Introductory words and sentences with examples. Introductory words and sentences with examples Main groups of introductory words table

An introductory word is a word (or phrase) that is part of a sentence, but does not enter into a syntactic relationship with its members. Usually gives information about the source of the message or connection with the context, and also expresses an attitude towards the statement (evaluation).

In this task you will come across such a phenomenon in the Russian language as introductory words and constructions, and the site will help you figure it out.

Introductory words are words, phrases and sentences with the help of which the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the statement.

Video about introductory words in Russian

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Signs of introductory words and constructions:

• they cannot be asked questions from other members of the proposal;
• they are replaced by synonymous introductory words and constructions;
• they can be easily removed from the text without loss of meaning.

Distinguish! The same words can be introductory or not.

Rule.

Introductory words and constructions in writing are highlighted with commas on both sides.

List of introductory words (examples). The following categories of introductory words and constructions can be distinguished:

MEANING	INTRODUCTORY WORD	EXAMPLE
Confidence or uncertainty	certainly, undoubtedly, without any doubt, obviously, certainly, of course, self-evidently, indisputably, indeed, probably, perhaps, truly, probably, in all likelihood, maybe, maybe, perhaps, should be, it seems, it would seem, apparently, apparently, perhaps, in fact, truly, really, isn’t it, in essence, essentially, essentially, right, tea, one must assume, I think, I hope, I believe	Very soon, of course, the birds will fly south. This Sunday we might go fishing.
Various feelings and emotions	fortunately, unfortunately, fortunately, unfortunately, to joy, to chagrin, to regret, to chagrin, unfortunately, to surprise, to amazement, to horror, to shame, to happiness, to joy, to misfortune, what good , let's be honest, it's a strange thing, an amazing thing	Suddenly, to our joy, we saw a large ship on the horizon.
Source of the statement	they say, report, convey, according to..., according to the message..., according to information..., according to..., in my opinion, in your opinion, in our opinion, in your opinion, in my opinion, according to rumors, according to legend, I remember, I hear you say	Distant lakes are rumored to be rich in fish.
The order of phenomena or thoughts and the connection between them	so, therefore, means, on the contrary, on the contrary, further, finally, however, by the way, in general, in particular, first of all, in addition, in addition, therefore, for example, for example, the main thing, thus, by the way, by the way to say, by the way, firstly, secondly and so on, on the one hand, on the other hand, I repeat, I emphasize	Nikita's whole life was not a constant holiday, but, on the contrary, was an unceasing service.
Assessing the style of expression, the way of expressing thoughts	in a word, in one word, in other words, in other words, in other words, in short, simply put, to put it mildly, if I may say so, if I may say so, if I may say so, it is better to say, so to speak, what is called others; words actually, in general, more accurately, more precisely, rather, and the like (if speaking can be added to them)	In short, the role of each comment is enormous.
Call to interlocutor	you see, you see, you understand, you understand, you know, you know, understand, understand, believe, listen, agree, imagine, imagine, excuse me, forgive me, believe (whether), believe (whether), please	Please explain to me what kind of miracles these are.

Trap #1! They are not introductory and are NOT set off by commas: little by little, at the beginning, suddenly, as if, supposedly, ultimately, hardly, after all, even, hardly, exclusively, precisely, as if, almost, as would be, just, besides, meanwhile, according to the proposal, simply, by decision, by decree, approximately, moreover, almost, therefore, simply, decisively, once, as if, to top it all off, since then, as if, decisively , exclusively, approximately, even.

Trap #2! Particle it happened separated by commas.

Algorithm for completing the task.

1) Remember whether the word that you consider introductory is one of those words that does not stand out in writing.

2) Remove it from the sentence. Has the meaning changed? Separate with commas.

3) Try asking a question about the word that you think is introductory. If it is not specified, most likely it is introductory and is separated by commas.

4) Remember the meanings of introductory words. Is your word one of them?

Analysis of the task.

Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

It is (1) possible (2) to do, but not very soon. Claudia left (3) or rather (4) ran away, embarrassedly covering her face with a shawl.

Let's try to remove them from the sentence: This can be done, but not very soon. Claudia left and ran away, embarrassedly covering her face with a shawl. In the first sentence the word Maybe is not removed, since without it it is violated, so it is not separated by commas.

In the second sentence or rather easily extracted from the sentence. Also, you cannot ask a question about it; it belongs to the category of introductory words that express the way thoughts are formed. We conclude: in writing or rather separated by commas.

Thus, the correct answer is option No. 2.

Practice.

1. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentences?

One of the heroes of the novel (1) of course (2) Eugene Onegin is a typical young nobleman of the early XIX century. But the main character (3) without a doubt (4) A.S. Pushkin himself is the author of the work.

1) 1, 2 2) 1, 3 3) 3, 4 4) 1, 2, 3, 4

2. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentences?

The sounds of music from the open windows of the outbuilding flowed timidly, hesitantly: they (1) seemed to be (2) searching, trying to express something. Just about (3) it seemed (4) the topic would be grasped.

1) 1, 2, 3 2) 1, 2 3) 3, 4 4) 1, 3

3. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentences?

“Autumn Day in Sokolniki” is the only (1) apparently (2) painting by Levitan in which a person is present. This is a landscape where gray autumn (3) truly (4) comes to life.

1) 1, 2, 3, 4 2) 1, 2 3) 3, 4 4) 1, 3

Task formulation - 2019

Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentences.

One of the heroes of the novel (1) of course (2) Eugene Onegin is a typical young nobleman of the early 19th century. But the main character (3) without a doubt (4) is A.S. himself. Pushkin is the author of the work.

Correct answer: 1234

What you need to know to complete the task correctly:

What groups of introductory words are distinguished by meaning;

What words are never introductory, but are often mistaken for introductory ones;

How to distinguish between introductory words and sentence parts that sound similar to them.

Introductory words are words with which the speaker expresses his attitude to what he is communicating.

Introductory words can be removed from a sentence without changing the main idea of ​​the syntactic structure.

Introductory words by their meaning

Introductory words express
Confidence	of course, of course, undoubtedly, undoubtedly, indisputably, naturally, indeed, as a rule, without a doubt
Uncertainty	probably, probably, seems, obviously, apparently, apparently, perhaps, perhaps, in all probability, perhaps, must be
	fortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to surprise, what good, unfortunately, to our pleasure, in fact
Source messages	in my opinion, in my opinion, in your opinion, they say, according to someone’s message, in the opinion of someone, according to someone, according to rumors, I remember, they say, as you know, according to the expression of someone or, according to press reports
The order of thoughts, their connection, the result	firstly, secondly, thirdly, it means, so, therefore, therefore, thus, by the way, on the contrary, in particular, on the contrary, for example, for example, however, therefore, by the way, I emphasize , I repeat, finally, on the one hand, on the other hand, in addition
registration of thoughts	in other words, in short, so to speak, in a word, in one word, in all honesty, frankly speaking, in other words, it is better to say
Attraction attention	please listen, be kind, believe me, you see, you know, you understand, let's say, let's say
Degree of normality	happened, as usual, as a rule

Note: Many of the words listed in the table can act both as introductory words and as members of a sentence (then they are not separated by commas).

Example: Grandmother seemed to be dozing... - It all just seemed to me.

You can use the following technique to distinguish between introductory words and sentence members that sound similar to them:

1) Introductory words can be removed from the sentence or replaced with other synonymous introductory words.

Grandmother seemed to be dozing.

Grandma was dozing. (The introductory word can be removed from the sentence, and its meaning will not change.)

Grandma was apparently dozing. (The introductory word with a meaning of a lesser degree of confidence “seemed” can be replaced with a synonymous introductory word with the same meaning “vis-dimo”.)

2) A member of a sentence cannot be removed or replaced with an introductory word without changing the meaning of the sentence.

Example: It all just seemed to me. (The word “seemed” is a predicate and cannot be replaced by an introductory word with a meaning of a lesser degree of certainty.)

Introductory words and similar-sounding parts of sentences, with the punctuation of which graduates most often make mistakes.

Is an introductory word and is separated by commas	It is not an introductory word and is not separated by commas.
If it is in the middle of a sentence and cannot be replaced by the conjunction BUT. Example: He was, however, gloomy and silent.	If it is at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence and it can be replaced with the conjunction BUT. Example: However (= but) he knows nothing. The wind died down, however (= but) the storm continued.
If it indicates a connection between the ideas being expressed and has the meaning AND MORE (often in a sentence the introductory word FINALLY is preceded by the words FIRST, SECONDLY or ON THE ONE HAND, ON THE OTHER SIDE, in relation to which the word FINALLY is the final enumeration) . Example: In the summer you can go to the sea or to visit friends and, finally (= and also), you can relax at the dacha. Firstly, you were late, secondly, you didn’t bring the work and, finally, you spilled juice on the drawing.	If it can be replaced by the phrase AT THE END or it has the meaning AFTER EVERYTHING, IN THE END, AS A RESULT OF ALL (usually in this case you can add a particle TO it). Example: Exhausted, dirty, wet, we finally (= after everything, as a result of everything) reached the shore.
If it is synonymous with the words CONSEQUENTLY, IT SO BEES. Example: If spring comes, it means (= therefore) it will be warm. People are born, get married, die; it means (- therefore), it’s necessary, it means (= therefore), it’s good.	If it is close in meaning to the words, IT MEANS, THIS. Example: To fight means (= means) win.

Words that are ALWAYS introductory

of course, firstly, secondly, thirdly, so, therefore, undoubtedly, apparently, please, they say.

Words that are NOT introductory

(particles and adverbs that are not separated by commas in writing):

perhaps, for the most part, as if, literally, in addition, because, ultimately, it seems, hardly, anyway, after all, even, precisely, sometimes, as if, as if, besides, only, inter- so, for sure, extremely, I suppose, certainly, definitely, partly, at least, truly, as before, therefore, simply, albeit, decisively, as if, nevertheless, only, allegedly.

Note: the greatest difficulty for many graduates is caused by sentences with the words as if and as if. Examinees mistakenly identify them with introductory words and separate them with commas on both sides, which is not allowed.

For example: Aspen is good only on a windy summer day, when every leaf seems to want to break off and rush off into the distance.

As if, as if not introductory words, they are not highlighted with commas on both sides.

Some important rules for placing punctuation marks in introductory words:

1. The introductory word is separated from the previous conjunction by a comma if this introductory word can be eliminated from the sentence or rearranged to another place without disturbing its structure.

EXAMPLE: We decided to continue our journey without a guide, but, to our great chagrin, we completely lost our way.

(You can remove the introductory construction from the sentence, and it will look like this: We decided to continue our journey without a guide, but completely lost our way.)

2. The introductory word is not separated from the previous conjunction by a comma if removing the introductory word from the sentence or rearranging it is impossible.

EXAMPLE: He will return today, or maybe tomorrow.

3. Introductory words are not separated by a comma from conjunctions used at the absolute beginning of a sentence.

EXAMPLE: And indeed, everything worked out amazingly on time and smoothly for him.

4. If the introductory phrase forms an incomplete construction (one word is missing, restored from the context), then a dash is usually placed instead of one comma.

EXAMPLE: Chichikov ordered to stop for two reasons: on the one hand, to give the horses a rest, on the other, to rest and refresh himself.

5. If the introductory word comes after the listing of homogeneous members and precedes the generalizing word, then a dash (without a comma) is placed before the introductory word, and a comma after it.

EXAMPLE: In the air, in the dry grass, among the birds - in a word, the approach of spring was felt everywhere.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Check whether the highlighted words are introductory or similar-sounding members of the sentence, that is, determine whether they can or cannot be discarded or removed from the sentence:

Introductory words can be removed from the sentence or replaced with other synonymous introductory words; they are separated by commas;

Members of the sentence that sound similar to the introductory words cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the syntactic structure; they are not separated by commas;

2) Remember that they are not introductory and are not separated by commas

As if, as if;

Particles and some adverbs:

perhaps, for the most part, as if, literally, in addition, because, ultimately, it seems, hardly, anyway, after all, even, precisely, sometimes, as if, as if, besides, only, meanwhile , for sure, extremely, I suppose, certainly, definitely, partly, at least, truly, still, therefore, simply, albeit, decisively, as if, nevertheless, only, supposedly

It can be complicated by words and constructions that, for one reason or another, are included in its composition, but do not form phrases with words. Introductory constructions are considered grammatically unrelated to the members of the sentence, that is, neither introductory words and sentences, nor from them can be asked a question.

The introductory words are, combinations of words and sentences that express the speaker’s attitude to what was said, give a general assessment of the message, and also indicate the source of the message, connection with the context, etc. The value of evaluativeness is the leading meaning of introductory constructions.

Introductory sentences perform the same functions as introductory words and word combinations. They differ from them only structurally, since they reproduce certain patterns of a simple sentence, both two-part and one-part. For example: For him there were no secrets in civil cases; as they said, he was a most skilled lawyer, and it was not easy to compete with him. But I think you don’t yawn (A. Chekhov)

Learning introductory words.

It is best to learn introductory words and sentences and not confuse them with other constructions, because it is difficult to recognize introductory words and sentences while writing by formal criteria.

The most complete list of introductory words was given by D.E. Rosenthal.

1) introductory words expressing the speaker's feelings(joy, regret, surprise, etc.) in connection with the message: fortunately, unfortunately, fortunately, unfortunately, to joy, to chagrin, to regret, to chagrin, unfortunately, to surprise, to amazement, to horror, to shame, to happiness, to joy, to misfortune, what good , let’s be honest, it’s a strange thing, an amazing thing, the hour is unknown etc. For example: ... Naydenov, to Nagulny’s amazement, in one second swept his leather jacket off his shoulders and sat down at the table(Sholokhov); Here, to Petya’s indescribable admiration, an entire mechanical workshop has been set up on an old kitchen table.(Kataev);

2) introductory words expressing the speaker’s assessment of the degree of reliability of what is being communicated (confidence, assumption, possibility, uncertainty, etc.): certainly, undoubtedly, without any doubt, obviously, certainly, of course, self-evidently, indisputably, indeed, probably, perhaps, truly, probably, in all likelihood, maybe, maybe, perhaps, should be, it seems, it would seem, apparently, apparently, perhaps, in fact, truly, really, isn’t it, essentially, essentially, right, tea, one must assume, I think, I hope, I believe etc. For example: After that, in fact, there was no need to ask about her relationship with Gregory(Sholokhov); And he dreamed, perhaps, of approaching by a different route, knocking at the window with the awaited dear guest(Tvardovsky);

3) introductory words indicating the connection of thoughts, sequence of presentation: so, therefore, it means, on the contrary, on the contrary, further, finally, however, by the way, in general, in particular, first of all, in addition, therefore, for example, for example, the main thing, thus, by the way, by the way, to to say the word, firstly, secondly etc., on the one hand, on the other hand, I repeat, I emphasize etc. For example: So you're suggesting that I give up the match and therefore lose ten thousand dollars?(Bill-Belotserkovsky);

4) introductory words indicating techniques and ways of forming thoughts:in a word, in one word, in other words, in other words, in other words, in short, simply put, to put it mildly, if I may say so, if I may say so, if I may say so, it is better to say, so to speak, what is called and etc.; words actually, in general, more accurately, more accurately, rather etc. are introductory if you can add a word after them speaking. For example: ...The board authorized him to speed up the work, that is, in other words, he authorized himself to do this(Kuprin); And Claudia left, or rather, ran away, embarrassedly covering her face with a shawl(Yu. Laptev);

5) introductory words indicating the source of the message:they say, report, convey, according to the words.., according to the message.., according to the information.., in the opinion.., in my opinion, in your opinion, in our opinion, in your opinion, in my opinion, according to rumors, according to legend, I remember, I hear, they say etc. For example: The factory buildings, in my opinion, were no different from those that I saw at other factories in the district(Bazhov);

6) introductory words, which are an appeal to the interlocutor or to the reader, in order to attract his attention to what is being communicated, to instill a certain attitude towards the thoughts expressed, to the facts presented, etc.: you see, you see, you understand, you understand, you know, you know, understand, understand, believe, listen, agree, imagine, imagine, excuse me, forgive me, believe (whether), believe (whether), please etc. For example: Were you afraid, admit it, when my fellows threw a rope around your neck?(Pushkin); We, if you want to know, we came to demand(Gorbatov);

7) introductory words:

A) indicating an assessment of the measure of what is being said:at most, at least, at least and etc.;

b) showing the degree of commonality of what is being reported: happens, happened, happens, as usual, as usual and etc.;

V) expressive statements: in truth, in conscience, in fairness, jokes aside, funny to say, not to be said as a reproach, to admit to say, I must admit, to say in honor, honestly speaking, between us, between us, be it said etc. For example: Rina was, or at least considered herself, a progressive woman(L. Tolstoy); ...Out of more than a hundred students knew the lesson, it happened that only four(Pomyalovsky); And Bulychev, frankly speaking, is in bad shape!(Bitter).

Do not confuse introductory words with sentence members

It is important not to confuse introductory words with sentence members, because introductory words must be separated by commas (see Punctuation marks for introductory words and sentences)

Many introductory words are similar in form to words that are members of a sentence. Compare: Looks like we're not going anywhere today. In the dark, the tree looks like a monster. When it seems necessary to be baptized. In the last two sentences, questions are asked about the words “seems”; we can determine that they are predicates; they do not express the speaker’s assessment of the situation. Dvoynikov has more than half of the introductory words. When you memorize the above list, you still have to think before you put a sign.

Introductory words are especially difficult “finally” (cannot be replaced with finally, indicates a connection of thoughts), “in general” (can be replaced with generally speaking), “however” (stands in the middle or at the end of a sentence, cannot be replaced with the conjunction “but”), “means "(begins output) the meaning of which is not always easy to determine.).

Plug-in constructions have something in common with introductory words in that neither one nor the other is grammatically connected with other members of the sentence (questions are not asked to or from them). Unlike introductory words, the list of which is large but finite, insertion structures can be anything: a word, a phrase, a simple sentence, a complex sentence, a group of sentences. Also, introductory words differ from plug-in constructions in meaning: introductory words express the author’s assessment, plug-in constructions explain.

Both introductory and inserted constructions stand out intonationally in the sentence and are delimited from it. They are characterized by a special intonation of introduction, which is specified as intonation of switching on or intonation of switching off. Introductory intonation is characterized by a lowering of the voice and a faster rate of pronunciation compared to the pronunciation intonation of the rest of the sentence.

In this chapter:

Introductory words and sentences, as well as inserted constructions, are constructions that are grammatically unrelated to the members of the sentence.

§1. Introductory words and combinations

Introductory words and combinations- these are words and combinations of words that express the speaker’s attitude to the content of a sentence or to the way of expressing this content, which are not members of the sentence and are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence.

Introductory words and combinations:

• are not members of the proposal
• are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence.

In oral speech they are distinguished by intonation, in written speech - by punctuation: commas.

Introductory words and remarks are divided into groups according to the meaning they express.

Our examples will help you notice introductory words and sentences:

Emotions, feelings, assessment

Fortunately, to joy, unfortunately, to chagrin, to chagrin, unfortunately, to shame, to surprise, to amazement, to happiness, to joy, to surprise, to happiness, to truth, to conscience, to justice, what good , strange thing, amazing thing, funny to say, don’t say it as a reproach

Degree of reliability, possibility, confidence

Without a doubt, without any doubt, undoubtedly, certainly, of course, self-evidently, indisputably, of course, apparently, apparently, probably, probably, probably, in all probability, perhaps, it seems, it should be, maybe, maybe , one must believe, one can assume, one must think, (I) think, (I) believe, (I) hope, (I) believe

Message source

According to the report, according to information, according to rumors, in accordance with, they say, report, convey, in my opinion, in my opinion, in my opinion, remember, remember

Sequence of presentation, coherence of speech

Therefore, so, thus, it means, finally, therefore, further, by the way, by the way, however, by the way, in general, in general terms, in particular, in addition, in addition, on the contrary, on the contrary, for example, to for example, firstly, secondly (and other similar ones), on the one hand, on the other hand

Methods of formulation, ways of expressing thoughts

In a word, in one word, in other words, in other words, in other words, more precisely, more precisely speaking, in short, briefly speaking, frankly speaking, speaking the truth, frankly speaking, without beating around the bush, to put it mildly, calling a spade a spade, if I may say so to say, if I may say so, with your permission, with your permission, it is better to say, more precisely to say, so to speak, as they say

Activating the attention of the interlocutor, including for the purpose of establishing trust

Understand, know, see, understand, believe, listen, agree, imagine, imagine -you) imagine, do you believe, do you know, I repeat, I emphasize, between us speaking, between us, be it said

The measure of what is being said

The most, the least, the most unusual, the most surprising, at least

Ordinariness, typicality of what is being said

It happens, it happened, it happens, it happened, as usual, as a rule, as a last resort

Everyone knows that introductory words and combinations are separated by commas in writing.

The difficulty is not in punctuation as such, but in the need to recognize such words, combinations of words and constructions. The fact is that in Russian the same word can play different roles.
How not to confuse introductory words with homonymous members of the sentence?

Do not confuse:

1. Fortunately, my mother did not ask what time I returned, and there was no unpleasant conversation.
   Fortunately- introductory word, separated by a comma.
2. Dishes break fortunately
   Fortunately- addition, syntactic connection - control: beats (for what?) fortunately.
   

Try to lower it to happiness. In the second sentence, this cannot be done without violating the meaning and grammatical structure of the sentence. Let's compare:

The dishes break, fortunately.
The dishes break.

It's not the same thing at all. Why doesn't the second sentence allow for such a transformation? Because fortunately- a member of a sentence that is grammatically and meaningfully related to another member of the sentence. If it is excluded, the structure changes. In the first sentence fortunately is not part of the sentence. Moreover, it is not grammatically related to any part of the sentence. Therefore, the sentence structure will not change if the introductory word is omitted.

In the Russian language, many words can be used in two ways: both as introductory words and as members of a sentence.

Maybe my brother will become a musician.

(May be- introductory combination)

Brother may be a musician: He has perfect pitch.

(May be- part of the predicate)

You're from the North, right?

(right- introductory word)

You solved the problem correctly.

(right- circumstance)

Maybe he'll call today.

(Maybe- introductory word)

It is possible to write an article in a week.

(Maybe- part of the predicate)

You see, we were not late, you worried in vain.

(you see- introductory sentence)

Do you see the road sign?

(you see- predicate)

In some cases, a double interpretation of the meaning of a sentence is possible.

1) undoubtedly= of course: speaker’s confidence, introductory word

She's definitely right.

(Synonymous: I think she's right. Of course she's right.)

2) undoubtedly= without conditions and restrictions, circumstance of measure and degree

She's definitely right.

(Synonymous: She's absolutely right., She's absolutely right.)

Example 2.
1) Then- a word that introduces an argument, an introductory word

Then, he became a famous actor.

(Synonymous: In a word, he became a famous actor. So, he became a famous actor.)

2) Then= later, time adverbial

Then he became a famous actor.

(Synonymous: Later he became a famous actor., After that he became a famous actor)

In such cases, the broader context and intonation of an oral utterance or the punctuation of a written one help to distinguish between introductory words and sentence members. It is also important that introductory words and combinations can be omitted without disrupting syntactic connections and sentence structure.

Attention:

The following words are not introductory words:
all of a sudden, as if, as if, literally, in addition, hardly, almost, hardly, supposedly, even, exactly, after all, certainly, Here, after all, after all, like, Necessarily, exclusively, by decision, by the proposal, by decree, to top it off, in the end and others like that.

They are never separated by commas. Examples:

By decision of the director, classes were canceled.
Kirill hardly knows where we are going. I need to call him.
Be sure to come! We will be waiting for you.
But he's right!

§2. Introductory sentences

Introductory sentences are similar in their role to introductory words.
Examples:

I think he will arrive tomorrow.

(I think= in my opinion)

(if I'm not mistaken= in my opinion)

Like introductory words, introductory sentences express different meanings.
For example:

I think (I believe, I believe, I am sure, ...) - the degree of reliability, confidence.

As is known ( as reported on the radio, as reported in the media, as stated in the report etc.) - source of information.

Like introductory words, introductory sentences are highlighted intonationally in oral speech, and punctuationally in written speech: with commas, less often - with a dash.

§3. Plug-in structures

Plug-in structures differ from introductory words and sentences in a number of features.

They have their own utterance goals, which may be the same or different from the utterance goal of the main sentence:

He - no one expected this - called only a year later.

(the purpose of uttering an insertion structure and the sentence containing it are the same: these are messages)

Peter - have you already heard about this? - went to China.

(the purpose of uttering a sentence containing a plug-in construction is a message, the purpose of a plug-in construction is a question)

Plug-in constructions have their own range of meanings: they contain additional remarks, comments, explanations, or serve as a means of activating the attention of the interlocutor:

He - are you listening to me or not? - I called only a year later.

(activating the interlocutor’s attention)

Plug-in constructions have the structure of an independent sentence. These can be both simple and complex sentences.

In the village (I mean the village closest to our holiday village) there was a large pond.

(in this example, both the sentence and the plug-in construction have the structure of a simple sentence, but the structure of the plug-in construction is complicated by a separate definition)

In oral speech they are distinguished by intonation, and in written speech - by punctuation: using brackets or dashes.

Finally - how I dreamed about it! - I graduated from school and entered the university.

And now the former classmates (can you imagine?) met fifty years later!

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Are introductory words and combinations members of a sentence?

2. Are the introductory words and combinations grammatically related to the members of the sentence?

3. How do introductory words and combinations stand out in writing?

   • don't stand out at all
   • separated by commas
   • dashes stand out

4. Does it By the way You came by the way.?

5. Does it By the way introductory word in a sentence: By the way, look at the watch I bought.?

6. suddenly, necessarily, certainly, exclusively, literally?

7. Can the following words be used as introductory words? by decision, by proposal, by decree, to top it off, ultimately?

8. Are introductory sentences: As reported in the media, as stated in the report, as Maria Ivanovna said?

9. How are introductory sentences highlighted in writing?

   • don't stand out at all
   • separated by commas
   • dashes stand out

10. How are inserted structures highlighted in writing?

    • separated by commas
    • are highlighted with dashes or parentheses

Right answers:

1. separated by commas
2. separated by commas
3. are highlighted with dashes or parentheses

• A22. Words and constructions that are grammatically unrelated to the members of the sentence
• Chapter 11. Punctuation of a simple sentence complicated by introductory words, introductory sentences and inserted constructions

In contact with

What words are introductory, what are the features of using various punctuation marks in order to highlight introductory constructions?

Let us first define the terms “introductory word” and “introductory sentence”.

What are introductory words and sentences?

Let's answer this question together. Introductory sentences and introductory words in Russian are words that are not grammatically related to the general structure of the sentence in which they are used. Let us clarify our idea. Introductory words are not members of the sentence, since they cannot be asked a question. Introductory words and sentences are not included in the overall outline of the main sentence. They are remarks loosely related or not at all related to the meaning of the sentence.

Both introductory sentences and introductory words in the Russian language are isolated, that is, when writing them, we use special highlighting punctuation marks - commas, dashes or parentheses. Most often, introductory words are separated by commas.

General rule

The general rule is the following: the introductory phrase or word on both sides is separated by commas. The main mistake most people make is due to poor knowledge of the list of these words. You need to learn which of them can be introductory, and also which ones must be highlighted, and which ones never appear in a sentence as introductory words. We will consider a list of introductory words, divided into groups according to their meaning, below.

Groups of introductory words

1. Expressing the speaker’s feelings in relation to what was said: unfortunately, fortunately, to annoyance, unfortunately, unfortunately, what good, to horror and etc.

2. Expressing an assessment of the speaker’s degree of reliability of what was said: undoubtedly, of course, indisputably, of course, certainly, obviously, perhaps, probably, perhaps, true, it seems, should be, apparently, in all likelihood, I think, essentially, essentially etc. This group of introductory words is the most numerous.

3. Indicating the connection or sequence of thoughts expressed: so, firstly, in general, therefore, by the way, means, however, further, on the one hand, finally etc. This group is also quite large.

4. Indicating ways and techniques of forming thoughts: in other words, in a word, more accurately, in other words, so to speak, more precisely and etc.

5. Indicating a specific message source: in my opinion, they say, according to..., according to information..., according to rumors, in the opinion..., I remember, in my opinion and etc.

6. Representing an appeal to the speaker’s interlocutor: know, see, forgive, understand, agree, please and etc.

7. Measures indicating the assessment of what is being discussed: at least at most and etc.

8. Showing the degree of commonality of what was said: happened, as usual, happens and etc.

9. Expressing the expressiveness of a certain statement: funny to say, jokes aside, just between you and me, to be honest and etc.

The main errors are associated with the incorrect classification of a word as an introductory one, that is, with the isolation of a word that is not an introductory one.

What words are not introductory?

The following expressions are not separated by commas, since they are not water ones:

- as if, literally, suddenly, in addition, here, after all, after all, hardly, hardly, ultimately, precisely, even, as if, exclusively, just, as if, almost, meanwhile, because, therefore , approximately, approximately, and, moreover, decisively, simply, as if. This group includes adverbs and particles that are most often mistakenly isolated. The Russian language does not distinguish them as introductory words;

- by advice..., by tradition, by request..., by direction..., by plan..., by order...- these combinations are non-isolated members.

Words whose isolation depends on the context

Depending on the context, the same words can act either as members of a sentence or as introductory words. Some words in certain meanings are introductory and stand out. In other meanings, these are no longer introductory words. Their list is as follows:

- maybe, maybe, it seems, it should be are introductory if they indicate a certain degree of reliability of what is being discussed;

- visible, possible, obvious act as such if they characterize the degree of reliability of a certain statement;

- naturally, exactly, surely, probably The Russian language considers as introductory words when indicating one or another degree of reliability of what is being reported (in this case they are interchangeable or words of the same group that are similar in meaning can be substituted). Example: “She must (=probably) not understand how important it is to solve this problem on time”;

- By the way- an introductory word if it indicates a connection of thoughts. Example: “He is a good musician. By the way, he plays tennis well too”;

- by the way in that case it is introductory if it also indicates a connection of thoughts. Example: “Her friends, parents and, by the way, her sister are against this trip.” This word can also be used as a non-introductory word in the following context: “Ivan made a speech in which, among other things, he pointed out that one should work more carefully”;

- first of all indicating the connection of thoughts is an introductory word. In this context, it can be replaced with words such as “first”, “first”, etc.;

- undoubtedly, indeed, in fact, certainly- introductory words, if they indicate a certain degree of reliability of what is being discussed. Example: “Indeed (really, accurately), this place has a beautiful view”;

- further, thus, finally, then, finally indicate as introductory sequence of thoughts. Example: “Thus (so), our results confirm the data obtained by other researchers”;

- however it is introductory if it is at the end or middle of a sentence. At the beginning of a sentence or part of a complex sentence, it is not such when it acts as a conjunction “but”;

- at all is introductory when it means “generally speaking”, indicates a certain way of formatting a particular thought. Example: “His opinions, in general, are interesting only to a very narrow circle of people.” In other meanings it is an adverb meaning “in all respects”, “at all”, “in general”, “always”, “under all conditions”;

- in your opinion, in my opinion, in your opinion, in our opinion are isolated when they indicate the source of a given message. Example: “I think your child is sick.” “Do you think this proves anything at all?” “In her own way” is never an introductory word: “She is beautiful in her own way.”

Introductory sentences

They occur less frequently in texts than introductory words. In addition to commas, they can also be distinguished by dashes. Let's take a closer look at this type of separate structures.

By the nature of the meanings expressed, they coincide with introductory words. They are identical in appearance to simple sentences: they can contain a predicate and a subject, or one main member, and can be both common and non-common. The punctuation mark is chosen depending on its prevalence.

Which introductory sentences are separated by commas?

1. Uncommon two-part sentences like “I remember”, “I think”, “I heard”, etc.

2. Monocomponents, having one minor member: “they told him,” “it seems to me.”

3. Common, introduced with the help of allied words and conjunctions: “as they claimed...”, “as we learned...”.

Which introductory sentences are highlighted with a dash?

1. More common suggestions than the ones listed above.

2. Exclamatory and interrogative introductory sentences.

3. It is allowed to highlight a short sentence.