Dostoevsky biography by years. Biography of the writer. Resumption of writing

Photo from 1879
K.A. Shapiro

Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky(1821-1881) - Russian writer.
Father - Mikhail Andreevich Dostoevsky (1787-1839) - from the family of a priest, a military doctor, then a doctor in a hospital for the poor.
Mother - Maria Fedorovna Nechaeva (1800-1837) - from a merchant's family, died of tuberculosis at the age of 37.
First wife - Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva (1824-1864). After the death of her first husband in 1855, she remarried Fyodor Mikhailovich in 1857. There were no children from marriage with Dostoevsky. She died of tuberculosis in 1864.
The second wife is Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina (1846-1918). They signed with Fedor Mikhailovich in 1867. Married to Dostoevsky had four children. The first daughter Sophia died at the age of three months. Children: Sophia (February 22, 1868 - May 12, 1868), Love (1869-1926), Fedor (1871-1922), Alexei (1875-1878).
Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was born on October 30 (November 11 according to a new style) in 1821 in the city of Moscow. The writer spent his childhood in his native city and in the estate of his parents, which they acquired in 1831. Parents from childhood were engaged in the education of Fedor Mikhailovich. His mother taught him to read, and his father taught him Latin. Then the training was continued by the teacher of one of the schools with his sons. They taught Dostoevsky French, mathematics and literature. From 1834 to 1837, Fedor Mikhailovich studied at a prestigious Moscow boarding school.
In 1837, after the death of his mother, his father sent Fedor and his brother Mikhail to study in St. Petersburg, at the Main Engineering School. In his free time, he was fond of reading. I read many authors, and knew almost all of Pushkin's works by heart. Here, he took his first literary steps.
In 1843, after graduating from college, he was enrolled in the St. Petersburg engineering team. But military service did not appeal to him, and in 1844 he received a dismissal in order to devote more time to literature.
In 1846, Dostoevsky was accepted into Belinsky's literary circle for his work Poor People. In the same year, Poor People was published in Sovremennik. By the end of 1846, due to his second work, The Double, due to a conflict with Turgenev, he left Belinsky's mugs and then, due to a quarrel with Nekrasov, ceased to be published in Sovremennik. And until 1849 he was published in Otechestvennye Zapiski. During this period, Dostoevsky wrote many works, but the novel "Poor People" is considered the best.
In 1849 he was sentenced to death by firing squad in the Petrashevsky case. But on the day of execution, the sentence was changed to four years of hard labor and further stay in the soldiers. From 1850 to 1854 Dostoevsky spent in hard labor in Omsk. After his release from hard labor, he was sent as a private to the 7th Siberian linear battalion in Semipalatinsk (now the city of Semey in the East Kazakhstan region in the Republic of Kazakhstan). Here he meets his future wife, Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva (maiden name Constant), who at that time was married to a local official Isaev. In 1857, Fyodor Mikhailovich and Maria Dmitrievna got married. In 1857 he was pardoned and by the end of 1859 he returned to St. Petersburg.
Since 1859, he helped his brother Mikhail publish the magazine Vremya, and after its closure, the magazine Epoch. Since 1862, he began to often visit abroad. I got really into playing roulette. It so happened that he lost everything he had, down to things. Dostoevsky was able to cope with this passion. Since 1871, Fedor Mikhailovich never played roulette again. In 1864, his wife died of consumption. After the death of his brother in 1865, Dostoevsky assumes all debt obligations under the Epoch magazine. In the same year, he began work on the novel Crime and Punishment. In 1866, to speed up work on the novel The Gambler, Dostoevsky used the stenographer Anna Grigorievna Snitkina. In 1867, Fedor Mikhailovich and Anna Grigorievna got married. From 1867 to 1869 he worked on the novel The Idiot, and in 1872 he completed work on the novel The Demons. In 1880 he completed his last novel, The Brothers Karamazov.
Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky died in St. Petersburg on January 28, 1881 from tuberculosis and chronic bronchitis. On February 1, 1881, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was buried at the Tikhvin cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.

In this article we will describe the life and work of Dostoevsky: we will briefly tell you about the most important events. Fedor Mikhailovich was born on October 30 (according to the old style - 11), 1821. An essay on Dostoevsky's work will introduce you to the main works, achievements of this person in the literary field. But we will start from the very beginning - from the origin of the future writer, from his biography.

The problems of Dostoevsky's work can be deeply understood only by becoming acquainted with the life of this man. After all, fiction always somehow reflects the features of the biography of the creator of works. In the case of Dostoevsky, this is especially noticeable.

Origin of Dostoevsky

Fyodor Mikhailovich's father was from a branch of the Rtishchevs, descendants of Daniil Ivanovich Rtishchev, a defender of the Orthodox faith in Southwestern Russia. He was given the village of Dostoevo, located in the Podolsk province, for special successes. The surname Dostoevsky originates from there.

However, by the beginning of the 19th century, the Dostoevsky family had become impoverished. Andrei Mikhailovich, the writer's grandfather, served in the Podolsk province, in the town of Bratslav, as an archpriest. Mikhail Andreevich, the father of the author of interest to us, graduated from the Medico-Surgical Academy in his time. During the Patriotic War, in 1812, he fought with others against the French, after which, in 1819, he married Maria Fedorovna Nechaeva, the daughter of a merchant from Moscow. Mikhail Andreevich, having retired, received the position of a doctor in an open for poor people, which was nicknamed Bozhedomka among the people.

Where was Fyodor Mikhailovich born?

The apartment of the family of the future writer was in the right wing of this hospital. In it, allotted for the government apartment of the doctor, Fyodor Mikhailovich was born in 1821. His mother, as we have already mentioned, came from a family of merchants. Pictures of premature deaths, poverty, illness, disorder - the first impressions of the boy, under the influence of which the outlook on the world of the future writer took shape, is very unusual. Dostoevsky's work reflects this.

The situation in the family of the future writer

The family, which grew over time to 9 people, was forced to huddle in just two rooms. Mikhail Andreevich was a suspicious and quick-tempered person.

Maria Feodorovna was of a completely different disposition: economic, cheerful, kind. Relations between the boy's parents were based on submission to the whims and will of the father. The nanny and mother of the future writer honored the sacred religious traditions of the country, educating the future generation in respect for the faith of the fathers. Maria Fedorovna died early - at the age of 36. She was buried at the Lazarevsky cemetery.

First encounter with literature

A lot of time was devoted to education and sciences in the Dostoevsky family. Even at an early age, Fedor Mikhailovich discovered the joy of communicating with a book. The very first works that he met were the folk tales of Arina Arkhipovna, the nanny. After that there were Pushkin and Zhukovsky, Maria Feodorovna's favorite writers.

Fyodor Mikhailovich at an early age got acquainted with the main classics of foreign literature: Hugo, Cervantes and Homer. His father in the evenings arranged a family reading of the work of N. M. Karamzin "History of the Russian State." All this instilled in the future writer an early interest in literature. The life and work of F. Dostoevsky were largely formed under the influence of the environment from which this writer came.

Mikhail Andreevich achieves hereditary nobility

In 1827, Mikhail Andreevich was awarded the Order of the 3rd degree for diligent and excellent service, and a year later he was also awarded the rank of collegiate assessor, which at that time gave a person the right to hereditary nobility. The father of the future writer was well aware of the value of higher education and therefore sought to seriously prepare his children for admission to educational institutions.

Tragedy from the childhood of Dostoevsky

The future writer in his youth experienced a tragedy that left an indelible mark on his soul for the rest of his life. He fell in love with the childish sincere feeling of the cook's daughter, a nine-year-old girl. One summer day there was a cry in the garden. Fyodor ran out into the street and noticed her lying in a white tattered dress on the ground. Women leaned over the girl. From their conversation, Fedor realized that a drunken tramp was the culprit of the tragedy. After that, they went for their father, but his help was not needed, since the girl had already died.

Writer's education

Fedor Mikhailovich received his initial education in a private boarding school in Moscow. In 1838 he entered the Main Engineering School located in St. Petersburg. He graduated in 1843, becoming a military engineer.

In those years, this school was considered one of the best educational institutions in the country. It is no coincidence that many famous people came out of there. Among Dostoevsky's comrades at the school there were many talents who later turned into famous personalities. These are Dmitry Grigorovich (writer), Konstantin Trutovsky (artist), Ilya Sechenov (physiologist), Eduard Totleben (organizer of the defense of Sevastopol), Fyodor Radetsky (Shipka hero). Both humanitarian and special disciplines were taught here. For example, world and national history, Russian literature, drawing and civil architecture.

Tragedy of the "little man"

Dostoevsky preferred solitude to a noisy society of students. Reading was his favorite pastime. The erudition of the future writer amazed his comrades. But the desire for solitude and solitude in his character was not an innate trait. In the school, Fyodor Mikhailovich had to endure the tragedy of the soul of the so-called "little man". Indeed, in this educational institution, the students were mainly children of the bureaucratic and military bureaucracy. Their parents gave gifts to teachers, sparing no expense. In this environment, Dostoevsky looked like a stranger, often subjected to insults and ridicule. During these years, a feeling of wounded pride flared up in his soul, which was reflected in the future work of Dostoevsky.

But, despite these difficulties, Fyodor Mikhailovich managed to achieve recognition from his comrades and teachers. Everyone was convinced over time that this is a man of extraordinary intelligence and outstanding abilities.

Father's death

In 1839, Fyodor Mikhailovich's father died suddenly from an apoplexy. There were rumors that it was not a natural death - he was killed for his tough temper by the men. This news shocked Dostoevsky, and for the first time he had a seizure, a harbinger of future epilepsy, from which Fyodor Mikhailovich suffered all his life.

Service as an engineer, first works

Dostoevsky in 1843, having completed the course, was enlisted in the engineering corps to serve with the engineering team of St. Petersburg, but did not serve there for long. A year later, he decided to engage in literary work, a passion for which he had long felt. At first he began to translate the classics, such as Balzac. After some time, the idea of ​​a novel in letters called "Poor people" arose. It was the first independent work from which Dostoevsky's work begins. Then followed stories and novels: "Mr. Prokharchin", "Double", "Netochka Nezvanova", "White Nights".

Rapprochement with the circle of Petrashevists, tragic consequences

The year 1847 was marked by a rapprochement with Butashevich-Petrashevsky, who spent the famous "Fridays". It was a propagandist and admirer of Fourier. At these evenings, the writer met the poets Alexei Pleshcheev, Alexander Palm, Sergei Durov, as well as the prose writer Saltykov and the scientists Vladimir Milyutin and Nikolai Mordvinov. At meetings of the Petrashevites, socialist doctrines and plans for revolutionary upheavals were discussed. Dostoevsky was a supporter of the immediate abolition of serfdom in Russia.

However, the government found out about the circle, and in 1849 37 members, including Dostoevsky, were imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. They were sentenced to death, but the emperor commuted the sentence, and the writer was exiled to hard labor in Siberia.

In Tobolsk, in hard labor

He went to Tobolsk through the terrible frost on an open sleigh. Here Annenkova and Fonvizina visited the Petrashevites. The whole country admired the feat of these women. They gave each condemned person a gospel in which the money had been invested. The fact is that the prisoners were not allowed to have their own savings, so this softened the harsh living conditions for a while.

In hard labor, the writer realized how far the rationalistic, speculative ideas of the "new Christianity" are from the feeling of Christ, the bearer of which is the people. Fyodor Mikhailovich took out a new one from here. Its basis is the folk type of Christianity. Subsequently, this reflected the further work of Dostoevsky, which we will tell you about a little later.

Military service in Omsk

For the writer, a four-year hard labor was replaced after some time by military service. He was escorted from Omsk under escort to the city of Semipalatinsk. Here the life and work of Dostoevsky continued. The writer served as a private, then received the rank of officer. He returned to Petersburg only at the end of 1859.

Magazine publishing

At this time, Fyodor Mikhailovich's spiritual search began, which in the 60s culminated in the formation of the writer's soil convictions. The biography and work of Dostoevsky at this time are marked by the following events. Since 1861, the writer, together with Mikhail, his brother, began to publish a magazine called "Time", and after its prohibition - "Epoch". Working on new books and magazines, Fyodor Mikhailovich developed his own view of the tasks of a public figure and writer in our country - a Russian, peculiar version of Christian socialism.

The first works of the writer after hard labor

The life and work of Dostoevsky after Tobolsk changed a lot. In 1861, the first novel of this writer appeared, which he created after hard labor. This work ("Humiliated and Insulted") reflected Fyodor Mikhailovich's sympathy for the "little people" who are subjected to incessant humiliation by the powerful of this world. The "Notes from the Dead House" (years of creation - 1861-1863), which were started by the writer while still in hard labor, also acquired great social significance. In the journal Vremya in 1863, Winter Notes on Summer Impressions appeared. In them, Fyodor Mikhailovich criticized the systems of Western European political beliefs. In 1864, Notes from the Underground were published. This is a kind of confession of Fyodor Mikhailovich. In the work, he renounced his former ideals.

Further work of Dostoevsky

Let us briefly describe other works of this writer. In 1866, a novel called "Crime and Punishment" appeared, which is considered one of the most significant in his work. In 1868, The Idiot was published, a novel where an attempt was made to create a good character who confronts a predatory, cruel world. In the 70s, the work of F.M. Dostoevsky continues. Such novels as "Demons" (published in 1871) and "Teenager", which appeared in 1879, gained wide popularity. "The Brothers Karamazov" is a novel that became the last work. He summed up the work of Dostoevsky. The years of publication of the novel are 1879-1880. In this work, the main character, Alyosha Karamazov, helping others in trouble and alleviating suffering, is convinced that the most important thing in our life is a feeling of forgiveness and love. In 1881, on February 9, Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich died in St. Petersburg.

The life and work of Dostoevsky were briefly described in our article. It cannot be said that the writer has always been interested more than anyone else in the problem of man. Let us write briefly about this important feature that Dostoevsky's work had.

Man in the work of the writer

Fedor Mikhailovich, throughout his entire career, reflected on the main problem of mankind - how to overcome pride, which is the main source of separation of people. Of course, there are other themes in Dostoevsky's work, but it is largely based on this one. The writer believed that any of us has the ability to create. And he must do this while he lives, it is necessary to express himself. The writer devoted his whole life to the theme of Man. The biography and work of Dostoevsky confirm this.

Brief biography of Fyodor Dostoevsky, a famous classic of Russian literature and one of the best novelists of world significance, is presented in this article.

Fyodor Dostoevsky short biography

Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky(1821-1881) was born in Moscow, in the family of a doctor.

1838-1843 - studied at the St. Petersburg Military Engineering School, after graduating from which he entered the drawing room of the engineering department.
1844 - retired and took up literary activity.

For the first time in 1846 published the novel "Poor People", then the story "Double". Since 1847, he became a member of the revolutionary circle of M. V. Petrashevsky, was fond of the ideas of utopian socialism. In 1849 he was arrested and sentenced to death, which was commuted to 4 years hard labor.

Subsequently, he wrote several works about hard labor, the largest of which were Notes from the House of the Dead (1861-62).

In the second half of the 50s, together with his brother M.M. Dostoevsky published the magazines Vremya and Epoch.

V 1855 In the year he wrote a poem dedicated to the widow of Nicholas I, in the hope of amnesty and promotion to the next rank, which he received.

V 60-70- e gg. the most outstanding books of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky were created: Crime and Punishment (1866), The Idiot (1868), Demons (1871-72), Teenager (1875) and The Brothers Karamazov (1879-80).

In Moscow.

He was the second child of six in the family of a doctor at the Moscow Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor, the son of the Uniate priest Mikhail Dostoevsky, who in 1828 received the title of hereditary nobleman. The mother of the future writer came from a merchant family.

Since 1832, Fedor and his older brother Mikhail began to study with teachers who came to the house, from 1833 they studied at the boarding school of Nikolai Drashusov (Sushara), then at the boarding school of Leonty Chermak. After the death of their mother in 1837, their father took them with their brother to St. Petersburg to continue their education. In 1839 he died of apoplexy (according to family legend, he was killed by serfs).

In 1838, Fyodor Dostoevsky entered the Engineering School in St. Petersburg, from which he graduated in 1843.

After graduating from college, he served in the St. Petersburg engineering team, was seconded to the drawing room of the Engineering Department.

In 1844 he retired to devote himself to literature. In 1846 he published his first work - the story "Poor People", enthusiastically received by the critic Vissarion Belinsky.
In the years 1847-1849, Dostoevsky wrote the novels "The Mistress" (1847), "Weak Heart" and "White Nights" (both - 1848), "Netochka Nezvanova" (1849, not finished).

During this period, the writer became close to the circle of the Beketov brothers (among the participants were Alexey Pleshcheev, Apollon and Valerian Maikov, Dmitry Grigorovich), in which not only literary, but also social problems were discussed. In the spring of 1847, Dostoevsky began attending the "Fridays" of Mikhail Petrashevsky, in the winter of 1848-1849 - the circle of the poet Sergei Durov, which also consisted mainly of Petrashevites. At the meetings, the problems of the liberation of the peasants, reforms of the court and censorship were discussed, treatises of the French socialists, articles by Alexander Herzen were read. In 1848, Dostoevsky joined a special secret society organized by the most radical Petrashovist Nikolai Speshnev, which aimed to "make a revolution in Russia."

In the spring of 1849, along with other Petrashevites, the writer was arrested and imprisoned in the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress. After eight months of imprisonment, where Dostoevsky behaved courageously and even wrote the story "The Little Hero" (published in 1857), he was found guilty "of intent to overthrow ... the state order" and initially sentenced to death. Already on the scaffold, he was told that the execution was replaced by four years of hard labor with the deprivation of "all rights of the state" and subsequent surrender to the soldiers. Dostoevsky served penal servitude in the Omsk fortress, among criminals.

From January 1854 he served as a private in Semipalatinsk, in 1855 he was promoted to non-commissioned officer, in 1856 - to ensign. In 1857 he was returned to the nobility and the right to publish. Then he married the widow Maria Isaeva, who took part in his fate even before marriage.

In Siberia, Dostoevsky wrote the stories Uncle's Dream and The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants (both 1859).

In 1859 he retired and received permission to live in Tver. At the end of the year, the writer moved to St. Petersburg and, together with his brother Mikhail, began to publish the magazines Vremya and Epoch. On the pages of Vremya, in an effort to strengthen his reputation, Dostoevsky published his novel The Humiliated and Insulted (1861).

In 1863, during a second trip abroad, the writer met Apollinaria Suslova, their difficult relationship, as well as gambling at roulette in Baden-Baden, provided material for the future novel The Gambler.

After the death of his first wife in 1864, and then the death of his brother Mikhail, Dostoevsky assumed all the debts for the publication of the Epoch magazine, but soon stopped it due to a drop in the subscription. After traveling abroad, the writer spent the summer of 1866 in Moscow and at a dacha near Moscow, working on the novel Crime and Punishment. In parallel, Dostoevsky worked on the novel The Gambler, which he dictated to the stenographer Anna Snitkina, who became the writer's wife in the winter of 1867.

In 1867-1868, Dostoevsky wrote the novel The Idiot, the task of which he saw in "the portrayal of a positively beautiful person."

The next novel "Demons" (1871-1872) was created by him under the impression of the terrorist activities of Sergei Nechaev and the secret society "People's Reprisal" organized by him. In 1875, the novel "Teenager" was published, written in the form of a confession of a young man, whose consciousness is being formed in an environment of "general decay". The theme of the disintegration of family ties was continued in Dostoevsky's final novel The Brothers Karamazov (1879-1880), conceived as an image of "our intellectual Russia" and at the same time as a novel-life of the protagonist Alyosha Karamazov.

In 1873, Dostoevsky began editing the newspaper-magazine Grazhdanin. In 1874, he gave up editing the magazine due to disagreements with the publisher and deteriorating health, and at the end of 1875 he resumed work on The Writer's Diary, begun in 1873, which he continued intermittently until the end of his life.

On February 7 (January 26, old style), 1881, the writer began bleeding from his throat, doctors diagnosed a ruptured pulmonary artery.

On February 9 (January 28, old style), 1881, Fyodor Dostoevsky died in St. Petersburg. The writer was buried at the Tikhvin cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

On November 11, 1928, on the writer's birthday, the world's first museum of Dostoevsky was opened in Moscow in the northern wing of the former Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor.

On November 12, 1971, in St. Petersburg, in the house where the writer spent the last years of his life, the Literary and Memorial Museum of F.M. Dostoevsky.

In the same year, on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the birth of the writer, the Semipalatinsk Literary and Memorial Museum of F. M. Dostoevsky was opened in the house where he lived in 1857-1859 while serving in the line battalion.

Since 1974, the status of a museum of republican significance has been acquired by the Dostoevsky's estate, Darovoye, in the Zaraisk district of the Tula region, where the writer rested in the 1830s.

In May 1980, in Novokuznetsk, in the house rented by the first wife of the writer Maria Isaeva in 1855-1857, the Literary and Memorial Museum of F.M. Dostoevsky.

In May 1981, the House Museum of the writer was opened in Staraya Russa, where the Dostoevsky family spent their summers.

In January 1983, the Literary Museum named after A.I. F.M. Dostoevsky in Omsk.

Among the monuments to the writer, the most famous sculpture of Dostoevsky at the State Library named after V.I. Lenin on the corner of Mokhovaya and Vozdvizhenka in Moscow, a monument to Dostoevsky in the square of the Mariinsky Hospital near the memorial museum of the writer in the capital, a monument to Dostoevsky in St. Petersburg on Bolshaya Moskovskaya Street.

In October 2006, a monument to Fyodor Dostoevsky in Dresden, Russian President Vladimir Putin and German Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel.

Streets are named after the writer in Moscow and St. Petersburg, as well as in other Russian cities. In December 1991, the metro station "Dostoevskaya" was opened in St. Petersburg, in 2010 - in Moscow.

The writer's widow, Anna Dostoevskaya (1846-1918), after his death, devoted herself to republishing her husband's books and perpetuating his memory. She died in 1918 in Yalta, in 1968 her ashes, according to her last wish, were reburied in Dostoevsky's grave.

Writer Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was born in Moscow in 1821. The author's father was a nobleman and worked as a doctor of medicine. Until the age of sixteen, Fedor lived in Moscow. At the age of seventeen, he managed to pass the exam at the engineering school of St. Petersburg. In 1842 he graduated from an educational institution on a military engineering course. He left the St. Petersburg school as an engineer-lieutenant. He remained in St. Petersburg to serve, but at the same time he continued to study literature, study philosophy and history.

In the service, the future classic did not stay long and already in 1844 he retired. In the same year he wrote his first major work. This work was the story "Poor people." Critics and the entire literary community met this story very favorably, which allowed Dostoevsky to immediately take a certain position in Russian literary circles. The story was a great success, but continue to actively write to Dostoevsky ill health and prolonged illness prevented.

Political opinions, arrest

In 1849, Fyodor Mikhailovich was arrested. Many of the writer's friends who took part in the anti-government conspiracy were arrested. They adhered to socialist ideas. The writer was tried and sentenced to death. Eight months was in the Peter and Paul Fortress. The harsh sentence was not carried out. A decision was made to mitigate the punishment and Fyodor Mikhailovich was sent to Siberia for hard labor. He was deprived of his rights, ranks and title of nobility.

By decision of the court, after four years of hard labor, he was to be enlisted in the rank and file. It was the first decision in the country that after hard labor the convict would be returned the rights of a citizen. In the future, such pardons will be repeated. Dostoevsky was pardoned by the will of Emperor Nicholas I, who took pity on Dostoevsky's youth and outstanding talent.

The writer served four years of hard labor in Omsk, and then was sent to continue serving as a private in the Siberian Line Battalion. Just one year later he was promoted to non-commissioned officer. In 1856 he received an officer's rank. In 1859, he was given the opportunity to retire because he suffered from epileptic seizures. First came to Tver, and later to St. Petersburg. There he had the opportunity to devote himself to literature.

Return to literature

Elder brother Mikhail Dostoevsky in 1861 starts publishing a large monthly literary magazine. Fyodor Mikhailovich himself took an active part in this process. It was in this magazine that his novel “The Humiliated and Insulted” first saw the light of day. The public accepted this novel approvingly and with sympathy.

Over the next two years, the author writes the novel Notes from the House of the Dead. In this work, under fictitious names, the truth about life in conditions of hard labor is told. This book has been read in almost every corner of our country. It is highly valued to this day, although many of the orders and traditions of those times have long been a thing of the past.

In 1866, Mikhail Dostoevsky died and with his death the literary magazine ceased to be published. After these events, Fedor Mikhailovich wrote several of his landmark works at once, among which the following must be highlighted:

• "Crime and Punishment". This novel can be safely called the most famous work of the writer. For a long time he was included in the school curriculum.
• 1868 "The Idiot".
• 1870 "Demons".

These works of Dostoevsky received very high marks from both critics and the general public. Until now, these novels are considered the property of classical Russian prose. They gained fame outside of Russia. In them, the author cruelly and believably described the many vices of Russian society in the second half of the nineteenth century.

The last years of the writer

In 1872, Dostoevsky settled with his wife in the town of Staraya Russa. This period in his life is very fruitful for creativity. Over the next few years, he wrote the novels A Writer's Diary, A Teenager, and the short story The Gentle One. In 1878 he received an invitation from Emperor Alexander II. For two years (1879-1880), Dostoevsky wrote another work that was significant for his work - novel The Brothers Karamazov.

On January 26, 1881, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky died. The cause of death was a sharp exacerbation of emphysema.

Dostoevsky's confession

The biography of the writer shows that he received recognition during his lifetime. But his work received the greatest recognition after his death. Friedrich Nietzsche called Dostoevsky his teacher. The writer's museum was opened in St. Petersburg. It is located in the house where the author lived. Dostoevsky himself is recognized as one of the greatest Russian writers and philosophers, who in his works touched upon the most complex and acute life and social issues of his time.