Favorite women of Taras Shevchenko. Women in the fate of Taras Shevchenko Shevchenko Taras Grigorievich personal life

Shevchenko Taras Grigorievich (1814-1861) - Ukrainian prose writer and poet, artist and thinker, democratic revolutionary.

Childhood

Taras was born on March 9, 1814. In the Zvenigorod district of the Kyiv province at that time there was a small village of Morintsy. The landowner V.V. was in charge there. Engelhardt, who was the nephew of Prince Potemkin and inherited most of his Little Russian lands. The serf peasant Shevchenko, Grigory Ivanovich, the father of the future poet, worked for this landowner.

The Shevchenko family had many children. On the paternal side, the roots went to the Zaporozhye Cossacks. Mother, Boyko Katerina Yakimovna, was from a Carpathian family. In 1816, the family moved to another village in the Zvenigorod district, Kirilovka, where Taras spent his childhood.

When Taras was 9 years old, his mother died. It was not easy for the father of a large family, and that same year he married a widow with three children. The stepmother was harsh, so little Taras was largely in the care of his sister Katya. But soon she got married, and the boy again lost his tenderness and kindness. Taras was only 11 years old when his father died. The child became homeless, and one of the most difficult periods of his life began.

Early years

He had to lead a nomadic life. I had the opportunity to serve with a clerk-teacher, where Taras learned a little reading and writing. He was hired by clerks-painters in neighboring villages who painted icons. Here Taras learned the basics of painting, although he had been interested in drawing since his earliest childhood. I had to herd sheep and serve as a driver for the local priest.

In 1829, when young Taras was already 16 years old, he entered the service of the landowner himself, and they hired him as a cook in the kitchen. By that time, the district had passed into the possession of Engelhardt’s son, Pavel Vasilyevich. He took young Shevchenko with him everywhere. While living in Vilna, the landowner noticed that the young man drew well and sent him to study with the portrait painter Jan Rustem, who taught painting at the University of Vilna. During the year and a half spent in Vilna, Taras learned a lot from the artist. And Engelhardt decided to transfer the serf Shevchenko to the position of house painter.

St. Petersburg period

In 1831 they moved to St. Petersburg. Here Shevchenko continued his studies with the famous painter Vasily Shiryaev. Together with the artist, Taras even took part in the painting of the St. Petersburg Bolshoi Theater.

In 1836, a significant acquaintance took place in Shevchenko’s life. He painted statues in the Summer Garden, where he met the artist Soshenko, who turned out to be his fellow countryman. Soon Taras was introduced to the famous painters A. Venetsianov and K. Bryullov, the poet V. Zhukovsky and the secretary of the Art Academy V. I. Grigorovich.

New acquaintances sympathized with the young man, recognized his abilities in painting and decided to buy him from the landowner. Engelhardt, seeing such zeal of the famous painters, tried not to undercut the price, and constantly raised the price for Shevchenko. There were times when Taras, in complete despair that nothing would work out, threatened to take revenge on the owner. And then the artists decided to take an unprecedented step. In the spring of 1938, a lottery was held at the Anichkov Palace, the winning of which was Karl Bryullov’s painting “V. I. Zhukovsky." The proceeds from the lottery were used to buy 2,500 rubles for Taras Shevchenko’s freedom. The young man began studying at the Academy of Arts that same year.

The best years in Taras's life began. Although he had to live in the back rooms of the Art Academy, he nevertheless communicated with St. Petersburg bohemia and spent evenings in noble salons. This was the flowering of not only his artistic talent, but also his poetic gift. In 1840, a collection of poems by Shevchenko entitled “Kobzar” was published.

And in 1842, his greatest poetic work, “Haydamaky,” was published. Soon his poems were published one after another:

• "Caucasus",
• "Overbend",
• "Khustochka"
• "Poplars"
• "Naimichka"
• "Katerina."

Almost all plots are based on tragically doomed, unhappy love. In each hero of Shevchenko's poems one can see genuine feelings and true suffering.

The year 1844 was marked in Shevchenko’s life by the fact that he was awarded the title of free artist. Taras went on a trip to Ukraine. During his trips to the Volyn, Kyiv, Chernigov and Poltava provinces, he constantly sketched the picturesque Ukrainian nature and ancient monuments. He really wanted to convey to future generations how beautiful the nature of his native land is and how majestic the ancient monuments are. This year, together with Princess Repnina Varvara, Shevchenko planned to publish an album of etchings “Picturesque Ukraine”; all the material was prepared, but the publication never took place.

Rebellious spirit and long military service

While in Kyiv, he joined the Cyril and Methodius Society. It was a kind of circle consisting of young people who were interested in the history of the development of the Slavic peoples. Shevchenko wrote poems in which a thin thread ran through lamentation about the disastrous and impoverished situation of Ukraine. Soon, ten members of the circle were arrested, and Shevchenko’s poems were recognized as harmful and dangerous, especially his poem “The Dream,” where he spoke satirically about the emperor and empress.

In the spring of 1847, by a decision signed by the emperor, Taras Shevchenko was assigned to military service in the Orenburg region with a strict ban on drawing and writing. Such restrictions turned out to be unbearably burdensome for the poet and artist; Taras especially could not live without a brush. In order for him to be allowed to draw, he wrote letters asking for help in resolving this issue to N.V. Gogol and V.I. Zhukovsky. Count Gudovich A.I. and Count Tolstoy A.K. also worked for Shevchenko on this issue, but everything turned out to be in vain.

He consoled himself a little in 1848-1849, when he was sent on duty to an expedition to the Aral Sea. General Obruchev and Lieutenant Butakov treated Taras condescendingly and, in order to compile a report on the expedition, instructed him to draw views of the coast and local types of nationalities. But they found out about this in St. Petersburg, the general and the lieutenant were reprimanded, and Shevchenko was exiled to a new duty station with the continuation of the ban on drawing.

This is how he ended up in the Caspian Sea in Novopetrovskoye, where he lived from 1850 to 1857. At first it was very hard, but after three years it became a little easier. Commandant Uskov and his wife fell in love with Taras with all his soul for his gentle and kind character, and also for the fact that Shevchenko became very attached to their children. Since he couldn’t draw, Taras took up sculpting and tried his hand at photography, but it turned out to be expensive for that time.

During this period, he wrote stories with a lot of autobiographical memories:

• "Twins",
• "Unhappy",
• "Princess"
• "Captain"
• "Artist".

last years of life

And in St. Petersburg, Count F.P. Tolstoy and his wife continued to intercede for him. Finally, in 1857, Shevchenko was released and allowed to return. He returned along the Volga, stopped for a long time in Nizhny Novgorod and Astrakhan, where, feeling the spirit of freedom, he devoted himself entirely to art and poetry.

Shevchenko returned to St. Petersburg and lived there until the summer of 1859. He was very well received in the family of Count Tolstoy, where he was a frequent guest at dinner parties and made acquaintances with literary and artistic figures. He developed a new hobby - engraving, and already in 1860 he was awarded an academician's degree in engraving.

Taras Shevchenko made attempts to arrange his family life. He tried to marry the artist Piunova, but a happy marriage did not work out.

He wooed the serf Kharita Dovgopolenkova, but the girl was very young. Due to the large age difference, marriage did not work out. Kharitya preferred a young clerk, whom she soon married.

In the summer of 1860, all friends left St. Petersburg, Shevchenko became sad and again, being alone, attempted to get married. Once again his choice fell on the young serf girl Lukerya Polusmakova. She turned out to be more cunning than Harity and realized that Shevchenko’s fiancé was enviable. Lukerya accepted the marriage proposal; for a long time they were grooms and brides, but for unknown reasons the wedding never took place.

At the beginning of the winter of 1860, the poet’s health deteriorated too much; he felt so unwell that he turned to doctors. Doctor Bari told Shevchenko that he had a serious illness and should be careful, but did not reveal the whole truth to him. Taras developed dropsy. But he did not take too much care of his health, at least he did not stop drinking alcohol, and after two months he could no longer walk up the stairs.

Before his death, he passionately awaited a manifesto on the abolition of serfdom. But he didn’t wait, on March 10 the poet fell and died in his workshop. He was buried in St. Petersburg at the Smolensk cemetery.

A little later, his friends fulfilled the last will of Taras Shevchenko, which he wrote about in his poems:

“When I die, then lament me on my grave, in the middle of the wide steppe, in the borderland. The wide-field fallow deer, the Dnieper, and the steep slopes were visible, almost like a roaring roar.”

The poet’s ashes were transferred to Ukraine, his burial place was near the city of Kanev, at the highest point above the wide roaring Dnieper.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Women in life by Taras Shevchenko It’s not fun to live in the world if there is no one to love. T. Shevchenko

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A dusky look behind frowning brows. Beneath his thick, drooping mustache, there was the slightest attempt at a smile. Such a bronzed Shevchenko marvels at us from the majority of monuments that inevitably stand across Ukraine. These monuments are especially crowded on the so-called Shevchenko Days, 9-10 Bereznya. And from bestowing bouquets on your khans, whispering heartfelt knowledge in your ear, and singing serenades at the top of your voice here, under the sawing eye of the Kobzar, is supposedly not accepted. In such a place, I feel like there may not be any sign of any kind of zakohani. So, neither Shevchenko nor the khannya are absurd speeches. So why the fashionable metropolitan artist, a patron of the port Petersburg taverns, a patron of theatrical shows, a favorite guest at balls and in aristocratic salons, Taras Grigorovich Shevchenko does not like wives? How could it be possible not to love something like that?

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History has preserved the names of the wives who filled Taras’s heart. Suddenly it seemed that the poet was deprived of a trace of poetry. It would be better to say that women and people before them did not seem to play a significant role in Shevchenko’s life and work - which, therefore, would be a mistake against the truth. As a child, Taras had a bad time getting along with boys of the same age. With the imperious shouts, you shouldn’t have been too angry. And from falling in love with your sisters. The older sister Katerina was Bereginya for him, and he loved the younger Yarina more than anyone else. Yarina was friends with her little sister Oksanka.

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Oksana Kovalenko To the first strong ones, Taras Bulo was his child’s daughter before Oksana Kovalenko. She became Shevchenko’s Beatrice, and her particularly tragic fate became the tragedy of my heart. In the verses dedicated to Oksana, “I am thirteen years old”, “My merchants grew”, “You did not pray for me””, created on the sent, extends to Shevchenko’s particular experience. Oksanka Kovalenko was three years younger than Taras and hesitated in court. Their mothers, marveling at the fun of their children, wondered why they would become friends. Alas, the childish sympathy and the childish shyness have not outgrown the right one and it seems to be deep. The hour has passed. The 15-river "Cossack" Taras at the village of his master Pavel Engelhardt is about to go to Vilna (now Vilnius). The separation was unbearable and long. Also, Tarasova’s first farm has lost only its thoughts and pictures.

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Oksana Kovalenko The little ones from memory had never been better, and instead of the cute little face of the little cap on the paper under his head, the faces of beautiful ladies appeared, like Taras could be surprised for a long time and repainted from the theater affi w, mystical estamps and park sculptures, which were enough at the great place. One of Shevchenko’s first female images is Katerina from the poem of the same name. Oksana Kovalenko was in love with her prototype, and Taras was never brought together by her fate. Shevchenko arrived in the city of Kyrylivka just fourteen years later - already like a free person, who gives hope to the capital’s artist and poet. Until that hour, Oksana had been married for three years and was nannying two daughters. First heroines of T.R. Shevchenko - unhappy, devastated women: Katerina, Oksana, Marina, Ganna. Let us call upon Shevchenko until we take revenge on those who trampled on their wife’s honor, dignity and happiness.

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As our merchants grew... As our merchants grew, we loved ourselves when we were little. And the mothers marveled at us and said that if we were friends. They didn't guess right. The old ones died early, And we separated as little ones, And never met again. I was carried everywhere, willingly or unwillingly. Brought to my old age and home. It's more fun if the village is now I, the old one, Seemed dark and silent, Just as I am now, old. And to live in a poor village, I should suffer like this, nothing has grown or rotted, just as it was. And a yar, and a field, and poplars, and a willow above the spring. She bent down, like that zhurba, Far away in self-imposed captivity. The bet, the rower, and the windmill flap its wings from behind the boat. And the oak of greenery, the native Cossack, from the village of Viyshov, walks along the mountain. Along the mountain there is a dark little little garden, and in the little little little garden you can lie in the cold, Move in Paradise, my old ones. She returned to the bastard, shorn. It was dark at night, Sitting under the mud, mov Zozulya, Either cooing, or screaming, Or quietly sleeping, And unraveling her braids. And then I know where I went, No one knows where I went, I got busy, I became stupid. What kind of girl was she, so she stole! And God did not give it to God... - Or maybe, having given it, he stole it, and fooled the holy God. The crosses of the oak trees have fallen, The words have been hesitated until now... And not yet, and not words Gladesenko Saturn erases... Let me rest with the saints My old age... - How is Ota Oksanochka alive? - I feed my brother quietly. - Yaka? - She is small, curly, and was playing with us. Why are you, brother, blinking? - I don't lie. Ota Oksanochka ordered Ota to go on a hike to get the Muscovites and she disappeared. She returned, however, a year later, but that’s why.

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Jadwiga Gusikovska Vilnius. 1829-1831 pp. Polish girl, shvachka. He kindly and tenderly called her “Junya.” The poison Gusikivska was not strong, but in Lithuania the former Taras and Ikhna Kohanna did not outgrow it seriously.

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Sophie Engelhardt Sophie was the same age as her older sister Katerina. And guess what, Taras is not even friendly with boys of the same age, giving superiority to his sisters, who are able to reveal their souls. Sophie was also carried to Taras, just as Bereginya-Katerina was carried. She said that the boy was already reading books. So she allowed me to borrow books from Engelhard’s library, however, only in the presence of the lord. Moreover, Sophie explained to Taras the unintelligible words and expressions in Polish books from the home library. She only allowed Mrs. Taras to read books. At that time, the world was still drinking French. The lady allowed the governess to give Taras French lessons. That kind of lady wouldn’t have been, but she couldn’t have betrayed Taras from that smash on the 7th anniversary of 1829, as if she wanted to.

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Hanna Zakrevska Zakrevska Hanna Ivanivna was a squad of the landowner P. Zakrevsky from Piryatin. Shevchenko got to know her on 29 rubles, 1843 r. He visited the Zakrevskys more than once. From the guesswork of O. Afanasyev-Chuzhbinsky, it is clear that he sings having fallen in love with “Hanna the Beautiful” (as Shevchenko called it in the sheet before his friend V. Zakrevsky). At the ball at T. Volkhovskaya's landlady, we did not leave her for the entire ball, but said goodbye, picking up as a souvenir one of the black cards that embellished her dress, and preserving this relic for a long time. And the legends about Zakrevskaya sing and carry through all my life Shevchenko painted her portrait in 1843. In 1848, she dedicated the verse "G.Z." ("It's no worse, like in captivity"), in which the vast burials of the people who died before her. Zakrevskaya Pov also speaks of the poetry “Yakby got along with us again. After returning from exile, under the hour of remaining in the Poltava region in 1859, Ganni Zakrevskaya sings, deeply reflecting on the immediate death of Ganny Zakrevskaya.

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Maria Maksimovich From the first visit we came to an old friend, Professor Mikhail Maksimovich. We chatted about life, about plans for the future. The mistress, Maria, suddenly appeared. It became more fun with her. She played the piano for him and sang to him. “Bezmanirna,” Taras thought, “as thirsty for actresses.” And de Vine, an old antiquarian, having dug up such fresh, pure goodness? And it’s ugly, and it’s covered...” After this, Taras Grigorovich became a frequent guest at the Maksimovich’s booth. The stench immediately made one person aware. Maria knew all of “Kobzar” by memory and loved Taras’s paintings. And Taras, with his Cossack character, was always the life of the party at parties at her house. And Maria began to laugh at the poet. The Maksimovichs never left for Ukraine, and Taras Grigorovich, having forgotten about Mikhail, wrote a letter to Maria, asking him to know his wife, and went to her, so that she became for him a guardian, a warrior-khan. And suddenly he shows up himself. Maria felt like she was in heaven. And from the singers and the spivachka they became Kohans. Taras, who is truly one hundred percent of his dishonest friends, recalled the words of one of the Beatitudes: “True love always causes a race, if it doesn’t have a race!” Hello servants! The servants began to follow the master and the guest, whispering to the old man. That professor didn’t want to be a dog in the dark. Tormented by sickness, which reduced his human strength, he could not overcome his friend’s bonds and flattened his eyes on everything that was touched. Ale, as if at night they went to the friend’s bedroom and sang the singer, who slept on her breasts, and kicked him out of the house again. This is how the connection between Taras and Maria was established. 9 months passed and her son Oleksiy was born, like two drops of water similar to a poet. Mikhailo rosumiv, what is Taras’s son, and he doesn’t want anything. At 8 Rocks, Maksimovich takes the boy to the boarding house of the Kiev Gymnasium. Syn Taras Shevchenko became a leading lawyer. Mav has five children.

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Amalia Kloberg As a student at the Academy of Mysteries near St. Petersburg, Shevchenko experiences the burial of Amalia Kloberg, a natural girl, who lived under Pasha in the story “The Artist”. "Chenko".

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Feodosia Koshytsia At the hour of the first elections of Ukraine, the Kyrylivtsy received Shevchenko's daughter Grigory Koshytsia - Feodosia. After Taras took over from the Kiev University, he decided to make friends and take control of his own way of life. Arriving at the temple to sacredly get married, but Shevchenko’s fathers were not able to do so and took off the watermelon. The young priest did not dare to go against the will of her fathers, she never fell ill and died in 1884.

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Agata Uskova The squad of the commandant of the Novopetrovsk fortification, Agata Omelyanivna Uskov, was able to understand and wholeheartedly support Taras Grigorovich from the distant exile. In the leaf to Zalesky (10 February 1855) he wrote: “I loved her sublimely, purely, with all my heart and with all my grateful soul. Do not allow, my friend, even a shadow of anything vicious in my immaculate love." It’s a pity that the local tiles destroyed the peace between them, and then the stench encouraged friendly groans. Taras wrote: “This most beautiful woman for me is the grace of God. This is the only truth that I will crave sometime before poetry.”

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Varvara Repnina Repnina Varvara Mikolaivna is the daughter of the Poltava Governor-General. Sings having met V. Repnina in Lipny in 1843. And friendships formed between them. He sings to the princess, dedicating the “Trizna” to her, painting and presenting her with a self-portrait. Repnina fell in love with Shevchenko. At the list before her mentor, she wrote about her almost, she enthusiastically spoke about Shevchenko as a brilliant poet. If V. Repnina began to go far to Shevchenko, O. Kapnist, perhaps at the lament of the princess’s mother, who knew everything about her, having begun to live coming. “In a word,” wrote V. Repnina, “the outcome of everything he said was that Shevchenka demanded to leave and that he would undertake to take him home... and that he would understand that he could no longer live in Yagotin...” Alenovy 1844 r. Zustriv sings again at Yagotina. Having treated the little ones Shevchenko "Budynok Batkiv" V. Repnina asked for permission to copy it. On the copy he sings, writing two rows with the chant “Trezna”: Those who have no faith have no hope! Nadiya is god, and faith is light!

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As Varvara herself said, Shevchenko did not share her feelings, but wanted to stand before her with great and deep respect, calling her his sister. At the hour of the sent song, the princess leafed through him (8 sheets of Shevchenko, 6 of Repninoya were saved), approached the head of the “Third Branch” Count O. Orlov with requests to relieve his share. In 1849 The princess sings another self-portrait. At 1850 r. O. Orlov defended Repnina and leafed out from Shevchenko. In 1858, turning back from the post, he sings the 17th Birth having brought Varvara to Moscow. Once again the stench of the 24th birch reeked - this was the rest of the sustrich. Varvara Repnina

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Katerina Puunova Shevchenko finds herself in the company of the 15-year-old actress Katerina Punova, regardless of the 28 years of difference between them. What was it all about? Mana, sleeping at will, flight at the break of youth and beauty? Not, God sent, who recognize only the genius - the blue of the All-World, the image of eternity. So it was already decided that the small girl, Ginka, with curly hair, was fatally similar to Persha, blessed with childishness, Kohana Oksana. She herself was still too young, unreasonable, unreasonable, and perhaps not yet ready for a squad of such extraordinary specialness, like Shevchenko. Just as soon as we condemned 15-year-old Katerina Piunova for having belittled her, she discredited Shevchenko’s friendship with Shchepkin, making her way into becoming an actress, and, in turn, decided to get married.

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The idea of ​​who Shevchenko is, before her, like most of the singers, came this year: “There haven’t been even less than fifteen rocks!” Well, what have I been talking about! It seemed to me that there was nothing groomish about Tarasov Grigorovich. The boots are stained with tar, the casing is not covered, the cap is a simple one, and in the pathetic hyphens of Taras Grigorovich, it fell on the frame up to a hundred times a day, so if it were a curse, it would often break. So, then I only thought about this, but forgot about the spiritual light, about the mind of the great poet, the cabal was rejected! The name of Piunova falls out. Katerina Puunova

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Liquera Polusmak The liqueur Liqueur Polusmak played a truly fatal role in the life of Taras Shevchenko. The stinks clung to the 1860s in St. Petersburg, far from the native land: a Ukrainian girl and a Ukrainian sings. Vaughn served in the lords who knew Shevchenko, and visited them as guests. ...This was the third summer of singing since the end. As has been the case for years, the third and the rest. Libon, my soul felt that the days were finished. I allowed myself to start cackling. They said massacre about them, they brewed 19-river Liquor for those who did not spare Shevchenko’s heart, were light-minded, and gave reasons for jealous people. The 44-year-old “groom” was barked for his thoughtlessness in the matter. This mess lasted for maybe a hundred days. The first gusts of the autumn wind brought coldness to their dens, and then the heat tore them apart. And I wanted Liqueur Polusmak to be already independent in my studies (always the troubles of the singer were released into the wild), and I wanted a little power madness, which was the fault of the same Shevchenko, and I wanted the kpini of the masters the rest of the time to be less prickly - yak-not-yak Liqueur Half-satisfied with the Shevchenko Liquor, the tragic end was inevitably approaching. Let us weary ourselves of the adverbs. She was named a young girl. Avzhezh, the 19-year-old girl did not know how to attract the restless singer, did not suppress his instinctive feelings. One word, Taras was not saved. Bah, dekhto puts it harshly - it’s a misfortune.

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He met her in the leaf fall. What became the last drop is not yet known. Most of the descendants converge on the Duma, which rather for all that was “... flirting, flirting with Liquor to anyone else...” (O. Doroshkevich). Facts show that Shevchenko was in trouble today. “And those who remain in Lickeri (talk about yogo darunki. - Author), burn it, and then!” Abo: “The number of speeches that I asked you to burn in front of her eyes, the demand that she pay 14 rubles for the apartment, for the key, her destruction - 1 ruble,” writes in the sheets to her friends N. Zabili and M. Makarova. And after a hundred days the singer was gone... She found that key. Unfortunately, I just found out. The jokes went on for a long time. After the death of Shevchenko, Likera Polusmak tried to earn money in St. Petersburg to live on with clothes, and then moved to Tsarskoe Selo, where she married a perukar, such as Yakovlev. She gave birth and sired children. Come on, the man is pouting, so the government is trying to suppress self-tightening. And when the children got stuck on their feet, she began to prepare for the long journey to Kanev. Everything was planned for the trip, and in 1904 the fate after the death of the man was still respected. Rozumila-bo: there is the key to everything - both to what is small and to what has been spent. Farther, she was no longer nineteen. The woman moved here a year ago. For nearly ten years - right up to her death in 1917 - Liquor Polusmak lingered in Kanev. The local children called them this way: “Named Tarasova.” All in mourning, she brought gifts to the mountain, distributed them to the children, sat for years at the grave, crying. This entry is from the current book of the teachers: “On May 13, 1905, your Liqueur, your love, my friend, arrived. Today is my angel day. Marvel at me as I repent.”

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Ukrainians celebrate Shevchenko days. Of course, Taras Shevchenko was a multifaceted genius! However, his personality is often deified, taking away everything human. We have prepared for you a text about Shevchenko the man. A man who knew how to love.

For your attention, all the poet’s favorite women, from serfs to princes: who they were, what they looked like and why the relationship didn’t work out.

Oksana Kovalenko

Researchers believe that Shevchenko’s first youthful, or even childhood, hobby was Oksana Kovalenko. The poet remembers his serf neighbor, three years younger, in the poem “The thirteenth day has passed…”. Taras and Oksana grew up in friendship. The adults joked that the children would eventually get married. Kobzar mentions this in his letters. However, at 15, Shevchenko left with Mr. Engelhardt for Vienna. He returned to his native village 14 years later, when his first love already had two children. The poem “Mar’yana – Chernitsa” is also dedicated to Oksana.

Amalia Kloberg

Shevchenko’s second hobby was also quite youthful. This happened even before studying at the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. Young Shevchenko “recaptured” the 15-year-old model of German origin Amalia Kloberg from his teacher Ivan Soshenko. Taras signed her nude portrait in bed with her hair down “Chevchenko.” According to the researchers, this is how the girl pronounced the artist’s last name. In the story "The Artist" Shevchenko portrays Amalia under the name Pasha. At 30, she will once again enter Kobzar’s workshop. However, a couple of them never worked out.

Varvara Repnina

When Shevchenko was already a metropolitan artist and famous person, a new love broke out, this time with a princess! He had just graduated from the Art Academy in St. Petersburg and came on a visit to Ukraine. That's when I met Princess Varvara Repnina. Shevchenko lived for a whole year in the family of the prince and general Nikolai Repnin-Volkonsky. Varvara was his daughter. At that time she was already 35 years old! The woman fell in love with Shevchenko and helped him in every possible way.

She openly spoke about her love in a letter to Charles Einard. However, various social levels did not allow relations to develop. Therefore, Taras and Varvara remained friends who maintained relationships throughout their lives. And after the death of the poet, Varvara allocated part of the money for the Shevchenko monument from her own savings. By the way, the Russian princess was also a writer.

Anna Zakrevskaya

Shevchenko also had forbidden relationships. Around the same time, he was visiting the landowner Platon Zakrevsky. His wife Anna was only 21 years old. Shevchenko met her even earlier, during the ball, and was delighted with her beauty. And when he lived with the Zakrevsky family, love arose between Taras and Anna... The relationship ended quickly, as Shevchenko left the Zakrevsky family’s home due to urgent matters. He remembers Anna in more than one poem. However, their destinies were no longer intertwined, and at the age of 35, Zakrevskaya passed away...

Feodosia Koshitsa

There is evidence that during a visit to Kirillovka, Shevchenko took a liking to the daughter of priest Grigory Koshitsa, Feodosia. He received a position at Kiev University and allegedly planned a family life. The poet went to woo Feodosia, but was refused by the bride’s parents. And the girl herself, according to stories, went crazy and died at a young age.

Anna Usakova

And one more feeling for a married woman. During his ten-year exile, Shevchenko fell in love with the wife of the commandant of the Novopetrovsk fortress, Anna Emelyanovna Usakova. They were gossiped about and judged, and this is what ended the relationship. However, in a letter to Zalevsky, the poet assures that he loved Anna with “immaculate love.”

Katya Piunova

Varvara Repnina, who was in love to the last, managed to get the emperor to pardon Shevchenko. At that time he was 44 years old. But he was exhausted and depressed. To make up for lost years, he dreamed of a young wife “from the common people.” For some time the poet lived in Nizhny Novgorod. Here he had the full opportunity to recover, because women from the local elite raced to order portraits from him. One of them was 16-year-old actress Katya Piunova.

Shevchenko was quite an influential person, so he helped Katya get a place in the troupe. But the girl, using Shevchenko, fled to Kazan with a 25-year-old actor, whom she later married. Later she recalled that it was her mistake, saying that she was not smart enough to appreciate Shevchenko’s genius.

Maria Maksimovich

Then there was either friendship, or love, or even a relationship with the wife of Mikhail Maksimovich’s close friend Maria. Some say that Mikhail and Maria's child is actually Shevchenko's. However, the poet’s biographers assure that Shevchenko did not give vent to his feelings and there was only devoted friendship between him and Maria.

Lukerya Polusmak

Shevchenko's last love was a simple girl, as he wanted. Lukerya was the servant of his St. Petersburg friends. At the request of the poet, the girl became free. He hired a tutor for her. However, Lukerya failed to appreciate what Shevchenko did for her.

Already engaged, the girl began to flirt indecently with the poet’s acquaintances. According to one version, she cheated on her fiance with a repeater. Like it or not, Shevchenko broke up with her. And 3 months later he died... Lukerya married a hairdresser, and after the poet’s death she spent more than one day at the grave of her former savior, repenting of her betrayal.

Attention! The material does not claim to be scientific research and is written on the basis of previously published materials.

Taras Shevchenko was born 200 years ago, whom many literary scholars consider the founder of the literary Ukrainian language. “The sun of Ukrainian poetry,” unlike the sun of Russian poetry, came from the very “bottom,” the son of a serf peasant.

RUSSIAN UKRAINIAN

In fact, out of 47 years of his life, Taras Shevchenko spent only 15 in Ukraine. In his adult life, the poet visited Little Russia, dear to his heart, on visits, at the invitation of local landowners. Taras Grigorievich spoke Russian without an accent and, of course, would hardly have shared the zeal of modern adherents of the purity of the “language” who strive to eliminate the “imperial language” in Ukraine.

Judging by the volume of Shevchenko’s writing, he is more likely a Russian writer than a Ukrainian one. The baggage of his Ukrainian-language poetic heritage, although significant, is small. But in prose, during his short life, Taras Grigorievich “gave out” about 20 stories, written exclusively in the Great Russian language. If we add to this the epistolary heritage, then three quarters of the creative heritage of the Ukrainian genius is pure Russian literature.

By the way, without the active participation of representatives of Russian culture, Taras Shevchenko, at best, was destined for the fate of a “serf home painter.”

TALENT PRICED AT 2500 RUBLES

Shevchenko is known primarily as a poet. However, nature generously endowed him with various abilities. At the age of 12, having been left an orphan at an early age, he ended up in an artel with the “bogomaz” (icon painters), who taught him basic painting techniques. The teenager turned out to be a capable student, so in 1831 the landowner Pavel Engelhardt sent his serf Taras Shevchenko to St. Petersburg, where he hoped to “bring him up” to the level of a professional painter.
It was in St. Petersburg that Shevchenko found himself among the cultural elite of that time. Vasily Zhukovsky, Karl Bryullov, Alexey Venetsianov - these people not only appreciated the talents of the young Little Russian, but also did everything to buy him out of serfdom. As a result, landowner Engelhardt was paid 2,500 rubles for Shevchenko - a huge sum at that time, for which one could purchase a small estate.

MUSEUM OF ONE BOOK

The greatest contribution to world culture was, of course, the poems of Taras Shevchenko. The origins of his best poems are in Ukrainian folklore. Moreover, he uses images of folk art so harmoniously that it is sometimes difficult to understand where quotes from folklore are used, and where a purely author’s text begins.
There is an opinion that Russian critics did not really encourage Shevchenko’s passion for the “peasant Little Russian dialect.” And in general they did not welcome the birth of Ukrainian literature. However, the reviews of the famous critic Vissarion Belinsky about the poet’s first collections “Kobzar” and “Lastovka” were very favorable. “Kobzar” became Shevchenko’s most famous book. During his lifetime alone, it was reprinted 4 times. And in Soviet times, the total circulation of “Kobzar” exceeded 8 million. Poems from this collection have been translated into more than 100 languages. In the city of Cherkassy in 1989, the only museum in the world dedicated to one book opened. And this book became “Kobzar”.

KHOKHLATSKY RADICAL

What actually irritated Belinsky was Shevchenko’s immoderate and unjustified insolence towards the powers that be. In particular, his angry letter about the poem “Dream” is known. “...This Khokhlatsky radical wrote two libels - one on g<осударя>And<мператора>, the other - on g<осударын>Yu and<мператриц>u. Reading a libel about yourself, Mr.<осударь>laughed, and, probably, the matter would have ended there, and the fool would not have suffered, just for the fact that he is stupid. But when<осударь>read the lampoon on and<мператри>tsu, he became very angry, and here are his own words: “Suppose he had reasons to be dissatisfied with me and hate me, but why?” ...Shevchenko was sent to the Caucasus as a soldier. I don't feel sorry for him; if I were his judge, I would have done no less. I have a personal enmity towards these kinds of liberals. These are the enemies of all success. With their impudent nonsense they irritate the government, make it suspicious, ready to see a rebellion where there is nothing..."
Of course, in Soviet times, almost any libel against the once reigning persons was good. However, the lines dedicated to Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna actually sound simply insulting:

...side yogo
Queen of Heaven,
Mov the smell of dryings,
Tonka, long-legged,
Also, dashingly, heartily
Hit your head.
So what a goddess!
Only with you.
And I, the fool, didn’t learn
You, tsatse, th time,
And if we believe it, we'll be dumb
To your masters.
What a fool! and also beat,
I trusted the ticket
Moskalevi; from i read,
And believe it!

PAN-SLAVICITY

Despite all this, Taras Shevchenko was not a Russophobe. Rather, he can be classified as a Pan-Slavist. True, he dreamed that in the future, Ukraine, like other Slavic states, should receive some kind of autonomous status in the “Slavic federation.” And he admitted that it was Kyiv, and not Moscow, that would become the capital of this multinational state. He expressed similar ideas while being a member of the Cyril and Methodius Society. In the afterword to the poem “Haydamaky” he wrote: “Let the wheat, as if covered with gold, remain undivided forever from the sea to the sea.”

Nicholas I’s anger at Shevchenko’s offensive attacks resulted in him not only being sent into exile as an ordinary soldier in the “Orenburg wilderness,” but also being forbidden to write and draw. This, of course, was a cruel punishment for a talented poet. However, in Russia at that time the most severe punishments were often redeemed by the kindness of their perpetrators. The officers under whom Private Shevchenko served made his life quite bearable. He slept and ate separately from other soldiers, and often attended “dinner parties” and other “aristocratic gatherings.” How he observed the ban on creativity can be judged by the fact that Taras Grigorievich wrote most of his stories during his exile.

ENGRAVER

In the last years of his life, the Ukrainian poet did a lot of sculpting and engraving. It was thanks to the successes achieved in copper engraving that Shevchenko became not only the first Ukrainian national poet, but also the first outstanding poet of the Russian Empire, awarded the degree of academician of the Academy of Arts.

Alexey Cheremisov

On March 9, 1814, Taras Grigorievich Shevchenko was born in Zvenigorod district (Kiev province), in the small village of Morintsy. His parents were serfs belonging to P.V. Engelhardt, a local landowner. When the boy was two years old, the family moved to another village - Kirillovka, where Taras spent his childhood. In 1823, his mother died, and his father, Grigory Ivanovich Shevchenko, married a widow with three children. The stepmother treated her stepson harshly and practically did not raise him. The only outlet in the boy's life was his friendship with his older sister Ekaterina, to whom he confided all his childhood secrets. But fate did not spoil Taras anywhere - his beloved sister got married, and in 1825 his father died.

The boy was not just abandoned, but thrown into a hard life, turning into a street child. At first he joined the sexton-teacher, then he lived with neighboring artists (at that time they were called “painters”) and it was from them that he learned basic drawing techniques. For some time Taras tended sheep and served as a driver. At school he learned to read and write from a sexton. When the boy turned sixteen, he attracted the attention of the manager of Engelhardt's estate and was assigned as a kitchen scullion, and later transferred to the Cossacks. Surprisingly, Taras always found time to paint, which was noticed by the landowner himself. Engelhardt gave him training to Jan Rustem, a teacher at the University of Vilna.

Shevchenko lived in Vilna for a year and a half, and when the landowner went to St. Petersburg in 1831, he took the capable guy with him, hoping to make him his own painter. Since 1832, Taras studied with the famous guild master of painting V. Shiryaev. In 1836, while sketching the statues of the Summer Garden, Shevchenko met his fellow countryman I. M. Soshenko. This artist, after consulting with friends, brought Taras together with V.I. Grigorovich, the conference secretary of the Academy of Arts, and introduced him to the artists K. Bryullov, A. Venetsianov and the poet V. Zhukovsky. They immediately saw remarkable talent in the young man and made every effort to redeem the serf and make him free. But it was not easy to persuade Engelhardt. It made no sense to appeal to the landowner’s humanism, and the petition of such a renowned academician and painter as Karl Bryullov only convinced the landowner that his serf was extremely expensive. Bryullov among his friends called Engelhardt “the largest pig” of all those known to him. He asked Soshenko to meet with the landowner and discuss the ransom price. Soshenko, in turn, decided to entrust such a sensitive matter to Professor Venetsianov, hoping that the professor’s proximity to the imperial court would play a role. But that didn't help either.

Shevchenko was very touched and encouraged by the care of such respected people for him, but the negotiations on the ransom dragged on for so long that they plunged Taras into despondency. The young man’s nerves could not stand it, and in a conversation with the artist Soshenko, he became so angry that he promised to take cruel revenge on his master. Seriously alarmed, Soshenko suggested that Taras’s friends speed up the matter, and Engelhardt was told an amount that was completely unimaginable at that time for the ransom of a serf’s soul. To get money, Zhukovsky conspired with the landowner and turned to Bryullov with a proposal to paint a portrait, and then, by organizing a lottery, to sell the painting. Bryullov agreed immediately and painted the portrait as soon as possible. The lottery was organized with the help of Count Vielgorsky, and the painting went for two and a half thousand rubles. On April 22, 1838, Taras Shevchenko became a free man. Until his death, he did not forget about the good deed that his friends did for him. He dedicated one of his largest works, “Katerina,” to Zhukovsky, and was not indebted to the others.

In the same 1838, Shevchenko began studying at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, where the artist Karl Bryullov became his mentor and friend. Taras Grigorievich will call the forties of the century the best in his life. It was at this time that the bright flower of his poetic talent blossomed. In 1840, a collection of his poems “Kobzar” was published, which was warmly received by the intelligentsia of St. Petersburg. “Haydamaky,” Shevchenko’s most voluminous poetic work, was published in 1842. And the next year, 1843, Shevchenko received a diploma as a free artist and went on a trip to Ukraine. During this journey, he meets an amazingly kind and intelligent woman - Princess V.N. Repnina. The result of Taras Shevchenko’s travels around his native country were such major works as “Poplars”, “Naimichka”, “Perebendya”, “Khustochka” and “Katerina”.

Ukraine appreciated Shevchenko's poetry, and he became a welcome guest in every home where Ukrainian was spoken. At the same time, the majority of Russian critics, led by Belinsky, condemned the narrow focus of Shevchenko’s national creativity and called his poetry “narrow provincialism.” Having learned about this, Taras Grigorievich said: “Let me be a peasant poet, I don’t need anything else.”

In 1946, in Kyiv, Shevchenko became close to N.I. Kostomarov and took a keen interest in the affairs of the emerging Cyril and Methodius Society. The society mainly included young people who were close to the problems of the development of Slavic peoples, including the Ukrainian. Almost all participants were arrested and charged with organizing a political secret society. They received different punishments, but Shevchenko suffered the most. For writing illegal poems, he was drafted into the army and sent to the Orenburg region as a private. At the same time, he was forbidden to draw or write anything. A particularly sad role in Shevchenko’s fate was played by his epigram “Dream,” written about the empress. The third department provided Emperor Nicholas with a copy of the poem, and, according to Belinsky’s testimony, while reading it, the sovereign laughed - but when he reached the lines dedicated to his wife, he became furious.

At first, Shevchenko was assigned to the Orsk fortress. The entire surrounding reality oppressed the poet with its flatness and boringness, and even the mountains did not make the Kyrgyz steppe more picturesque. And yet, Taras Grigorievich was especially depressed by the ban on drawing and writing poetry. It’s good that it was allowed to write letters. Shevchenko corresponded with Zhukovsky and even turned to Gogol, whom he personally did not know, hoping for his sympathy for Ukraine. Shevchenko asked Zhukovsky in his letters for only one thing: to ask the emperor for mercy - the opportunity to paint. But Nicholas I turned out to be adamant on this issue - even the petitions of Counts A. Tolstoy and Gudovich did not help. Shevchenko’s assurances in a letter to General Dubelt, the head of the Third Section, that his brush was not sinful in any sense, including political, did not help either.

But the surrounding officers treated the poet with understanding. A particularly humane attitude was demonstrated by Lieutenant Butakov and General Obruchev. The latter appointed Shevchenko on an expedition to study the Aral Sea (1848 - 1849), which gave the poet’s restless soul some consolation. There was an attempt to use Shevchenko as an artist during the expedition - he was instructed to sketch the Aral coast and local residents. But this reached St. Petersburg, and Lieutenant Butakov and General Obruchev received reprimands, and Shevchenko was exiled even further - to Novopetrovskoye, repeating the strictest ban on drawing.

Shevchenko lived in Novopetrovsky for almost seven years (October 1850 - August 1857), and until his liberation he was not given any paint, brushes, or pencils. But in some ways he managed to be cunning - he circumvented the ban on drawing by doing sculpting, and even tried to master photography, but the reagents and plates, not to mention the apparatus itself, were extremely expensive. During his exile in Novopetrovsky, he also made new friends among the exiled Poles. Basically, he communicated with E. Zhelikhovsky, Br. Zalessky and Z. Sierakovsky. Long conversations with these educated people prompted Shevchenko to realize the idea of ​​​​"merging brothers of the same tribe into one whole." Violating the highest prohibition, Shevchenko secretly writes stories in Russian in exile. “Twins”, “Artist”, “Princess” - these works contain many autobiographical details. But the stories were published much later.

It is unknown how many more years Shevchenko would have spent in exile, but the petitions of people respected by the emperor still did their job. The vice-president of the Academy of Arts, Count F. P. Tolstoy and his wife Countess A. I. Tolstoy were particularly persistent in the matter of releasing Shevchenko. Shevchenko was released in 1857, on August 2, and left the place of exile. On the way, he lived in Astrakhan for two weeks, and then stayed for a long time in Nizhny Novgorod, because he could not live in capital cities. During his stay in Nizhny Novgorod, Taras Grigorievich was captivated by the beauty of the young actress Piunova and, despite the significant age difference, decided to marry her. But this matchmaking did not bring joy to the poet - he was refused.

Shevchenko received permission to enter Moscow only in March 1858. He was delayed in Moscow due to poor health, although communication with friends and old acquaintances brought some variety to his life. In his honor, Maksimovich organized an evening at which the poet met the Aksakovs, Princess Repnina, and Shepkin. As soon as his health improved, Taras Grigorievich went to St. Petersburg by rail. Dating with friends in the capital again made him dizzy, but quickly enough he began working on publishing the works created in Novopetrovsky. At the same time he became interested in engraving. Most of his friends then noted the poet’s addiction to alcoholic beverages, which apparently arose during his exile.

In the summer of 1859, Shevchenko went home - he had not been there for more than a decade. The idea appears to purchase land on the banks of the Dnieper, and he even selects a suitable plot, but during negotiations on the purchase, Taras Grigorievich somehow managed to offend the honor of the nobleman Kozlovsky. Kozlovsky quickly wrote a denunciation, as a result of which Shevchenko was arrested and sent to Kyiv. Fortunately, the Governor-General, Prince Vasilchikov, ordered the “empty business” to be stopped and gave Shevchenko permission to live in Kyiv - however, under the supervision of the gendarmerie.

After exile, Shevchenko wrote little. Basically, his interests focused on engraving and attempts to get married... But if in the first case he succeeded, then in the second he constantly received refusals. Only with the young serf girl Lukerya Polusmakova did the relationship seem to have developed in a very positive way, and she even accepted the offer, but here too Shevchenko was disappointed - they broke up. What caused this remains a mystery.

In 1860, in December, Shevchenko’s condition worsened. Dr. Barii, who treated him, diagnosed dropsy, but hid the truth from his patient. He tried to dissuade Taras Grigorievich from abusing alcoholic beverages, but apparently had no success. In the winter of 1961, the poet had difficulty moving around the room, and the stairs became an insurmountable obstacle for him. But terminally ill Shevchenko constantly dreams of a trip to his native Ukraine, firmly believing that this can save him from any misfortune.

Friends claim that Shevchenko, like manna from heaven, was waiting for the tsar's manifesto on the abolition of serfdom. February 19, when the manifesto was supposed to be announced, fell on Maslenitsa, and the signing was postponed for fear of popular unrest. When the manifesto was announced, Taras Grigorievich was no longer alive. The poet spent his last birthday in terrible torment. The next day he found the strength to go down to the workshop, but there he fell and died immediately.

He was buried in St. Petersburg, but his friends, following the poet’s last wishes, took his ashes to Ukraine in April. Taras Grigorievich Shevchenko rests on the banks of the Dnieper, on a high hill near the city of Kanev. Only death forever connected the great Ukrainian poet with his beloved Dnieper.