changing them during the course. At the same time, the entire distance, with the exception of a segment no more than 15 m after the start or turn, “any part of the swimmer’s body must break the surface of the water”.

Currently, the International Swimming Federation holds competitions and registers world records in freestyle at distances of 50 m, 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 800 m, 1500 m (800 m distances for men and 1500 m for women - non-Olympic) and in relay races 4 × 100 m and 4 × 200 m for men and women, in the mixed relay 4 × 100 m (2 men and 2 women swim - non-Olympic view) in 50-meter and 25-meter pools. The European Swimming League), in addition to these distances and relays, registers European records in the 4 × 50 m relay in 25-meter pools.

Freestyle swimming is also included as the final segment of the complex voyage and the final stage of the mixed relay; in these cases “free style” means any style other than the above-mentioned styles.

In modern freestyle, all participants use the crawl.

Rules.

Inventory.

Swimming equipment  - This is a broad category of special sporting goods that is used by swimmers during training in the pool. With the help of swimming equipment, various training tasks are implemented: the strength and endurance of the muscles increases, the general swimming technique and the performance of individual elements are improved.

It is very important to choose the right training equipment, because from this choice often depends both the result and the comfort in training. It is better if exercises with swimming gadgets are advised by your trainer taking into account your specific features of equipment and level of training.

Swimming board (kickboard) is used for teaching swimming, practicing techniques of movement and leg strength, breathing. When swimming, the board is held by hands, while the body position on the surface of the water is high, which allows you to work out the movements necessary when swimming in full coordination. Boards for swimming come in different shapes and sizes.

Calabashka for swimming  (Kolobashka, swimming board with the help of hands) - a float that is used for training the muscles of the upper body and setting the correct techniques of hand strokes, improving the breathing technique. Kolobashka clamp between the thighs, while it keeps the lower body afloat without additional movements of the legs.

Scoops for swimming  - plates made of plastic, worn on the swimmer’s arms and serving to work out the correct swimming technique, improve the stroke technique, and also to develop strength and speed. The blades also come in different shapes and are even differently attached to the palm, there are blades of a special shape designed for working out one or another nuance of the stroke technique. As a rule, the blades are not used at the initial stage of training.

Flippers  used not only for scuba diving and snorkeling. Training flippers - an indispensable accessory for training in the pool. Swimming with flippers helps to improve the technique of movement of the legs, to increase their strength and flexibility of the joints.

Breathing tube  allows the swimmer to breathe atmospheric air without raising his head above the water. It helps to focus on the technique of hand strokes, as well as to develop the lungs.

FINIS Hydro Hip and Mad Wawe Hip Rotator  - simulators in the form of two plates fixed to the hips to improve the technique of body rotation. By increasing the resistance force, Hydro Hip also contributes to the development of the stroke power.

Training equipment for swimmers. An expander is a sports training projectile apparatus, exercises with which are based on elastic deformation. Properties of elasticity is used in many simulators for swimming. These simulators are focused on trained swimmers and can be used in water and on land.

Nose clip  and earplugs  prevent the penetration of chlorinated water in the nasal polosti and ears. These accessories will not be useful to everyone, but very useful.

Swimming pool watches calculate the distance covered, the number of swimming pools, the number of strokes made, record the results of the swims in their memory, and even count the calories burned. Hours for swimming, are a kind of personal trainer, in which case they can track your progress and improve the effectiveness of training.

Popular equipment for improving swimming techniques: swimming board, kalabashka, shovels, short flippers, snorkel

Freestyle - discipline of swimming, in which the swimmer is allowed to swim by any means, arbitrarily changing them along the course. Currently, all swimmers use the crawl.

During the development of swimming, the following styles were used:

Breaststroke. The technique of the breaststroke was first analyzed by the Danish Nicholas Vinman (dat. Nikolaus Wynmann) in a book published in 1538; For several centuries, breaststroke occupied a leading place in all schools of swimming.

Over-Arm (English overarm stroke) - Improved by the British in the middle of the XIX century, the popular way of swimming on the side (Eng. sidestroke).

Trad-style (eng. Trudgen; original name is double overarm stroke) - swimming style, which was first demonstrated in 1873 by the Englishman John Arthur Tredzhen (Eng. John Arthur Trudgen, 1852-1902). Gradually tredzhen-style supplanted the breaststroke and over-arm. At long distances, the tredzhen-style was used at major competitions back in the 1920s; The last Olympic champion and world record holder who used the tredzhen-style was Canadian George Hodgson, who won at the 1912 Games in swimming at 400 m and 1500 m with world records.

Krol was first demonstrated by the Australian Richmond Cavill (Eng. Richmond Cavill, 1884-1938); Hungarian Zoltan Halmai and American Charles Daniels won the first major victories with the use of a crawl, winning the 2 times at the 1904 Games. Thanks to the improvements made by American swimmers, the crawl finally replaced other styles by the end of the 1920s.

In freestyle swimming, the only restriction on the way of swimming is that an athlete can be completely submerged in water only “during the turn and at a distance of no more than 15 m after the start and each turn”.

Crawl on the back

Backstroke

Backstroke was first included as a stand-alone view at the 1900 Olympics. In the early years, swimmers enjoyed inverted breaststroke. The first major success in swimming crawl on his back was achieved by the American Harry Hebner, who won the 1912 Olympics; after that, in swimming on the back, the crawl quickly displaced the breaststroke.

Starting in swimming on the back is made of water: the athlete, while facing the nightstand, holds on to the starting rails with both hands, with his feet resting on the side of the pool. Excluding the moment of the turn, the athlete must swim on his back; “A normal position on the back may include rotational movement of the body in a horizontal plane up to 90 ° inclusive; the position of the head is not regulated. " An athlete can be completely submerged in water only “during a turn, at the finish and at a distance of no more than 15 m after the start and every turn”.

Complex swimming, combined relay

Comprehensive swimming is a discipline in which the swimmer overcomes the equal parts of the butterfly stroke (added in 1953), on the back, breaststroke and freestyle. Combined relay race - a relay race in which participants overcome their stages in different styles: on the back, breaststroke, butterfly (added in 1953), and freestyle. At the same time, “freestyle” means any style, except swimming on the back, breaststroke and butterfly.

The program of official international competitions includes integrated swimming since 1961, the combined relay from 1957. The program of the championships of Russia and the USSR combined relay included earlier: in 1914-1934 - 4 × 100 m (also included on the side), in 1936 and 1947-1951 - 3 × 100 m, from 1953 - 4 × 100 m.

Krol is the most common form of swimming, as among beginners. So are the professionals. In the crawl most of all distances (in addition to 50, 100 and 200 m as on the breaststroke, the crawl on the back and butterfly complements the distances of 400, 800 and 1500 m). Thus, the stayer distance exists only on the krol (freestyle), on the open water, too, only the crawl swim, and there are also rabbit relay races. Krol most quick way  swimming Perhaps that is why he was so widespread. The victory at the rabbit distances is greatly appreciated due to the great competition.

Body position

The swimmer's body should be on the surface of the water, while the shoulders should be slightly higher than the pelvis. As a result, a so-called angle of attack is created, which contributes to the creation of lifting forces. Reducing resistance. The angle of attack should not be too large. At short distances it should not exceed 10 °, and at long distances - 5 °.

The head turns for a breath at the moment of entering the face should be half in the water. There is a controversial point: the position of the head is either elevated (looking forward) or lowered (the chin is tilted to the chest, or the head is horizontal (looking at the bottom of the pool). But in any case, if the angle of inclination of the head is large, this is a gross mistake in the crawl-swimming technique.

The body also rotates around the longitudinal axis. In the history of swimming, approaches to the crawl tekka were changing. At one time it was believed that turns should be minimized. There was another time when a swimmer turned from one side to another. However, at the present time, athletes take turns in the body from 30 ° to 45 °. Turning the body creates a vortex flow, which leads to an increase in resistance. However, cornering also allows you to invest a large force in each stroke. And in this case, the efficiency of swimming increases.

Hand work

When performing hand strokes, special attention should be paid to the position of the hand. Due to the work of one hands when swimming with a kolobashka, 80% of speed is achieved with a general coordination of movement. Thus, the main moving force is ensured by the stroking of the arms. Paddle hands when swimming crawl on the chest is divided into several phases.

After the hand has entered the water, the capture phase begins. At this point, the hand begins to support the movement down and slightly out. In order to take a more favorable position of the support on the water, the brush is slightly bent at the wrist.

Phase pull-up. The swimmer begins to smoothly increase the pressure of the brush on the water, while rotating the arm inward and bending the forearm. At the beginning of tightening, the angle of flexion of the elbow joint is 130–150. By the end of the phase, it reaches 90–100. At the time of this phase, the arm moves inwards, backwards under the longitudinal line of the body or slightly outside it. At the very beginning of the phase, flexion occurs only in the elbow joint, and then in the shoulder joint.

Repulsion is the final phase in the underwater part of the stroke. It is in this phase that the maximum formation of the driving force occurs. The brush with maximum acceleration moves under the abdomen and pelvis, and extension also occurs in the elbow and shoulder joints.

Exit hands out of the water and carry. The hand begins to emerge from the water when the arm is in an extended position near the thigh. The piercing is done with a bent arm with a high elbow. However, some highly skilled swimmers perform a straight arm swing through the sides.

The pierce is completed by the entrance of the hand into the water and the preparation for the next stroke begins.

The trajectory of the movement of the hand in the horizontal (A), frontal (B) and lateral (B) planes during the stroke and the degree of flexion of the arm at the elbow joint at the time of the transition from pulling to repulsion when swimming freestyle.

Footwork

The contribution of footwork to driving force education is not as significant as when swimming with a brace or butterfly. Still, they solve the following problems:

• lift,
• driving
• swimmer’s balancing body
• increasing pace of movement.

The technique of footwork while swimming a crawl on the chest is a complex system of successively interconnected movements of the thigh, lower leg and foot. The movements of the legs in the crawl on the chest are alternated in a vertical plane. When one foot makes a kick, the other performs a preparatory movement. The downward movement is called the worker, and the upward movement is preparatory.

It should also be noted that when turning the torso, the feet should not diverge strongly in different directions, in addition, excessive bending of the legs in the knee joint should be avoided, and the feet should be relaxed and damped by the action of water flows.

There are three varieties in the crawl swimming technique, which are based on footwork. I distinguish between two shock, four shock and six shock crawl on the chest. Two strike crawl is used when swimming at the stayer distance. Four shock crawl is not widespread. The most common is the six shock. It is used by sprinters, but many swimmers are swimming in a six-shock crawl for medium and long distances.

They begin to learn the technique of swimming a crawl on the chest precisely from the six shock crawl, and two and four are studied later. Highly qualified swimmers can switch between two, four and six shock crawlers.

General coordination of movements

To achieve high speed when swimming freestyle it is necessary to observe the correct coordination of arm and leg movements. With a six-stroke crawl, coordination is cross-sectional, which gives the swimmer a steady position in the water. That is, when the floating arm begins to stroke, the left foot carries out the working movement from top to bottom, and the right preparatory movement moves from bottom to top. At the end of the pull-up phase, the left foot moves from the bottom up, and the right foot performs a down stroke. Finally, when the right hand performs the repulsion phase, the left foot again hits from top to bottom, and the right preparatory movement from bottom to top.

In a similar way, the stroke movement of the left hand is coordinated with the movements of the legs.

Breath when swimming crawl

At the moment of inhalation, the head turns to the side, the hand that makes the underwater part of the stroke. The breath is done through the mouth, the exit is also through the mouth. Usually at middle and long distances, an athlete takes one breath for each cycle. In sprint distance breathing is done on every third cycle. And at a distance of 50 m, a highly qualified swimmer makes only 2 -3 breaths.