What is a counting rhyme? What are counting rhymes for? Creative work "the history of the emergence of counting rhymes" What are counting rhymes in literature definition
We need to know their history. The roots of the counting rhyme go back to ancient times. Then there were no washing machines, combines, modern threshers and so on. The work was hard. Everything was done by hand and primitive tools. Moreover, some of the work was even dangerous to health and life. But the work needed to be done. Who will do it? Volunteers are not to be found. Therefore, they began to come up with a way to distribute work honestly, without offending others. Wonderful oral folk art - counting rhymes found their birth here, and application in real life. They can be safely called not an individual genre of Russian literature, but an applied one, for the fulfillment of a practical clear goal - the distribution of work.
Illiterate people, unable to explain the phenomena of nature and its laws, interpreted everything in their own way. They tried to save themselves from misfortunes and misfortunes. Fear of the unknown gave rise to secret and incomprehensible words in counting rhymes. People came to the idea that nature did both good and evil to people. Animals were thought to be able to understand human speech. Belief in the power of words transformed the rhyme into a real spell.
Time passed, the laws of nature became clear, tools improved, and the rhyme acquired a harmless, even cheerful character. Children love them and use them before games or just say them because they liked the counting rhymes.
The meaning of counting rhymes
A rhyme is a rhyming verse, made up of fictitious consonances and words, while the exact rhythm stands out, which they try to adhere to.
With the help of counting rhymes, roles for a variety of games are fairly and clearly distributed among children. It is also used to queue for the start of a new exciting fun. This is how you enter a new game.
Functions of counters
The counting room is a way to form irreplaceable, good human sides - justice, camaraderie, honesty.
Some people are of the opinion that oral folk art - counting rhymes, absolutely no one needs, as something superfluous in the bright head of a baby. I would like to dispute this fact. What are the benefits of counters?
Distribution of roles
Group games cannot do without a rhyme. For example, hide and seek. Who will hide, and who will search, will be determined by the counting rhyme. So that there are no questions of this nature, “Why am I looking, and not him?”. The rhyme helps to assign roles in the game without offense. Surrendering to the will of chance, the driver is chosen not by appearance, clothes or friendship, but honestly. It is unlikely that anyone will have a desire to object to the lot that has been drawn. For a while, the weak can become the leader, feel strong, and vice versa. If a child knows a lot of counting rhymes, he most likely becomes an entertainer of different games. These guys are very popular, their fellow tribesmen are drawn to them.
Development of rhythm, counting, speech, etc.
For the formation of speech, counting rhymes are just a godsend. With frequent pronunciation of these, the child's speech becomes cleaner, articulation improves. Some counting rhymes use words that are not easy to pronounce. Their complete absence in other languages is noted.
Folk counting rhymes for children are used not only in group games, but also when an adult and a child are scheduled to play. For example:
Clouds, clouds, clouds, clouds,
A big, mighty horse is galloping.
He rides through the clouds
Who does not believe - get out!
The development of rhythm is the beautiful side of one of the facets of the counting rhyme. You can jump under it when more often, and when less often, depending on the pauses. It all depends on the content of the rhyme. There is nothing to do without dancing and music.
Counting is a good skill. Before the game, listening to the counting rhyme with the score, the child remembers it, and if the words are liked, with frequent repetition, the score, at least up to ten, will be learned without your special diligence. The kids are learning elementary arithmetic. Rhythmic and unpretentiously rhymed rhyme, gives an explanation in a playful form of the basics of mathematical rules.
To learn the rhyme you like, you need to concentrate well and try to remember what you heard. Thus, counting rhymes wander during the game from one child to another. If the child does not remember some words, then, to the best of his imagination and ingenuity, he will come up with, insert his words into the counting rhyme and change the ending. The conclusion suggests itself - counting rhymes develop imagination, humor, good fantasy, make it possible to compose poetry yourself. Some of them are passed down from generation to generation.
- Lot counting.
- Smart counters.
- Numerical counters.
- Replacement counters.
The counting room is a good prelude to an exciting game. Kids like comrades who have a whole load of counting rhymes in their heads.
Draw-counting
This type of counting rhymes is striking in its diversity and colorfulness. The draws have a good consonance. They help the children to divide into teams. Each of the participants tries to encrypt his name, chooses a pair, goes to the “wombs” (strong and dexterous team players). It is they who make the selection of members of their team, based on some kind of proposal. A choice is made among animals or objects, plants or fairy-tale characters.
A black horse or a remote Cossack?
A fox in flowers or a bear in pants?
Uncle Fedya or a polar bear?
The name of the counting rhymes develops a poetic ear and disposes to compose a masterpiece on your own, rhyming words. You can try to make a complete nonsense, abracadabra. It is not forbidden to create something new from the usual, which indicates the level aesthetic development and intellectual too.
Abstruse rhymes
This type of counting rhyme is fully or partially consisting of zaumi. There are sound combinations here that make absolutely no sense. Toddlers with great pleasure learn the most difficult text. Moreover, this process takes place effortlessly, easily and simply. Moreover, they themselves can come up with something similar, and even better. The style can be safely attributed to Some say that these rhymes are fragments of spells. Others think that these are the remaining fragments of prayer texts in the language of time immemorial. Children's absurdity is attributed to a completely different speech, some kind of mysticism and mystery can be seen in it. One such example is:
Charber-farber, jarber-fuk,
Am dam eki-beki tuk,
Byunoseki arin-uf
Number counts
Or counting rhymes with numbers. The basis is the account. It contains counter words and equivalents of numerals. Let's analyze the next rhyme in more detail. It looks like this:
"Azi, dvazi, trizi, risi,
Heel, lata, fur coat, chop,
Duby, cross"
It seems sheer nonsense, but the people of bygone days did not think so. It hides a little secret.
History of counting rhymes
The oldest counting rhymes include beliefs from time immemorial. There was an opinion that it was impossible to give aloud to the account: guests, objects. It was forbidden to count prey or catch, so that the spirits of the forest or reservoir would not become indignant at the hunter. But how to be? It was then that they came up with coded words: “Odintsy” - one, “Dvazi” - two. At the end of the cross for a reason - it's ten. Many centuries ago, each ten was marked with notches on a separate small board. There is also the saying, "Kill yourself on the nose." Its roots go right here. It can be stated that they are an ancient cipher that has reached us. Thank you, perhaps, let's say children's games. Let's move on to the next view.
Replacement counting rhymes
Ivan, give me a glass, cut a lemon, and go out.
A certain style, a poetic text, affects children contagiously and incites. An important event is underway - the preparation and organization of the game.
findings
Time passes, children grow up, but they remember their favorite poems well and exchange them in kindergartens and schools. Growing up, the child knows more counting rhymes, they become more complicated and longer. At breaks, you can hear a whole bunch of counting rhymes of various types. School counting rhymes broaden your horizons much more. The child learns a lot of curious and new information. Material is being accumulated for adulthood. For example, acquaintance with different types of animals:
You are a hamster.
And you are a ferret.
You are a bunny, jump and jump.
You are a fox.
You are a marten.
You are a craftswoman.
You are a hunter...
Oh, trouble!
Run away whoever!
Combining everything in short list, it should be noted the benefits of counting rhymes.
- Teach kids the rules of the game and teach them to stick to them. The driver of the game is chosen fairly in front of everyone, without any privileges.
- Improves memory and improves sense of rhythm.
- I would especially like to note the organization and discipline of children with the help of a rhyme. The child is much more willing to get involved in the next game.
The counting table is not only children's activity! An adult would also do well to know a few rhymes or, alternatively, compose them. This is a great help for the child to show curiosity. Situations are taken from ordinary life: "I look like three insects are trampling bows on Mashka." With the help of such undertakings, new facets and opportunities are developed.
There is no limit to children's imagination, everyone can try to look at the world through the eyes of a child, the main thing is to want. Then the world will shine with bright colors.
What is a counting rhyme? What are counting rhymes for?
Counting is such a children's fun, but sometimes adults resort to it.
It is used to decide who will do something.
For example, a game of hide-and-seek, in order to determine the player, you need to pronounce a counting rhyme in poetic form, in the final, on whom the counting rhyme stops, he will be naked. The rules are very simple)
Rhyme genre oral folklore. Poems of small size with a well-defined rhythm.
Some consider rhymes to be useless, unnecessary clogging of the children's brain. But in fact, counters perform many necessary functions. They are simply necessary in the life of the baby.
They are help distribute roles in the game without unnecessary disputes, questions, like, Why is she a Beauty, and I'm a Beast? and no offense for the fact that now he is just a simple player, and some Petya, Vasya, is a commander.
The driver is chosen not at will or sympathy, but quite honestly, surrendering to the will of His Majesty Chance. The reckoning is, as it were, a kind of lot, fortune-telling, the decision of which cannot be disputed. So The counting rhyme allows the weak to feel like a leader for a while, and vice versa.
Knowledge of many counting rhymes allows the child to become the organizer of children's activities in the game. Such children are always in demand.
Learning counting rhymes children learn to feel the rhythm, which is so necessary in music, dance, mathematics.
Rhymes also needed for language development because they are somewhat similar to clean talk. Sometimes counting rhymes have foreign words or even words that have no analogue in any of the known languages, such as,
words from which break the tongue can.
Rhythm develops memory, attention of children. Usually it will be passed from mouth to mouth during the game, which requires a lot of concentration on the rhyme and the ability to quickly memorize.
Children who do not remember all the words try to come up with the end of the counting rhyme on their own. It turns out that the counters also develop the ability to compose poetry, imagination, fantasy, and sometimes sense of humor because The texts of the rhyme are mostly joking.
Some counting rhymes are so loved by the people that they can be heard among children of different generations. For example,
Based on the texts of the counting rhymes, cartoons are invented.
Films are dedicated to them: A Nightmare on Elm Streetquot ;, Ten Little Indiansquot ;,
Well, the main thing in the counting rhyme is that it is, as it were, a prelude to the game. And in the game, children rally, make friends. When a rhyme ritual is performed and the children touch the chest of the participants, this allows them to establish friendly contact with each other, showing each other trust. And what could be more important than this?!
Evgenia Shestakova
This unknown genre "Counting"
Rhymes(counters, counting, readings, counting, etc.) It is customary to call short rhymed verses used by children to determine the leader or the distribution of roles in the game.
Origins counting rhymes lie in pagan beliefs and are associated with that conditional, secret speech. On the basis of which the riddle was created. The fear of betraying one's intentions to animals, birds, fish and their spirits has created in many peoples their taboo of counting. The hunters were afraid that counting the killed game would bring bad luck in future hunting; housewives avoided count chicken eggs so that the chicken does not stop laying, therefore, as a rule, the direct account was replaced by allegorical forms:
Azs, dvazas,
Treases, chasubles,
Heel, lata,
Tupi, moopi,
Stupid, cross.
The next source of counting rhymes magic spells used by adults to communicate with animal spirits and gods with a request to successfully solve cases can serve. This is where the belief in magic was born. lucky numbers- whoever gets the choice will be lucky. incomprehensible text ( "zaum", as academician V. V. Vinogradov defined) created an aura of some kind of magical action, introduced the child into the world of the game with its own rules and laws.
Avsen - on the fly, Altata, era, crayfish, ducks,
Shin - stump. Bag, orbu, crayfish, slag,
Shirvarven. Deus, deus, cosmodeus,
Avsen - on the fly, Balus!
In this halo, the main function counting rhymes- the implementation of objective justice - acted more prominently. As if fate itself, and not the authority of an adult (or ringleader - a child) manages the distribution of roles.
Ritual counting rhymes carries a powerful psychological charge, children, as it were, internally rebuild themselves to comply with the game rules and the roles that they will get. In some counting rhymes even specifies exactly, for example, to whom "to drive".
Cucumber, cucumber, I'm not a sissy
Don't go to that end: I grew up on a Christmas tree,
Wolves live there, the wind carried me away,
Your legs will be crushed! I fell on a stump
I'm not a son of a tyatenko, Go and drive, boy.
The support of a comrade, the will is also formed in counting rhymes- the winner of the account gives his right to leave the circle to a friend. And he remains for new tests:
The sack rolled
From a high hump.
In this bag:
Bread, wheat.
With whom you want
Share with that.
Rhythm develops voluntary attention in children, the mechanism of internal regulation of behavior. The child listens to the rhythmic pattern counting rhymes and, obeying him, forms his will.
How gambling game than it is more desirable to be selected or to get under the account faster. The more closely the children monitor compliance with the rules. This forms ethical ideas in the child, includes him in the team.
Listening to the rhythm counting rhymes, the child learns the rhythmic structure of the word, gets acquainted with the various forms of verse. AT counting rhymes
borrowed a lot of former ditties, excerpts from lyrical songs, sayings, proverbs - all this enriches the culture of the child, introduces him to the works of others genres.
Here are the words from an old Russian song that disappeared from everyday life, but gave rise to one of the most common counting rhymes:
A boy from Kazan rode,
One and a half hundred rubles sleigh,
Fifty rubles arc,
The boy is the girl's servant.
And this counting rhyme came from the meadow sentencing:
Oh you dawn - dawn,
morning dawn,
And who will sleep through the dawn,
I quilt that.
Many counting rhymes converted from ditties:
Wait, Vanya, get married,
Your hut is falling
Get the first hut
Then bring the bride.
In addition, the very performance in an atmosphere of romantic passion for the game is a pleasure, developing a sense of rhythm that is necessary in song, dance, work. By telling, children learn artistry.
White hare, Lyko fought.
Where did you run? Where did you put it?
In the oak forest. Under deck.
What did he do there? Who stole?
Tanya, Vanya, what are you,
What are you standing on pillars?
There, behind you, there is a shop,
You have to sit on it
Hurry up everyone run
And you, boy, lead.
Rhymes allow children to master the art of chanting, a special kind of recitation with the obligatory emphasis on each foot.
Bach - bang,
Tyah - tyah,
Bunny - wow
In full spirit
Fluff flew from the bunny,
Hoop - hop,
Zeika in the forehead,
Noise, ringing
Get out!
Competition in storytelling counting rhymes make children learn large poems and thereby exercise the brain and develop memory.
The first gave, the village of Kulikovo.
Another gave, Matvey long-nosed
On four guessed I rode on wheels,
Five hundred, judge, the wheels creak,
Sexton, boat, They want to be anointed.
Pigeon leg. Marya Petrovna
Prelo, burned, I went along the logs,
It flew over the sea. Touched for a stump
Across the sea church, Sat all day.
Rhythm"veracity" reinforces moral conditions games:
Fish, fish, fish - whale,
The fish speaks the truth
If the fish will lie,
I won't play with her.
AT counting rhymes simple, not polysyllabic words, images close to children are used. It does counting rhymes understandable to the child and causes a desire to repeat counting rhyme again which strengthens and develops the child's speech. For example, counting rhyme, which can be used to fix the pronunciation of a sound R:
There was a ram
Over the steep mountains
Pulled out the grass
Put it on the bench
Who will take her
He will go out.
remembering counting rhyme, the child masters the account.
One, two, three, four, five -
Bukoy decided to play.
Three, four, five and six -
You believe me that he is.
Beeches, brothers, not at all.
Rhymes can be saturated with words of business speech, technical, construction and other terms, which broadens the horizons of the child, enriches the active vocabulary.
To build a new house
They store oak wood,
Bricks, iron, paint,
Nails, tow and putty,
And then, then, then
They start building a house.
Summing up, we can highlight the following points that make it easier for the child to perceive the text counting rhymes:
1. Rhymes saturated with nouns and verbs, most of them have a plot expressed in a dramatic or narrative form, or consist of several pictures, words - images, connecting according to some principle (rhythm, opposition, etc.).
2. Rhymes describe the visible objective world.
3. The dynamics of actions and the multiplicity of the text correspond to the emotional states of the child, his inability to describe the transmitted event in detail.
4. Dictionary counting rhymes maximally adapted for children's perception.
Charm the genre of counting rhymes is so great that some writers (S. Ya. Marshak, D. Kharms, etc.) borrowed images, rhythm and dynamics counting rhymes. Many of them counting rhymes"take root", entering the everyday life of children's games and becoming folklore.
Using counting rhyme you can conduct classes with children, teaching them to count, correct pronunciation, instilling the skills of dialogue, communication, artistry; developing in children intelligence, memory, observation, creative thinking and imagination, coordination of movements, etc.
Rhymes
Vanya is riding in a red hat
On a silver horse
The golden bridle rings
Looking in all directions
waving a whip,
A horse is dancing under it.
The squirrel jumped, jumped,
And I didn’t hit the Christmas tree,
And ended up in the royal house.
There they sat at the table
King, prince, king, prince,
Shoemaker, tailor,
Who will you be.
Bunny is a coward
Running across the field
Ran into the garden
Found a cabbage
Found a carrot
Sitting, chewing.
The owner is coming.
Dawn - lightning
Walked on the sea
Dropped the keys.
golden keys,
Things are expensive.
Do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-si!
The cat got into a taxi
And the kittens clung
And ride for free.
In the blue sea - ocean
The golden ship is sailing
And on the island of Buyan
The dark forest is growing.
Let's think and guess
No matter how you think or guess
Just chase us.
Beyond the Marys, beyond the mountains,
Behind dense forests
Teremok on the hillock.
There is a lock on the doors.
You go for the key
And open the lock.
Under the mountain by the river
Gnomes live - old people.
They have a bell
Gilded ringing,
Ding - ding, ding - dong,
Get out soon.
There's a picture on the wall
Behind the picture is a web.
Don't look at the picture
Come into the web.
Mashenka went out for a walk,
To pick flowers for yourself,
Silence is all around
Only the cuckoo screams.
You, cuckoo, don't cry
And tell the whole truth:
How many more years in the spring
Will we see you?
She began to cackle
One, two, three, four, five,
Come out to play.
baths - baths,
What's below us
Under iron pillars?
Mice live there
They sew hats;
One hat fell off
The mouse - lope - ran away.
Cat Matvey
Ran after her!
Ivan is walking through the village,
He lost his caftan
And the caftan is on the street,
He was pecked by chickens
Hens - hens,
Don, don, don, don
Start your horse.
Walked, passed
Have not found,
Vaughn went.
A cart was driving from Moscow,
Lost three boards
knock, ringing,
Get out.
The bees flew into the field
Buzzed, buzzed,
The bees sat on the flowers
We go and you drive.
The cuckoo walked past the net,
And behind her are small children.
Cuckoos are asked to drink.
Come out - you lead.
The chicken came out of the perch
And behind her are small children.
And shouted: "Where - where!"
Come drive here.
Bunny runs along the road.
Yes, the legs get tired quickly.
Bunny wanted to sleep
Come out - look for you!
A rhyme is a genre of oral folk art. It originated in ancient times. In those days, many types of work were not only very difficult, but also extremely life-threatening. But someone still had to do this dangerous work. Whom to appoint? Who will do this dangerous work? It was then that they came up with a way to distribute work - a rhyme.
The rhyme was used in real life, and therefore it is not independent literary genre, but applied, as it has a practical life task - to help distribute work.
Later, when human life changed, the counting rhyme turned into a children's game and began to help children distribute roles in the game so that everyone would have fun and not offend anyone. The change in the role of the rhyme has led to the emergence of new rhymes that we all know from childhood.
A child who knows a lot (especially full versions) of rhymes can cause both envy and respect (“authority”) among peers. Some children may deliberately demonstrate (the desire to show off) their "knowledge".
The most famous:
Sat on the golden porch
Tsar. prince
king, queen,
Shoemaker, tailor,
Who will you be?
Speak quickly
Do not detain honest and kind people!
The month came out of the fog
He took a knife out of his pocket,
I will cut, I will beat
You still have to drive.
Eni, beni, ricky, did,
Turba, urba, sintibryaki,
Eus, beus, krasnobeus,
Bang!
And this counting talisman in Russian is the oldest symbol of happiness and good luck:
Bring me some bread.
Black and white
Just not hot.
Ladybug fly to the sky
There your children eat sweets,
All one by one
And you don't have one.
And at the same time in England:
Lady bug, lady bug, fly away home
your house is on fire, your children"s alone ...
(Ladybug, fly to the sky
Your house is on fire, your children are alone...)
Hooligan counting:
In our small company
Someone got really pissed off.
One two Three-
That's right, you will.
Rafiki's song from the cartoon "The Lion King" (The Lion King, 1994) Ashante sana, squash banana - a children's counting rhyme from Africa
Now I suggest you count to ten. More precisely, count from ten to one. А, если быть еще точнее - то вспомнить знаменитую считалку из романа Агаты Кристи "Десять негритят" (Ten Little Niggers) Кстати, а вы знаете, что из-за политкорректности одно время этот роман печатался под названием "И никого не стало" (And Then There Were None). Even the counting rhyme has been changed. Вместо "Ten Little Niggers" было "Ten Little Soldier".
And we will remember this counting rhyme exactly the way that everyone is used to. Let me remind you that this counting song is not at all folk, as many believe, but was written by Frank Green in the late 60s of the 19th century.
Shortly before its introduction, another song was published in England. It was written by American Septimus Winner and was called Ten little Injuns. Green, in turn, wrote an imitation of Winner's song, and it quickly spread through music halls and other similar places of entertainment. Votoni, counters:
Ten little nigger boys went out to dine;
One choked his little self, and then there were nine.
Nine little nigger boys sat up very late;
One overslept himself, and then there were eight.
Kight little nigger boys travelling in Devon;
One said he'd stay there, and then there were seven.
Seven little nigger boys chopping up sticks;
One chopped himself in half, and then there were six.
Six little nigger boys playing with a hive;
A bumble-bee stung one, and then there were five.
Five little nigger boys going in for law;
One got in chance, and then there were four.
Four little nigger boys going out to sea;
A red herring swallowed one, and then there were three.
Three little nigger boys walking in the Zoo;
A big bear hugged one, and then there were two.
Two little nigger boys sitting in the sun;
One got frizzled up, and then there was one.
One little nigger boy left all alone;
He went out and hung himself and then there were None.
Ten blacks decided to have lunch,
One suddenly choked - there were nine left.
Nine blacks, eating, pecking their nose,
One could not wake up - there were eight of them left.
Eight are quiet in Devona went away,
One did not return - seven of them remained.
Seven blacks were chopped together,
One killed himself - and there were six of them.
Six blacks went to the apiary for a walk,
One was stung by a bumblebee - there are five left.
Five blacksmanship was made,
They sentenced one, there are four of them.
Four blacks went to swim in the sea,
One fell for the bait - there are three of them left.
Three are quiet in the menagerie, they ended up,
One was grabbed by a bear - and the two were left.
Two blacks lay down in the sun,
One burned down - and here is one, unhappy, lonely.
The last Negro looked tired,
went hanged himself, and there was no one.
But at the counter
Eniki, beniki ate dumplings,
Eniki, beniki ate dumplings,
Eniki, baniki, hop!
The green syrup came out.
the history of origin is generally mysterious. Back in the late 1970s, linguist V.E. The eagle pointed out the similarity of "eniks-beniks" with the beginnings of the German rhymes "Enige benige", which we inherited from the Middle Ages. German knights uttered similar texts while playing dice. According to the linguist, the beginning goes back to the Middle High German phrase "Einec beinec doppelte", which meant "A single bone doubled." From the German Landsknechts, the "Eniki-Beniks" migrated to neighboring Poland, and later moved further to the east.
Rhymes
Basic concepts: definition, origin of counting rhymes, connection of counting rhymes with other forms: conspiracy, game, ritual; originality of the draw; classification of rhymes, points of view, problems of abstruse rhymes; features of counting rhymes: the process of word creation, structure, rhythmization, metric system, the role of repetitions, the originality of syntax, the use of the form of dialogue, appeals, rhetorical questions; word creation in the counting rhyme and literature (comparative characteristics).
Definition. The counting room has always had a practical character, it was used in children's games to establish a queue and select persons who play a particular role. Therefore, the researchers attribute it to the game folklore along with the lottery sentences, silence.
According to one of the dictionary definitions, counting rhymes are “verbal forms, most often poetic (rhyming) works of a predominantly humorous nature, with the help of which the order in the game is determined, its leaders or participants are elected” (Sl., p. 342). In the counting rhyme, the score is the rhythmic basis of the work, the chanting determines the correctness of the count, and the violation of the rhythm is an indicator of an incorrect draw.
The name "counting" is used more often than others, but there are other definitions. P.V. Shane called such works rhymes of lots. M.N. Melnikov cites folk names: counters, counting, readings, recounting, talkers.
Since counting rhymes are used along with drawing lots or collusions (conspiracies), it becomes necessary to define this form. The forms of the draw were very diverse, most often they were carried out with the help of rhymed verses. G.S. Vinogradov, who published a selection of such texts, proposed the name "drawing lots" for them. In modern science, the term "cold plots", introduced by M.N. Melnikov.
During the game of rounders, gorodki, hide-and-seek or hide and seek, the players are divided into two parties, each of the players encrypts his name and then, choosing a pair, approaches the leaders (“wombs”), the strongest and most dexterous players. They must choose a member of their team, guided by the following sentence:
black horse
Or a remote Cossack?
Fox in flowers
Or a bear in your pants?
Uncle Fedya
Or a polar bear?
As a subject of choice, both living and inanimate objects endowed with unusual qualities (definitions), plants, song characters are offered.
Sometimes the choice was made according to the nature of the action:
Fell from the bell tower
Ali supported?
Skiing from Tomsk
Ali from Irbit on belts?
What do you need - to cut hay or cut firewood?
A black horse or a golden saddle?
Did you get lost on the stove or drowned in a spoon?
Tes break or steal money?
The guessing process was based on antithesis, different objects, concepts or phenomena were compared; The “womb” must not only choose, but also guess who is “hiding” behind this designation. Intonation served as a hint. Depending on the choice of the leader, the players move away in one direction or another.
According to G.S. Vinogradov (they are also confirmed by M.N. Melnikov), large quantity traditional texts associated with the image of a horse. They offer to make a choice between a horse and a golden tarantass, a golden collar, and between activities - “feed the horse” or “stove to heat”. The horse occupies one of the central places in ancient pagan rituals. He is the personification of light, prowess, strength, fire.
The materials of ethnographers testify to the antiquity of such draw formulas. The drawing of lots was part of the initiation ritual. When candidates for initiation into society get together, they agree on secret names under which they will participate in the ceremony. As a rule, this name becomes the name of the patron spirit or tribal totem. In the future, when performing the rite, the participant should be addressed only by this name. The name that he bore in childhood no longer exists, because after the initiation, the candidate receives a new name - already as a full member of the tribe.
Construction of the draw traditionally, it consists of an appeal and a question. The appeal can be simple (Uterus, uterus, // Oak or tooth?) Or complex (expanded into a separate quatrain):
uterus, uterus,
Damn blades!
Barrel with bacon
Or a Cossack with a dagger?
(March., No. 1241.)
The semantic fullness of the draw was noted by a number of researchers. G.S. Vinogradov wrote that there is no such "compression of the elements of speech into an extremely tight form" in other genres of children's folklore. Analyzing the collusion
With a swing under the shirt
Or running under the cart?
the researcher comes to the following conclusion: “the laconism of the figurative language of proverbs can be compared with the small forms of Russian folklore: proverbs and sayings. It is no coincidence that proverbs and sayings sometimes act as drawing lots: “Chest in crosses or head in bushes?”, “A louse on a lasso or a flea on a chain?”
Draw features. The expressiveness of the drawing of lots, according to A.N. Martynov, distinguishes them from counting rhymes, "which are pronounced, as a rule, inexpressively, monotonously."
Origin of counting rhymes. Rhyming rhymes appeared thanks to ritual and everyday practice. The custom of ritual recounting of objects is known among most primitive peoples. During the calculation, lucky and unlucky numbers were highlighted, the result of the calculation was kept secret. Let us give an example of a ritual rhyme recorded in the Hawaiian Islands in mid-nineteenth century:
There is a hau tree in Kohala,
Not one tree, many trees
And seven, from which canoes are built.
The first how is the balancer of the canoe,
The second how is a canoe mowing,
The third how is the hull of the canoe,
Fourth how - canoe lining
The fifth how is the stern of the canoe,
The sixth hau is the mast of the canoe,
The seventh hau is the sail of the canoe.
If you name another one, live
If you don't name it, you will die.
A similar text related to divination is given by I.P. Sakharov: “Four or more girls sit on the floor in a circle. Each of them puts two fingers on their neighbors' knees. Then the eldest begins to pronounce quickly:
First-born, friends,
Tryntsy, Volyntsy,
Popov ladies,
Chicken, get out.
As she says each of these words, she points to one of the outstretched fingers. On which the word will get - “throw it out”, that one is thrown out. The above game is used during divination for a close marriage.
These texts confirm the conclusion of V.P. Anikina about the connection between counting rhymes and belief in numbers: “The habit of counting comes from the everyday life of adults. Before real, non-gaming cases ... it was the rule to resort to lottery and counting ”(Anik., Mladench., p. 15).
Rhyming rhymes can be regarded as a way of preserving sacred information in time, since as a result of its application, the one who will play a special role in the game is revealed. For this reason, G.S. Vinogradov brought together counting rhymes with fortune-telling, since the choice in them does not depend on reasonable calculation, but on chance, on the will of fate. Hence the name used by children and adolescents in the Kuytunsky district - "fortune teller", in the Barnaul district the counting rhyme is called "little fortune teller".
The English researcher of children's folklore G. Bett, on the basis of a comparison of extensive English material and records made from other peoples, comes to the conclusion that "numerical songs reflected the steps that mankind went through when learning to count."
In the course of development, the rhyme genre has experienced various influences. G.S. Vinogradov believes that the most significant was the impact of book poetry. But all book texts strongly adapted to the children's environment, "taking on a different look, a different look," although the function of the rhymes remained unchanged.
The researcher showed that the reflection of reality in counting rhymes does not occur on the basis of random associations, but as a result of a peculiar understanding of what is happening.
In parallel with the development of education, abstruse rhymes spread. Educational institutions where foreign languages were taught became a breeding ground for the emergence, existence and transmission of such texts. “Latin words penetrated the counting rhymes of European peoples primarily under the influence of school and university teaching of Latin and from the Catholic service perceived by ear,” the researcher believes. Therefore, such words of sacred vocabulary as “deus”, “dominus” appeared in the vocabulary, the word “grammars” was often mentioned in the rhymes themselves. E.A. Kostyukhin even speaks of the hypnotic effect of abstruse language.
The noted two plans of vocabulary related to the service and actually educational process are found in the counting rhymes of European schoolchildren. D. Simonides compares the texts of the German and Polish rhymes, noting some lexical coincidences:
Figgi faggi dominus,
du bist hier und bist duss
Edydy, medydy, cycymer
Afel, bafer, dominer
Al zgot, wryna wrot
Aja, baja, myka, wun.
Some texts were recorded from the end of the 19th century and throughout the 20th century among all Slavic peoples, in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.
The first records of counting rhymes refer to XVIII century, the researchers did not immediately separate the counting rhyme from the game and saw in it an independent type of oral folk art. Already in the 19th century, A.N. Martynov, counting rhymes had no analogies in adult folklore.
Today, counting rhymes significantly prevail over other genres and forms of children's folklore in terms of the number of entries. They are found in almost all nations.
In terms of the number of options, the first place among the counting rhymes is occupied by "Pervinchiki-druginchiki" and "Pervodan, drugodan".
Primary friends,
Pigeons flew
By God's dew
On the pop lane.
There are goliks, nuts,
Honey, sugar -
Get out, little one.
Pervodan -
Drugodan,
Guessed four
Sexton boat,
Pigeon leg.
Prelo, burned
Flew over the sea
Church across the sea
The village of Kulikovo.
Get out.
Solomin
whistle
ring
buzzed ka
Feature of counting rhymes is the utmost conciseness and conciseness, they practically do not contain a plot basis, presenting a list of items or a description of the order of counting. The desire for expressiveness and dimensionality of the verse determines the use of repetitions, dialogic form, and simple syntax.
Rhymes help to learn more lines of poetry and, therefore, contribute to the development of memory. In addition to the cognitive function, they also carry aesthetic and ethical functions. Children learn to speak correctly and to highlight the necessary parts of the poem with their voice. Usually, the right to pronounce the rhyme is given to the player who will not deceive his partners and will accurately and consistently count.
The order of pronunciation of the rhyme the following: the children participating in the game stand in a circle or in a row, one of the children stands in the middle and pronounces, chanting, a counting rhyme, touching the hand in turn to those participating in the game with each word or syllable struck; the one on whom the last syllable or word fell is considered to be retired - freed from the lot; gradually drop out and others, who left last - is considered chosen. Depending on the conditions of the game, the first eliminated is sometimes chosen.
The nature of the performance of the rhyme, believes M.N. Melnikov testifies to their song and choral performance. At one time, P.A. Bessonov wrote that the children “would form a circle and sing a song; on whom the last word falls from the song, that is to keep his turn. They sing together, and one, who is older, points his finger along the row.
Study of. Russian counting rhymes were introduced into scientific circulation gradually. The first generalizing work should be considered the monograph by G.S. Vinogradov "Russian children's folklore". Book. I. (Irkutsk, 1930). It published 553 texts of rhymes with variants. From publications recent years the collection "Russian children's folklore of Karelia" stands out. Comp. CM. Leuter (Petrozavodsk, 1991).
Classification G.S. Vinogradov is based on a dictionary feature: there are counting rhymes, abstruse rhymes and replacement rhymes.
The first group includes works containing counter words - quantitative and ordinal numbers:
One, two, three, four, five / The boys went out to play.
The mobility of the classification is visible in the use of the equivalents of numerals (First-borns, friends / Pigeons flew) or "bewildered" numerals (Azy, dvaza, triza, riza, heel, lata, tuni, muni, tupa, ukrest).
Considering the originality of such counting rhymes, O.I. Kapitsa suggested referring them to "abstruse counting rhymes", thus denoting a word-building game with numbers: "Pervodan, drugodan, guessed four", "Pirvoshka, friend", "Razi, dvazi, trizi", "Odiyan, drugiyan", etc. .
A.P. Toporkov shows the similarity of the process that took place in the same way in different places near different peoples. One option
Eni, benny, ricky, fakie,
Turba, Urba, Sintabryaki,
Daewoo, Daewoo, Krasnodew, Bam.
And the other in the Belarusian village:
Eni-beni, ricky-taki,
Shorba-urba, septembers,
Deus, deus, shahmadaws - Bam.
Children often remake texts known to them, simplifying and adapting them to a specific audience; the noted property can be considered a feature of rhymes. “They have no conceptual meaning, all interest lies in the sound side of words. In counting rhymes, the phonetic side of the word is, as it were, exposed, giving children satisfaction with extraordinary sound combinations.
Eniki-Beniks,
si wheel,
Eniki-Beniks,
Ana-duna-zhes,
Kinda-rinda-cut,
Ana-duna-slave,
Kinda-rinda-toad.
Ober, baber,
ober-baber,
Obviously, to create a rhythm, words or individual syllables are selected that allow you to fill in the voids, to give the phrase a finished look. Let us give an example of a counting rhyme from the collection of A.N. Martynova, where the introduced sounds or rows of zaumi and counter words literally allow you to transform the text:
- Where are you going?
- To the market.
- For oats.
Changed dialog looks different
Sinti-brinti - where are you going?
Sinti-brinti - to the market.
Synth-brinty - what's up?
Sinti-brinti - for oats.
Sinti-brinti - who are you?
Sinti-brinti - I'm a horse.
Traditionally, the counting rhyme is played from one to ten. But the words denoting the score were usually modified: they rearranged the syllables, added new ones, it turned out: azi, dvazi, trizi, easy, heels, lats, noise, ruba, oak, cross. G.S. Vinogradov tried to decipher some of the meanings: times (one) - azi, anzi, aziki, knapsacks, reason, razim; two - dvazi, dvantsy, dvantsik; the first - pervenchiki, perveliki, primary; the other - friends, friends, friends.
In abstruse counting rhymes there are words that are incomprehensible to those who pronounce, but interesting in sound. Among them there are many foreign words. The following counter is interesting:
Anki shingles
Fufti-grace
Gramatok
Kislovrota
Shara-vara
In the above text, nitrogen and oxygen are used in the form of abstruse words. Rhyming rhymes from an unfamiliar language are adopted, distorted and become the basis for creating new rhymes. Moreover, in one children's environment, the counting rhyme is understandable and filled with meaning, in another it is perceived and used as abstruse.
Sometimes this process can be traced. So, in the Arkhangelsk province the following rhyme is recorded:
A tsendil
A similar rhyme, with minor deviations, was also recorded from Jewish children in the city of Orsha, Mogilev province:
A centzel
Pomergol
Puterclatz.
Transferred to Pomorye, she attracted children with her unusual words for them.
An interesting example is given by O.I. Kapitsa: “As a child, I passed it in Tiflis, during the game, we, the children, used the Georgian counting rhyme, which I still remember, but the meaning of which is still unknown to me”:
sanam shuri
Samshuraki
Beats of the storm
Bambukheri
Vorantis.
In a rhyme recorded in the Kotelnichesky district of the Vyatka province in 1927, we find, apparently, a distorted Georgian rhyme:
Atum-batum
Chumchuemum atambukh
Bambahira vom taz
Evening hour on the mountain.
A rhyme is known, the variants of which are recorded in the Tver, Pskov, Novgorod provinces:
The soldiers were walking
to the market,
What did you buy
Rhymes of foreign origin are perceived as "abstruse", a small number of texts have a certain semantic meaning.
Researchers have found that some words and phrases that are incomprehensible at first glance, in Western European counting rhymes (for example, in French) are comic alterations of words and formulas of Latin prayers.
Many European peoples have a counting rhyme according to the recount model:
One, two buckle my shoe
Three, four - open the door.
The German text comes close to it:
Unus duiis rabbes (One, two, rabbi)
Quartum quintum sabes (Four, five, Saturday).
During the transition of the counting rhyme to a foreign language, the Latin words changed, the Hebrew word shabes (Saturday) turned into the Russian toad, and the text began to be perceived as abstruse.
The abundance of abstruse rhymes led O.I. Kapitz to the conclusion that in counting rhymes there is a tendency "to give ordinary words an abstruse form." G.S. Vinogradov agreed with her, but emphasized that "word-images are gradually replacing absurdity in counting rhymes."
The third type of counting rhymes is designated by G.S. Vinogradov as substitution counters. There are no numerals or abstruse words in them. The presence of a plot allows some researchers to call them "plot counting rhymes":
Wonderful three-story house,
Upstairs, a brave whistle,
How the horn buzzes
All the people run to him.
(March., 346.)
Probably, replacement counting rhymes appeared later than other varieties.
O.I. Kapitsa gives an example in which the signs of different groups are combined:
Chikulai in Moscow
On Mikhailovka
chiku chiku chiku
Chiku-chiku-flare!
ein zwein drain
Lead, lmde lay!
Eye sideways
not far
Another feature is the basis for the classification of G.A. Bartashevich, distinguishing plot and plotless counting rhymes.
M.N. Melnikov, following his predecessors, also notes other qualities of rhymes: “The compositional construction of abstruse rhymes is based on the sound-rhythmic principle, plot ones - narrative or dramatic development of the plot, cumulative ones - accumulation, combining sometimes heterogeneous images without apparent logical necessity" (Melnik., p. 135).
A kind of plot counting rhymes M.N. Melnikov considers a form based on dialogue and built by "repeating sound combinations at certain intervals":
Soldiers were walking
To the market.
– What did you buy?
- Samovar.
- What is the price?
- Three rubles.
Aty, baty - there were soldiers,
Aty, bati - to the market.
Aty, bati - what did you buy?
Aty, baty - samovar.
Aty, bati - how much does it cost?
Aty, baht - three rubles.
Although there are few such texts, the researcher believes that the repetitive scales that carry the main compositional load (imitation of the sounds of the balalaika is enhanced by the construction of a rhyme: “Tsyntsy-bryntsy, balalaika”) attract children and contribute to the spread of texts. Indirect speech is practically not used.
The structure of the rhyme. Traditionally, a counting rhyme consists of an appeal, the main part, a question or appeal, and an ending.
Linguist V.E. Orel pointed out that the beginning of the counting rhyme "ene beni" or "eniki benik" has close parallels in German counting rhymes, they also begin with the words: "Enige benige", "Ennege, bennege". In medieval Germany, texts similar to modern counting rhymes were pronounced by landsknechts when playing dice. Beginnings like "eniki beniks" can go back to the Middle, High German "eines bein (es) doppelte", i.e. "one (single) bone doubled." From Western Europe the rhyme could get to Russia through Poland or with German or Jewish settlers (there are similar forms in Yiddish).
Development of action in a counting rhyme predetermined by a specific plot or, on the contrary, arises due to the combination of individual pictures or words-images.
The above rhymes consist of separate sentences in which the connection between words is preserved. Another type of counting rhyme consists of meaningful words that are not related to each other, except for consonance.
Usually in counting rhymes, a two-syllable foot with a choreic size is common. One or two numbers rhyme with single words or sentences.
Three four,
hitched;
Five six,
Hay to weigh;
Seven eight,
We mow hay;
Nine ten,
Weigh money;
Eleven twelve,
Scolding on the street
They quarrel in the hut. (XLIX)
One, two - buckle my shoes.
Three, four - open the door.
Five, six - pick up stick.
Seven, eight - lay then straight.
Nine, ten - a good fat hen.
Eleven, twelve - I hope you're well.
Other counting rhymes begin with a line counting up to four or five:
One two three four,
Midges lived in the apartment.
A friend came to them
The cross is a big spider.
Five, six, seven, eight
We will ask the spider:
"You glutton do not go."
Come on, Mishenka, drive.
The well-known counting rhymes begin in a similar way: “One, two, three, four, five, the bunny went out for a walk” and “One, two, three, four, they taught me to read and write.” Note that there are numerous variants of this rhyme, G.S. Vinogradov cites 24 variants from his collection.
For comparison, we give a German rhyme with the same beginning:
Eins, zwei, drei, fier,
Auf dem Clavier,
Steth ein glas Bier,
Steth ein glas Wein,
Denn du zolst es sein.
Some rhymes end with a question, to which the participant must answer with an arbitrary number, after which the corresponding number of children is counted in order, the last one leaves.
A man was driving along the road
Broke a wheel on the doorstep
Around the garden
Who raised it
That governor -
Warlord's son.
Vanya was driving from Kazan,
One and a half hundred rubles sleigh,
Twenty-five rubles arc.
The boy is the girl's servant.
You, servant, give the carriage -
I will sit in it and go.
The metric system of counting rhymes is subject to conversational rhythm, so the most common size is the trochee, although there are iambic, dactyl, anapaest and even amphibrachs. The oral existence of counting rhymes determines the division of the verse depending on the rhythm, syntactic pauses also indicate the count.
The rhyme is pronounced monotonously, measuredly, the rhythm plays a special role in it. "... Violation of it nowhere has such consequences as in counting rhymes: the discovery of a broken rhythm nullifies the performance of the work, makes it necessary to re-pronounce it." The last shock stop indicates who will drive.
Usually, counting rhymes consist of rhyming couplets. M.N. Melnikov notes: “The most common are quatrains, six-line, eight-line. There are three-line, five-line, seven-line and longer ones, but much less often. There are also unrhymed verses. They are more often used in couplets and tertiary lines. The most diverse rhymes are used: paired, cross, covering, etc. Almost all counting texts give a combination of male and female rhymes, dactylic is very rare. There is no definite alternation of rhyme” (p. 139).
Vocabulary of counting rhymes has a special meaning, it indicates their origin, it contains words associated with a direct and veiled account.
Children easily use words from various areas, including, in particular, a variety of terms. They often produce “countless alterations of words, move words within a phrase, change stresses, allow the introduction of zaumi and zauminization of words” (Melnik., p. 137). Often there are substitutions of words, instead of "carriage" appears "rocket":
…Send me a rocket.
And I'll sit down and go.
I will go to Leningrad
for the October parade.
There is a modification of the well-known formula
One, two, three, four, five
went out into space for a walk.
Obviously, verbal transmission occurred over time. You can also talk about the mobility of the lexical composition and constant replacements.
Word creation in counting rhymes obeys certain patterns. They are especially characterized by paired rhyming words: ricky-peaks, clatter-clappers, aber-faber etc. There are also combinations of sounds that formally coincide with ordinary words: peaks, wedge, pancake, pockmarked, toad.
It is natural that verbal experiments lead to a comic speech effect - "For the cherem, for the pregnant, for the old, for Pyotr Petrovich, Yegorych, the coward."
Rhymes are full of nouns, verbs and interjections, other parts of speech are much less common. The location of parts of speech is predetermined by the form of counting rhymes, focus on the account: the predicate is often placed in front of the subject (“They lived in the apartment”), refers to the end of the phrase (“You, hostess, don’t yawn // Just collect money) or omitted (“One, the other - collar with an arc"). We also note the presence of impersonal sentences - proximity to fortune-telling according to G.S. Vinogradov (“One, two, three, four - they taught me to read and write”).
Rhymes similar with other forms, there are ordinary songs and jokes that are used as counting rhymes. They often use elements of fairy tales, riddles, proverbs, songs, children's satire. Following G.S. Vinogradov M.N. Melnikov believed that counting rhymes were borrowed primarily from maternal poetry - pestles, nursery rhymes, lullabies. From the game sentence:
Oh, you are a dawn-dawn -
morning dawn,
and who will sleep through the dawn,
I quilt that.
Ditties could become the basis of counting rhymes:
Wait, Vanya get married
your hut is falling down;
get the first hut
then bring the bride.
The use of some rhymes is considered mandatory for the distribution of roles in the game. So, in the Porkhov district of the Pskov province, when playing "Fox", the following rhyme is pronounced:
Pivrashka, friend
Troshka, volshka,
Tyadun, lyadun.
Tokan, rohan,
Dikin, throw it out.
Rhythm:
Shishel came out
With jug
takes three out of the game at once, those on whom the words fall: “out”, “out” and “with a jug”.
Today, counting rhymes remain the most popular genre children's folklore. They are constantly evolving, enriched by new realities.
This text is an introductory piece.
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