Main functions of political parties. Determination of goals, objectives, ways of development of society Examples of performing the functions of political parties
Identify and illustrate with examples three types of political relations in modern society. (Each example must be formulated in detail).
Explanation.
Specified types of political relations and examples are given, let's say:
Relations between political parties. For example, relations of cooperation or competition for power that can be observed between the parties “United Russia”, LDPR, Communist Party of the Russian Federation and other political parties in modern Russia;
Relations between the state and social groups. For example, currently the state actively supports the institution of motherhood and childhood in the country, paying benefits (“maternity capital”), and also provides support to small businesses;
Relations between the state and the media. The state makes statements through the media about the directions and results of the work of the state apparatus (implementation of the national project “Education”).
Other examples may be given that are appropriate to the task.
Name any three functions of the state and explain each of them with an example. (Each example must be formulated in detail).
Explanation.
Any three functions of the state can be named and corresponding examples can be given, for example:
1) economic function. (For example, the adoption by the State Duma of the state budget);
2) social function. (For example, the adoption by the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of a law on reform of the pension system);
3) the country’s defense function (For example, the President of the Russian Federation approved the military doctrine of Russia).
(Other wording of the answer is allowed without distorting its meaning.)
Political parties play an important role in the public life of a democratic society. Name any three functions of a political party in the political system of society and illustrate each of them with a specific example. (Each example must be formulated in detail).
Explanation.
The correct answer should name the functions of the political party and provide the corresponding “measures, for example:
1) Expression of powerfully significant interests of individual social groups. (For example, the parliamentary faction of political party X represents the interests of the middle class, seeking the adoption of legislation regulating the activities of medium and small businesses, and tax benefits for these types of businesses);
2) Development of political programs. (For example, political party X presented its program for the development of civil society institutions);
3) Attracting citizens to participate in political life (mobilization function). (For example, political party X held a series of mass rallies in support of democratic reforms, attracting young people to participate in them by inviting famous pop singers).
Other functions of a political party may be named and other examples given.
In modern society, the role and importance of civil institutions is increasing. Give three examples illustrating the partnership between civil non-political organizations and the state. (Each example must be formulated in detail).
Explanation.
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
Examples are given, for example:
Associations of teachers, trade unions of education workers take an active part in discussing political decisions in the field of education, amendments to the law on education;
Residents' associations, homeowners' associations, together with the mayor's office and city leadership, discuss issues of urban planning, improving the transport situation, and building new parking lots;
Journalists and representatives of professional associations of workers involved in the media speak out against pressure on the media and in defense of freedom of speech;
Organizations of veterans of local wars and conflicts are demanding the development of additional measures for social protection of military personnel;
Environmental organizations and movements are discussing decisions on the construction of large complexes of industrial enterprises and amendments to environmental legislation.
Other valid examples can be given.
Give two examples each that reveal the impact of the state on the individual and the individual on the state in a democratic society. (Each example must be formulated in detail).
Explanation.
The answer may include the following examples:
1) the impact of the state on the individual:
State X has passed a law prohibiting smoking in public places, now citizens are forced to adjust their behavior otherwise they will be brought to administrative responsibility;
In State X, there is a system of state educational institutions that implement state educational programs aimed at developing in citizens a certain system of knowledge, competencies and values;
2) the impact of the individual on the state:
Citizens of State X took part in the elections to Parliament, as a result of which its new composition was formed;
Citizens of State X held a mass rally against the new law adopted by Parliament; under their pressure, the deputies decided to repeal the law.
Other examples may be given
Confirm with three examples the presence of a democratic state in modern Russia. (First, indicate the sign of democracy, then how it manifests itself in the Russian Federation). (Each example must be formulated in detail)
Explanation.
The correct answer must contain the following elements.
Democracy. For example, in Russia, democracy is manifested through the principle of majority in elections of the State Duma, president or referendum;
Political pluralism. For example, in Russia there is political pluralism; parties with different political ideologies compete in elections, for example, “United Russia”, “KPRF”, “A Just Russia”;
Availability of free and independent media (glasnost). For example, we can talk about the existence of openness in the Russian Federation, the media, both federal, regional and local, widely discuss issues of state and public life, the population has a reliable idea of the intentions, actions, and decisions of government authorities.
Other examples may be given.
Name any three institutions of civil society in modern Russia and give examples of their activities. (Each example should be formulated in detail).
Explanation.
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
Three institutes are named and examples of their activities are given, for example:
1) Political parties. For example, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation organized a rally of its supporters in honor of the 100th anniversary of the October Revolution.
2) Social movements. For example, the organization “Ecological Watch” organized a cleanup day to clean up garbage in a forest belt.
3) Media. For example, the Zvezda TV channel showed a news story about new types of weapons of the Russian army.
Other institutions and examples of their activities can be given.
Name three bodies of supreme government power in the Russian Federation and indicate one of the powers of each body.
Explanation.
The answer may include names of public authorities and their corresponding powers:
1) Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (adopting laws, calling elections for the President of the Russian Federation, approving changes in borders between the constituent entities of the Russian Federation);
2) Government of the Russian Federation (budget development, management of federal property);
3) The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (supervision over the activities of courts of general jurisdiction; within its competence, consideration of cases as a court of second (cassation) instance).
The indication of the position and powers of the President of the Russian Federation can be counted as correct.
Other supreme bodies of state power and their other powers may be indicated
Indicate any three roles of the “fourth estate,” the media, in the political life of a modern democratic state and illustrate them with examples. (Each example must be formulated in detail).
Explanation.
Other relevant examples of varying degrees of specificity may be given.
Indicate three features of the state that characterize it as the central institution of the political system, and specify each named feature with an example. (Each example must be formulated in detail).
Explanation.
The correct answer may include the following features and examples:
1) Only the state has enforcement agencies. (In State X there are police and army);
2) Sovereignty. (Other states cannot interfere in the internal affairs of Russia; all organizations and people located on the territory of the Russian Federation are obliged to comply with the laws of the Russian Federation and obey its public authorities);
3) The state has a monopoly on lawmaking (the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation has the exclusive right to publish generally binding laws).
Other features and examples may be given that do not distort the meaning.
Source: Unified State Examination in Social Studies 06/10/2013. Main wave. Center. Option 6.
Name any three functions of the state in the field of education and culture and illustrate each of them with an example. (Each example must be formulated in detail).
Explanation.
1) Promoting the development of education. (For example, the Ministry of Education has developed new curricula, new standards of secondary education);
2) Control over the quality of education. (For example, in State X, a unified state exam for school graduates is held annually, thanks to which an independent verification of the quality of education takes place);
3) Providing assistance to cultural institutions. (For example, State X finances cultural palaces, libraries, etc.)
Other functions can be given and other examples given that do not distort the meaning.
Source: Unified State Examination in Social Studies 06/10/2013. Main wave. Far East. Option 2.
Name any three social functions of the state and illustrate each of them with an example. (Each example should be formulated in detail).
Explanation.
The correct answer may include:
Establishing and ensuring minimum social standards of living. (For example, in State X, the Parliament adopted a law establishing the minimum wage);
Support for various categories of the population. (For example, in State X, pensions are paid to the elderly and disabled on a monthly basis. (For example, in State X there are labor exchanges where the unemployed can receive help in finding employment for free);
Providing employment. (Country X has a system of labor exchanges where the unemployed receive help in finding employment free of charge).
Source: Unified State Examination in Social Studies 06/10/2013. Main wave. Siberia. Option 2.
Give three manifestations of the role of public organizations in the political system of a democratic society and illustrate each manifestation with an example. (Each example must be formulated in detail).
Explanation.
The correct answer may include:
1. Protect the interests of citizens. For example, in Russia there is an organization called the Committee of Soldiers' Mothers, which protects the interests of those serving in the Russian army.
2. Solving social problems. For example, the environmental organization “Green Peace” held a series of pickets and rallies at the regional Legislative Assembly and achieved the cancellation of permission to organize a city landfill in an environmental zone.
3. Public control over the activities of the authorities. For example, the public organization “Public Anti-Corruption Committee” exposed a group of regional officials who illegally enriched themselves from budget funds. The collected materials were transferred to the prosecutor's office, after which a criminal case was initiated.
Other examples may be given that do not distort the meaning.
Source: Unified State Examination in Social Studies 06/10/2013. Main wave. Ural. Option 6.
Name any three characteristics of a political party as a public organization and specify each of them with an example. (Each example must be formulated in detail).
Explanation.
The correct answer can name and illustrate the following features of a political party as a public organization:
1) The presence of a certain ideology, a system of common values. (For example, at the II Congress of the Z Party, a party program was adopted, reflecting a commitment to traditional values and conservatism).
2) The desire to come to power. (For example, Party R nominated its candidates in the elections of deputies to municipal assemblies).
3) Focus on expressing the interests of certain social groups. (For example, Party Y advocates reducing taxes on small and medium-sized entrepreneurs).
Name any three foreign policy functions of a modern state and illustrate each with an example. (Each example must be formulated in detail).
Explanation.
1. Participation in solving global problems.
To solve the global environmental problem, a number of states came to an agreement by signing the Kyoto Protocol, obliging them to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
2. Ensuring national security, using the armed forces to solve problems.
In 2003, the United States and its allies developed Operation Shock and Awe, during which the Saddam Hussein regime was overthrown with the help of armed forces.
3. Protection and support of the country's economic interests.
To protect their economic interests and create a single economic and customs space between Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan, the Customs Union was created.
4. Upholding interests in international organizations.
Russia, as a permanent member of the UN Security Council, blocked the Council's decision, which was contrary to its interests.
Other examples may be given.
Source: Unified State Examination in Social Studies 05/05/2014. Early wave. Option 2.
Name and illustrate with examples any three characteristics of democracy. (Each example must be formulated in detail).
Explanation.
The correct answer should name and illustrate the signs of democracy:
1) the formation of parliament on the basis of free competitive elections (for example, 400 people were registered as candidates for the parliamentary elections in country Z, vying for 100 deputy mandates; voters could familiarize themselves with the program of each candidate in their district and make a choice);
2) guarantees of political rights and freedoms of citizens (for example, in country Z there is an institution of ombudsman for human rights, children’s rights, as well as human rights public organizations);
3) resolution of issues by a majority vote (for example, in country Z a popular vote was held to amend the basic law of the country, the amendments were rejected by a majority of votes);
4) taking into account the interests of the minority (for example, in country Z, opposition political parties have the right to criticize government policies and propose alternative political solutions).
Other characteristics may be named and illustrated, and other examples may be given.
Source: Unified State Examination in Social Studies 05/08/2014. Early wave, reserve day. Option 202.
1) Information elite. (A journalist from a well-known publication published an article about the problems of the school, after which it was decided to amend the education law);
2) Scientific elite. (A famous scientist spoke at a meeting of the parliament of country Z, forcing the deputies with his arguments to reconsider the planned scientific research program).
3) Economic elite. (The owner of a large corporation has invested significant funds in the election campaign of Party N, whose representatives support a bill that is beneficial to him).
Other types of elites can be named and other examples given.
Name three political functions that the media perform and illustrate each with an example. (Each example must be formulated in detail).
Explanation.
The following examples can be given:
1) Informing the population about major political events (information function). For example, in a weekly analytical television program, a team of journalists examines the political events of the week, trends in the country’s political life;
2) Political agitation of citizens. For example, television channels and central newspapers of the state of X. during the presidential election period provided all candidates with the opportunity to convey their political programs to television viewers/readers;
3) The function of criticizing and monitoring the activities of the authorities. For example, a group of journalists made a documentary about the connection between the mafia and famous politicians, after which several criminal cases were initiated against these politicians.
2) determining the goals and objectives of social development, the political course of the authorities. (For example, the President of the Russian Federation delivered an annual message to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, defining the tasks for the development of Russian society);
3) mobilization of resources to achieve certain goals. (For example, in Ancient Egypt, the state attracted huge numbers of people and materials to dig irrigation canals and build pyramids and temple complexes).
Other functions may be named and other examples given.
Political parties perform a number of functions that can be combined into three groups: political functions, ideological, social.
Political functions: struggle for power, recruitment of political leaders and the ruling elite. Parties participate in all political processes and are, in essence, one of the main mechanisms for the distribution and redistribution of political power. Their main goal is to conquer and use political power to achieve the goals set in their programs. Selection is carried out from the leadership of political parties into the political elite at all levels. In addition to professional politicians nominated by parties, party analysts and experts very often participate in the management of society (in particular, in the creation of state programs, in the development of strategic government policies, etc.).
Ideological functions: creation of party ideology and political doctrines, party propaganda. Each party develops and adjusts its ideological and political orientation. At the same time, it can put forward its own ideologists who offer new, original views, but it can also support well-known ideals in the field of social development. The ideological and political orientation of parties towards certain concepts and ideals: democracy, socialism, authoritarianism, liberalism, conservatism and others - allows us to judge the parties’ attitude to basic social values, and, consequently, classify their programs as progressive or reactionary, conservative. In this group of functions of political parties, party propaganda plays an important role. Its purpose is very broad and includes, first of all, actively informing the masses about the advantages of the program put forward by a particular party, as well as the formation of public opinion favorable towards this party.
Social features: social representation and socialization. Each political party relies on certain groups and segments of the population and expresses their interests. Many parties in the recent past tried to emphasize this. Examples include the Bulgarian Agricultural Union and the Polish United Workers' Party. However, in modern conditions, almost every political party strives, as far as possible, to unite and represent broad sections of society. It is obvious that those parties that express not narrow group, but national interests can count on success.
Among the social functions of political parties, an important role belongs to socialization of citizens. We are talking about the inclusion of the individual in the world of politics. By fighting for voters and promoting public awareness in every possible way, parties contribute to the acquisition by citizens of certain knowledge, norms, and values. This allows citizens to become full participants in political relations. The socialization process is structurally represented by a number of elements. This:
1) the assimilation by the population of certain political knowledge and skills of socio-political activity;
2) transforming acquired knowledge into beliefs;
3) developing the ability to defend this knowledge;
4) acquisition of political orientation by citizens;
5) development of behavior adequate to the prevailing political conditions.
When do parties most energetically perform these functions? During pre-election and election campaigns. At this time, parties not only nominate their candidates for various government bodies, but also actively disseminate certain political ideas. Even small political parties that cannot field competitive candidates use the election campaign for ideological purposes, trying to form a positive image of their tasks and programs among the population.
For the parties that won the elections (or those that received a certain number of seats in legislative bodies), the most favorable period begins for fulfilling one of their main functions - consolidating power and using it to achieve their goals. They gain a real opportunity to promote their personnel to power structures and participate in the formation of the political elite. As a result, they get the opportunity to take part in the process of making government decisions and monitoring their implementation. After the election campaign, political parties usually become more active in forming alliances and blocs of winning parties, various party coalitions, and concluding numerous inter-party agreements.
However, most parties carry out their main functions almost constantly. In particular, they continually strive to:
Convince voters that their choice is correct;
Provide support for the ruling (or opposition) course by organizing appropriate campaigns in the media, processions, rallies, etc.;
Expand your numbers;
Strengthen your financial situation.
Consideration of the functions performed by political parties allows us to draw a conclusion about the socially important tasks that they solve quite effectively. Let's name some of them.
Firstly, political parties provide communication between the population and government agencies. Thus, they replace spontaneous (and, therefore, unpredictable) forms of political activity of the population.
Secondly, parties are one of the most effective forms of overcoming political apathy and passivity of citizens.
Thirdly, by advocating the distribution and redistribution of political power, modern parties most often provide a peaceful way to carry out these processes and avoid social upheavals.
Political parties play an important role in the social life of democrats tic society. Name any three functions of a political party in the political system of society and illustrate each of them with a specific example
1. expression of powerfully significant interests of individual groups (the parliamentary faction of a political party represents the interests of the middle class, seeking the adoption of legislation regulating the activities of medium and small businesses and tax benefits)
2. development of political programs (the political party presented its program for the development of civil society)
3. political socialization of citizens and their involvement in political life (the political party held a series of rallies in support of democratic reforms...)
Formulate four judgments that reveal the various functions of poly political parties in modern society
We have already spoken about the need for parties in a representative manner, about the benefits and disadvantages arising from their struggle. Political freedom calls upon social forces to participate in public affairs. Because of this, political movement here occurs only through the interaction of those various currents and directions into which society is divided. Here lies the main source of political life in constitutional states.
Parties naturally arise out of public opinion. The necessity of discipline and organization for collective action transforms the unsettled mass of free random thoughts into more or less strong and durable forces capable of being subjects of political action.
With organized parties it is possible to calculate and direct disparate aspirations towards a common goal; The more stable the parties are, the more they have merged with the history of the people, the more their program has been defined, the more correctly political life, based on freedom, flows. On the contrary, where the party represents only a vague fermentation of infinitely varied trends, only chaos is born from political freedom. On the other hand, only with political freedom can real parties be formed, because only then does it become possible and necessary to act together in the political field, to achieve certain goals through the constant and combined efforts of many. But freedom alone is not enough for this; It is necessary that the elements necessary for parties exist in society, that political meaning be developed, that the main directions be determined, that people group around certain principles they have created, and, finally, that political mores be developed, which are created by any social activity that requires combined efforts. In a word, only mature public opinion gives birth to real political parties. And under these conditions, they do not arise suddenly, but are formed slowly, in political struggle, and must go through many trials before they receive the proper strength and strength. Therefore, one should not think that the establishment of a representative order will immediately establish parliamentary government. It is impossible until parties have accumulated operational experience and proven their ability to govern the state.
(B.N. Chicherin)
C2. Indicate, based on the text, any four conditions for the transformation of political parties into “subjects of political action”
C3. What words does the author use to characterize organized and unorganized parties in society? (Write down one author’s judgment characterizing each of these groups of parties) Give an example of the activities of one of the existing (or existing) organized parties confirming the author’s description.
C4. Some people think that parliamentary rule begins immediately after the election of party representatives to government bodies. Does the author share this opinion? Support your answer with words from the text and give an example to illustrate the validity of this judgment.
| C1. 1. Political freedom calls upon social forces to participate in public affairs 2. main source: the interactions of those various currents and directions into which society is divided | |
| C2. 1. the presence of discipline in the party ranks 3. the presence of an organization for collective action 4. the presence of political freedom 5. the development of political meaning 6. the determination of the main directions of their activities 7. the unification of people around some of the principles they created 8. the development of political mores 9. social activity, requiring joint efforts 10. formed public opinion | |
| C3. 1a. With organized parties it is possible to calculate and direct disparate aspirations towards a common goal; The more stable the parties are, the more they have merged with the history of the people, the more their program has been defined, the more correctly political life flows, based on freedom 1b. where the party represents only a vague fermentation of infinitely diverse trends, there is only chaos born from political freedom 2. example: in the USA, for more than a century and a half, large parties of Republicans and Democrats have been operating, whose programs are developing taking into account changes in the country and the world, reflecting the interests of voters . | |
| C4. 1. Does not divide 2. One should not think that the establishment of a representative order immediately establishes parliamentary government. It is impossible until parties have accumulated operational experience and proven their ability to govern the state. 3. in countries undergoing a transition to democracy, party coalitions that emerged in parliaments as a result of early elections are characterized by instability and inability to make consolidated decisions. |
C6.Use three examples to illustrate the peculiarities of conservative party rule.
Political Party-
2. What are the main differences between a socio-political movement and a political party?
3. Listed below are the most important functions of political parties in modern society. Provide examples of the implementation of each function. Fill the table.
Before starting the tasks, remember the meaning of the concepts. Consult a dictionary if necessary.
"target"
"socialization"
"mobilization"
"elite"
4. Read the text and complete the tasks.
Citizens of democratic states are called to the ballot box every few years to cast their votes in favor of representatives of a particular party or political movement that voters believe express their interests. If voters are close to a political ideology that advocates the preservation of the existing social order, primarily moral and legal relations embodied in the nation, religion, marriage, family, property, then they give their votes to the conservative party. Supporters of the liberal party proceed from the premise that political freedom cannot exist where the state completely controls the economy, leaving no room for private initiative; at the same time, there cannot be true economic freedom if there is no political freedom and human rights are not respected. For liberals, the decisive idea is the autonomy of the individual and its primacy in relation to society and the state.
An adherent of such values as freedom, justice, solidarity, equality, collectivism, such ideas as the socialization of property within the framework of a mixed economy, the widespread use of mechanisms of state regulation of the economy, the creation and development of a social security system, will vote for social democratic or communist parties occupying respectively, the “center-left” and “left” positions of the party-political spectrum. (Based on materials from the open Internet encyclopedia Wikipedia)
1) Fill out the table.
5. Russian citizens answered questions from one of the sociological services: “Do you think parties have or do not have an influence on the state of affairs in your region? And if they do, is it significant or insignificant?” The survey results are presented in chart form. Read them carefully and complete the tasks
State the results of the survey.
Make a guess about the reasons for this result.
6. What problems of your locality or region could become the basis for the program of the regional branch of a political party? Create a campaign leaflet for the regional branch of this political party.
7. Explain the meaning of the statements.
“A political party is a union of people who united in order to achieve the laws they all need” (I. Ilyin).
“The party is organized public opinion” (B. Disraeli).
Questions for the final lesson on the chapter “POLITICS”
1. Briefly answer the questions.
1) What relations in society are regulated by politics?
9) What is the difference between elections and referendums?
10) What organization is called a political party?
2) What are the main features of political power?
3) What is called the sovereignty of a state?
4) What are the main types of political regimes?
5) What types of democracy exist? How are they different?
6) What are the most important features of the rule of law?
7) What is called civil society?
8) How can citizens participate in the political life of society?
2. Complete the tasks and answer the questions. For each question, circle the number of one correct answer.
a) The sphere of activity associated with the implementation of generally significant interests with the help of power is called
1) law 3) economics
2) politics 4) sovereignty
b) Are the following statements about the separation of powers true?
A. The principle of separation of powers presupposes the dominance of the legislative branch over the executive branch.
B. The principle of separation of powers is mandatory for a democratic state.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
c) What distinguishes the state from other political organizations?
1) the exclusive right to make laws
2) determining the prospects for the development of society
3) development of political programs
4) nomination of political leaders
d) What characterizes a democratic regime?
1) command-administrative management methods
2) comprehensive state control over the life of society
3) dominance of the executive branch
4) equality of citizens before the law
e) Are the following judgments about the referendum correct?
A. The referendum is aimed at free expression of the will of citizens on the most important issues for the entire society.
B. A referendum, like elections, involves voting for candidates or parties.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
3. For each task, write down the correct answer.
a) The following list shows the similarities and differences between absolute and constitutional monarchies. Select and write down the serial numbers of similarities in the first column of the table, and the numbers of differences in the second column.
1) legislative power is concentrated in the hands of the monarch
2) sole head of state
3) hereditary order of succession of power
4) the government's responsibility to parliament
b) Find in the list below the features characteristic of a parliamentary republic and circle the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) The President is elected by popular vote; 2) the government is formed by the party that wins the elections; 3) the president is not given the right to dissolve parliament; 4) the president is the head of state and executive power; 5) the government is responsible to parliament; 6) there is a post of prime minister. Write the circled numbers in ascending order.
Answer:________________
c) Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and forms of government: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
To understand what universal parties are, it is necessary to trace the development. Let's touch on it briefly, highlighting the semantic points. The fact is that universal parties are a product of modernity. They appeared as a result of a certain political evolution. This happened naturally given the missions of these organizations. But first things first.
The emergence of parties
They began to appear in their modern form in the nineteenth century. They were formed in two ways: electoral and external. In the first case, the party was organized, as they say now, from below. The leader united the masses with the help of an idea. The second is the forced formation of a social movement based on the same interests. It was carried out by those forces that were already present in parliament.
From this information it is necessary to draw one simple conclusion: for a political party to exist, it needs a platform, an idea that unites people on voluntary principles. These were the interests of strata and groups of the population. For example, the bourgeoisie, workers, peasants, industrialists, aristocracy and so on. The organizations were antagonistic, that is, the unifying ideas were in conflict. Universal parties have a serious difference from them. They strive to gather as many fans as possible from various walks of life.
Political parties, their functions, characteristics and types
It should be noted that there are quite a lot of organizations of this kind. Everyone shares them:
- by class - peasant, worker, bourgeois;
- by organizational structure - hierarchical, centralized, and so on;
- according to ideological criteria - conservative, revolutionary, reformist.
It should be noted that the classification is very conditional. If we look from the point of view of the situation in society, then we distinguish the ruling ones and some of them operate illegally, others act in the legislative field. Sometimes political forces are classified by membership: collective and individual. Each political force has several characteristics at the same time. The main functions of these organizations are:
- struggle for representation in government;
- recruiting new members and developing leaders from among them;
- working with public opinion: studying and shaping in accordance with your idea.
Traits of political parties
There are many organizations and associations operating in modern society. Not everyone is a political force. The party has the following features, which are indirectly reflected in the legislation:
- Participation in the desire to gain power.
- The presence of a specific ideological orientation.
- Providing full support to the population.
- Creation of an organizational structure and acquisition of legal status.
To explore how universal parties differ from others, we need to understand two things.
- Social forces strive for power.
- They need to have as many followers as possible.
Political struggle in its modern form is losing its class features. To be successful, you need to interest the broad masses, going beyond the boundaries of those layers of society that created the party. This is the sign of versatility.
Evolution of ideas
Previously, the birth of political forces was the path of a few. Nowadays, technologies have been created that allow any active citizen to engage in By the way, this is often used by those who want to have access to legislative activity and influence on parliament. Universal parties are political forces that unite people with different views. Agree, the matter is not simple, but not impossible. You just need the right idea that can “ignite people’s hearts.” An example is today's Russia. They are trying to create universal parties in the country on the principles of patriotism. Citizens may have different, even mutually exclusive interests. But most people love their homeland. They want to be proud of their country, to see it strong and developed. Peasants and residents of megacities, oligarchs and poor workers, teachers and rentiers living on dividends are happy to join such a universal party of patriots. Other countries are forming their own ideas.
Universal parties: examples
Italian political scientist G. Sartori noted that society today is becoming more complex, its social structure and demographic composition are changing. From this he concludes that the role of parties has changed. Now they do not represent the interests of classes and sections of the population in the generally accepted form. There is a process of socio-psychological penetration of parties into society. In his opinion, universal parties are distinguished by pragmatism. They are aimed at successful electoral activities. They are based on the principles of balancing various interests. In Europe, such forces are social democratic parties. The political scientist also named British conservatives and American Republicans among the universal ones. These forces are trying to attract into their ranks as many people as possible from various social groups. They work to ensure that their interests do not conflict.
The role of universal parties in society
These organizations emerged as part of the evolution of the political process. They have their positive and negative traits. The benefits of universal forces are increased competitiveness in any election. They have more followers, therefore, their leaders have a serious chance of winning. In addition, the desire for balance contributes to the development of other ideas and the development of society itself, which should also be considered a positive aspect. The negative side for now is that these organizations cannot, due to understandable circumstances, satisfy all their adherents when they come to power. They have to constantly balance. Sometimes this leads to decisions that do not suit the majority of the electorate. In this case, discontent in society will increase, which will lead to a crisis. Look at the modern European Union, which does not have the strength to overcome the flow of migrants. This is a typical case of the inability to work out a solution that suits everyone.
Conclusion
The undoubted advantages of all-inclusive (universal) parties will lead to them ousting other forces from the political arena. Or rather, everyone else will begin to acquire their features. For a political party, one of the most important conditions for its existence is its electoral base. Balance and refusal to adhere to one class stratum gives the generalists a better chance of gaining power. If you look further, after a certain time the parties will no longer differ from each other. And this is the path to the death of the political process. It's probably natural, like evolution. Or maybe they'll come up with something else. We'll see!
Loading...
