Presentation on the topic "industrial revolution". Presentation on the topic Industrial Revolution: achievements and problems “Maxim” heavy machine gun

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Industrial revolution: achievements and problems 3 .0 9 .20 1 1

The industrial revolution is the transition from manufacture to factory, from manual labor to machine labor. The end of the industrial revolution - machines are created using machine tools.

19th – early 20th centuries – late modern time. (Transition from traditional to industrial society) Traditional society is a society in which a person does not imagine himself outside of nature; He is completely dominated by age-old traditions and customs. An industrial society is a society in which the process of creating a large, technologically advanced industry has been completed. Modernization – formation and development of industrial society (transition from traditional to industrial society)

Three echelons of modernization. FIRST: UK, France. Modernization began early (17th century), under the influence of natural, internal reasons and economic prerequisites. The pace of modernization is natural.

Three echelons of modernization. SECOND: Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia. Modernization began in the 18th century, completed in the 2nd half. 19th century At the head of modernization processes is the state, which carries out reforms. The main goal is to catch up with tier 1 countries. The pace is fast and forced.

Three echelons of modernization. THIRD: Latin American countries, Asian and African countries. Modernization - at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. Modernization is under the influence of developed countries. There are no internal prerequisites for modernization. The pace is slow.

P.7-10. Completion of the industrial revolution P.10-13. Revolution in means of transport pp. 13-15. Crews without horses. A country on wheels. Roads. Bridges, tunnels. pp. 15-16. first flights. Military equipment. New sources of energy pp. 16 – 18. Turn day into night. Revolution in communications

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Date: 08.09 Grade: 8 Topic: Industrial revolution: achievements and problems. (lesson 1)Goals:1. To introduce students to the most important technical inventions and scientific discoveries...

The 18th century - the century of Enlightenment - brought to European society a secularization of consciousness, the spirit of entrepreneurship, and faith in the limitless possibilities of the human mind and thoughts.

The socio-political changes expressed in the bourgeois revolutions that swept Europe are inextricably linked with the building of the economic foundation of the new society.

Already in the 18th century, in the advanced countries of Europe there was an increase in factory production, which is the most important condition.

This process began in England before anyone else. Firstly, because a fairly developed industry of the manufacturing type was formed in England, and secondly, because in England, already in the 18th century, the agrarian revolution ended (the transition from the economy of small peasant owners to large-scale land ownership with the leasing of plots to farmers and cultivation of the land by the force of hired workers).

In the 18th century, revolutionary mechanisms were also invented, on the basis of which in the 19th century, machines that replaced manual labor were improved and complicated (the spinning jenny and the steam engine).

Events

Mid-18th - mid-19th centuries.- the first industrial revolution (or industrial revolution).

1765- Englishman James Hargreaves designed the mechanical spinning wheel "Jenny". The beginning of the machine age is associated with this invention.

1784- Scottish engineer James Watt invented.

1800- British inventor Henry Maudsley created the first metal-cutting machine. It allowed the use of standard size bolts and nuts.

1803- The first car with a steam engine was launched in America.

1807- launching of Fulton's steamship "Clermont". The beginning of the era of steam ships.

1819- the first crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by steamship (from Liverpool to New York), the voyage lasted 26 days.

1825- the first railway. Built by Englishman George Stephenson. The road connected Stockton and Darlington.

1825- the first crisis of overproduction. Happened in England.

Second half of the 19th century.- second industrial revolution.

Last third of the 19th century.- the time of the emergence of powerful financial and: cartels, syndicates, trusts, concerns.

1844- the first telegraph line between Washington and Baltimore (USA).

1850- an underwater telegraph cable was laid along the bottom of the English Channel (connecting England with mainland Europe).

1866- the first telegraph cable was laid across the Atlantic Ocean (connecting the USA and England).

1858- the first world economic crisis.

1864- French metallurgist Pierre-Emile Martin invented a furnace for smelting steel. The furnace was called open-hearth.

1869- opening of the Suez Canal, the shortest waterway from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean.

1876- Alexander Bell's telephone was patented in the USA.

1885- German engineer Karl Benz created the first gasoline car.

1895- invention of radio communication.

1900- launch of the first controlled airship.

Participants

George Stephenson- English engineer, inventor of the steam locomotive.

Henry Maudsley- English mechanic, inventor of the screw-cutting lathe.

Joseph Marie Jacquard- French inventor, author of the design of a machine for creating patterned fabrics.

Ernst Werner von Siemens- German engineer, inventor of the dynamo.

Robert Fulton- American engineer, creator of the first steamships.

Oliver Evans(USA), Richard Trevithick(England) - creators of the first steam cars.

Karl Benz- German engineer, creator of the first gasoline-powered car.

Otto Lilienthal- German engineer, aviation pioneer.

Ferdinand von Zeppelin- German inventor, builder of the first airships.

Pavel Yablochkov- Russian engineer, creator of the electric arc lamp.

Thomas Edison- American inventor, creator.

Samuel Morse- American inventor, creator of the telegraph.

Alexander Popov(Russia), Gugliermo Marconi(Italy) - inventors of radio communications.

Alexander Bell- American scientist, one of the inventors of the telephone.

Conclusion

The Industrial Revolution created the foundation of a new industrial society. Technological progress and the industrial revolution have brought many positive changes: increasing labor productivity, introducing new technologies, improving communications, and increasing the standard of living of the population. On the other hand, scientific and technological progress also brought a threat to society: with new technologies, new means of mass destruction appear (rifled rifles, machine guns, dynamite, incendiary rockets), and the question of pollution of nature with the smoke of factory chimneys and the discharge of industrial waste into rivers arises. The new economic system also brought social problems. The desire of production owners to reduce costs at any cost was the cause of difficult working conditions and the use of women and children.

Parallels

In Russia, in comparison with the countries of Western Europe, (by the end of the 19th century) progressed at a faster pace. Russia belongs to the so-called countries of the second echelon of industrialization. They are characterized by short periods of industrial revolution, since industrialization does not proceed evolutionarily and gradually, but with the active intervention of the state. Also, “catch-up” industrialization is characterized by the overtaking role of heavy industry over light industry, while in the countries of the first echelon the industrial revolution occurs first in light industry. In addition to Russia, second-tier countries include Germany, countries of South-Eastern Europe, and Japan.

Industrial revolution: achievements and problems

Completed by: history and social studies teacher

MKOU Semilukskaya secondary school No. 1 with UIOP

Antonkina E.E.

• Consider the main features of industrial society (classical capitalism); explain the causes and consequences of economic crises of overproduction; find out what monopoly capitalism is, consider forms of mergers of enterprises; introduce students to the main technical inventions and discoveries.
• - Instill the ability to use interdisciplinary connections; prove your point of view and participate in the discussion;
• - Solve problems

• 1. Completion of the Industrial Revolution
• 2. Revolution in means of transport
• 3. Crew without horses
• 4. "Country on Wheels"
• 5. Roads, bridges, tunnels
• 6. First human flights
• 7. Military equipment
• 8. New energy sources
• 9. "Turn night into day"

• In the first half of the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution has entered its completion stage. This is evidenced by the fact that machines are created using machine tools .
• The most developed country in the field of industrial revolution remained
• New industry - mechanical engineering

Automatic machine Zh.M. Jacquard 1804 .

• 30-40s 19th century- time of railway construction

• 1825- completion of the agrarian revolution(predominance of farms - progressive farming methods, new equipment: seeders, threshers, plows)

• Converter- furnace for steel smelting G. Bessemer 1856

• George Stephenson 1825 g. the first railway in England (connected Stockton and Darlington)
• 1829 railway (Liverpool-Manchester)

« Savannah "-the first steamship to sail across the Atlantic Ocean in 1819.

3. Crew without horses

1803-1804 Evans- first steam-powered car Philadelphia

Trevithick "Fire Dragon" London

1885 Karl Benz “Three-wheeled cart with a horizontal gasoline engine” 15 km.h.

1895 Gottlieb Daimler

4. “Country on Wheels”

Henry Ford

5.”Roads, bridges, tunnels »

1859-Suez Canal Ferdinand Lesseps (French)

1818-1826 Telford first railway suspension bridge

Johann Roebling (USA) The Brooklyn Bridge

Simplonsky (Switzerland ) tunnel. 20km

6. First human flights

Jacques Charles "Model of a balloon filled with hydrogen"

Montgolfier Brothers "Aerostat" 1783

• Otto Lilienthal - the science of planetarism
• Clement Ader, Wright brothers - flights to glider, equipped with a gasoline engine (12 sec)

7. Military equipment

1803 English General H. Shrapnel- explosive projectile (shrapnel)

1862 Swede Alfred Nobel - dynamite

1835 American Samuel Colt revolver

1883 K. Maxim-

machine gun "Maxim"

8. New energy sources

Oil

Electricity

• From 1890-1900, oil consumption increased from 1 to 10 million tons.
• Gasoline and kerosene began to be produced from oil

• Electrical energy was used in industrial plants and for street lighting in large cities

9. “Turn Night into Day”

1875 P.N. Yablochkov-electric arc lamp

T. Edison “production of electric light”

10. Revolution in communications

A. Popov and G. Marconi (it) - radio

M. Gray and A. Bell(am)-telephone

11. The era of free factory capitalism

In the first half of the 19th century, the era of free factory capitalism, or capitalism of free competition, began.

Free competition capitalism- a social system based on unlimited competition in the economic sphere.

Competition– the struggle between entrepreneurs for the most favorable conditions for the production and sale of goods, ensuring the highest profits.

Those. competition during this period was unlimited.

The world's first crisis of overproduction occurred in England in 1825. Then the economies of other countries were partially affected: the USA and France. In addition, this crisis affected not one, but several industries at once. A little over 30 years later, a real economic and financial crisis broke out, which was given the title of “first world crisis.”

So, all enterprises sought to obtain the highest profits and increased the production of goods, which led to economic crises.

12. Monopoly capitalism

In the last third of the 19th century. Powerful financial and industrial corporations are emerging.

Various forms of mergers of enterprises arise:

Cartel

an association in which the production and commercial independence of enterprises is preserved, but uniform prices are determined and sales markets are divided

Syndicate

association engaged in joint marketing of products

Trust

complete merger of enterprises, loss of commercial and production independence

Concern

association of trusts or enterprises dependent on a monopoly group

During this period, ideas about unacceptable state intervention in private property prevailed; large entrepreneurs began to regulate the production of goods and their sales. Industrialists began to agree among themselves on prices and markets in order to avoid intense competition. And by 1870-1880. the production sphere is being conquered by monopolies. Monopoly - an association of capitalists that arises on the basis of the growing concentration of production and capital, concentrating production or sales in its hands and with the goal of establishing dominance in certain sectors of the economy and obtaining maximum profits.

That. Monopoly capitalism (imperialism) is emerging. Imperialism – a special stage in the development of capitalism, in which it seeks to extend its dominance in all areas of social life. Signs of imperialism: The combination of free competition and monopoly The merger of industrial and banking capital and the formation of a financial oligarchy The predominance of the export of capital over the export of goods The economic division of the world into spheres of influence The establishment of a close connection between the financial oligarchy and the government

Consolidation of the studied material: - What discoveries and achievements did you learn about in class? - What new features have appeared in the development of capitalist production in Europe? -What is a capitalist monopoly? -What role did the intensification of competition play in the formation of monopolies? -What forms of business mergers do you know? -Why does free competition capitalism develop into monopoly capitalism at the end of the 19th century?

Slide 1

Industrial revolution: achievements and problems

Homework: Paragraph 1-2 Written 1.5 question Fill out the table Concepts learn

Slide 2

Lesson Plan

Major technical inventions and scientific discoveries of the 19th century Characteristics of a society of free competition Economic crises as one of the reasons for the transition to monopoly capitalism Features of monopoly capitalism Characteristic features of imperialism

Slide 3

A monopoly is a large economic association that concentrates in its hands the majority of the production and marketing of a product, thereby establishing its dominance in a certain sector of the economy. Competition is the struggle between entrepreneurs for the most favorable conditions for the production and sale of goods, ensuring the highest profits. An economic crisis is a period of decline and stagnation of production, affecting the well-being of society and the state.

Slide 4

A syndicate is one of the forms of association of enterprises carrying out common commercial activities while maintaining production independence. A cartel is a form of economic association whose participants set uniform prices for products, agree on production volumes, and divide sales markets. A trust is one of the forms of association of enterprises, in which the enterprises included in it completely lose their independence and are subject to a single management.

Slide 5

A concern is a form of association of enterprises in different industries, characterized by the independence of management of these enterprises, a large volume of intra-company supplies, and centralized capital.

Slide 6

Major technical inventions and scientific discoveries of the 19th century

The process of modernization, which ended in the 19th century in Western countries, practically did not affect the countries of the East. Why do you think? In Eastern countries there are values ​​based on preserving traditions. Changes are being implemented extremely reluctantly and slowly. In Western countries, on the contrary, they actively use technical inventions and, thanks to them, get far ahead

Slide 7

What technical inventions do we use every day and hardly notice them? All inventions of this century were practical in nature and were aimed at obtaining greater profits at lower costs. They changed the daily life of society, people, and influenced the development of all spheres of society, especially the economy.

Slide 8

Characteristics of a free competition society

What relations dominated the economies of Western countries in the 19th century? “Wild capitalism” is free relations not regulated by the state, that is, free competition.

Slide 9

What role does competition play in the development of production? The main incentive in the development of production. In the course of competition, entrepreneurs, trying to make greater profits and reduce costs, introduce new inventions, increase output, and reduce prices. In addition, they increase the range and improve the quality of goods.

Slide 10

Economic crises as one of the reasons for the transition to monopoly capitalism.

The desire of entrepreneurs to expand production and increase the output of goods leads to a violation of the proportions of economic development. What happens if supply significantly exceeds demand? overproduction crisis

Slide 11

Economic crisis

On the one hand, they lead to a drop in production and slow down the development of the economy, on the other hand, they are an additional incentive for improvements in production and the introduction of new equipment and technology. The development of a market economy occurs according to the following scheme: Crisis, stagnation of production, rise, crisis.

Slide 12

Features of monopoly capitalism

As a result of such economic development, only the strongest survive, those who are weaker cease to exist or begin to unite. In 1880-1890 The society of free competition will be replaced by a society in which the main role is played by large unions of capitalists - monopolies. Read the text on pages 19-20 before the additional reading text and highlight the reasons for the creation of large financial and industrial associations