Literary arguments. Arguments for composing the exam. What should be a real writer, actor, artist? The problem of perception of a literary work arguments from literature

Arguing your opinion on the chosen problem is one of the most important tasks when writing an essay-reasoning. Since the arguments from the literature are rated higher, it is very important to prepare them in advance. On this page, I present a number of arguments on several popular issues.

PROBLEM: Meanness, betrayal, dishonor, envy.

1. A.S. Pushkin, the novel "The Captain's Daughter"

Shvabrin is a nobleman, but he is dishonorable: he takes revenge on Masha Mironova for refusing, during a duel with Grinev he inflicts a vile blow in the back. The complete loss of ideas about honor and dignity provokes him to treason: he goes to the camp of the rebel Pugachev.

1. Karamzin "Poor Liza"

Erast, the beloved of the heroine, betrayed his feelings for the girl, choosing material well-being

1. N.V. Gogol, the story "Taras Bulba"

Andriy, the son of Taras, being held captive by love feelings, betrays his father, brother, comrades, and the Motherland. Bulba kills his son because he cannot live with such shame

1. A.S. Pushkin, the tragedy "Mozart and Salieri"

The envious Salieri, envious of the success of the great composer Mozart, poisoned him, although he considered him his friend.

PROBLEM: Seriousness, servility, servility, opportunism.

1. A.P. Chekhov, story "Death of an official"

The official Chervyakov is infected with the spirit of honor: Sneezing and sprinkling the general's bald spot, he was so scared that after repeated humiliations and requests he died of fear.

2. A.S. Griboyedov, comedy "Woe from Wit"

Molchalin, the negative character of the comedy, is sure that you need to please everyone, without exception. This will allow you to climb the career ladder. Caring for Sophia, the daughter of Famusov, he pursues precisely this goal.

PROBLEM: Bribery, embezzlement

1. N.V. Gogol, comedy "The Inspector General"

The governor, like all officials of the district town, is a bribe-taker and embezzler. He is convinced that all issues can be solved with the help of money and the ability to show off.

1. N.V. Gogol, the poem "Dead Souls"

Chichikov, drawing up a bill of sale for "dead" souls, bribes an official, after which things go faster.

PROBLEM: Rudeness, ignorance, hypocrisy

1. A.N. Ostrovsky, the drama "The Thunderstorm"

Dikoy is a typical boor who offends everyone around him. Impunity gave rise to sheer licentiousness in this man.

1. DI. Fonvizin, comedy "Minor"

Mrs. Prostakova considers her boorish behavior to be normal, therefore the people around her are "brutes" and "idiots".

1. A.P. Chekhov, the story "Chameleon"

Police overseer Ochumelov grovels in front of those who are above him in the ranks, and feels himself master of the situation, in front of those who are below. This is reflected in his behavior, which changes depending on the situation.

PROBLEM: The destructive influence of money (material goods) on the human soul, hoarding

1. A.P. Chekhov, story "Ionych"

Doctor Startsev, a promising and talented doctor in his youth, turns into Ionych's accumulator. The main passion of his life is money, which became the cause of moral decay of the personality.

1. N.V. Gogol, the poem "Dead Souls"

The stingy landowner Plyushkin personifies complete spiritual degradation. The passion for hoarding became the reason for the destruction of all family and friendship ties, Plyushkin himself simply lost his human appearance.

PROBLEM: Vandalism, unconsciousness

1. I.A. Bunin "Cursed Days"

Bunin could not even imagine that the atrocities and vandalism brought about by the revolution would turn people into a maddened crowd, destroying everything in its path.

1. D.S. Likhachev, the book "About good and beautiful"

The Russian academician was outraged when he learned that a monument on the grave of Bagration had been blown up on the Borodino field. This is a terrible example of vandalism and unconsciousness.

1. V. Rasputin, story "Farewell to Matera"

During the flooding of the villages, not only people's dwellings, but also churches and graveyards went under the water, which is a terrible example of vandalism.

PROBLEM: The role of art

1. A.T. Tvardovsky, the poem "Vasily Terkin"

Front-line soldiers say that the soldiers exchanged smoke and bread for clippings from front-line newspapers, where chapters of the poem were published. This means that the encouraging word was sometimes more important than food.

Natasha Rostova sings beautifully, at these moments she becomes unusually beautiful, and the people around her are drawn to her.

1. A.I. Kuprin, story "Garnet bracelet"

Listening to Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata, Vera experienced, thanks to the hopelessly in love Zheltkov, a feeling similar to catharsis. Music awakened in her sympathy, compassion, desire to love.

PROBLEM: Love for the Motherland, nostalgia

1. M.Yu. Lermontov, poem "Motherland"

The lyrical hero loves his homeland for what it is, and is ready to go through all the trials with his people.

1. A. Blok, poem "Russia"

For the lyric hero Blok, love for the homeland is like love for a woman. He believes in the great future of his country.

1. I.A. Bunin, stories "Clean Monday", "Antonovskie apples"

I.A. Bunin left Russia forever in the 20th year. A feeling of nostalgia haunted him all his life. The heroes of his stories recall the great past of Russia, which was irretrievably lost: history, culture, traditions.

PROBLEM: Fidelity to the given word (duty)

1. A.S. Pushkin, the novel "Dubrovsky"

Masha, married to an unloved person, refuses to break the oath of allegiance given in the church when Dubrovsky is trying to save her.

1. A.S. Pushkin, the novel "Eugene Onegin"

Tatiana Larina, true to her marital duty and the given word, is forced to refuse Onegin. She became the personification of the moral strength of man.

PROBLEM: Self-sacrifice, compassion, mercy, cruelty, humanism

1. MA Bulgakov, novel "The Master and Margarita"

Margarita, loving the Master, in spite of everything, is true to her feelings, she is ready for any sacrifice. The woman flies to the ball to Woland to save her beloved. There she asks to free the sinner Frida from suffering.

1. A.I. Solzhenitsyn, story "Matrenin's yard"

Matryona lived all her life for people, helped them, without asking for anything in return. The author calls her a "righteous woman", a person who lives according to the laws of God and conscience

1. L. Andreev, story "Kusaka"

By taming a dog and leaving it for the winter in a summer cottage, people showed their selfishness, showed how cruel they can be.

The Cossack Gavrila, having lost his son, fell in love, as a loved one, a stranger, an enemy. Hatred of the "red" grew into a father's love and care.

PROBLEM: Self-education, self-education, introspection, self-improvement

1. I.S. Turgenev, the novel "Fathers and Sons"

The nihilist Bazarov believed that "every person should educate himself." And this is the lot of strong people.

1. L.N. Tolstoy, trilogy “Childhood. Adolescence. Youth"

Nikolenka is an autobiographical hero. Like the author himself, he strives for self-improvement, for creative self-realization.

1. M.Yu. Lermontov, the novel "A Hero of Our Time"

Pechorin in his diary talks to himself, evaluates his actions, analyzes life, which testifies to the depth of this personality.

1. L.N. Tolstoy, the novel "War and Peace"

The writer showed us the "dialectic of the soul" of Bolkonsky and Bezukhov, told us how difficult a person's path to truth, truth, love is. His heroes made mistakes, suffered, suffered, but this is the idea of ​​human self-improvement.

PROBLEM: Courage, heroism, moral duty, patriotism

1. B.Vasiliev, "The Dawns Here Are Quiet"

Female anti-aircraft gunners, destroying a squad of saboteurs, died, despite the numerical superiority of the enemy.

1. B. Polevoy, "The Story of a Real Man"

The pilot Alesei Maresyev, thanks to his fortitude and courage, not only survived after the amputation of his legs, but also became a full-fledged person, returned to his squadron.

1. Vorobiev, the story "Killed near Moscow"

The Kremlin cadets, having shown courage and heroism, fulfilled their patriotic duty, defending the approaches to Moscow. Lieutenant Yastrebov is the only one who survived.

1. M. Sholokhov, story "The Fate of a Man"

The hero of the story, Andrei Sokolov, went through the entire war: he fought bravely, was in captivity, and fled. He fulfilled his civic duty with honor. The war took his family away from him, but, fortunately, fate gave him a meeting with Vanyushka, who became his son.

1. V. Bykov "Crane cry"

Vasily Glechik, still quite a boy, did not leave his position during the war. The thought of salvation was unacceptable to him. He did not violate the order of the battalion commander, fulfilled it at the cost of his own life, remained faithful to the oath and duty to his homeland.

What does it mean to be a real writer? KG Paustovsky invites us to think about this question.

Lazar Borisovich, the hero of Paustovsky's recollections, an old wise pharmacist who helps people cope with both physical and moral ailments. His advice helps to get out of a difficult life situation, to determine the choice of the path. It was Lazar Borisovich's advice to the narrator that helped to see the purpose of a real writer: "I must know a lot, remember everything, work like a magician."

A wise hint helped the narrator to follow the right path: to go to people, to “that everyday school that no books can replace”.

I cannot disagree with the opinion of the writer, because a writer will not come out of a lazy, stupid and not understanding person.

So in the work “The Master and Margaret” the main character was really a real writer who understood life and all its manifestations, that he even “could guess” what was happening two thousand years ago with Pontius Pilate.

Russian writers were real toilers who created unique literature, one of them was Dostoevsky. He understood life like no one else, was a psychologist, a philosopher, and only a real writer like him could write works known to the whole world: “Crime and Punishment”, “Idiot” and others.

In conclusion, I want to say that only those people become writers who have gone through all life's difficulties, did not stop at anything and sought to translate their creative ideas into reality.

Updated: 2017-04-09

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Useful material on the topic

• according to V. Soloukhin. The problem of human limitation. (What kind of person can be considered limited?)

We have formulated the most popular problems, which are reflected in the texts for the essay on the exam. Arguments that address these issues are located under the headings listed in the table of contents. You can download all this in table format at the end of the article.

1. Some people like to ask the question: is it really necessary to study? Why is this education? And they often prefer to achieve more attractive goals. Mitrofanushka, one of the heroes, thought the same. Comedy by D. Fonvizin "Minor"... His famous remark “I don’t want to study, I want to get married”, unfortunately, for many becomes an incentive to postpone studies, but Fonvizin only emphasizes which character is actually ignorant. During the lesson and on the exam, he shows laziness and illiteracy, and even in family relationships he demonstrates the inability and unwillingness to establish contact and understand the interlocutors. The author makes fun of the young man's ignorance so that the reader understands how relevant education is.
2. Many people simply do not want to learn something new and are fixated only on traditions, although at any time it is relevant to live in the present. It is this idea that the only "new man" is trying to convey in A. Griboyedov's comedy "Woe from Wit" Alexander Andreevich Chatsky. The hero seeks to prove to Famusov's society that life does not stand still, he tries to induce the characters to learn new tendencies of the rapidly developing world. Unfortunately, Chatsky is confronted with only misunderstanding, and even recognized as crazy. However, the author emphasizes precisely his advanced views against honor and serfdom, since changes are long overdue. The rest of the characters simply preferred to live in the past, although the whole subtext of the comedy is that only Chatsky, who is not understood by society, remains right.

Inability to find a use for education

1. Many educated characters stood out in society, but not all were able to find a worthy use for their capabilities. The reader meets a hero, disillusioned and wilted in an existential crisis the novel by A. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"... The young nobleman immediately impresses the well-read Tatyana Larina precisely by the fact that he does not look like the inhabitants of the village, moreover, he reminds her of the hero of sentimental novels. Onegin was bored with everything, science does not bring pleasure, and even love could not save the hero. Eugene, a representative of the young noble intelligentsia, was never able to realize his abilities by the end of the work.
2. A “superfluous person” in literature is a hero who can do anything, but wants nothing. This is Grigory Pechorin from the novel by M. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"... Pechorin is a young officer, a nobleman who was never able to find happiness, despite the fact that the world is full of opportunities. Gregory often analyzes his actions, but still remains disappointed. Pechorin is really smart, but he himself thinks that he was given a high appointment, he just did not guess it. Lermontov in his novel raises the problem of the inability to find a worthy use for the "immense powers" that a person is endowed with.
3. It happens that even a capable person cannot or simply does not want to realize his capabilities. Let's turn to the novel by Goncharov "Oblomov"... The main character is a middle-aged nobleman who prefers to lie on the couch for a significant part of his life. Ilya Ilyich has a kind soul, an honest heart, and he himself is not a stupid character, but in the conditions of modern society Oblomov simply does not want to make a career. Only Olga Ilyinskaya prompted the hero to change his lifestyle for a short time, but in the end Oblomov returns to his original place, never overpowering his laziness.

Obsession with self-development

1. For some, it is the knowledge and realization of their own abilities that are primary, therefore they are ready to reject spiritual values. V Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" Evgeny Bazarov is a future doctor for whom medicine is everything. The protagonist is a nihilist, and only science remains sacred to him. From his own experience, Eugene understands that he is also capable of tender feelings, however, the embodiment of medical education for him is still in the first place. As at the beginning of the novel, we see Bazarov going to the swamp for frogs for experiments, so at the end of the work, when the hero has already fallen in love, he does not forget about medical practice, she also ruins him.
2. Literature often raises the topical question of finding the meaning of life, and the German poet Johann Wolfgang Goethe is no exception. V Fauste the main character is a real genius, a skilled doctor who mastered philosophy, theology and jurisprudence. However, he still considered himself a fool, and only after sharing adventures with the devil Mephistopheles, the hero realizes that the meaning of his life is in self-development. His thirst for knowledge saved his soul, and it was only in education and knowledge of the world that Faust found true happiness. Neither love, nor beauty, nor wealth managed to inspire the hero as much as the desire for enlightenment.
3. It is difficult to argue that education is important, and some believe that knowledge of the sciences is above all. Let's remember "Odu on the day of the ascension ... of Elisabeth" by Mikhail Lomonosov... Quoting a passage from the work, we want to note that in the 18th century, education was also highly valued. “The sciences of young men are nourished, the old are given joy, they are adorned in a happy life, in an accident they are cherished” - this is exactly what the great Russian poet declares. Indeed, if you look at the successes and achievements of Lomonosov, it will be difficult to disagree with how important education and the pursuit of knowledge are. An ordinary person from the provinces made a career with the capital, defining the course of Russian scientific thought.

The role of the book in human life

1. An educated person is usually smart and well-read. It is difficult to imagine a person striving for knowledge who does not recognize the authority of books and, in principle, does not like to read. We meet the great influence of the book on the fate of the character in the novel by F. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"... The main character, Rodion Raskolnikov, goes to the murder, after which he falls into a terrible state of thinking over his act. He lives in fear of the disclosure of his sin and so almost goes crazy, but thanks to Sonya Marmeladova, who reads him an episode from the Bible, he finds salvation. An excerpt from the holy book narrated about the resurrection of Lazarus, and this was the main key to Raskolnikov's decision: in order for the soul to come to rebirth, sincere repentance is necessary. So thanks to the book - the Bible, the hero takes the path of moral resurrection.
2. Many are not only frivolous about studying and reading, but they really believe that life is better off without it. This is the situation we can observe in the novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley... The plot is rapidly developing in the genre of dystopia, where books are strictly prohibited, moreover, an aversion to reading is instilled in the lower castes. Only the Savage tries to remind society that it is absolutely impossible to live like this, and science and art should not be prohibited. A hedonistic society is in fact an illusion that the hero cannot bear. At the expense of the non-existent "brave new world", the author only emphasizes how important the book is for the formation of personality.
3. Surprisingly, some recognized geniuses owe their success not so much to education as to their passion for literature. Reading prompted W. Shakespeare to write great tragedies about which even the non-reading student has heard a lot. But the English poet did not receive a higher education, it was his ability to draw relevant and interesting ideas from books that helped Shakespeare reach such heights. So the German writer Goethe found literary success thanks to the fact that in his youth he devoted his free time to reading. An educated person, of course, is capable of self-realization, but without reading books it is much more difficult to realize their capabilities.

Education as a future vocation

1. In A. Chekhov's story "Ionych" the main character is a young zemstvo doctor. At the beginning of the work, Dmitry Startsev spends time with the Turkin family, which was considered "the most educated and talented." However, after Ekaterina Ivanovna's refusal to offer to marry, he moves away from this house and becomes disillusioned with its inhabitants. Several years passed, and during this time Startsev began to look differently at many things, including his vocation. If earlier his medical education inspired him to work, now he is only interested in money. At any time, it is so important to remain passionate about your vocation so that education brings not only income, but also pleasure.
2. Many people need talent to find their calling, but education is also important to develop it. The great Alexander Pushkin studied at the Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where he also developed his poetry skill. He also raised the topic of vocation in his work, talking about poetry. One of the poems about the poet's destiny is the work "The Prophet", where the poet, thanks to metamorphoses, is endowed with a divine purpose. Like the lyrical hero, Pushkin adequately embodies his vocation, but in real life, education, of course, helped him a lot.

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Those who, without your participation, may lose a fascinating business, turned to you for help.
Many children, boys and girls, dream of becoming pilots on the track.
They attend classes where they learn high-speed driving techniques under the guidance of an experienced coach.
Only constant exercise allows you to overtake correctly, build a trajectory and choose speed.
Good qualification is the cornerstone of victory on the track. And, of course, professional cards.
Children who are engaged in circles are completely dependent on adults, because lack of money and broken parts do not allow them to participate in competitions.
How much pleasure and new sensations do the guys experience when they get behind the wheel and start driving.
Maybe it is in such a circle that not only Russian champions grow up, but even future world champions in this sport ?!
You can help the children's karting section, which is located in the city of Syzran. We are in a dire situation right now. Everything rests on the enthusiasm of the leader: Sergey Krasnov.
Read my letter and see the photos. Pay attention to the enthusiasm with which my pupils work.
They love this developmental sport and really want to keep learning.
I am asking you to help survive the karting section in the city of Syzran.
There used to be TWO young technicians' stations in the city, and each had a karting section. Karting was also in the Palace of Pioneers. Now there is not a single station in the city, and the circle in the Palace of Pioneers was also destroyed. Closed - does not turn to say, just destroyed!
We fought, wrote letters, everywhere they have the same answer. About five years ago I went to the Governor of the Samara Region for a reception. He did not accept, but my deputy received me.
After that we were given a room where we were based. We have a lot of children who want to go karting, but the very poor material part does not allow us to recruit children.
And most of the go-karts require repair. This is the position of our circle.
We also turned to the mayor of Syzran for help. We are waiting for help for the second year. We decided to contact you via the Internet for help.
Contact me, ADDRESS FOR PARCELS, 446012 Samara Region, Syzran, Novosibirskaya str. 47, THE PARCEL CAN BE SENDED BY BUSINESS LINES, my data is jammed there, you can contact via social networks SERGEY IVANOVICH KRASNOV. Or write to the mail [email protected] And we also have a petition, if it doesn't make it difficult for you to sign it. And if the Lord helps in difficult circumstances, then do not forget about gratitude afterwards. Then He will not forget about your needs.