What is Gothic in Art. Gothic - what is it? Characteristic features of the cathedral interior

The Gothic style is an artistic style that was the final stage in the development of medieval art in Western Central and partly Eastern Europe (between the mid 12th and 16th centuries). The term "Gothic" was introduced during the Renaissance as a derogatory term for all medieval art considered "barbaric". Since the beginning of the 19th century, when the term Romanesque style was adopted for art, the chronological framework of the Gothic was limited, in it they distinguished the early, mature (high) and late phases.

Gothic developed in countries dominated by the Catholic Church, and under its auspices the feudal-church basis was preserved in the ideology and culture of the Gothic era. Gothic art remained predominantly cult in purpose and religious in subject matter: it was correlated with eternity, with "higher" irrational forces.

Gothic is characterized by a symbolic - allegorical type of thinking and the conventionality of artistic language. Gothic inherited the primacy of architecture in the system of arts and traditional types of cultures and buildings from the Romanesque style. A special place in the art of Gothic was occupied by the cathedral - the highest example of the synthesis of architecture, sculpture and painting (mainly stained-glass windows). The space of the cathedral incommensurable with man, the verticalism of its towers and vaults, the subordination of sculpture to the rhythms of the dynamism of architecture, the multicolored radiance of stained-glass windows had a strong emotional impact on believers.

The development of Gothic art also reflected cardinal changes in the structure of medieval society: the beginning of the formation of centralized states, the growth and strengthening of cities, the advancement of secular forces, trade and craft, as well as court-knightly circles. With the development of social consciousness, craft and technology, the foundations of medieval religious-dogmatic worldviews weakened, the possibilities of cognition and aesthetic comprehension of the real world expanded; formed new architectural types and tectonic systems. Urban planning and civil architecture developed intensively.

Urban architectural ensembles included cultural and secular buildings, fortifications, bridges, wells. The main city square was often lined with houses with arcades, retail and storage facilities on the lower floors. The main streets diverged from the square, the narrow facades of two, less often three-storey buildings with high, pediments lined up along the streets and embankments. The cities were surrounded by powerful walls with richly decorated passage towers. Castles gradually turned into complex complexes of fortresses, palaces and cultural structures. Usually in the center of the city, dominating its buildings, there was a cathedral, which became the focus of city life. In it, along with the divine services, theological debates were arranged, mysteries were played out, and meetings of the townspeople took place. The cathedral was conceived as a kind of body of knowledge (mainly theological), a symbol of the Universe, and its artistic structure, combining solemn grandeur with passionate dynamics, an abundance of plastic motives with a strict hierarchical system of their subordination, expressed not only the ideas of the medieval social hierarchy and the power of divine powers over man , but also the growing self-awareness of the townspeople, a frame made of pillars (in mature Gothic - a bundle of columns) and pointed arches resting on them.

The structure of the building consists of rectangular cells (grass), bounded by 4 pillars and 4 arches, which, together with the ribbed arches, form the skeleton of a cross vault filled with lightweight small vaults - stripping.

Plan of the Cathedral in Reims (France) 1211-1311

The lateral spreader of the vault of the main nave is transferred by means of supporting arches (flying buttresses) to the outer pillars - buttresses. The walls freed from the load are cut through by arched windows in the spaces between the pillars. Neutralization of the spacing of the arch by bringing out the main structural elements made it possible to create a feeling of lightness and creative greatness of the efforts of the human collective. Gothic originated in the northern part of France (Ilde-France) in the middle of the 12th century. and reached its peak in the first half of the 13th century. Stone Gothic cathedrals received their classical form in France. As a rule, these are 3-5-nave basilicas with a transverse nave - a transept and a semicircular bypass of the choir ("deambula-thorium"), which is adjacent to radial chapels ("crown of chapels"). Their tall and spacious interior is illuminated by the colored shimmer of stained glass windows. The impression of an irresistible movement upward and towards the altar is created by rows of slender pillars, a powerful take-off of pointed pointed arches, an accelerated rhythm of the arcades of the upper gallery (triforia). Thanks to the contrast of the high main aisle and the semi-dark side naves, a picturesque richness of aspects arises, a feeling of the infinity of space.

On the facades of cathedrals pointed arches and rich architectural and plastic decorations vary, details - patterned vimpergs, phials, crabbs, etc. The statues on consoles in front of the columns of the portals and in their upper arched gallery, reliefs on the plinths and in the tympans of the portals, as well as on the capitals of the columns form an integral symbolic plot system, which includes characters and episodes of Scripture, allegorical images. The best works of Gothic plastics, decor, statues of the facades of cathedrals in Chartres, Reims, Amiens, Strasbourg are imbued with spiritualized beauty, sincerity and nobility.

On the main squares of cities, town halls were built with abundant decor, often with a tower (town hall in Saint-Quentin, 1351-1509). Castles turned into majesties. palaces with rich interior decoration (the complex of the papal palace in Avignon), mansions ("hotels") of wealthy citizens were built.

The bold and complex frame construction of the Gothic cathedral, embodying the triumph of man's daring engineering thought, made it possible to overcome the massiveness of Romanesque buildings, to lighten the walls and vaults, and to create a dynamic unity of the interior space.

In Gothic, there is an enrichment and complication of the synthesis of arts, an expansion of the system of plots, which reflected the medieval concept of the world. The main type of fine art was sculpture, which received a rich ideological and artistic content and developed plastic forms. The stiffness and isolation of the Romanesque statues were replaced by the mobility of figures, their appeal to each other and to the viewer. Over time, an interest arose in real natural forms, in physical beauty and human feelings. The themes of motherhood, moral suffering, martyrdom and the sacrificial endurance of a person received a new interpretation.

In Gothic France, lyricism and tragic affects, sublime spirituality and social satire, fantastic grotesque and folklore, acute life observations are organically intertwined. In that era, book miniature flourished and altar painting appeared; the decorative, art, associated with a high level of development of the guild craft, reached a high rise. In late Gothic, France, sculptural altars in interiors became widespread, combining painted and gilded wooden sculpture and tempera painting on wooden boards. A new emotional system of images has developed, characterized by dramatic (often exalted) expression, especially in scenes of the suffering of Christ and the saints. The finest examples of French Gothic art include small ivory sculptures, silver reliquaries, Limoges enamel, tapestries and carved furniture.

The late ("flaming") Gothic style is characterized by a whimsical pattern of window openings, reminiscent of tongues of flame (c. Saint-Maclou in Rouen). Murals appeared on secular subjects (in the papal palace in Avignon, 14-15 centuries). In miniatures (chap. Books for hours), there has been a striving for the spiritualized humanity of images, for the transfer of space and volume. Secular buildings were erected (city gates, town halls, workshop and warehouse buildings, dance halls). The sculpture of cathedrals (in Bamberg, Magdeburg, Naumbubg) is distinguished by vital concreteness and monumentality of images, powerful plastic expression. Parts of the temples were decorated with reliefs, statues, floral ornaments, images of fantastic animals; characterized by an abundance of secular motifs in the decor (scenes of labor of artisans and peasants, grotesque and satirical images). The theme of stained-glass windows is also varied, in the range of which red, blue and yellow tones prevailed.

The established Gothic frame system appeared in the church of the Abbey of Saint-Denis (1137-44). The early Gothic also includes cathedrals in Lana, Paris, Chartres, for example, the Cathedral of Notre Dame on the Ile de la Cité in Paris. The grandiose cathedrals of mature Gothic in Reims and Amiens, as well as the chapel of Sainte-Chapelle in Paris (1243-1248) with numerous stained-glass windows, are distinguished by the richness of rhythm, the perfection of the architecture, composition and sculpture of the decor. From the middle of the 13th century, magnificent cathedrals were built in other European countries - in Germany (in Cologne), the Netherlands (in Utrecht), Spain (in Burgos, 1221-1599), Great Britain (Westminster Abbey in London), Sweden (in Uppsala), Czech Republic (choir and transept of St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague), where Gothic. builds, techniques have received a kind of local interpretation. The crusaders brought the principles of Georgia to Rhodes, Cyprus, and Syria.

At the end of the 13th and beginning of the 14th century, the construction of cathedrals in France was in crisis: architectural forms became drier, decor was more abundant, statues received the same underlined Z-shaped bend and courtesy features.

Ushakov's dictionary

Gothic

go tick, gothic, pl. No, wives (German Gotik). A distinctive style in European late Middle Ages architecture, characterized by pointed arches.

Efremova's Dictionary

Gothic

1. f.
   1. The architectural style of the European Middle Ages, characterized by pointed structures, pointed vaults, an abundance of stained glass windows and sculptural ornaments.
   2. colloquial Works of architectural, sculptural, ornamental art created in this style.

Ozhegov Dictionary

G O TIKA, and, f. The style of medieval Western European architecture, characterized by pointed structures, pointed vaults, an abundance of stone carvings and sculptural decorations.

| adj. Gothic, oh, oh. Gothic architecture. G. font (Latin letter with angular, elongated and pointed letters).

Culturology. Reference dictionary

Gothic

](ital. gotico, lit. - gothic, fr. gothique - from the name of the Germanic tribe Goths)

artistic style, mainly architectural, originated in the XII century. in France and in the late Middle Ages spread throughout Western Europe; Gothic architecture is characterized by pointed vaults on the ribs (ribs), an abundance of stone carvings and sculptural decorations, the use of stained-glass windows, as well as the subordination of architectural forms to a vertical rhythm.

an artistic style that completed the development of medieval art in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe. The leading architectural type in this period is the city cathedral, unprecedented in height and vastness of interiors, with openwork towers, lancet windows, curved statues, intricate ornamentation and stained-glass windows.

encyclopedic Dictionary

Gothic

(from Italian gotico, lit. - Gothic, from the name of the Germanic tribe Goths), the artistic style (between the mid-12th and 15th-16th centuries), which completed the development of medieval art in the West, Central and partly East. Europe. The Gothic style reflected cardinal changes in the structure of medieval society. The city cathedral became the leading architectural type: the frame system of Gothic architecture (pointed arches rest on pillars; the lateral expansion of the cross vaults laid out on the ribs is transmitted by flying buttresses by flying buttresses) made it possible to create cathedral interiors unprecedented in height and vastness, cut through the walls with huge windows with multicolored stained-glass windows. The aspiration of the cathedral upward is expressed by gigantic openwork towers, lancet windows and portals, curved statues, and intricate ornamentation. Urban planning and civil architecture developed (residential buildings, town halls, shopping arcades, city towers with elegant decor). In sculpture, stained glass windows, pictorial and carved altars, miniatures, decorative items, the symbolic and allegorical structure is combined with new spiritual aspirations, lyrical emotions; interest in the real world, nature, and the wealth of experiences is expanding. In the 15-16 centuries. Gothic is replaced by the Renaissance.

Design. Glossary of terms

Gothic

GOTHIC (from ital. gotico, letters.- Gothic, from the name of the Germanic tribe is ready)- Gothic style, artistic style (between the middle of the XII and XV-XVI centuries), which completed the development of medieval art in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe. The Gothic style reflected cardinal changes in the structure of medieval society. The city cathedral became the leading architectural type: the frame system of Gothic architecture (pointed arches rest on pillars; the lateral expansion of the cross vaults laid out on the ribs is transmitted by flying buttresses by flying buttresses) made it possible to create cathedral interiors unprecedented in height and vastness, cut through the walls with huge windows with multicolored stained-glass windows. The aspiration of the cathedral upward is expressed by gigantic openwork towers, lancet windows and portals, curved statues, and intricate ornamentation. Urban planning and civil architecture developed (residential buildings, town halls, shopping arcades, city towers with elegant decor). In sculpture, stained glass windows, pictorial and carved altars, miniatures, decorative items, the symbolic and allegorical structure is combined with new spiritual aspirations, lyrical emotions; interest in the real world, nature, and the wealth of experiences is expanding. In the XV-XVI centuries. Gothic is replaced by the Renaissance.

The medieval world in terms, names and titles

Gothic

gothic style (from it. gotico - Gothic, from the name of the German. tribe is ready) - artist. style, mainly architectural, dominated the art of medieval Europe from the XII to the XV-XVI centuries. The heyday of the city falls on the XIII-XIV centuries. The style originated in France; cradle of the city - Ile-de-France. The term was introduced by it theorists. Renaissance. The French aptly called the city "revived", "lancet" style. The main phenomenon of the city is the cathedral. Gothic. the temple in terms of it differs little from the Romanesque. At the heart of its long "ship" is the nave (a high, longitudinal hall, on both sides of which there are lower aisles). The center, the nave, together with the lateral ones, is crossed by a transverse hall (transept). The main feature of the Gothic. temple - cross ribbed vault of lancet form. The use of a rib (pointed arc) is an excellent engineering solution of the Middle Ages, which made it possible to reduce the pressure of the vault on the walls, due to which the main pressure was distributed over individual supports - pillars, columns, etc. Due to this, the massiveness of the walls has decreased. The pointed arc, as it were, moved the axis of the temple: from horizontal it turned into a vertical one. Gothic. the temple rushed upward, its walls became lighter, more delicate, they were cut through by huge windows with multicolored stained-glass windows. A characteristic feature of the Gothic. temple - round stained glass windows (the so-called "roses"). The cathedral was decorated with pointed arches, portals, windows, tracery towers, statues, sculptural groups, ornaments and chimeras (fantastic figures of animals). Cathedrals were built by order of the mountains. communes and symbolized the power of the church and the freedom of cities. The cathedral was the architectural center of the city.

Outstanding works of the Gothic. architectures were created in France: the Church of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame Cathedral, Cathedral in Lana, Chartres Cathedral, cathedrals in Reims and Amiens, the Chapel of Louis IX, Saint-Chapelle's "Holy Chapel"; in Germany: cathedrals in Freiburg and Ulm, Cologne Cathedral; in England: Salisbury Cathedral, Canterbury Cathedral, Westminster Abbey Cathedral (close to the city); in Italy - Milan Cathedral; in the Czech Republic - the Cathedral of St. Vita, etc. The most famous cycle of sculptures of the period is considered to be the sculptural decoration of the cathedral in Naumburg (Germany) - reliefs of the Passion of Christ (The Last Supper, Betrayal of Judas, Taking into custody) and 12 statues of the founders (donors) of the temple inside.

In the late year, in the XIV-XVI centuries, the Gothic developed. urban planning: construction of town halls, shopping arcades, palaces, residential buildings. The epoch of the city - the heyday of book miniatures, enamels, art. weaving, decorative silverware, etc. Gothic. style combined into a single ensemble of artists. household items, furniture, clothing, jewelry and architecture.

Gothic builders cathedrals united in artel lodges. Freemasonry that emerged several centuries later used this form of organization and borrowed the very name - Freemasons (Freemasons).

Lit .: Dmitrieva N.A. A Brief History of Art. Issue 1. M., 1968; Lyaskovskaya O.F. French Gothic. M., 1973; History of art in foreign countries. Middle Ages, Renaissance / Ed. Ts.G. Nesselshraus. M., 1982; Sopotsinsky O.I. Art of the Western European Middle Ages. M., 1964.

Architectural vocabulary

Gothic

(from ital. gotico, lit. - Gothic, from the name of the Germanic tribe is ready)

Gothic style, artistic style (between the mid-12th and 15th-16th centuries), which completed the development of medieval art in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe. The Gothic style reflected cardinal changes in the structure of medieval society. The city cathedral became the leading architectural type: the frame system of Gothic architecture (lancet arches rest on pillars; the lateral expansion of the cross vaults laid out on the ribs is transmitted by flying buttresses by flying buttresses) made it possible to create cathedral interiors unprecedented in height and vastness, cut through the walls with huge windows with multicolored stained-glass windows. The aspiration of the cathedral upward is expressed by gigantic openwork towers, lancet windows and portals, curved statues, and intricate ornamentation. Urban planning and civil architecture developed (residential buildings, town halls, shopping arcades, city towers with elegant decor). In sculpture, stained glass windows, pictorial and carved altars, miniatures, decorative items, the symbolic and allegorical structure is combined with new spiritual aspirations, lyrical emotions; interest in the real world, nature, and the wealth of experiences is expanding. In the 15-16 centuries. Gothic is replaced by the Renaissance.

the architectural style that prevailed in Europe from the 12th to the 15th centuries, which is characterized by pointed arches, ribbed rib vaults, transmitting a thrust to buttresses through flying buttresses; most notable for its temple architecture, which inspired a special religious feeling. Gothic temples with many windows flooded with light give the impression of aspiration upward.

(Architecture: An Illustrated Handbook, 2005)

(French gothique - from the name of the germ. tribe ready)

artistic style, mainly architectural, which replaced the Romanesque, which originated in the XII century in France, in the late Middle Ages spread throughout the West. Europe. The term Gothic, derived from the name of the Germanic tribe of the Goths, who destroyed Rome in 410 AD. e., arose in Italy during the Renaissance, as a negative characteristic of medieval art - Gothic, that is, barbaric, primitive and crude. Architecture played a leading role in Gothic art. Gothic cathedrals are based on a frame made of pillars (a bunch of columns) and ARCHES and VACKS leaning on them. The lateral spacing of the vault with the help of connecting semi-arches - ARKBUTANOV - is transferred to the special mighty pillars-CONTRFORCES protruding outside the building, neutralizing this spacing. Thanks to the frame system, there was no need for massive external walls, which allowed the builders to fill the gaps between the pillars-buttresses with huge STAINED GLASS windows. The building, built according to such a system, created the illusion of a light, soaring structure, which was also emphasized by its decorative design. Usually cathedrals were richly decorated with openwork stone carvings and sculptures. An important place in the decorative design of buildings was occupied by ornament, built mainly on plant motifs. Most of the decoration was focused on the façade. Gothic architecture with its rational and solid construction, huge interior space was a manifestation of a bold human thought that rejected dogmatism, the inertia of Romanesque architecture with its dominance of heavy stone masses.

(Dictionary of architecture terms. Yusupov E.S., 1994)

Gothic is the ability to find
beautiful in the dark and terrible. (c)

Historical and cultural development are inextricably linked. This process can be traced especially clearly in Western European states, where changes in the technical, civil and religious spheres manifested themselves not only in the strengthening and development of cities, but also became the cause of cultural flourishing. The latter resulted in the emergence of Gothic art. This trend fully corresponded to the spirit of its time - it was contradictory, monumental and affected all estates.

Formation history

XII - XIII centuries became the period of the highest development of medieval Christian culture for most European countries. The growth and expansion of cities, the formation of chivalry, the development of handicrafts, science and the strengthening of human consciousness became decisive factors in the formation of Gothic art.

Initially, the "Gothic style" was used in architecture, and later began to penetrate into other areas of life. . It originated in the French city of Ile de Franz and replaced the Romanesque style. The church of the monastery of Saint-Denis is the first Gothic building.

The Gothic heritage given away is expressed in this photo.

Features of the architecture

During the period of the birth of the Gothic trend, architecture was one of the dominant forms of art. This was especially true of the cathedral premises. Cathedrals and churches contain the most beautiful examples of architecture, sculpture and painting. Subsequently, merging with the traditions of wooden architecture and stone architecture of Ancient Russia, this direction found its manifestation in the Russian architectural style -.

In the Middle Ages, the cathedral was not just a church, but an important element of the city's life; not only ritual services were held in it, but also theatrical performances, academic lectures or city council meetings.

In many ways, the interior of the Gothic cathedral received its present appearance thanks to not only aesthetic, but also technological innovations that became the basis of the direction, namely:

• Pointed arches. Such structures are able to withstand the load of the upper vault of the building, which makes it possible to get rid of the large number of internal walls inherent in.
• The frame construction system, which has become an equally important discovery of Gothic architecture. She made it possible to make buildings higher, and at the same time reduce the thickness of the load-bearing walls.

The combination of the above elements made it possible to significantly expand the area of ​​the premises of the temple. As an example, the photo shows the Duomo Cathedral in Milan. They have also been seen in the colonial style.

Characteristic features of the cathedral interior

As for the interior decoration, the buildings made in the Gothic style were decorated with massive windows, stained-glass windows and wall paintings, and columns with arches or flying buttresses (open semi-arches) were also used. The Gothic architectural style is replete with vertical lines, emphasizing the elevation and beauty of the structures created.

The facades of the houses were decorated with columns, stucco with Celtic or floral ornaments and grotesque sculptures of mythical heroes and creatures. Therefore, the buildings erected in the "Gothic" style are distinguished by their monumentality, an abundance of straight lines, spiers ascending upward and an unprecedented spaciousness of rooms.

Furniture

The same canons apply to furniture. Almost all interior items in the Gothic style were produced according to church motives. During the heyday of the Gothic, the furniture industry was already finally formed, and almost all modern types of furniture were present in it.

The invention of the sawmill is a major factor in the development of the furniture trade.

Thanks to this, it became possible to make objects not from heavy wood massifs, but from thin boards. This made it possible to produce quality furniture not only for churches, but also for ordinary houses. Panels with ribbon weaving or openwork ornament were used for decoration. The frame of the products was also decorated with architectural elements - turrets, spiers.

The most common attribute of a dwelling in those days was a chest, which was used not only to store all kinds of valuables, but also as a place to sit. Such remained to the classical representation of the English style. It was decorated with various openwork panels and frames. Later, kitchen cabinets and cupboards evolved from chests.

In general, Gothic furniture is quite simple, these are various shelves, screens, chests, carved wardrobes, armchairs and four-poster beds.

The main types of raw materials for such products were the most durable types of wood - oak, spruce and pine.

Facing rooms

As for the decoration of the walls of the dwellings, for these purposes they used masonry, which was covered with narrow lace painting, carpets or faced with wooden panels. In the Gothic interior, the surface of the walls was often divided horizontally into an upper and a lower one. These surfaces were contrastingly different in texture color.

Stone, boards or slabs were used as flooring, and living areas were covered with carpets.

When it comes to ceiling, builders have traditionally left the ceiling beams and rafters exposed. Occasionally it was decorated with openwork paintings or sculptural elements.

Window

Another important distinctive feature of the Gothic style in the interior is the lancet windows. They stood out for their considerable size and were decorated with ornaments, turrets or stained-glass windows.

Fashionable trends of medieval Europe

The Gothic style, which penetrated so deeply into architecture, sculpture and painting, could not but be reflected in the clothing of the late Middle Ages. However, it should be understood that during the development of the Gothic, class differences between people were quite strong, so the clothes of feudal lords, ordinary townspeople and peasants were significantly different. So only representatives of the upper classes had the right to wear silks and long trains.

In gothic clothing, the desire for straight lines and elongated silhouettes was clearly manifested. With the development of Gothic, shoes with elongated toes and pointed hats began to enter medieval fashion. The most preferred material was velvet. Clothes were richly decorated with ribbon or floral ornaments.

The Gothic style in men's clothing suggested two types of costume - short and narrow or long and loose.

The clothes of noble men often included the following elements:

• kotardi - a narrow caftan with wide or narrow sleeves;
• blio - a short caftan with a narrowed top and wide floors not sewn from the sides;
• purpuen - a short jacket with narrow sleeves, it was customary to wear it with narrow stocking pants;
• an amice - not sewn fabric folded in half with a cut for the head. It was customary to wear it as a raincoat. The amice was sometimes sewn on the sides, leaving slots for the hands, a similar version was called a frock coat. Cloaks could be either long or short.

The women's clothing consisted of a kamiza (vest) and a cotta (a type of dress). Cott had a narrow top, a long, wide skirt and lacing at the side or back. Gothic dresses had an elongated waist; several draping folds were made on the front of the skirt. Ladies of noble birth had a train on their skirts, and the longer it was, the higher the status of its owner.

The most common type of headdress for women was the gorge. It looked like a tissue tube expanding towards the bottom, and had a slit in the back.

Art

The heyday of Gothic art came at the beginning of the development of medieval scientific thought. So monasteries lost their role as the dominant cultural centers. Masters began to turn not only to religious motives, but also to more ordinary subjects. In general, Gothic art fully reflects the contradictions of its era - a bizarre interweaving of realism and humanity, as well as a dogmatic religious heritage. In this period, secular architecture began to emerge - in addition to town halls and churches, stone houses were erected for wealthy citizens, a type of urban multi-storey building was formed.

However, the classical Gothic style was most clearly manifested precisely in church architecture. So cathedrals and churches contain not only all the distinctive features and innovations of style, but also unique decorative and sculptural elements.

Otica- a period in the development of medieval art in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe.

The word comes from Italian. gotico - unusual, barbaric - (Goten - barbarians; this style has nothing to do with historical Goths), and at first it was used as an abusive one. For the first time, the concept in the modern sense was used by Giorgio Vasari in order to separate the Renaissance from the Middle Ages.

Origin of the term

However, there was nothing barbaric in this style: on the contrary, it is distinguished by great grace, harmony and adherence to logical laws. A more correct name would be "lancet", tk. the lancet shape of the arc is an essential feature of Gothic art. And, indeed, in France, at the birthplace of this style, the French gave it a quite appropriate name - "style revive" (from ogive - arrow).

Three main periods:
- Early Gothic XII-XIII century.
- High Gothic - 1300-1420 (conditionally)
- Late Gothic - XV century (1420-1500) is often called "Flaming"

Architecture

The Gothic style mainly manifested itself in the architecture of temples, cathedrals, churches, monasteries. Developed on the basis of Romanesque, more precisely - Burgundian architecture. Unlike the Romanesque style, with its round arches, massive walls and small windows, the Gothic style is characterized by pointed arches, narrow and high towers and columns, a richly decorated facade with carved details (vimpergs, tympans, archivolts) and multicolored stained glass lancet windows ... All style elements emphasize vertical.

art

Sculpture played a huge role in creating the image of the Gothic cathedral. In France, she designed mainly its outer walls. Tens of thousands of sculptures, from plinths to pinnacles, inhabit the mature Gothic cathedral.

Round monumental plastic is actively developing in the Gothic style. But at the same time, Gothic sculpture is an integral part of the ensemble of the cathedral, it is part of the architectural form, since together with the architectural elements it expresses the movement of the building upward, its tectonic meaning. And, creating an impulsive light and shadow game, it, in turn, animates, spiritualizes the architectural masses and promotes their interaction with the air environment.

Painting... One of the main directions of Gothic painting was stained glass, which gradually replaced fresco painting. The stained glass technique has remained the same as in the previous era, but the color palette has become much richer and more colorful, and the subjects are more complex - along with images of religious subjects, stained glass windows on everyday themes appeared. In addition, not only colored, but also colorless glass began to be used in stained-glass windows.

The period of the Gothic was the heyday of book miniatures. With the advent of secular literature (novels of chivalry, etc.), the range of illustrated manuscripts expanded, and richly illustrated books of hours and psalters for home use were also created. Artists began to strive for a more reliable and detailed reproduction of nature. Prominent representatives of the Gothic book miniature are the Limburgi brothers, the court miniaturists of the Duke de Berry, who created the famous "The Magnificent Book of Hours of the Duke of Berry" (about 1411-1416).

Ornament

Fashion

Interior

Dressuar is a cupboard made of late Gothic furniture. Often covered with paintings.

Gothic furniture is simple and heavy in the truest sense of the word. For example, for the first time, clothes and household items are being stored in closets (in antiquity, only a chest was used for this purpose). Thus, by the end of the Middle Ages, prototypes of the main modern pieces of furniture appear: a wardrobe, a bed, an armchair. Frame-panel knitting was one of the most common methods of making furniture. As a material in the north and west of Europe, they used mainly local types of wood - oak, walnut, and in the south (Tyrol) and in the east - spruce and pine, as well as larch, European cedar, juniper.