Specific capital investments per one ruble of production growth. Capital investments Specific capital investments in production assets

Kud.b \u003d (Bst.b / (Wh.b * Tzt)) + (Bsk.b / (Wh.b * Tzk)) \u003d

350000/(1.6*1095)+22000/(1.6*140)=297.98 RUB/ha

Kud.p \u003d (Bst.p / (Wh.p * Tzt

It is known that when performing various technological operations for the cultivation of crops, from 20 to 70% of the field area is compacted, and the total compaction area during the cultivation of a crop can exceed the field area by several times.

The impact of the operation of the machine and tractor fleet on the ecological state of the environment

The multi-operational nature of modern technologies for growing crops, small contours of fields that prevent the use of wide-cut equipment, the forced need to carry out spring field work in some years, and in low relief areas almost annually, with high humidity of the arable layer - all this enhances the negative effect of running systems of machine and tractor aggregates on the ground.

The degree of soil deformation during the passage of agricultural machinery depends on the type of mover, the mass of the machines, the number of passes through the field, the properties of the soil and its condition. The intensification of agricultural production is accompanied by the use of new high-performance tractors, tillage implements, sowing and harvesting machines, the mass of which is increasing.

So, if the design weight of the MTZ-50 and MTZ-52 tractors is 2.75 and 2.95 tons, respectively, then the MTZ-80 tractor is 3.16, MTZ-82 is 3.37, T-150 is 7.5, K-TO1 - 12.5 tons.

The mass of wheeled tractors, which account for the bulk of field work, has increased 2-4 times in recent years. The same trend persists in the creation of other agricultural machines and implements. The specific pressure on the soil of their running systems does not decrease. The process of soil deformation under the action of running systems differs from natural compaction caused by gravitational forces, precipitation and other natural factors. . When machinery moves across the field, the soil undergoes not only a stage (compaction), but also a shift in different directions

The degree of soil resistance to compression depends on its initial state: mechanical and structural composition, looseness, moisture, degree of sodding, organic matter content, etc. The amount of soil compaction is significantly affected by the speed of movement of equipment and the depth of the track (the area of ​​contact of the mover with the soil). With an increase in the speed of the tractor, combine or vehicle across the field, the deformation of the soil is noticeably reduced. The deeper the tractor wheels sink and, consequently, the larger the contact area, the lower the specific pressure. Reducing the air pressure in the tires of wheeled tractors also reduces the specific pressure. The average specific pressure of modern caterpillar tractors used in field work does not exceed 0.55 kg/cm2. When performing field work with wheeled tractors at speeds of 9-15 km/h, the recommended air pressure in tires is 1 kg/cm2. But it increases sharply with an increase in the load on the hook, that is, during the working process, and can exceed the average specific pressure on the soil by 2.5-3 times.

Sealing deformation during the movement of machine-tractor units across the field extends both in the vertical and horizontal directions. With one pass of the tractor, the deformation of soddy-podzolic medium loamy soil extends to at least 35-70 cm in the horizontal direction and up to 40 cm or more in the vertical direction, depending on the stress under the tractor propellers. The greatest compaction was along the tractor track. As the distance in the transverse direction from the tractor track, the degree of deformation of the physically ripe soil decreased.

The wetter the soil, the more it compacts as the tractor passes. In general, an increase in the moisture content of loamy soil by 1.5 - 2% above physical ripeness led, when passing tractors, to an increase in the coefficient of relative compaction of the arable layer by 3-6%, and sub4.3. Welded connection:

Type of welding: we choose manual welding with high quality electrodes

This connection method is used in the design of the drive shaft, in particular the welded drum. In this case, special bushings are used to which the drum is welded, forming a single structure, which provides us with the convenience of assembling the assembly and the ease of turning the drive shaft itself during its manufacture, unlike a cast drum.

We have a T-joint with fillet welds.

The connection is calculated from shear stresses, the dangerous section is located along the bisector of the right angle.

\u003d (Tb / 2) / Wk ["],

where ["] is the allowable stress under static load for welds. It is determined in fractions of the allowable tensile stress of the parts to be joined;

Tb - torque on the drum, Tb = 443.72 Nm;

Wк - moment of resistance during torsion.

SPECIFIC INVESTMENTS - the share of the amount of capital investments per 1 ton of annual production capacity. mining enterprise. Distinguish U. to 1 ton of ore, concentrate and metal.

Geological dictionary: in 2 volumes. - M.: Nedra. Edited by K. N. Paffengolts et al.. 1978 .

See what "SPECIFIC INVESTMENT" is in other dictionaries:

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Hydroelectric power station (HPP), a complex of structures and equipment through which the energy of the flow of water is converted into electrical energy. A hydroelectric power station consists of a sequential chain of hydraulic structures (See Hydraulic ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

A branch of heavy industry covering the production of synthetic materials and products mainly based on products of oil refining and natural combustible gases. N. enterprises produce synthetic rubber, products ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

5. Specific capital investments.

Specific capital investments are the costs of creating fixed assets of enterprises, farms and industrial facilities, calculated per unit of their capacity, increase in production, repairs or services. They are used in planning the volume of capital investments, analyzing the results of the implementation of capital construction plans, in pre-design and design work and in their examination, in developing feasibility studies for the feasibility of the planned new construction, reconstruction or expansion of activities.< ствующнх предприятий, подготовке заданий на проектирование. Для предприятий и объектов утверждены «Нормативы удельных капитальных вложений по отраслям «Строительство» и «Промышленность строительных конструкций и деталей» на 1981 - 1985 годы» (СН 469-79).

When analyzing the effectiveness of capital investments, the standards are used in a unified system of technical and economic indicators provided for:

Standard methodology for determining the economic efficiency of capital investments, approved post. State Planning Committee of the USSR. Gosstroy of the USSR and the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR from 8 September. 1979 N° 40/100133;

instructions for determining the economic efficiency of capital investments in construction (SN 423-71);

6. Reserve of capital investments, construction and installation and contracting works

The reserve of capital investments, volumes of construction and installation and contracting work left when bringing plans for the five-year plan to the ministries and departments, subordinate associations, enterprises and organizations in the amount of up to 5% of their total estimated limit with the corresponding material and financial resources (SP USSR, 1979, No. 18, article 118, paragraph 32) can be used to carry out individual measures, the need for which arises when the five-year plan is fulfilled, the increase in capital investment limits, construction and installation and contracting work on individual buildings. Such a need may be caused by a revision of projects, clarification of the estimated cost due to the use of more advanced equipment and advanced technology, elimination of the backlog in individual construction projects that was allowed in the past year, allocation of additional limits on capital investments to enterprises and organizations in connection with the clarification of the quantity and cost of equipment for the planned year.

As a rule, this reserve cannot be used for the construction of new enterprises and production facilities that are not provided for by the five-year plan (letter of the State Planning Committee of the USSR of June 4, 1980, No. VK-Yu3516-116, letter of the Stroybank of the USSR of July 1, 1980 No. No. 143).

7. Planning of funds for the development of production, social and cultural events and housing construction

Measures for mechanization and automation, replacement and modernization of equipment, improvement of the organization of production and labor, technical re-equipment of production, carried out at the expense of the production development fund, are planned and approved by the production associations (enterprises) in which this fund is formed.

Funds for capital construction from the funds of social and cultural events and housing construction are used for the construction of residential buildings, preschool institutions, dispensaries, canteens and canteens at enterprises, clubs, pioneer camps, rest houses, boarding houses and sanatoriums, tourist and suburban recreation centers, sports structures and other objects of cultural, community and medical purposes, for the acquisition in the prescribed manner of specialized vehicles (medical vehicles, film mobiles), equipment and inventory for the above objects. These funds can be used in the form of equity participation jointly with other associations (enterprises).

The direction and use of funds from the production development fund and the fund for social and cultural events and housing construction is determined by the administration of the production association (enterprise) together with the trade union committee.

The funds of the centralized fund for the development of production are used to finance capital investments directed to the implementation of measures to ensure technical progress, specialization and cooperation of association enterprises, development of production and the introduction of a scientific organization of labor. They can also be directed to the construction of workshops and other facilities to expand the production of consumer goods.

Approximate methods for estimating capital investments

For an approximate, but quick assessment of the amount of capital investments in the construction of energy facilities, approximate methods are used, built on the basis of aggregated cost indicators (UPS).

These are the average costs of enlarged units of construction and installation works or individual elements, developed on the basis of standard projects and data on previously completed specific objects.

In the UPS for construction work, the following are accepted as specific meters: 1 m 3 of a building, 1 m 2 of an area, 1 km of external pipelines, etc.

For equipment in aggregated cost indicators, the meters are: unit, turbine, transformer, crane, kit, etc.

Capital costs can be represented as the sum of conditionally fixed and conditionally variable costs:

K \u003d K post + K lane \u003d K post + k lane N y,

where K post is a constant part of capital costs, independent of the installed capacity of the facility, rub.; K lane, k per - accordingly, the total and specific variable components of capital investments, proportional to the installed capacity, rub. and rub./unit. power; N y - installed capacity of the facility, kW.

If we imagine capital costs per unit of power, then we can get specific capital investments, rubles / kW:

K ud \u003d K post / N y + k per.

An increase in the unit capacity of the units leads to a decrease in specific capital costs. Moreover, the transition to ever larger unit capacities leads to relatively smaller reductions in capital costs.

This is the result of two factors acting in opposite directions:

· reducing the share of semi-fixed costs per unit of installed capacity;

· increase in costs caused by the complication of structures, the use of higher initial steam parameters and better materials with an increase in installed capacity.

The effect of an increase in the number of units of the same type on specific capital costs is ambiguous. Initially, with an increase in the number of units, the specific capital costs decrease. With a further increase in the number of units, the specific capital costs begin to grow. This is mainly due to the rise in the cost of transport links.

Let's consider methods for calculating capital investments in energy facilities when using UPS.

Capital investment in power plants

Depend on the following factors:

Type of equipment and its unit capacity;

Applied scheme of technological connections;

Initial steam parameters;

Type of fuel used;

Construction area (geological, topographic and climatic conditions).

1. Calculation of capital investments in block IES:

K CES \u003d 0.57 * C smr * K CES / + 0.43 * K CES / ,

KES / \u003d (K 1bl + SK nbl * (n bl -1)) * C t * C inf,

where K 1bl - investments in the first block;

SК nbl - investments in subsequent blocks;

n bl is the number of blocks;

C t - coefficient taking into account the type of fuel;

C inf - revaluation factor taking into account inflation;

С smr - coefficient taking into account the construction area.

2. Calculation of capital investments in a thermal power plant with cross-links:

K CHP \u003d 0.57 * C smr * K CHP / + 0.43 * K CHP /

K "CHP \u003d [K gk + K gt + ∑K pk i P PC i+ ∑To Fri i P Fri i]С t С inf,

i =1 i=1

where K gk, K pk - investments in power boilers (head and subsequent);

K GT, K PT - investments in turbine units (head and subsequent ones);

P PC i , P Fri i- number of subsequent boiler units and turbine units i-th type;

P, m- respectively, the number of types of boilers and turbines;

The cost of the head (first) units, in addition to the cost of equipment and buildings, includes the cost of facilities, without which it is impossible to put the first unit into operation - these are the total costs for the first and subsequent units, which include:

Capital investments in access roads;

site preparation;

Communication and water supply device;

Part of the main building, etc.

The cost of power plants can be adjusted for environmental protection systems, degree of automation, etc.

Specific capital costs in this object are the ratio of absolute capital investments to the installed capacity of the object, rub./unit. power:

K beats \u003d K / N y.

Specific capital investments, influencing factors

Specific capital investments are the most common technical and economic indicators that characterize the cost of building electrical networks.

Power transmission lines are characterized by specific capital investments per 1 km of length and 1 MW of transmitted power:

k l \u003d K power line / L l,

k p \u003d K power line / R l

where L l is the total length of the power transmission line, km; R l is the calculated transmitted power along the line, mW.

Specific capital investments in the substation:

k p.st = K p.st / S p.st,

where S p.st - rated power of the substation, mVA.

General indicators are used to characterize the network as a whole.

k set \u003d (K power line + K p.st) / L l,

k set \u003d (K power line + K p.st) / R l.

Using data on general and particular technical and economic indicators, it is convenient to analyze the construction of facilities that are identical in their tasks, but different in parameters. The generalization of many estimates and their technical and economic indicators allowed design organizations to develop aggregated cost indicators discussed above.

A significant number of various factors influence the value of the estimated cost of the construction of electrical networks, and, consequently, their specific indicators. Their impact is not the same for different energy construction projects.

The main factors affecting the specific indicators of the estimated cost of construction of overhead lines include:

Geological;

climatic;

Topographic;

Electrophysical;

Constructive.

The cost of specific indicators for the construction of cable lines is primarily influenced by electrophysical factors, and then by geological, topographical and structural ones (the number of cables in the trench, the presence of pipes, the nature of the pavement coating, etc.).

Geological (ground conditions) affect the volume and cost of earthworks, as well as the structures of supports and their foundations (for overhead power lines). Soft dry soils reduce the cost of line construction. The transition to rocky soil, on the contrary, increases the cost of the estimated cost of overhead power lines by 2 - 10%, and the construction of linear supports on wet soils - by 15 - 36%.

Climatic conditions affect the dimensions of the supports, foundations and cross-sections of wires through wind loads, ice, tension, dimensions of the sag, etc. In addition, in areas with intense lightning activity, enhanced lightning protection is required, etc. IV climatic region increases by 25-35%.

The greatest increase in cost under severe geological and climatic conditions occurs at power lines on wooden poles with a small cross section of wires. These factors have the least influence on lines with large sections of wires suspended on metal supports.

The topographic factor affects the specific indicators of capital investments in power lines in the following way. There is an increase in the cost of construction in areas of industrial and urban development by 1.4-1.7 times; in mountainous conditions, the rise in price increases up to 1.8 times; the passage of power lines through swamps increases the cost of the estimated cost by 1.2-1.9 times. In forest conditions, depending on the density, size of the forest and the hardness of its species, the estimated cost of transmission lines increases (taking into account the return of the forest) by 5 - 10%.

Dependence of capital investments in overhead lines on electrophysical factors and, above all, on the rated voltage Un characterized by the following equation:

k l = f(U n)= a + b*U n + c*U n 2 ± d,

where a, b and c-coefficients depending on the price level; d- oscillation amplitude value k l from its average value depending on the cross-section of wires, climatic region, etc. (value d ranges from 5 to 10% of the average cost k l ).

The cost of wires is 30-40% of the cost of overhead transmission lines, the transition to large cross-sections, all other things being equal, increases the cost of 35-220 kV lines by 4-12%. The influence of the material and structures of supports on the cost of overhead electric lines is as follows. Power transmission lines on wooden poles are 40-50% cheaper, and on reinforced concrete poles 10-25% cheaper than on metal poles, therefore, in forest areas for power lines up to 220 kV, it is advisable to use wooden poles, and in treeless or sparsely forested areas - reinforced concrete. Metal poles for power lines up to 220 kV are used in cases where the power transmission is more than 1000 km away from concrete plants that manufacture pole structures, and also when the lines pass through mountainous terrain.

Metal supports, as a rule, are used for power lines of 500 kV and above. Lines on double-circuit supports such as "barrel", "fir-tree" and others related to the same chain are cheaper than the same lines on single-circuit supports by 14-25%. At the same time, 330 kV transmission lines give a lower price, and 35 kV transmission lines provide a larger one. Of the metal U-shaped intermediate supports, guyed supports are cheaper. However, if the lines pass through fields and orchards, the damage to agriculture can force a transition to power lines on free-standing metal poles. For power transmission lines 35-110 kV, single-column supports are economical. The cheapest foundations for supports are stuffed and reinforced concrete piles.

Cable lines are significantly cheaper (by 12-35%) when laying several cables in one trench. The cost of laying cable lines also depends on the type of pavement and pavement coatings. When laying a cable under a cobblestone pavement, the estimated cost is 10-25% cheaper than laying along a street with an asphalt concrete surface. Specific capital investments in cable lines increase sharply with an increase in the rated voltage.

The main impact on the specific indicators of the estimated cost of substations is exerted by:

a) power;

b) voltage;

c) electrical circuit from the high side;

d) types of equipment;

e) ground conditions at the construction site.

The values ​​of k p.st fall with an increase in the power of the substation. The transition to the next voltage step, with other parameters unchanged, increases the estimated cost of substations by 50-80%. The complication of the electrical connection scheme from the high side increases the specific capital investments in the substation.

The types and power of the power equipment of the substation significantly affect its estimated cost. The use of autotransformers instead of transformers reduces the cost of this equipment by 10-25%. Replacing oil circuit breakers with air circuit breakers at current prices increases the cost of the cells, outdoor switchgear 35-110 kV substations by 1.2-1.5 times.

Ground conditions also affect the estimated cost of substations. Thus, a decrease in the bearing capacity of the soil under the foundations of structures from 2.5 kg / cm 2 to 1 kg / cm 2 increases the cost of the substation by 2.5-3%; high groundwater level (less than 2 m from the day surface) increases the estimated cost of substations by 5-6%. The cost of building networks and substations, as well as the estimated cost of hydroelectric power plants and thermal power plants, is affected by the construction area (climate, degree of development, development of communications, transport, etc.). This influence is taken into account by the so-called territorial coefficients, which in the European part of the USSR range from 1 to 1.09, for the average conditions of Siberia and Central Asia from 1.04 to 1.11, and finally, for remote regions and regions of the Far North from 1.2 up to 1.5 and above.

The organization and technology of construction and installation works have a significant impact on the cost of energy enterprises. Further standardization of energy facilities, the increasing introduction of prefabricated reinforced concrete while reducing the number of standard sizes of parts and structures, improving the use of mechanization tools, improving these tools by increasing their quality factor and productivity with a wider range of applications - all this will continue to reduce the cost of construction and installation works.

The pace of construction of energy facilities has a significant impact on their economic performance. Accelerating the pace of construction reduces the cost of depreciation of construction enterprises, construction mechanization, overhead costs, etc. Early commissioning gives additional production and, therefore, additional profit.

When determining the reduced costs, capital investments are calculated not as such, but specific capital investments, i.e. investments per one part-operation, which is very important, since capital investments can be involved in the production of several types of products, which is typical for all types of production, except for mass production.

If several operations are considered in each option, then the calculations are carried out for each operation, and the results for the options as a whole are obtained by summing them up.

Calculation of specific capital costs by options is reduced to determining the cost of technological equipment, production space and expensive equipment, the rest of the capital investments in the calculation of economic indicators can be neglected, because. they do not change significantly, the total specific capital investments by options are determined by the formula:

where - specific capital investments in technological equipment, rub.;

Specific capital investments in production areas, rub.;

Specific capital investments in technological equipment, rub.

10.1. Calculation of specific capital investments in technological equipment.

The calculation is carried out for the part-operation, taking into account the accepted type of production.

In the conditions of serial and single production, costs are determined by the formula:

Where - the wholesale price of a piece of equipment installed in the operation, rub.;

Costs for transportation and installation of equipment, respectively, % from the price of equipment; in approximate calculations, it can be taken equal to 15 for heavy equipment and 5 for light,  equal to 4 - 6.

Planned coefficient of performance of time norms by workers;

Normative equipment load factor. In calculations, it can be taken equal to 0.85 - for single and small-scale production, 0.8 - for medium and large-scale production.

Thus, the share of capital investments related to only one name of products (parts) is determined.

In the conditions of mass production, the calculation is carried out according to the formula:

where  accepted amount of equipment for a particular operation, pcs.

The estimated amount of equipment for each operation is determined by the formula:

The resulting calculated value is rounded to the nearest integer, taking into account the permissible overload of equipment within 3 - 8% .

10.2 Calculation of specific capital investments in production areas

In the conditions of serial and single production, capital investments in the production area per one part-operation are determined by the formula:

where - the price of 1 m 2 of production space, rub.;

Production area occupied by a piece of equipment, m 2.

The price of 1 m 2 of production area is taken according to the actual data collected during the technological practice. If this value is taken by , then it is adjusted for inflation.

The production area occupied by a piece of equipment is determined by the formula:

where is the area of ​​​​equipment in the plan, m 2 ;"

Coefficient taking into account the additional production area for driveways and walkways [Appendix 3].

In conditions of mass production, capital investments in the production area are determined by the formula.