Literary and artistic analysis of the Russian folk tale “Geese and Swans. “Geese-swans” main characters What characteristics does the heroine of the fairy tale “geese swans” have?

Swan geese
Illustration by Franz Teichel
Genre	Russian folktale
Original language	Russian
Media files on Wikimedia Commons

Brand. An apple tree hides children from swan geese. Soviet stamp, artist E. Komarov

Plot

The husband and wife went to work (option: to the fair) and left their little son at home. The older sister, who was tasked with keeping an eye on her brother (“don’t leave the yard, be smart, we’ll buy you a handkerchief”), went on a spree and started playing and left him alone. The baby was carried away by geese and swans.

The girl set off in pursuit of them and eventually found her brother in Baba Yaga's hut.

Characters

• Brother- in some versions is named Ivashechka, but is usually not called by name.
• Sister- a brave girl, not afraid of Baba Yaga and her geese; in some versions she is called Alyonushka or Masha, but more often she is also nameless.
• The stove, the river and the apple tree- wonderful helpers, but only on the way back (the girl fulfills their demands), they help hide from the swan geese.
• Mouse- exists only in the adaptation of A. N. Tolstoy (helps the girl escape from Yaga).
• Baba Yaga.
• Swan geese- Baba Yaga's assistants.

Plot differences in different versions

• In the retelling of Alexander Afanasyev, the sister would not have found her brother if the wise hedgehog had not helped her. In the interpretation of Alexei Tolstoy, she finds it herself.
• In Alexander Afanasyev’s work, the main character simply sneaks into the hut and carries away her brother, while in Alexei Tolstoy’s adaptation she enters the hut, talks with Baba Yaga, etc. The heroine, taking advantage of the moment when she is not looking, runs away with the boy.

In the popular version, Yaga simply kidnaps his brother without any particular purpose (nowhere is it said why; and after that he holds him captive). In A. Tolstoy's version, she is an evil witch, a child eater. Wed. similar fairy tales - “Hansel and Gretel”, “Prince Danila-Spoken”, “Ivasik-Telesik”, etc.

Literature

• Gubanova G. N. Golden Book of Fairy Tales. - Tula: Rodnichok, 2001. - 241 p. - ISBN 5-89624-013-9.
• Swan geese. - Donetsk: Prof-press, 1999. -

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The main character of M. Stelmakh’s story “Geese-swans fly” is the little boy Mikhailik, who embraces his distant light widely and completely. Everything that happens around the New Year is a fairy tale and a miracle. As a happy person with skin, Mikhailik enjoys the joy of life. Original speeches grant you true happiness.

The problems that plague Mikhailik, for whom, at first glance, may seem trivial, but for others they are extremely important: how to get to the theater, how to walk barefoot to the house so that your mother doesn’t bother you, how to get a book.

Even if Mikhailik is a little boy, we can say about him that he is a generous and kind person, who respects adults and his work, in the sense of distinguishing evil people from being kind, hypocrites from being generous, a person who I'd like to get back to school for everything and become a teacher. To love Mikhailik dearly: the girl Lyuba treats herself like a good friend, Maryana tries to help him, and Uncle Sebastian is pleased to see a great time with Mikhailik.

The story begins with a beautiful and even wimpy picture: “Swans are flying right over our house.” On their wings the stench carried life and spring. “And at this hour a miracle is happening over me: although an invisible bow passed through the blue sky, through the white gloom, and the stench was like a violin. I’m drawn to the fire and I can’t believe myself: across the rivers swans are flying over our house again! And this violin and the bitter vengeance shake, they mock my childhood, they catch my soul on the wings and take it into an unfathomable distance. And it’s good, and it’s wonderful, and it makes me happy, little one, in this world...” I am creating another image, rather a symbol of swan beauty and a symbol of the long, unrepeatable fates of childhood, which help to make this world richly thorough, kind and beautiful. This is how Mikhailik was taught, and the writer M. Stelmakh was the same way.

However, in the story “Geese and Swans Fly” there are no negative characters. When it comes to positive images, Mikhailik’s family is most valuable – his mother and father, grandfather Demyan and grandmother. The boy’s grandfather was an incredibly kind person and had “golden hands.” For a long time, we have already helped people that we “know all the advice.” The dearest things for my grandfather were “the earth, the faithful woman and the song.” Having respected your squad so much, if you turn around too late from your earnings, you won’t be able to wake them up and spend the rest of your life. “...Behind the weekend of friends and the arrival of my grandfather, the last autumn dream and a cold.” Grandfather Demyan became ill and died suddenly. Mikhailik and her grandmother did not outlive her husband for long.

The boy loved his grandmother very much. And she had the best time to go to the garden. Vaughn said her prayers from the trees, as from her relatives, and Mikhailikova did just that. There was a whole lot of people who were born during the hours of crepation. Vona couldn’t imagine her life without her grandfather Dem’yan: “...Already her life has passed, and until now my old people lived like young people: not only in public, but among themselves they have been delicate, respectful, friendly for the entire century.” Therefore, perhaps, she could not lose her self in this world. She scolded, cleaned up the house, and she died the next day.

In the image of Father Mikhailik Panas Demyanovich, the writer infused the age-old rural wisdom and kindness that is so characteristic of the lesser than the lesser hard workers and grain growers. My father spent his entire life on the earth, on that sun-burnt ten, which lived and lived, and kept him and his family in the world.

Mikhailika's mother, Ganna Ivanivna, acts as the greatest source of beauty. She looks like a true coastal woman, who taught Mikhailik to love the beauty of the original dormouse, morning fog, viburnum and fresh dew. Hanna Ivanivna could not write or read, but her books were the garden and the garden, herbs and flowers, bread and the field. Even though she lived her entire life in shortages, she never lived up to her lot. She really loved her poor kingdom, her garden, her vegetable garden and her village. A tireless worker, she trained her son to practice, learned from her father to find the greatest joy: “... Like a saint, the garden, the mowing, the reaping revived; She loved it so that the sheaves were as neat as children, and half-kipkas, like lads, were shoulder to shoulder. And I really loved in my life, after practice, to lie down on a cart and marvel at the dawn, at the Chumatsky Way, at the Stozhari and at the other Vise that was born from the girls’ tears.”

Another interesting character in the story “Geese-Swans Fly” is Mikhailik’s school friend and first friend Lyuba. This girl had the most kindness and generosity, she was the one who loved the sun. Lyuba was a true forest princess, an extremely sensitive and cautious girl, who knew much of the hidden nature of nature. This itself helped to make the decision for the Stelmakhiv homeland not to leave the Kherson steppe from Podill.

Once upon a time there lived a husband and wife. They had a daughter, Mashenka, and a son, Vanyushka.

Once father and mother gathered in the city and said to Masha:

Well, daughter, be smart: don’t go anywhere, take care of your brother. And we will bring you some gifts from the market.

So the father and mother left, and Masha sat her brother down on the grass under the window and ran outside to see her friends.

Suddenly, out of nowhere, swan geese swooped in, picked up Vanyushka, put him on his wings and carried him away.

Masha returned, lo and behold, her brother was gone!

She gasped, rushed here and there - Vanyushka was nowhere to be seen. She called and clicked, but the brother did not respond. Masha began to cry, but tears cannot help her grief. It’s her own fault, she must find her brother herself.

Masha ran out into the open field and looked around. He sees geese-swans darting in the distance and disappearing behind the dark forest.

Masha guessed that it was the geese-swans who carried away her brother, and rushed to catch up

She ran and ran and saw a stove standing in the field. Masha to her:

Stove, stove, tell me, where did the swan geese fly?

Throw some wood at me,” says the stove, “then I’ll tell you!”
Masha quickly chopped some firewood and threw it into the stove.

The stove told me which way to run. Masha ran further. He sees an apple tree, all hung with ruddy apples, its branches bent down to the ground. Masha to her:

Apple tree, apple tree, tell me, where did the geese and swans fly?

Shake my apples, otherwise all the branches are bent and it’s hard to stand!

Masha shook the apples, the apple tree raised its branches, straightened its leaves, and showed Masha the way.

- Milk river - jelly banks, where did the swan geese fly?

“A stone fell into me,” the river answers, “it prevents the milk from flowing further.”
Move it to the side - then I’ll tell you where the geese-swans flew.

Masha broke off a large branch and moved the stone. The river began to gurgle and told Mata where she should run, where she should look for geese and swans.

Masha ran and ran and came running to a dense forest. She stood at the edge of the forest and doesn’t know where to go now, what to do. He looks and sees a hedgehog sitting under a tree stump.

Hedgehog, hedgehog,” asks Masha, “have you seen where the geese-swans go?
were you flying?

Hedgehog says:

Wherever I swing, there you go too!

He curled up into a ball and rolled between the fir trees and birch trees. It rolled and rolled and rolled towards the hut on chicken legs. Masha looks - Baba Yaga is sitting in that hut, spinning yarn. And Vanyushka is playing with golden apples near the porch.

Masha quietly crept up to the hut, grabbed her brother and ran home.

A little later, Baba Yaga looked out the window: there was no boy! She called to the geese and swans:

Hurry, geese-swans, fly in pursuit!
The swan geese took off, screamed, and flew.

And Masha runs, carrying her brother, but can’t feel her feet under her. I looked back and saw geese and swans... What should I do?

She ran to the milk river - the banks of jelly. And the geese-swans scream, flapping their wings, catching up with her...

River, river,” Masha asks, “hide us!”

The river planted her and her brother under a steep bank and hid her from the swan geese.

The geese-swans did not see Masha, they flew past. Masha came out from under the steep bank, thanked the river and ran again.

And the swan geese saw her - they returned and flew towards her. Masha ran up to the apple tree:

Apple tree, apple tree, hide me!

The apple tree shaded it with branches and covered it with leaves. The geese-swans circled and circled, did not find Masha and Vanyushka and flew past. Masha came out from under the apple tree, thanked her and started running again.

She runs, carrying her brother, and it’s not far from home... But unfortunately, the geese-swans saw her again and well, they followed her! They cackle, they fly, they wave their wings right over their heads, and in no time they will tear Vanyushka out of his hands... It’s good that the stove is nearby. Masha to her:

Stove, stove, hide me!

The stove hid it and closed it with a damper.

The swan geese flew up to the stove and let’s open the damper, but that didn’t happen. They stuck their heads into the chimney, but didn’t get into the stove; they only smeared their wings with soot. They circled, circled, shouted, shouted, and then returned to Baba Yaga with nothing...

And Masha and her brother crawled out of the stove and set off home at full speed. She ran home, washed her brother, combed his hair, sat him down on a bench, and sat down next to him.

Soon the father and mother returned from the city and brought gifts.

LESSON 1

Lesson topic: listen to the fairy tale “Geese and Swans”.

Preliminary work: children, under the guidance of an adult, cut out from a colored insert figures of fairy tale characters (Masha, Vanyushka, father and mother, a flock of swan geese, a stove, an apple tree, a hedgehog) and scenery (a hut on chicken legs, a house, a field, a forest, a river, horse and cart) and place them on stands.

Lesson objectives

Educational- to develop in children the ability to listen carefully to an adult’s story, to follow the rules of outdoor play; develop study skills (answer questions, listen to others without interrupting); cultivate a sense of responsibility for one’s actions; understanding what is good and what is bad.

Educational- improve gross motor skills; intensify the use of nouns with diminutive suffixes, the preposition “between”, adverbs “left” and “right”; consolidate ordinal counting.

Developmental- develop children's auditory attention, the ability to solve riddles, and comprehend the events of a fairy tale.

Equipment:

Figures of fairy tale characters - Masha, Vanyushka, a flock of geese-swans, a stove, an apple tree, a hedgehog, father and mother (see insert, Fig. 16, 22, 29, 31-36);

legs, and in it Baba Yaga, a river (see insert).

Progress of the lesson

1. Organizational moment. Tell the children: “Stand up, children, stand in a circle, with a friend on the left and a friend on the right.” Stand in the center of this circle yourself and, turning to one of the children, ask him: “Who is standing to your left?” Then ask your child who is standing to his right. Together with your child, conclude that he stands, for example, between Petya and Katya. Interview all the children in turn. When the children answer the questions, they sit on chairs arranged in a semicircle near the table.

2. Introduction to the fairy tale. Tell the children that today they will listen to Russian
Russian folk tale “Geese and Swans”. Read or tell the children a story while moving the characters around the scenery.

3. Think and answer. Ask the children questions about the content of the fairy tale.
Where did father and mother go?

What did Masha’s parents tell her before leaving?

Did Masha listen to her parents?

What did Masha do after her father and mother left?

Who took away brother Vanyushka?

What did Masha do when she saw that her brother had disappeared? Who did Masha see in the field? What did Masha ask at the stove? What did the stove ask Masha? Did Masha help the stove? How did the stove help Masha? Who else did Masha meet in the field? What did the apple tree ask Masha?

Who else did Masha ask where the geese-swans flew? How did Masha help the river?

Who brought Masha to Vanyushka in the dense forest? Where was Vanyushka sitting?

What did Masha do when she saw her brother? Who did Baba Yaga send in pursuit of Masha and Vanyushka? Who hid Masha and Vanyushka from the swan geese? Name them in order. Did Masha and Vanyushka manage to return home before their parents arrived? When did Masha do something bad and when did she do something good?

What do you think, if Masha had not helped the stove, the apple tree and the river, would they have shown her where the swan geese flew?

Do you help others? Remember who you helped. Tell me about it.

4. Outdoor game “Baba Yaga”. Invite the children to take part in the outdoor game “Baba Yaga”. Mark the location of the hut on the chicken legs with a line on the floor.

Choose a child to play the role of Baba Yaga using a teasing rhyme:

Baba Yaga,

Bone leg, fell from the stove, broke my leg.

“Baba Yaga” squats down in the “hut” and pretends to be sleeping, and all the other children at this time once again say a tease about her in chorus. When the last word is spoken, “Baba Yaga” wakes up and runs to catch up with the children. The caught child becomes her assistant and goes with her to the hut, where they remain while the children repeat the tease. After this, “Baba Yaga” and her assistant - the first goose from a flock of geese-swans - run out of the hut and catch the children.

The caught players are brought to a hut on chicken legs, and they join the flock of swan geese. When the “geese-swans” and “Baba Yaga” catch all the children, the game ends.

5. Riddles. Place figurines of fairy tale characters on the table: a stove, an apple tree, a hedgehog and swan geese; invite the children to guess riddles about them.

Long necks, red paws, They pinch your heels - run without looking back.

(Geese)

Round ruddy Flows, flows - will not flow out,

I'll get it from the tree. He runs, he runs, but he won’t run out.

(Apple from apple tree) (River)

Granny gray-haired, Between the pines, between the fir trees

Winter is cute for everyone. A hundred needles are walking and wandering.
Rings are flying from the pipe - (Hedgehog)

This is smoke from our... (stoves).

When the riddles are solved, ask the children which of these fairy-tale characters helped Masha find brother Vanyushka. Who was the first, second, third and fourth to show Masha where the swan geese had flown?

6. Call her affectionately. Place a figurine of Masha on the table and offer it to the children
call her by affectionate names - for example, Mashenka, Mashechka, Mashunya. Then
display Vanya’s figurine and also invite the children to give him affectionate names:
Vanechka, Vanyusha, Vanyushka, Vanyushechka. Similarly, children pick up affectionately
good names for the words “stove”, “apple tree”, “river”, “hedgehog”.

LESSON 2

Lesson topic: we tell the fairy tale “Geese and Swans”.

Lesson objectives

Educational- to develop in children the ability to take turns by participating in collective retelling and outdoor play; stimulate the development of children's creative individuality; Nurture children to have a friendly attitude towards each other.

Educational- improve general, fine and articulatory motor skills; improve skills in playing with the ball, the ability to use a pencil correctly, and trace numbers; teach children to clearly pronounce and distinguish different onomatopoeias by ear; consolidate lexical and grammatical skills (form words in diminutive form, select verbs for nouns); improve children's coherent speech; consolidate counting skills, knowledge of numbers within five, improve spatial concepts.

Developmental- develop auditory and visual attention in children, form phonemic hearing at the level of sound and word; teach children to solve riddles; develop reactions and motor skills while playing with the ball.

Equipment:

Scenery: house, forest clearing, forest, horse and cart, hut with chickens

Demonstration drawings “A flock of geese and swans” (Fig. 50, p. 105) and “Similar words” (Fig. 52, p. 106);

Individual math worksheet “How many swan geese?” (Fig. 51, p. 105) by the number of children;

Red pencils according to the number of children.

Progress of the lesson

1. Organizational moment. Tell the children: “The children stood up, stood in a circle, with a friend on the left and a friend on the right.” Tell the children that now they will come up with affectionate names for each other. Turn to one of the kids and ask him to affectionately say the name of the one who is standing to his right. The child turns his head to the right and affectionately calls his neighbor. The named baby, in turn, pronounces the name of the next child standing to his right. When all the children have named their neighbor on the right, they can sit on chairs standing in a semicircle near the table.

2. Joint retelling. Invite the children to conduct a collective retelling of the fairy tale “Geese and Swans”. Each child speaks 2-3 sentences. Use a gesture to let the children know whose turn it is to continue the story. Consistently display the scenery and character figures yourself, and perform the actions described in the fairy tale with them. If any of the children have difficulties during the retelling, ask him a leading question or start the next phrase yourself.

3. Outdoor game with a ball “Who does what.” Invite the children to play an active game with a ball. Invite the kids to “go out to the meadow and make a circle.” Take the ball yourself and stand in the center of the circle. Explain to the children the rules of the game: you will throw the ball to them and at the same time call the name of one of the heroes of the fairy tale “Geese and Swans”; the child who catches the ball must throw it back, while naming some action performed by the named hero. For example, an adult throws a ball and says: “Geese-swans,” and a child returns the ball to the adult, adding the verb: “They are flying.”

Possible combinations:

Father and mother left, returned, brought gifts;

Masha sat Vanyushka on the meadow, ran to look for her brother, and asked
at the stove where the geese-swans flew, she threw firewood into the stove, picked it up from the apple tree
branches, moved a stone in the river, carries Vanyushka;

Vanyushka - sitting on the grass, flying with the swan geese, playing with gold coins
apples;

Geese-swans - flying, cackling, circling, catching up or picking up Vanyushka;

The stove is baking, showed where the geese-swans flew, hid it;

The apple tree is growing, showed where the geese-swans flew, hid it;

The river flows, gurgles, showed where the swan geese flew, hid it;

Hedgehog - snorts, rolls, showed the way;

Baba Yaga - spinning yarn, calling the geese-swans, sent the geese after -
swans.

4. Recognize by voice. Place figurines of geese-swans, a stove, an apple tree, a river and a hedgehog on the table. Introduce children to onomatopoeia: geese-swans shout “ha-ga-ha”; the stove is glowing with heat - “puff-puff-puff”; the apple tree rustles its leaves - “sh-sh-sh” (pronounce the sound for a long time, in one breath); the river runs over the pebbles - “s-s-s” (pronounce the sound for a long time, in one breath); The hedgehog snorts - “f-f-f” (pronounce the sound for a long time, in one breath).

Then say these onomatopoeias one at a time and ask the children to guess whose voices they are. Children name the fairy-tale hero and show him his figurine. If the children correctly guess sound riddles, invite them to take turns telling them to each other.

5. How many swan geese? Show the children a demonstration drawing
“A flock of geese-swans” (Fig. 50, p. 105). Invite the kids to count how many
in a flock of geese and swans. Give children individual math worksheets.
task “How many geese-swans?” (Fig. 51, p. 105).

Invite the kids to draw as many sticks in the frame as there are geese-swans in the picture. And then choose among others and circle the corresponding number.

6. Listen and show. Show the children the demonstration drawing “Similar words” (Fig. 52, p. 106). Ask to listen carefully and point to
in the pictures are the objects that will now be named. Then ask one
from the children: “Where is home? (The child is shown the corresponding image.) Where
smoke? (The child shows.)"

Similarly, based on the pictures, ask other children questions about pairs of consonant words: “grass - firewood”, “apple - apples”, “pie - horn”, “stove - river”.

7. Summing up the lesson. Give positive feedback to the children's work.

LESSON 3

Lesson topic: We show the fairy tale “Geese and Swans”.

Lesson objectives

Educational- teach children to coordinate their actions when conducting a collective performance; stimulate the development of children's creative individuality; teach preschoolers to understand the emotional state of another person by his facial expressions and gestures.

Educational- improve facial expressions and general motor skills of children; stimulate the use of adjectives that characterize different emotional states of a person in children’s speech; develop in children an understanding of complex, complex sentences and sentences with homogeneous members; improve your sense of rhythm.

Developmental- develop the auditory and visual attention of children, the ability to listen attentively to the speech of an adult; develop children's coherent speech.

Equipment:

Figures of fairy tale characters - Masha, Vanyushka, a flock of geese-swans, a stove, an apple tree, a river, a hedgehog, father and mother (see insert, Fig. 16, 22, 29, 31-36);

Scenery: house, forest clearing, forest, horse and cart, hut with chickens
legs, and in it Baba Yaga, a river (see insert);

Large wall mirror.

Progress of the lesson

1. Organizational moment. Tell the children: “We stood on the path and straightened our legs.” (Children stand in a line in front of the teacher.) Ask the children what Russian folk tale they told at the last lesson. Let them know that today you will all be performing a performance based on the fairy tale “Geese and Swans”.

Distribute between the children the roles of Masha, Vanyushka, parents, stove, apple tree, river, hedgehog and swan geese (if there are fewer children than fairy tale characters, then take on the last of the listed roles).

2. Dramatization of a fairy tale. Help the children stage a fairy tale, you
acting simultaneously as a reader on behalf of the author and director: tell the decorator where to put the desired decoration; point to the artist
whose turn it is to speak; if necessary, suggest words for his role.

3. Psycho-gymnastics. Invite the children to depict different emotional states of a person in front of the mirror using facial expressions and gestures (for
For this purpose, children stand in a row in front of a wall mirror or receive individual mirrors). Teach your children facial poses that express different
buildings:

Sadness - purse your lips, lower the corners of your lips; bring the eyebrows slightly towards the bridge of the nose, slightly lower the corners of the eyebrows, lower the head, keep the hands lifeless
hang along the body;

Joy - smile broadly, squint your eyes slightly, clasp your hands;

Fear - open your mouth slightly, widen your eyes, raise your eyebrows to the limit, you
put your hands in front of you;

Anger - bar your teeth, frown your eyebrows, wrinkle your nose, bend your arms at the elbows and clench your fists.

Then ask the children which Baba Yaga is (evil) and invite the kids to portray her.

Then give the children the task of showing what faces Masha and Vanyushka had when the geese-swans caught up with them. (Frightened.)

What was Masha like when she was looking for her brother? (Sad.)

What was Masha like when she found Vanyushka? (Joyful.)

(When the children have learned all the psycho-gymnastics exercises, take away their individual mirrors.)

Give the task to alternately depict different emotions with facial expressions. Slowly name them: sadness, joy, anger, fear, joy.

4. Listen carefully. Invite the children to listen to you carefully and find mistakes if there are any. If something is said incorrectly, children should shake their heads from side to side and say in unison: “No, no, no.” If there are no mistakes, the kids nod their heads and repeat: “Yes, yes, yes.”

Father and mother went to the city, and Masha and Vanyushka stayed at home. (Yes Yes Yes.)

Geese-swans swooped in, picked up Mashenka, put her on their wings and carried her away. (No no no.)

Masha helped the stove - she threw firewood into it. (Yes, yes, yes.) Masha helped the apple tree - she hung apples on it. (No, no, no.) Masha helped the milky banks of the jelly river: she moved the stone. (Yes Yes Yes.)

The hedgehog led Masha into the dense forest to a hut on chicken legs. (Yes Yes Yes.)

Masha grabbed Vanyushka and quickly ran home. (Yes, yes, yes.) Masha sees a stove flowing in a field, and next to it a river is baking. (No, no, no.) Masha and Vanyushka were helped to hide from the swan geese: a stove, an apple tree, a river and Baba Yaga. (No no no.)

Masha ran home: she washed Vanyushka, combed her hair, sat her down on a bench, and sat down next to her. (Yes Yes Yes.)

5. Goose language lesson. Encourage children to learn to speak Goose
language. To do this, you need to repeat everything after the geese-swans. Show the kids the “flock of geese-swans” figurine and give one an individual task
from the children say: “Ga-ga (pause), ha.” The child first listens and then repeats, copying the rhythmic pattern. The rest of the children make sure it's correct.
the answer of his friend, and the teacher checks with them whether the child’s answer is correct
repeated the goose's words.

Instruct the next child to repeat another phrase in goose language: “Ga-ha (pause), ha-ga.”

Goose sayings for other children will sound like this: ha (pause), gaga; ha-ha (pause), ha-ga (pause), ha; ha (pause), ha-ga (pause), ha; ha-ha (pause), ha (pause), ha-ha.

If the children reproduce the rhythm correctly, tell them that they have now mastered the goose language perfectly.

6. Summing up the lesson. Appreciate the children's work positively.

The main characters of the fairy tale “Geese and Swans”:

• Brother- in some versions it is named Ivashushka, but is usually not called by name.
• Sister- a brave girl, not afraid of Baba Yaga and her geese; in some versions it is called Alyonushka or Masha, but more often it is nameless.
• The stove, the river and the apple tree- wonderful helpers, but only on the way back (the girl fulfills their demands), they help hide from the swan geese.
• Mouse- exists only in the adaptation of A. N. Tolstoy (helps the girl escape from Yaga).
• Baba Yaga.
• Swan geese- Baba Yaga's assistants.

The fairy tale reveals the theme of responsiveness and gratitude. When the girl refused the requests of the magical characters to try the treats, she did not receive any help. But when, on the way back, the sister tasted the treats offered to her, help was immediately provided to her. Learn to be responsive and grateful and goodness will return to you a hundredfold.

In the fairy tale “Geese and Swans,” the positive hero is the sister who saved her brother, and the negative hero is Baba Yaga, who planned to eat the girl.

The plot of the fairy tale is built according to classical canons. It has a beginning in the form of the words “Once upon a time..”, and an exposition when the parents instruct the girl to keep an eye on her brother. The moment of the kidnapping of the brother by the birds is the beginning of the plot, and the discovery of the kidnapped boy from Baba Yaga is its culmination. Escape from Baba Yaga and return to her home is the denouement of the plot.

"There are - there are other fairy tales in which one of the characters is swan geese.

There are 2 main plots:

1. Fairy tale "Geese-swans"
The husband and wife went to the fair and left their little son at home. The older sister, who was assigned to look after her brother, “went on a spree and played too much” and left him alone. The baby was carried away by geese and swans. The girl set off in pursuit of them and eventually found her brother in Baba Yaga's hut.

Essentially the plot of the fairy tale - display of the ritualinitiation(a ritual that marks the transition to a new stage of development, for example, the transfer of adolescents to the adult class), the subject of which in the original source is the kidnapped brother, but later this role passes to the sister. Accordingly, the images of geese-swans themselves most likely go back to ancient mythological ideas about psychophoric birds (that is, carrying souls to the afterlife).

But this fairy tale also has its own “versions”...
Afanasyev's sister would not have found a brother if the wise hedgehog had not helped her.
In the treatment of A.N. Tolstoy, she finds it herself.
At Afanasyev's, she simply sneaks up to the hut and carries off her brother.
In A. N. Tolstoy's adaptation, she enters the hut, talks with Baba Yaga, etc., and only seizing the moment when she does not see - runs away with his brother.

2. Fairy tale "Ivashko and the Witch" (either "Lutonya" or "Tereshechka")
This tale has been written down many times and in a large number of variants; its main character bears different names (Ivashko, Lutonya, Tereshechka).

Here's a generalized version:
The old man and the old woman had no children. One winter, an old man went into the forest to get firewood. Having chopped firewood, the old man also took with him a log, a linden log. At home, he put the piece of wood under the stove (sometimes on the stove) and after a while the piece of wood turned into a boy. (In some versions, the old man specially goes for this log, then draws a face on the piece of wood with charcoal, and the old woman swaddles it and puts it in the cradle.) By summer, the boy grew up and went to the lake to fish. The old man made a shuttle for him - white (silver), with red (golden) oars, and the old woman gave him a white shirt with a red belt. During the day the boy swims on the lake, and in the evening he swims up to the shore to give the old woman the fish he caught and change his shirt and belt. Baba Yaga lures him to the shore and takes him to her hut. There she instructs her daughter to fry the boy, but he manages to deceive Yagishna, put her in the oven, get out of the hut and climb a tree. Yaga begins to gnaw or chop the trunk. At the last moment, the hero of the fairy tale is saved by geese-swans. A flying flock drops a feather on the boy and he makes wings from them (that is, turns into a bird), or the last bird picks him up. Be that as it may, the hero returns safely to his home.

In the Lithuanian version of this tale, a witch flying with the swans kidnaps him, mistaking him for a swan.
The enchanted brothers from the fairy tale also leave this world in the form of birds. Hans Christian Andersen (Hans Christian) « » .

And the most interesting thing is that in the myths of South American Indians living in the Amazon jungle, a South American witch engages in sexual harassment, and tries to gnaw the tree where the hero is saving himself with the help of his toothy genitals. According to researchers, the South American myth encodes some characteristic features inherent in matriarchal relationships

From all this it is clear that there are geese-swans "bad" And "good ones" .
"Bad" geese-swans steal a child and take him to Baba Yaga (the fairy tale "Geese-Swans"), and "good" - help the boy escape from Yaga and return home (fairy tale “Ivashko and the Witch”).

Origins of the plot
To understand the origins of the plot of these fairy tales, you need to turn to mythology =)

Apollo traveled every season in a chariot drawn by snow-white swans. In late autumn he flew to the blissful country of Hyperborea (super-north) in order to return back to Delphi in the spring. Almost all the peoples of the northern hemisphere associated “north” with death, so Hyperborea is not a geographical concept, but a mythological one.
*It turns out that the “bad” geese-swans take Brother to Baba Yaga- that is, they are sentenced to death.

In addition, one can recall the myth of Zeus, who appeared before Leda in the form of a swan.

And now let's turn to the fairy tale about the “good” geese-swans. Yagishna tries to send the boy to the oven, he runs away and climbs a tree, and then, either turning into a bird or riding on it, he returns to our world.

Swans are an integral part of shamanic rituals, and it was believed that they carry the soul of the shaman in the right direction.
Altai shamans sang about the goose: “When you are tired, let him be your horse. When you are bored, let him be your companion, producing whirlwinds on Mount Sumer, washing himself in Lake Milk.”
The Turks and Ugro-Finns call the Goose or Swan Road the Milky Way.
*We see that the “good” geese-swans, on the contrary, return Ivashko in the right direction, that is, home.

Swan geese
In mythological symbolism, the image of geese-swans is perfect for the role of a mediator, connecting the seemingly mutually exclusive basic symbols of any mythology: above and below, summer and winter and, as a consequence, between male and female, life and death.

Birds (top), but associated with water (bottom); bringing spring, but having snow-white plumage.
Among the Ainu (the people currently living on the island of Hokkaido), the swan was called the “spirit of snow.”
According to the Kyrgyz, the swan brings snow and cold.
In England, when it snowed, they said that geese were plucking in the sky.

Russian folk sign:
The swan flies towards the snow, the goose towards the rain.

If in winter geese-swans turn into snow, then in spring, on the contrary, snow turns into geese and swans.
Among the Kets (a small indigenous people of Siberia), Mother Tomem comes out to the banks of the Yenisei in the spring and shakes her sleeves over the river; fluff pours out of her sleeves and turns into geese, swans, and ducks that fly to the north.

It should be noted that geese and swans do not in all cases act as synonyms - often they are opposed to each other aslower- upper, someone else's- to your own.

The Selkups (a people living in the north of Western Siberia) believed that while geese and other migratory birds are sent by the Heavenly Old Woman for food, swans should not be killed. According to the Kets and Selkups, swans understood human speech.

For many peoples of the Trans-Urals, geese and swans were totem animals.
The Ainu had legends about the origin of man from the swan.
The Mongols believed that the first people were made from swan feet.

Baba Yaga
To the already listed female characters associated with geese-swans, it remains to add the Russian Babu Yaga. These birds guarded her hut just as the geese guarded the Temple of Juno Capitoline (the same geese that saved Rome).

In modern everyday language, the word "Yaga" sounds like a curse. In ancient times it was not like that at all. Baba Yaga belonged to the category of Great Mothers, mistresses of the underworld, associated not only with death, but also with the productive forces of nature.

In some fairy tales such as "Geese and Swans", the sister sees her kidnapped brother playing with golden apples, which in European mythology are associated with eternal youth, sexual power and procreation.

Russian Yaga - The owner of the apple orchard lures the boy to her with apples or other food, and in some versions of the fairy tale he himself climbs into her garden.

Since in myth the animal attribute of a character is not clearly contrasted with the character himself, the mistress of the lower world sometimes appears in the form of a giant bird (*it seems to me that Baba Yaga herself turned into geese-swans in the fairy tale of the same name and kidnapped her brother).

How closely in Rus' geese-swans were associated with the idea of ​​the afterlife is evidenced by folk songs, usually classified as historical genres - "Songs about the Tatar full." An old woman is forced by a Tatar who has captured her"Three things to do: first thing- spinning the tow is the second thing- swans (sometimes- geese-swans) to guard, and the third thing- rock the baby."

Deep into history
At the beginning of the first millennium BC, new symbolism appears in Central Europe. Throughout the territory from the Black to the Baltic Seas, archaeologists have discovered images of chariots drawn by geese or swans. The waterfowl served as a solar symbol, connecting the heavenly and earthly spheres, and a symbol of fertility.

Archaeological material from later times is quite rich in the “swan” theme and makes it possible to trace its significance, including in territories inhabited by the Eastern Slavs or their predecessors. Near the village of Pozharskaya Balka, near Poltava, a ritual fire pit dating back to the 6th century was excavated. BC e. , on which about 15 2-meter (!) images of swans were discovered under a layer of ash.

Conclusion
Here are the geese and swans, here is the Russian folk tale =)
Any fairy tale is not “entertainment” for children, but a kind of folklore myth of a certain people, through which the concepts of good and evil, religion and society are revealed...

Geese-swans, it seems to me, a priori cannot be “bad” or “good”, since they carry a certain divine participation within them. Geese-swans and that lightning of Zeus that strikes for offense (in the case of a brother and his sister, this is a punishment for her for not listening to her parents and not watching over her brother), and that salvation that the Gods give to mortals (Ivashko, as it were, prayed while sitting on a tree being chewed by Yagishna, and the Gods heard the prayers and sent their angels).

Links
Basically, when writing the post, I used the journalistic work of Valeria Ronkin - I highly recommend that you read it more closely, since I highlighted from this article the line of geese-swans that interests me, but much remains “behind the scenes.” So go for it ;)