Zones of the Azerbaijan SSR, year and date. The USSR. Azerbaijan SSR
In the east it is washed by the Caspian Sea. Area 86.6 thousand. km 2. Population 5689 thousand people. (as of January 1, 1976). National composition (according to the 1970 census, thousand people): Azerbaijanis 3777, Russians 510, Armenians 484, Lezgins 137, etc. Average population density 65.7 people. by 1 km 2(as of January 1, 1976). The capital is Baku (1,406 thousand inhabitants as of January 1, 1976). The largest city is Kirovabad (211 thousand inhabitants). New cities have grown: Sumgait (168 thousand inhabitants), Mingachevir, Stepanakert, Ali-Bayramly, Dashkesan, etc. The Azerbaijan SSR includes the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Okrug. There are 61 districts, 60 cities and 125 urban-type settlements in the republic.Nature. Almost 1/2 of the territory of the Azerbaijan SSR is occupied by mountains. In the north is the southeastern part of the Greater Caucasus, in the south is the Lesser Caucasus, between which the Kura Depression is located; to the south-east - Talysh Mountains, in the south-west. (a separate territory of the Armenian SSR) - the Middle Araxes basin and its northern mountain frame - the Daralagez (Ayots Dzor) and Zangezur ridges. The highest point is the city of Bazarduzu (4480 m). Minerals: oil, gas, iron and polymetallic ores, alunite. The climate and soil and vegetation cover are characterized by altitudinal zonation. The climate changes from dry and humid subtropical to the climate of upland tundras. In lowland areas, the average temperature in July is 25-28 °C, in January from 3 °C to 1.5-2 °C, temperatures drop above (up to -10 °C in the highlands). Precipitation from 200-300 mm in year in coastal and lowland areas (excluding Lankaran lowland - 1200-1400 mm) up to 1300 mm on the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus. The main river is Kura. The most significant lakes are Hajikabul and Boyukshor. The predominant vegetation is dry steppes, semi-deserts and high-mountain meadows on various types of chestnut, brown, sierozem and mountain meadow soils. On the mountain slopes there are broad-leaved forests on mountain forest soils; 11% of the territory is occupied by forests
Historical reference. Class society on the territory of Azerbaijan arose at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e. From the 9th century BC e. There were ancient states: Mana, Media, Atropatena, Caucasian Albania. In the 3rd-10th centuries. n. e. the territory was under the rule of the Iranian Sassanids and the Arab Caliphate; This period includes anti-feudal, liberation protests (anti-Sasanian uprisings, the Mazdakite movement, Babek's uprising). By 9-16 centuries. include the feudal states of the Shirvanshahs, Hulagunds and others. In the 11th-13th centuries. The Azerbaijani nationality was mainly formed. In the 11th-14th centuries. There were invasions of the Seljuk Turks, Mongol-Tatars, and Timur. In the 16th-18th centuries. territory within the Safavid state; was the object of a struggle between Iran and Turkey; people's liberation movement (Kor-ogly, etc.). From the middle of the 18th century. there were over 15 feudal states (Sheki, Karabakh, Kuba khanates, etc.). In the 1st third of the 19th century. Northern Azerbaijan is annexed to Russia. The peasant reform of 1870 accelerated the development of capitalism; by the end of the 19th century. Baku is the largest industrial center; the first social democratic organizations appeared; the working class waged a strike struggle (Baku strikes). Working people took part in the Revolution of 1905-07, the February Revolution of 1917 and the Great October Socialist Revolution. Soviet power was established in November 1917, the Baku Commune was formed - a stronghold of Soviet power in Transcaucasia. In the summer of 1918, the Anglo-Turkish intervention began, the Musavatists seized power. With the help of the Red Army, the working people restored Soviet power. On April 28, 1920, the Azerbaijani SSR was proclaimed, which from March 12, 1922 was part of the TSFSR, and from December 5, 1936 directly into the USSR as a union republic. As a result of industrialization, collectivization of agriculture and the cultural revolution carried out under the leadership of the Communist Party, a basically socialist society was built in the republic.
During the Great Patriotic War, the Azerbaijani people mobilized all their forces to repel fascist aggression.
As of January 1, 1976, the Communist Party of Azerbaijan had 276,508 members and 11,315 candidates for party membership; in the ranks of the Leninist Communist Youth Union of Azerbaijan there were 647,315 members; There are over 1657.1 thousand trade union members in the republic.
The Azerbaijani people, together with all the fraternal peoples of the USSR, achieved new successes in communist construction in the post-war decades.
The Azerbaijan SSR was awarded 2 Orders of Lenin (1935, 1964), the Order of the October Revolution (1970) and the Order of Friendship of Peoples (1972).
Economy. Over the years of socialist construction, Azerbaijan has become an industrial-agrarian republic. In the national economy of the USSR, Azerbaijan stands out for its oil, oil refining and related chemical industries, as well as mechanical engineering.
Azerbaijan has developed economic ties with all union republics.
In 1975, the volume of industrial output exceeded the level of 1940 by 8.3 times, and the level of 1913 by 49 times.
For the production of the most important types of industrial products, see the data in table. 1.
Table 1. - Production of the most important types of industrial products
| Oil (including gas condensate), million. T | 1940 | 1970 | 1975 |
| 22 | 20 | 17 |
|
| Gas, million m 3 | 2498 | 5521 | 9890 |
| Electricity, billion. kw h | 2 | 12 | 15 |
| Iron ore, thousand T | - | 1413 | 1346 |
| Steel, thousand T | 24 | 733 | 825 |
| Rolled ferrous metals (finished), thousand. T | 8,5 | 585 | 670 |
| Sulfuric acid in monohydrate, thousand. T | 26 | 126 | 378 |
| Mineral fertilizers (in conventional units), thousand. T | 580 | 896 |
|
| Pumping machines, thousand pcs. | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Deep well pumps, thousand pcs. | 31 | 77 | 85 |
| Cement, thousand T | 112 | 1409 | 1398 |
| Cotton fiber, thousand T | 58 | 131 | 178 |
| Cotton fabrics, million. m | 49 | 133 | 125,5 |
| Woolen fabrics, million. m | 0,5 | 8,5 | 12,5 |
| Silk fabrics, million. m | 0,2 | 18,5 | 32 |
| Leather shoes, million pairs | 2 | 11 | 15 |
| Fish catch, catch of sea animals, thousand. T | 33 | 73 | 57 |
| Canned food, million conventional cans | 20,0 | 185 | 295 |
| Grape wine, thousand gave* | 906 | 4222 | 6721 |
| Meat, thousand T | 17 | 48 | 64 |
* Without wine, the processing and bottling of which is carried out on the territory of other republics.
90% of electricity is produced at thermal power plants, of which the most significant is the Ali-Bayramly State District Power Plant (1100 MW). The Azerbaijan State District Power Plant is under construction (1977). Azerbaijan is the oldest region in the USSR for oil production (produced on the Absheron Peninsula, in the Kura-Araks Lowland, in offshore fields) and gas. The oil refining and petrochemical industries, mechanical engineering, non-ferrous metallurgy, light and food industries are developed.
Gross agricultural output in 1975 compared to 1940 increased 3.5 times. At the end of 1975 there were 496 state farms and 873 collective farms. In 1975, 30.8 thousand tractors (in physical units; 6.1 thousand in 1940), 4.4 thousand grain harvesters (0.7 thousand in 1940), 22.1 thousand trucks worked in agriculture . Agricultural land in 1975 amounted to 4.1 million. ha(47.1% of the entire territory), including arable land - 1.4 million. ha, hayfields - 0.1 million ha and pastures - 2 million. ha. Irrigation is important for agriculture. The area of irrigated land in 1975 reached 1141 thousand. ha. The largest canals are: Verkhne-Shirvan, Verkhne-Karabakh and Samur-Apsheron. Agricultural products account for 65% of all gross agricultural output (1975). For data on sown areas and gross harvest of agricultural crops, see table. 2.
Table 2. - Sown areas and gross harvest of agricultural crops
| Total sown area, thousand. ha | 1940 | 1970 | 1975 |
| 1124 | 1196 | 1310 |
|
| Cereals | 797 | 621 | 611 |
| Including: | |||
| wheat | 471 | 420 | 412 |
| corn (grain) | 10 | 12 | 12 |
| Industrial crops | 213 | 210 | 231 |
| Including: | |||
| cotton | 188 | 193 | 211 |
| Tobacco | 7 | 14 | 17 |
| Potato | 22 | 15 | 17 |
| Vegetables | 14 | 32 | 38 |
| Forage crops | 66 | 308 | 402 |
| Gross collection, thousand T | |||
| Grain crops, thousand T | 567 | 723 | 893 |
| Including: wheat | 298 | 504 | 629 |
| corn (for grain) | 10 | 22 | 28 |
| Raw cotton | 154 | 336 | 450 |
| Tobacco | 5 | 25 | 42 |
| Potato | 82 | 130 | 89 |
| Vegetables | 63 | 410 | 604 |
One of the leading branches of agriculture is cotton growing, which provides more than 30% of the proceeds from the sale of agricultural products on collective and state farms. High-quality varieties of tobacco are grown. The Azerbaijan SSR is one of the all-Union bases of early vegetable growing. The area of vineyards is 178 thousand. ha in 1975 (33 thousand) ha in 1940), fruit and berry plantings - 147 thousand. ha(37 thousand ha in 1940), tea plantings - 8.5 thousand. ha(5.1 thousand ha in 1940). Gross grape harvest - 706 thousand. T in 1975 (81 thousand T in 1940), fruits and berries - 151.9 thousand. T(115 thousand T in 1940), tea - 13.1 thousand. T(0.24 thousand T in 1940).
An important place in agriculture is occupied by livestock farming for meat, wool and meat and dairy production (see Table 3). It provides 15% of the proceeds from the sale of agricultural products on collective and state farms. On the growth of livestock production, see the data in table. 4.
| 1941 | 1971 | 1976 |
|
| Cattle | 1357 | 1577 | 1667 |
| including cows and buffaloes | 489 | 605 | 622 |
| Sheep and goats | 2907 | 4371 | 5128 |
| Pigs | 120 | 113 | 135 |
| Poultry, million | 3,8 | 8,8 | 12,8 |
Table 4. - Production of basic livestock products
| 1940 | 1970 | 1975 |
|
| Meat (in slaughter weight), thousand. T | 41 | 94 | 115 |
| Milk, thousand T | 275 | 478 | 658 |
| Eggs, million pieces | 158 | 413 | 578 |
| Wool, thousand T | 4,2 | 7,6 | 9,5 |
The main mode of transport is railway. The operational length of the railways is 1.85 thousand. km. The length of roads is 22 thousand. km(1975), including hard surface 14.7 thousand. km. The major port is Baku. There are 0.5 thousand navigable river routes. km. Air transport is developed. There are operating oil pipelines: Baku - Batumi, Ali-Bayramli - Baku; gas pipelines: Karadag - Akstafa with branches to Yerevan and Tbilisi, Karadag - Sumgait, Ali-Bayramli - Karadag.
The standard of living of the population of the republic is steadily increasing. National income for 1966-75 increased 1.8 times. Real income per capita in 1975 compared to 1965 increased 1.5 times. Retail turnover of state and cooperative trade (including public catering) increased from 297 million rubles. in 1940 to 2757 million rubles. in 1975, while trade turnover per capita quadrupled. The amount of deposits in savings banks in 1975 reached 896 million rubles. (8 million rubles in 1940), the average deposit is 941 rubles. (26 rubles in 1940). At the end of 1975, the city's housing stock amounted to 28.5 million. m 2 total (usable) area. During 1971-75, 6.9 million were put into operation at the expense of the state, collective farms and the population. m 2 total (usable) area.
Cultural construction. According to the 1897 census, literate people made up 9.2% of the population, among men - 13.1%, among women - 4.2%. In the 1914/15 school year. There were 976 secondary schools of all types (73.1 thousand students), 3 secondary specialized educational institutions (455 students), and no higher educational institutions. After the establishment of Soviet power, a new school was created with teaching in the native language. By 1939, literacy of the population had risen to 82.8%; according to the 1970 census, it reached 99.6%. In 1975, 127 thousand children were educated in permanent preschool institutions.
In the 1975/76 school year. In 4618 general education schools of all types, 1656 thousand students studied, in 125 vocational educational institutions - 63.3 thousand students (including 49 vocational educational institutions providing secondary education - 30.9 thousand students), in 78 secondary specialized educational institutions - 72.3 thousand students, in 17 universities - 99.0 thousand students. The largest universities: Azerbaijan University, Azerbaijan Institute of Oil and Chemistry, Azerbaijan Medical Institute, Conservatory.
In 1975, per 1000 people employed in the national economy, there were 775 people. with higher and secondary (complete and incomplete) education (122 people in 1939). The leading scientific institution of the republic is the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR. As of January 1, 1976, 21.3 thousand researchers worked in scientific institutions.
The network of cultural institutions has received significant development. On January 1, 1975, there were 14 theaters, including the Azerbaijan Opera and Ballet Theater. M. F. Akhundov, Azerbaijan Drama Theater named after. M. Azizbekov, Russian Drama Theater named after. S. Vurgun, Theater for Young Spectators named after. M. Gorky, Musical Comedy Theater named after. Sh. Kurbanov, Azerbaijan Drama Theater named after. J. Jabarli; 2.2 thousand stationary cinema installations; 2806 club establishments. The largest republican library: State Library of the Azerbaijan SSR named after. M. F. Akhundov in Baku (founded in 1923, over 3 million copies of books, brochures, magazines, etc.); there were: 3,479 public libraries (26.7 million copies of books and magazines), 41 museums.
In 1975, 1,156 titles of books and brochures were published with a circulation of 11.3 million copies, including 799 publications in the Azerbaijani language with a circulation of 9.1 million copies. (1141 titles with a circulation of 4974 thousand copies in 1940). 123 magazine publications were published (single circulation 1,771 thousand copies, annual circulation 34.8 million copies), including 71 publications in the Azerbaijani language (44 publications with an annual circulation of 722 thousand copies in 1940). 117 newspapers were published. The total one-time circulation of newspapers is 2,711 thousand copies, the annual circulation is 519 million copies.
The Azerbaijan Telegraph Agency (AzTAG) was created in 1920, since 1972 - Azerinform. The Republican Book Chamber has been operating since 1925. The first radio broadcasts began in Baku in 1926. In 1956, the Baku Television Center came into operation. Radio and television programs are conducted in Azerbaijani, Russian and Armenian.
In the republic in 1975 there were 748 hospital institutions with 54.8 thousand beds (222 hospitals with 12.6 thousand beds in 1940); 16.5 thousand doctors and 46.5 thousand paramedical personnel worked (3.3 thousand doctors and 7.5 thousand paramedical personnel in 1940). Popular balneological resorts: Istisu, Naftalan and etc.
Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
The Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed on February 9, 1924. It is located in the south of Transcaucasia. Borders on the southwest. with Turkey and Iran. Area 5.5 thousand. km 2. Population 227 thousand people. (as of January 1, 1976). National composition (according to the 1970 census, thousand people): Azerbaijanis 190, Armenians 6, Russians 4, etc. Average population density 41.2 people. by 1 km 2(as of January 1, 1976). The capital is Nakhchivan.
In 1975, the volume of industrial output exceeded the 1940 level by 12 times. The food and mining industries stand out. There are electrical, metalworking, woodworking, and construction materials industries.
In 1975 there were 24 state farms and 49 collective farms. Irrigated farming predominates in agriculture. The sown area of all agricultural crops in 1975 amounted to 40 thousand. ha. They cultivate cotton, tobacco and vegetables. Gardening and viticulture are developed. They raise mainly sheep and cattle. Livestock (as of January 1, 1976, thousand): 61 cattle, 312 sheep and goats.
In the 1975/76 school year. 71.9 thousand students studied in 225 secondary schools of all types (before the establishment
Article about the word " THE USSR. Azerbaijan SSR" in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia was read 2301 times
AZERBAIJAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC (Azerbaijan Sovet Sosialist Respublikasy), Azerbaijan, is located in the eastern part of Transcaucasia. In the east it is washed by the Caspian Sea, in the north it borders with the Dagestan ACCP, in the northwest - with, in the west - with, in the south - with and partially with. Area 86.6 thousand km2. Population 6303 thousand people (1982). The capital is Baku. There are 61 rural districts, 63 cities and 122 urban-type settlements in the republic.
General characteristics of the farm. Azerbaijan is an industrial republic with developed agriculture, the main oil and gas producing region of Transcaucasia. The main branches of heavy industry: mechanical engineering (production of oilfield equipment, electronic, electrical, instrument-making industries) and metalworking, fuel, chemical and petrochemical industries, electricity production, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, etc. represented by gas production and . In the structure of the fuel industry of the republic, oil and gas occupy the main place - 48.3%; Petroleum products are exported in large quantities to other parts of the country. The capacity of all power plants is more than 3 million kW, incl. Hydroelectric power station about 500 thousand kW (1980). Electricity production 14.6 billion kW. h (1981), incl. 1.3 billion kW. h - at the hydroelectric power station. The length of railways is 1879 km, roads - 23.9 thousand km, incl. with hard surface 17.3 thousand km (1979). Maritime transport is significantly developed (over 20% of the freight turnover of all types of public transport). The main seaport is Baku.
Nature. Azerbaijan is located mainly in the subtropical zone and stretches from northwest to southeast towards the Caspian Sea. Azerbaijan is a mountainous country where high ridges and plateaus of varying lengths are combined with plains and lowlands. About 60% of the entire territory is occupied by mountains, and approximately 40% by lowlands (mainly the Kypa-Araks lowland).
The relief is divided into 4 parts: the Greater Caucasus mountain system (Bazardyuzyu, 4466 m); the mountain system of the Lesser Caucasus, which includes the Nakhichevan mountain region (Gamysh city, 3724 m; Kapydzhig city, 3904 m); Lankaran mountain system (Komyurkoy, 2477 m); The Kypa-Araks lowland, located in the central part of the republic between the indicated mountain systems, the eastern part of which lies below the level (up to -28 m).
The climate is mainly subtropical. Average annual air temperatures range from 15°C in the lowland zone to 0°C and lower in the highland zone at an altitude of about 3000 m, and annual precipitation from 200 mm southwest of the Absheron Peninsula to 1400 mm in the Astara region. Azerbaijan is a country of small mountain rivers. The largest rivers of the Caucasus, Kypa and Arak, flowing mainly through the territory of Azerbaijan, play a large role in the irrigated agriculture of the republic. Kypa is navigable over a considerable distance within Azerbaijan. In the mountains of Azerbaijan, forest vegetation, subalpine and alpine meadows are developed, steppes and semi-deserts are preserved on the plains, and in the southeast, near the coast of the Caspian Sea, there is a region of humid subtropics.
Geological structure. The territory of Azerbaijan is part of and consists of folded systems covering the eastern parts of the Greater and Lesser Caucasus, the Kura depression separating them, as well as the Middle Caspian and South Caspian depressions. In the northeast, the superimposed Kycapo-Divichi trough stands out, occupying the eastern, slightly southward segment of the Cis-Caucasian foredeep, filled mainly with Neogene-Quaternary deposits. To the south is the Greater Caucasus, where sediments are widely developed, and partly Quaternary. Along the axial strip of the Greater Caucasus, a large uplift stands out - the Tfansky, composed of Lower and Middle Jurassic sediments, intruded in the west by the main composition.
The Belokano-Zagatala group of copper-polymetallic deposits is associated with the Lower Jurassic deposits of the Tfan anticlinorium. In the north, the meganticlinorium of the Greater Caucasus is limited by the Tengi-Beshbarmak anticlinorium, composed of Cretaceous and Jurassic rocks. To the south is Shahdag-Khizi, made by the upper and. From the south, the Tfan anticlinorium is bounded by the Main Caucasus, along which Lower and Middle Jurassic deposits are overturned and pushed to the east onto the Upper Cretaceous, and in the west - onto the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous deposits of the Zakatala-Kovdag synclinorium. To the south of the Zakatala-Kovdag synclinorium, along the northern edge of the Vandam anticlinorium, stretches the Durudzhinskaya cover plate, composed mainly of Jurassic rocks thrust over the Cretaceous formations of the indicated anticlinorium. The Vandam anticlinorium, which is the marginal structural element of the northern side of the Transcaucasian, plunges eastward, and is covered from the south by Quaternary deposits of the Alazan-Agrichay. In its structure, an important role is played by the volcanic-sedimentary strata of the Bajocian and Upper Cretaceous, which are very characteristic of the Mesozoic of the Kura Basin and the Lesser Caucasus. East of the meridian of the Girdymanchay River, the Vandam anticlinorium and adjacent structures of the Greater Caucasus along the West Caspian fault plunge under the Shemakhino-Kobustan synclinorium, which, off the coast of the Caspian Sea, goes under the Absheron periclinal trough. These negative structures are characterized by the enormous thickness of Cenozoic strata and widespread manifestation of mud volcanism (in total, more than 200 mud volcanoes are known in Azerbaijan), and the presence of brachymorphic and diapiric oil and gas bearing structures. The Kura depression within Azerbaijan stretches in a sublatitudinal direction from the Iori River in the west to the Caspian Sea in the east. Its structure involves a thick (up to 8 km) strata of Oligocene-Quaternary age, overlying the Mesozoic-Paleogene complex. The pre-alpine substrate of the depression plunges stepwise in a southeastern direction, having a block structure, which is reflected in the existence of a number of troughs and uplifts separating them. All structures are complicated by thrusts, giving them a scaly structure.
Geological and geophysical studies have established that the structure of the molasse complex of the Kura depression does not coincide with the structure of pre-molasse formations, which repeats the structure of the pre-Alpine basement. At the pre-orogenic stage of development, the Kura depression, together with the Vandam anticlinorium (Greater Caucasus) in the north and the Somkhi-Agdam zone (Lesser Caucasus) in the south, represented a single activated zone. To the east of the Talysh-Vandam Mesozoic ledge extends the Nizhne-Kura trough, where the thickness exceeds 20 km. The immediate continuation of the Lower Kura trough in the east is the South Caspian depression, which has a heterogeneous structure.
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Within the Sredne-Kura trough, Mesozoic and Paleogene sediment complexes are industrially oil-and-gas-bearing, and in the Nizhne-Kura trough - Pliocene deposits. The Meganticlinorium of the Lesser Caucasus, having a folded-block structure, is characterized by moderate folding in the peripheral parts and intense folding in the central parts. Within its boundaries the following are distinguished: Somkhito-Agdam, Sevan-Karabakh (ophiolitic), Miskhano-Kafan, Araks and Talysh tectonic zones. The Somkhi-Agdam zone is characterized by en echelon uplifts, latitudinal and transverse troughs, limited flexures and faults, and is composed of thick volcanic-sedimentary rocks of the Mesozoic (Jurassic, Cretaceous) and partly Paleogene. Deposits of ores, polymetals, etc. are associated with the structures of this zone. The southern boundary of the zone is Mrovdag, along which it is thrust onto the adjacent Sevan-Karabakh zone. From the south, the latter is limited by the Lachin-Bashlybel fault of deep origin. The structure of this zone includes volcanogenic and reef Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous, siliceous-diabase and carbonate formations of the Cretaceous and andesitic formation of the Eocene, terrestrial volcanogenic and subaerial formations of the Pliocene and Anthropocene. Paleogene-Neogene acid intrusions are also widely developed within the zone, with which are associated deposits of ores, precious metals and non-metallic raw materials.
The Araks zone is characterized by subplatform development; Its structure includes sediments from to Quaternary, represented by sedimentary and volcanogenic complexes. The zone consists of the Sharur-Julfa acticlinorium, the Zangezur uplift, the Ordubad synclinorium and the Nakhichevan superimposed trough. The Eocene deposits of the Zangezur uplift are intruded by the Paleogene Meghri-Ordubad polyphase granitoid batholith, which is associated with copper-molybdenum deposits, manifestations of base metals and precious metals. Paleozoic deposits of the Sharur-Julfa anticlinorium contain deposits of polymetallic ores. The Talysh zone is an area of late Alpine folding, composed of a thin carbonate formation of the Upper Cretaceous, flyschoid sediments of the Paleocene - lower Eocene, a trachybasalt formation of the Eocene of significant thickness and a flyschoid-terrigenous formation of the Lower Oligocene. Within the uplifts, intrusions of gabbro-teschenites, essexites and gabbro-syenites are common.
Hydrogeology. On the territory of Azerbaijan, within the foothill and lowland zones, several are distinguished, some of them are fresh and slightly mineralized with natural resources of about 86,400 thousand m 3 / day. In the Kypa-Araks lowland, groundwater is highly mineralized, in some areas with industrial content and. The mountain ranges of the Greater and Lesser Caucasus are associated with small basins of fissure, predominantly fresh water; In the Neogene deposits of the foothills of Jeyranchel, Ajinour, Kobustan, high waters are common, and fresh waters are common in the river valleys. In the mountainous zone, more than a thousand mineral waters (including geysers) with temperatures ranging from 20 to 70°C are known, carbonic waters in the Lesser Caucasus, hydrogen sulfide in the western part of the Greater Caucasus, nitrogen in Talysh, methane in the eastern part Greater Caucasus (in lowland areas). Natural mineral water resources are over 16 thousand m 3 /day.
Seismicity. In general, the entire territory of Azerbaijan has high seismic activity. On the territory of the republic, two areas of possible strong earthquakes have been mainly identified. The first region (Shemakha-Zagatala, Dashkesan-Zangezur region of Nakhichevan ACCP) is characterized by high seismic activity (at least 8 points); earthquakes up to magnitude 9 are possible at the epicenter with focal depths of 15-20 km; the frequency of recurrence of noticeable earthquakes (4-6 points) in this area is three times higher than in the second. The second region (Kura and Caspian depressions, as well as the Absheron region) is characterized by relatively low seismic activity; earthquakes up to magnitude 7 are possible at the epicenter with focal depths of 20-50 km.
Minerals. The most important of Azerbaijan are gas and ores of ferrous, non-ferrous and precious metals, as well as non-metallic raw materials, building materials and mineral waters (map). 
Oil and gas. Oil, gas and condensate deposits are widespread on the territory of Azerbaijan and in the Caspian Sea. The main oil and gas bearing regions are the Apsheron-Kobustan, Kura and Caspian-Kuba regions. The Absheron-Kobustan region is located within the southeastern plunging of the Greater Caucasus (Apsheron Peninsula, Absheron Archipelago) and its further continuation in the east (Absheron Threshold), as well as the southern wings of this plunging (Kobustan). The Kura region covers the Kura depression and adjacent areas of the sea (Baku archipelago), the Caspian-Kuba region is located on the northeastern slope of the southeastern plunge of the Greater Caucasus (Siazan monocline, etc.). Within the Absheron Peninsula, the Absheron Archipelago, the Baku Archipelago, the Lower Kura Lowland and southeastern Kobustan, the main industrial - productive strata (Middle Pliocene); minor oil deposits are confined to the Absheron and Akchagyl deposits (Upper Pliocene) within the Absheron Peninsula and the Lower Kura Lowland. Oil deposits are also found in the volcanic chalk formation in the Muradkhanly-Zardob area. The main oil and gas bearing formation (productive strata) is represented by frequent alternation of sands, and.
The predominant type of distribution of oil and gas traps is anticlinal, often complicated by ruptures and non-structural traps (lithological, stratigraphic). In the Caspian-Kuba region and the Kurdamir zone, oil and gas content is confined to Miocene-Paleogene and Upper Mesozoic deposits. In the Kirovabad zone, oil content is confined to the Paleogene. The oils from the fields of Azerbaijan are high quality, sulfur-free or low-sulfur, wax-free or slightly paraffinic. In the upper horizons of the productive strata, very light (so-called white) and oily oils are found. Natural gases from the deposits are methane gases (methane up to 90-98%), often containing a significant amount of condensate (the Karadag, Bulla, Bakhar, Kalmas, etc. deposits). The unique oils of the Maikop formation of the Naftalan field (near Kirovabad) have medicinal properties. Oil sands and tar sands are widespread in places in Azerbaijan. Numerous deposits are known (South-Eastern Caucasus).
are represented by four genetic types: segregation-magmatic, skarn-magnetite, hydrothermal-metasomatic (hematite) and sedimentary. The second type is of industrial interest, the deposits of which are concentrated in the Dashkesan ore region of the Somkhito-Agdam zone. The total reserves of this group of deposits are 250 million tons in categories A+B+C1 (1981). sheet-like shape, up to 2000 m long, up to 56 m thick. Magnetite proper (90% magnetite) and sulfide-magnetite (20%) ores are distinguished. The Fe content in solid magnetite ores is over 45%, in magnetite skarn 30-45%, in magnetite-garnet skarn 15-25%. The Dashkesan deposit is the raw material base for the metallurgical industry of Transcaucasia. Hematite ores are represented by the Alabashlinskoye deposit. Low-grade ores, siliceous type. Sedimentary iron ores are represented by magnetite sandstones in the Dashkesan, Shamkhor, Khanlar regions and titanomagnetite sands on the Lankaran-Astara coast of the Caspian Sea.
Manganese ore occurrences are known in the Somkhito-Agdam (Molla-Jalli, Dashsalakhlinskoe) and Araks (Bichenag and Alyaginskoe) zones. The thickness of ore-bearing units is 0.3-3 m, length 45-700 m, Mn content 10-25%. Small but numerous outcrops of chromium ores are confined to a 260-km strip (160 km in Azerbaijan) of the ophiolite belt of the Lesser Caucasus and are associated with and. The ore of the Heydarinsky deposit belongs to the highest metallurgical grades with a Cr 2 O 3 content of 43.5-52.6%; Cr 2 O 3: FeO 3.5-4.
Represented by deposits and. Alunite deposits are known in the Dashkesan, Shamkhor and Ordubad regions. The most famous deposit is Zaglikskoe, confined to the volcanic-sedimentary strata of the Middle and Upper Jurassic, intruded by the Dashkesan intrusion.
Alunite associates with, etc. The cut-off content of alunite is 25%. The thickness of the sheet-like deposits is 20 m, 95% is ore mass (alunite and quartz), 5% is clay minerals. The Zaglik deposit is the raw material base of the Kirovabad aluminum smelter, put into operation in 1960. Bauxite occurrences were discovered in the Ilyichevsky district of Nakhichevan ACCP in Devonian-Permian terrigenous-carbonate deposits in the form of sheet-shaped and lens-shaped bodies, 2-13 m thick and 1.5-m long. 2 km. Silicon module type 2:1 (allites and siallites).
The most significant manifestations of cobalt mineralization are known in the Dashkesan and Ordubad ore regions. The first is genetically related to the Dashkesan granitoid intrusion and is superimposed on skarn-magnetite ores, the second is located in the skarn zone of the Meghri-Ordubad pluton. Main minerals: , alloclasite, glaucodotus, safflorite, cobalt pyrite.
are represented by copper-pyrite and copper-porphyry deposits. Copper-pyrite ore bodies are known in the Kedabek region, where they are located in the form of stock-shaped bodies (50x100 m) in the upper horizons of the Bajocian quartz plagioporphyry. The upper horizons are composed of copper and copper-zinc ores, the lower ones are composed of sulfur-pyrite ores. Main minerals: , etc. Porphyry copper ores are concentrated in the Ordubad ore district and are spatially associated with the apical and peripheral parts of the Paleogene-Miocene Megri-Ordubad granitoid batholith. Main minerals: chalcopyrite, molybdenite and pyrite. The ores on the surface are oxidized and contain 0.2-1% Cu, in deep horizons - on average 0.3-0.6%. In the Araks zone along the Nakhichevan fault line, in the area of development of Oligocene-Lower Miocene volcanics, there are a number of occurrences of native copper, forming a strip about 70 km long, the thickness of individual copper-bearing layers is from 0.5 to 9 m.
They are associated with copper in the Paragachay and Diakhchay deposits (Ordubad district), with and in the Temiruchandag-Bagyrsakh deposits (Kel-Bajar district). The Paragachayskoye field is being developed. Mo content 0.2-1.1%, Cu 0.002-2.1%, Re 0.04%, Se 0.006%, Fe 0.02%. Tungsten ore occurrences are known in the Nakhichevan ACCP and Kelbajar region; scheelite is noted in quartz veins, aplites and listvenites and wolframite in quartz veins. Tungsten-bearing ore bodies are confined to Upper Eocene hornfels in the contact zones of the Meghri-Ordubad and Dalidag plutons.
They are represented by the Bittibulag deposit (enargite) in the Gadabek region and the Darrydag deposit (orpiment-realgar) in the Julfa region (developed before 1941).
Deposits were discovered in the central part of the Sevan-Karabakh zone (Levchay, Shorbulag, Agyatag, Agkain and Narzanlik).
Recorded in the Lena and Kesandag (Nakhichevan ACCP) mercury deposits.
Lead-zinc ores are associated with pyrite-polymetallic deposits of the Belokano-Sheki metallogenic zone on the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus (Filizchayskoye, Katsdagskoye, Katekhskoye, Dzhikhikhskoye, Chederskoye, Katsmalinskoye, etc.). In the Somkhito-Agdam zone of the Lesser Caucasus, a small Mekhmaninsky lead-zinc deposit is known in the Middle Jurassic volcanogenic sequence. Two small deposits of lead-zinc ores are noted in the Nakhichevan ACCP - Gyumushlug, confined to the limestones of the Middle-Upper Devonian, and Agdara, to the Eocene volcanics.
Mineral raw materials for metallurgy are also represented by fluxing limestones (Khachbulag), dwarfs and clays (Chardakhly), bentonite clays (Dashsalakhly, Kobustan-Shemakha zone), numerous occurrences of secondary ones (Somkhito-Agdam zone), (Kirvakar), (Nakhichevan ACCP), ( central part of the Lesser Caucasus). The forecast reserves (class 1 refractories) of the Negramskoye deposit, which make up the Upper Triassic, are estimated at hundreds of million tons.
From mining chemical raw materials, the deposits of the Chiragidzor-Toganalin group of the Khanlar region, located in the volcanogenic and volcanogenic-sedimentary deposits of the Middle Jurassic, and the rock salt deposits (Duzdag, Negramskoe and Pusyanskoe), located in the Miocene sandy-clayey and calcareous-marly deposits of Nakhichevan ACCP are known. . The total length of the salt-bearing basin of the Araks zone is up to 250 km with a width of 15-20 km and a thickness of sediments of several tens of meters. The exploited Nakhichevan deposit is 93 million tons in category A+B+C1 (1964), and the reserve Negramskoye field is 736 million tons (1970). Forecast reserves are estimated at 2-2.5 billion tons. On the area of the Absheron Peninsula there are small deposits of self-sedimented salt, from which 3-5 thousand tons of salt are extracted annually for local needs. Vein-type barite deposits (Chovdarskoye, Kushchinskoye, Zaglikskoye, Bayanskoye, Bashkishlakskoye, Chaikendskoye, Azatskoye, Tonashenskoye, etc.) are confined to Middle Jurassic volcanics. Zeolite-bearing ash deposits of the Tauz region, occurring among carbonate deposits of the upper Santonian in the form of a layered deposit with an average thickness of 25-30 m, contain high-silica (clinoptilolite) in tuffs from 20 to 80%, the average for the field is 55%.
Semi-precious and ornamental stones are presented in skarns of the Dashkesan and Ordubad regions, in the Alpine veins of the Greater Caucasus, the exocontact of the Atabek-Slavic intrusion of the Lesser Caucasus, and in the Santonian volcanics. Agate accumulations in the form of veinlets are noted in the Agjakend and Kazakh troughs and are associated with Upper Cretaceous volcanics of intermediate and basic composition. Jewelry and technical varieties are found in the Sevan-Karabakh zone, and the Eyvazlinskoye deposit in the Kubatly region is promising.
Non-metallic building materials are represented by a large number of deposits, and drywall (Verkhnee-Agjakend, Kirovabad and Arazin) with total reserves in categories A+B+C1 60 million tons (1981); clays (Dashsalakhlinskoe) with reserves in categories B + C1 84553 thousand tons (1981); saw stone (Gyuzdek, Dovlatyarlinskoe, Karadagskoe, Dilagardinskoe, Shakhbulagskoe, Naftalanskoe, Mardakertskoe, Dashsalakhlinskoe, Kedzherli-Kainskoe, Dzegamskoe, Agdagskoe, etc.) with total reserves in categories A+B+C1 490 million tons (1981); facing stones (Gyulbakhtskoe, Dashkesanskoe, Shakhtakhtinskoe, Gyulablinskoe, Shushinskoe, etc.) with reserves in categories A+B+C1 41 million m 3 (1981); cement raw materials (Karadag), incl. routes (Keroglinskoe, Aydagskoe, etc.). Quaternary andesite-basalts of the Kelbajar region, the reserves of which are very significant, are suitable for stone casting. About 200 clay deposits have been explored for the production of expanded clay, agloporite, and brick and tile products. Quartz sands for glass production (glass containers, window glass, etc.) were established in the Miocene-Pliocene deposits of Kobustan, the Absheron Peninsula and the Kuba region. Reserves of quartz sand amount to tens of millions of tons. There are numerous deposits of gravel, sand and other building materials.
Distributed along the southwestern side of the Kura depression (Dalmamedly, Shirvaldy, Mir-Bashir, Agdzhabedy and Zhdanovsk; water temperature at the outflow 65-90°C, flow rate 200-864 m 3 /day, salinity 5-10-15 g/l) . contain up to 30 mg/l of iodine and up to 75 mg/l of bromine, water temperature 50-70 ° C, mineralization up to 60 g/l, distribution depth up to 3000 m) and in the Absheron region (Kalaalty and Divichi region; waters like Naftusya with content, etc., the temperature of the waters uncovered by numerous wells is 65-90°C, salinity 60-110 g/l). Industrial iodine-bromine waters of Azerbaijan are located in the Lower Kura Depression, the Apsheron oil and gas region and on the Caspian-Cuban Plain. The reserves of the Neftechala, Khallinsky, Babazanan and Mishovdag sources of iodine-bromine waters in the Nizhnekura depression have been explored. The Neftechala field was put into operation in 1933, Khillinskoye - in 1978.
History of mineral resource development. The first evidence of the use of stone for the production of tools on the territory of Azerbaijan dates back, apparently, to the early Acheulean era of the Lower Paleolithic (6th layer of the settlement in the Azykh cave in the southeast of the Lesser Caucasus, about 700-300 thousand years ago). Used later. The Neolithic era (6th-5th millennium BC) is associated with the beginning of widespread mining of clay and sand for the production of ceramic ware (Shomutepe type culture). In the 5th-4th millennium BC. the use of copper and copper alloys begins with (the settlement of Kultepe-I on the territory of modern Nakhichevan ACCP).
Ancient workings are known in deposits within the Lesser Caucasus (deposits of the Belokan and Kedabek ore fields). From the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. Salt deposits are being developed on the territory of Nakhichevan ACCP. In the Iron Age, rock salt, gypsum, sulfur, and pottery clay were mainly mined. The beginning of the use of oil on the territory of modern Azerbaijan dates back to the 4th century. BC.; local residents used it as fuel and burned it in clay lamps. According to the testimony of Arab geographers and travelers (Masudi, Istakhri, etc.) who visited the Baku region in the 10th century, oil and petroleum gas were used for boiling water, cooking food, burning lime, as well as for medicinal and military purposes. During this period, oil was used that self-flowed to the surface from natural outlets. The work of Marco Polo (late 13th century) speaks of springs that flowed with such force that a hundred ships could be loaded with oil in one hour; The construction of primitive oil wells is noted.
Various limestones were increasingly used for construction (fortresses near Shahbulak in the Aghdam region and Shirvan Shahs in Shemakha, the palace of the Shirvan Shahs and the Maiden Tower in Baku, etc.). The origins of artisanal oil production date back to the end of the 16th century. The development involved extracting oil from wells from a depth of 30-40 m. A. Olearius, who visited the Caspian coast in 1636, notes that oil from wells was extracted in large quantities for sale. The first detailed description of the Baku well was made by E. Kaempfer in 1683. Oil was scooped out of the wells with leather buckets using manual gates; only one well (the richest in oil) was equipped with a special lifting mechanism driven by two horses. About 30 workers were employed in the fields; the labor productivity of each barely reached 23 pounds per day. Peter I issued special decrees on the procedure for extracting oil and in a letter to General M.A. Matyushkin demanded the sending of “a thousand pounds of oil or as much as possible, and look for a master” (1723). At the beginning of the 19th century. Attempts to extract oil in the Caspian Sea are known (two wells about 2.5 m deep, dug by the Azerbaijani Kasymbek 20 and 30 m from the coast on the territory of Bibi-Heybat Bay).
The revival of the mining industry in Azerbaijan occurred at the beginning of the 19th century in connection with its annexation to Russia. During these years, Russian mining engineers, on behalf of a mining expedition organized in Tbilisi, carried out revision surveys and descriptions of deposits of ore and non-metallic minerals known at that time, which contributed to the improvement of development systems and the growth of raw material extraction. Well method of oil extraction until the mid-19th century. has not undergone any significant changes.
In the late 40s - early 50s. 19th century began to take root. In 1848, the first three exploration wells were drilled at the Bibi-Heybat field using manual gates. In 1869 and 1871, two production wells were built in Balakhany. In 1872, 1,395,114 pounds of oil were produced in the Baku region. On February 1, 1872, the tax-farm system was abolished and a regulation on oil fields on the basis of free competition was introduced. In 1873, there were 12 companies operating in the Baku fields, in 1883 - 79, in 1913 - 180. In 1873, 9 wells were operating (average depth 47 m), in 1900-170 wells (298 m), most of them were located in Balakhanskaya, Sabunchinskaya, Bibi-Heybat, Ramaninskaya squares. The first was built in 1860 in Surakhany, in 1861 on the island. Saint (now Artyoma Island) is a paraffin plant. In 1878, an oil pipeline was built in Balakhani from the fields to the oil refinery, and in 1897 - 1907, according to the design of the Russian engineer V. G. Shukhov, the largest product pipeline in the world at that time, Baku - Batumi (diameter 200 mm, length 835 km), was put into operation. with 16 pumping stations. In 1901, oil production in the Baku region reached 11.5 million tons. In Balakhani, for the first time in the history of the world oil industry, compressor operation of wells was used. In 1911, they used it in Surakhany; until 1917, 12 wells were drilled using this method. Since 1915, oil began to be extracted in Rameny, and in 1916 the gas-lift production method was first tested there. By 1920, the oil fields were almost completely destroyed (oil production 2.9 million tons).
Mining. The share of the mining industry in the total volume of industrial production is about 6% (in terms of gross output, 1980). The dynamics of mineral extraction are shown in the table, the location of the mining industry is shown on the map (map).
Oil and gas industry. After the establishment of Soviet power in Azerbaijan and the nationalization of industry, its restoration and reconstruction was carried out. On the personal instructions of V.I. Lenin, measures were developed to restore the destroyed oil pipelines of Absheron and increase oil production. The first five-year plan (1929-32) was completed in 2.5 years. Turbines were used
Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
The Azerbaijan SSR (Azerbaijan) is located in the eastern part of Transcaucasia. It borders on the south with Iran and Turkey. In the east it is washed by the Caspian Sea. Area 86.6 thousand. km 2. Population 5689 thousand people. (as of January 1, 1976). National composition (according to the 1970 census, thousand people): Azerbaijanis 3777, Russians 510, Armenians 484, Lezgins 137, etc. Average population density 65.7 people. by 1 km 2(as of January 1, 1976). The capital is Baku (1,406 thousand inhabitants as of January 1, 1976). The largest city is Kirovabad (211 thousand inhabitants). New cities have grown: Sumgait (168 thousand inhabitants), Mingachevir, Stepanakert, Ali-Bayramly, Dashkesan, etc. The Azerbaijan SSR includes the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Okrug. There are 61 districts, 60 cities and 125 urban-type settlements in the republic.
Nature. Almost 1/2 of the territory of the Azerbaijan SSR is occupied by mountains. In the north is the southeastern part of the Greater Caucasus, in the south is the Lesser Caucasus, between which the Kura Depression is located; to the south-east - Talysh Mountains, in the south-west. (a separate territory of the Armenian SSR) - the Middle Araxes basin and its northern mountain frame - the Daralagez (Ayots Dzor) and Zangezur ridges. The highest point is the city of Bazarduzu (4480 m). Minerals: oil, gas, iron and polymetallic ores, alunite. The climate and soil and vegetation cover are characterized by altitudinal zonation. The climate changes from dry and humid subtropical to the climate of upland tundras. In lowland areas, the average temperature in July is 25-28 °C, in January from 3 °C to 1.5-2 °C, temperatures drop above (up to -10 °C in the highlands). Precipitation from 200-300 mm in year in coastal and lowland areas (excluding Lankaran lowland - 1200-1400 mm) up to 1300 mm on the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus. The main river is Kura. The most significant lakes are Hajikabul and Boyukshor. The predominant vegetation is dry steppes, semi-deserts and high-mountain meadows on various types of chestnut, brown, sierozem and mountain meadow soils. On the mountain slopes there are broad-leaved forests on mountain forest soils; 11% of the territory is occupied by forests
Historical reference. Class society on the territory of Azerbaijan arose at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e. From the 9th century BC e. There were ancient states: Mana, Media, Atropatena, Caucasian Albania. In the 3rd-10th centuries. n. e. the territory was under the rule of the Iranian Sassanids and the Arab Caliphate; This period includes anti-feudal, liberation protests (anti-Sasanian uprisings, the Mazdakite movement, Babek's uprising). By 9-16 centuries. include the feudal states of the Shirvanshahs, Hulagunds and others. In the 11th-13th centuries. The Azerbaijani nationality was mainly formed. In the 11th-14th centuries. There were invasions of the Seljuk Turks, Mongol-Tatars, and Timur. In the 16th-18th centuries. territory within the Safavid state; was the object of a struggle between Iran and Turkey; people's liberation movement (Kor-ogly, etc.). From the middle of the 18th century. there were over 15 feudal states (Sheki, Karabakh, Kuba khanates, etc.). In the 1st third of the 19th century. Northern Azerbaijan is annexed to Russia. The peasant reform of 1870 accelerated the development of capitalism; by the end of the 19th century. Baku is the largest industrial center; the first social democratic organizations appeared; the working class waged a strike struggle (Baku strikes). Working people took part in the Revolution of 1905-07, the February Revolution of 1917 and the Great October Socialist Revolution. Soviet power was established in November 1917, the Baku Commune was formed - a stronghold of Soviet power in Transcaucasia. In the summer of 1918, the Anglo-Turkish intervention began, the Musavatists seized power. With the help of the Red Army, the working people restored Soviet power. On April 28, 1920, the Azerbaijani SSR was proclaimed, which from March 12, 1922 was part of the TSFSR, and from December 5, 1936 directly into the USSR as a union republic. As a result of industrialization, collectivization of agriculture and the cultural revolution carried out under the leadership of the Communist Party, a basically socialist society was built in the republic.
During the Great Patriotic War, the Azerbaijani people mobilized all their forces to repel fascist aggression.
As of January 1, 1976, the Communist Party of Azerbaijan had 276,508 members and 11,315 candidates for party membership; in the ranks of the Leninist Communist Youth Union of Azerbaijan there were 647,315 members; There are over 1657.1 thousand trade union members in the republic.
The Azerbaijani people, together with all the fraternal peoples of the USSR, achieved new successes in communist construction in the post-war decades.
The Azerbaijan SSR was awarded 2 Orders of Lenin (1935, 1964), the Order of the October Revolution (1970) and the Order of Friendship of Peoples (1972).
Economy. Over the years of socialist construction, Azerbaijan has become an industrial-agrarian republic. In the national economy of the USSR, Azerbaijan stands out for its oil, oil refining and related chemical industries, as well as mechanical engineering.
Azerbaijan has developed economic ties with all union republics.
In 1975, the volume of industrial output exceeded the level of 1940 by 8.3 times, and the level of 1913 by 49 times.
For the production of the most important types of industrial products, see the data in table. 1.
Table 1. - Production of the most important types of industrial products
| Oil (including gas condensate), million. T | |||
| Gas, million m 3 | |||
| Electricity, billion. kWh | |||
| Iron ore, thousand T | |||
| Steel, thousand T | |||
| Rolled ferrous metals (finished), thousand. T | |||
| Sulfuric acid in monohydrate, thousand. T | |||
| Mineral fertilizers (in conventional units), thousand. T | |||
| Pumping machines, thousand pcs. | |||
| Deep well pumps, thousand pcs. | |||
| Cement, thousand T | |||
| Cotton fiber, thousand T | |||
| Cotton fabrics, million. m | |||
| Woolen fabrics, million. m | |||
| Silk fabrics, million. m | |||
| Leather shoes, million pairs | |||
| Fish catch, catch of sea animals, thousand. T | |||
| Canned food, million conventional cans | |||
| Grape wine, thousand gave* | |||
| Meat, thousand T |
* Without wine, the processing and bottling of which is carried out on the territory of other republics.
90% of electricity is produced at thermal power plants, of which the most significant is the Ali-Bayramly State District Power Plant (1100 MW). The Azerbaijan State District Power Plant is under construction (1977). Azerbaijan is the oldest region in the USSR for oil production (produced on the Absheron Peninsula, in the Kura-Araks Lowland, in offshore fields) and gas. The oil refining and petrochemical industries, mechanical engineering, non-ferrous metallurgy, light and food industries are developed.
Gross agricultural output in 1975 compared to 1940 increased 3.5 times. At the end of 1975 there were 496 state farms and 873 collective farms. In 1975, 30.8 thousand tractors (in physical units; 6.1 thousand in 1940), 4.4 thousand grain harvesters (0.7 thousand in 1940), 22.1 thousand trucks worked in agriculture . Agricultural land in 1975 amounted to 4.1 million. ha(47.1% of the entire territory), including arable land - 1.4 million. ha, hayfields - 0.1 million ha and pastures - 2 million. ha. Irrigation is important for agriculture. The area of irrigated land in 1975 reached 1141 thousand. ha. The largest canals are: Verkhne-Shirvan, Verkhne-Karabakh and Samur-Apsheron. Agricultural products account for 65% of all gross agricultural output (1975). For data on sown areas and gross harvest of agricultural crops, see table. 2.
Table 2. - Sown areas and gross harvest of agricultural crops
| Total sown area, thousand. ha | |||
| Cereals | |||
| Including: | |||
| corn (grain) | |||
| Industrial crops | |||
| Including: | |||
| cotton | |||
| Potato | |||
| Forage crops | |||
| Gross collection, thousand T | |||
| Grain crops, thousand T | |||
| Including: wheat | |||
| corn (for grain) | |||
| Raw cotton | |||
| Potato | |||
One of the leading branches of agriculture is cotton growing, which provides more than 30% of the proceeds from the sale of agricultural products on collective and state farms. High-quality varieties of tobacco are grown. The Azerbaijan SSR is one of the all-Union bases of early vegetable growing. The area of vineyards is 178 thousand. ha in 1975 (33 thousand) ha in 1940), fruit and berry plantings - 147 thousand. ha(37 thousand ha in 1940), tea plantings - 8.5 thousand. ha(5.1 thousand ha in 1940). Gross grape harvest - 706 thousand. T in 1975 (81 thousand T in 1940), fruits and berries - 151.9 thousand. T(115 thousand T in 1940), tea - 13.1 thousand. T(0.24 thousand T in 1940).
An important place in agriculture is occupied by livestock farming for meat, wool and meat and dairy production (see Table 3). It provides 15% of the proceeds from the sale of agricultural products on collective and state farms. On the growth of livestock production, see the data in table. 4.
| Cattle | |||
| including cows and buffaloes | |||
| Sheep and goats | |||
| Poultry, million |
Table 4. - Production of basic livestock products
| Meat (in slaughter weight), thousand. T | |||
| Milk, thousand T | |||
| Eggs, million pieces | |||
| Wool, thousand T |
The main mode of transport is railway. The operational length of the railways is 1.85 thousand. km. The length of roads is 22 thousand. km(1975), including hard surface 14.7 thousand. km. The major port is Baku. There are 0.5 thousand navigable river routes. km. Air transport is developed. There are operating oil pipelines: Baku - Batumi, Ali-Bayramli - Baku; gas pipelines: Karadag - Akstafa with branches to Yerevan and Tbilisi, Karadag - Sumgait, Ali-Bayramli - Karadag.
The standard of living of the population of the republic is steadily increasing. National income for 1966-75 increased 1.8 times. Real income per capita in 1975 compared to 1965 increased 1.5 times. Retail turnover of state and cooperative trade (including public catering) increased from 297 million rubles. in 1940 to 2757 million rubles. in 1975, while trade turnover per capita quadrupled. The amount of deposits in savings banks in 1975 reached 896 million rubles. (8 million rubles in 1940), the average deposit is 941 rubles. (26 rubles in 1940). At the end of 1975, the city's housing stock amounted to 28.5 million. m 2 total (usable) area. During 1971-75, 6.9 million were put into operation at the expense of the state, collective farms and the population. m 2 total (usable) area.
Cultural construction. According to the 1897 census, literate people made up 9.2% of the population, among men - 13.1%, among women - 4.2%. In the 1914/15 school year. There were 976 secondary schools of all types (73.1 thousand students), 3 secondary specialized educational institutions (455 students), and no higher educational institutions. After the establishment of Soviet power, a new school was created with teaching in the native language. By 1939, literacy of the population had risen to 82.8%; according to the 1970 census, it reached 99.6%. In 1975, 127 thousand children were educated in permanent preschool institutions.
In the 1975/76 school year. In 4618 general education schools of all types, 1656 thousand students studied, in 125 vocational educational institutions - 63.3 thousand students (including 49 vocational educational institutions providing secondary education - 30.9 thousand students), in 78 secondary specialized educational institutions - 72.3 thousand students, in 17 universities - 99.0 thousand students. The largest universities: Azerbaijan University, Azerbaijan Institute of Oil and Chemistry, Azerbaijan Medical Institute, Conservatory.
In 1975, per 1000 people employed in the national economy, there were 775 people. with higher and secondary (complete and incomplete) education (122 people in 1939). The leading scientific institution of the republic is the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR. As of January 1, 1976, 21.3 thousand researchers worked in scientific institutions.
The network of cultural institutions has received significant development. On January 1, 1975, there were 14 theaters, including the Azerbaijan Opera and Ballet Theater. M. F. Akhundov, Azerbaijan Drama Theater named after. M. Azizbekov, Russian Drama Theater named after. S. Vurgun, Theater for Young Spectators named after. M. Gorky, Musical Comedy Theater named after. Sh. Kurbanov, Azerbaijan Drama Theater named after. J. Jabarli; 2.2 thousand stationary cinema installations; 2806 club establishments. The largest republican library: State Library of the Azerbaijan SSR named after. M. F. Akhundov in Baku (founded in 1923, over 3 million copies of books, brochures, magazines, etc.); there were: 3,479 public libraries (26.7 million copies of books and magazines), 41 museums.
In 1975, 1,156 titles of books and brochures were published with a circulation of 11.3 million copies, including 799 publications in the Azerbaijani language with a circulation of 9.1 million copies. (1141 titles with a circulation of 4974 thousand copies in 1940). 123 magazine publications were published (single circulation 1,771 thousand copies, annual circulation 34.8 million copies), including 71 publications in the Azerbaijani language (44 publications with an annual circulation of 722 thousand copies in 1940). 117 newspapers were published. The total one-time circulation of newspapers is 2,711 thousand copies, the annual circulation is 519 million copies.
The Azerbaijan Telegraph Agency (AzTAG) was created in 1920, since 1972 - Azerinform. The Republican Book Chamber has been operating since 1925. The first radio broadcasts began in Baku in 1926. In 1956, the Baku Television Center came into operation. Radio and television programs are conducted in Azerbaijani, Russian and Armenian.
In the republic in 1975 there were 748 hospital institutions with 54.8 thousand beds (222 hospitals with 12.6 thousand beds in 1940); 16.5 thousand doctors and 46.5 thousand paramedical personnel worked (3.3 thousand doctors and 7.5 thousand paramedical personnel in 1940). Popular balneological resorts: Istisu, Naftalan and etc.
Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
The Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed on February 9, 1924. It is located in the south of Transcaucasia. Borders on the southwest. with Turkey and Iran. Area 5.5 thousand. km 2. Population 227 thousand people. (as of January 1, 1976). National composition (according to the 1970 census, thousand people): Azerbaijanis 190, Armenians 6, Russians 4, etc. Average population density 41.2 people. by 1 km 2(as of January 1, 1976). The capital is Nakhchivan.
In 1975, the volume of industrial output exceeded the 1940 level by 12 times. The food and mining industries stand out. There are electrical, metalworking, woodworking, and construction materials industries.
In 1975 there were 24 state farms and 49 collective farms. Irrigated farming predominates in agriculture. The sown area of all agricultural crops in 1975 amounted to 40 thousand. ha. They cultivate cotton, tobacco and vegetables. Gardening and viticulture are developed. They raise mainly sheep and cattle. Livestock (as of January 1, 1976, thousand): 61 cattle, 312 sheep and goats.
In the 1975/76 school year. 71.9 thousand students studied in 225 general education schools of all types (before the establishment of Soviet power, 6.2 thousand students studied in general education schools), in 3 vocational schools - 1.1 thousand students (in 1 secondary vocational school - 600 students), in 4 secondary specialized educational institutions - 1.5 thousand students, in the pedagogical institute in Nakhichevan - 2.1 thousand students (before the establishment of Soviet power there were no secondary specialized and higher educational institutions).
In 1975, per 1000 people employed in the national economy, there were 773 people. with higher and secondary (complete or incomplete) education.
Among the scientific institutions is the scientific center of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR in Nakhichevan.
In 1975 there were: 1 theater, 238 public libraries, 3 museums, 218 club institutions, 180 stationary film installations.
In 1975, 0.4 thousand doctors worked in the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, i.e. 1 doctor for 608 inhabitants. (58 doctors, i.e. 1 doctor per 2.3 thousand inhabitants, in 1940); there were 2.1 thousand hospital beds (0.4 thousand beds in 1940).
The Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was awarded the Order of Lenin (1967), the Order of Friendship of Peoples (1972) and the Order of the October Revolution (1974).
Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region
Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Okrug was formed on July 7, 1923. Located in the southeastern part of the Lesser Caucasus. Area 4.4 thousand. km 2. Population 156 thousand people. (as of January 1, 1976). Average population density 35.4 people. by 1 km 2. Center - Stepanakert.
In 1975, the volume of industrial output exceeded the 1940 level by 11 times. The food and light industries are the most developed. A new industry is electrical engineering. There are forestry, woodworking industries, and production of building materials. Carpet weaving. In 1975 there were 18 state farms and 64 collective farms. The sown area of all agricultural crops in 1975 amounted to 63.1 thousand. ha. They cultivate grains, cotton, tobacco, and fodder crops. Viticulture and fruit growing are developed. Animal husbandry for meat, milk and wool production. Livestock (as of January 1, 1975, thousand): cattle 86.8, sheep and goats 290.2, pigs 69.1.
In the 1975/76 school year. over 42 thousand students studied in 205 general education schools of all types, over 1.6 thousand students in 4 vocational educational institutions, over 1.8 thousand students in 5 secondary specialized educational institutions, and at the Pedagogical Institute in Stepanakert - 1.6 thousand students. Among the scientific institutions: Karabakh scientific and experimental base of the Institute of Genetics and Selection of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR.
In 1975 there were: 1 theater, 188 public libraries, 3 museums, 222 club institutions, 188 stationary film installations.
In 1975, there were 312 doctors working, i.e., 1 doctor for 499 people; there were 1.6 thousand hospital beds.
The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region was awarded the Order of Lenin (1967) and the Order of Friendship of Peoples (1972).
The Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (Azerbaijani: Azәarbaјchan Sovet Sosialist Respublikasy) is one of the republics of the Soviet Union. It existed from April 28, 1920 to August 30, 1991. The Azerbaijan SSR was formed on April 28, 1920 immediately after the fall of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. From March 12, 1922 to December 5, 1936 it was part of the Transcaucasian Federation, and from December 5, 1936 it entered directly into the USSR as a Union Republic. Location - in the southeastern part of Transcaucasia. It bordered in the north with the RSFSR (Dagestan ASSR), in the northwest with the Georgian SSR, in the southwest with the Armenian SSR and Turkey, in the south with Iran. In the east it was washed by the Caspian Sea...
The Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (Azerbaijani: Azәarbaјchan Sovet Sosialist Respublikasy) is one of the republics of the Soviet Union. It existed from April 28, 1920 to August 30, 1991. The Azerbaijan SSR was formed on April 28, 1920 immediately after the fall of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. From March 12, 1922 to December 5, 1936 it was part of the Transcaucasian Federation, and from December 5, 1936 it entered directly into the USSR as a Union Republic. Location - in the southeastern part of Transcaucasia. It bordered in the north with the RSFSR (Dagestan ASSR), in the northwest with the Georgian SSR, in the southwest with the Armenian SSR and Turkey, in the south with Iran. In the east, it was washed by the Caspian Sea with an area of 86.6 thousand km?, including the islands of the Caspian Sea (as a result of the fall in the level of the Caspian Sea, the territory of A. increased over time by 3.5 thousand km?). Population 5042 thousand people. (as of January 1, 1969, estimate). The capital is Baku. The Azerbaijan SSR included the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region. The republic was divided into 60 districts, had 57 cities (in 1913 there were 13), and 119 urban-type settlements. In 1985, the policy of Perestroika and democratization began in the Soviet Union, which led, in particular, to the weakening of the previously existing strict control of the central and party authorities in the country and the Soviet Union as a state as a whole. Since 1987, on the territory of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region of the Azerbaijan SSR (populated mainly by Armenians), the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict, which had been smoldering in Soviet times, began to flare up on the basis of Armenian separatism. From the very beginning, the conflict was marred by a wave of ethnic violence (the Sumgait pogrom, which was a provocation of Armenian nationalists). At the same time, tensions constantly increased, and deaths and refugees appeared on both sides. The consequence of this was the Armenian pogroms in January 1990, which grew into an anti-Soviet uprising coordinated by the Popular Front of Azerbaijan. The uprising was suppressed by the Soviet army, however, despite this, since the spring of 1991 the conflict has turned into open armed confrontation. After the August putsch on August 19-21, 1991, already on August 30, the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR declared the independence of the republic.
In 1988, the Popular Front of Azerbaijan was formed, which became the head of the Azerbaijani national movement, which intensified against the backdrop of the Karabakh conflict.
Perestroika gave new impetus to the movement for the reunification of Karabakh with Armenia. In Karabakh, supporters of this idea created the “Krunk” society (translated from Armenian as “crane”, a symbol of homesickness). At the end of 1987, rallies began in Stepanakert, the administrative center of the autonomy, in support of this initiative. This was followed by official steps: at the beginning of 1988, four of the five district councils of Nagorno-Karabakh (the exception was the Shusha district, where the majority of the population was Azerbaijanis) voted for unification with Armenia.
Protesters with the ADR flag on Lenin Square (now Freedom Square). Baku, 1988
Rallies continued both in Stepanakert and Yerevan. Against this background, on February 20, 1988, a session of the regional council of the NKAO was held, at which it was decided to appeal to the Supreme Council of the USSR with a request to include Karabakh as part of Armenia.
On February 27, Armenian pogroms began in Sumgait, an industrial center several tens of kilometers from Baku. The police were almost useless. Brutal murders of Armenians, torture and rape were committed in Sumgait. According to official data alone, 32 people were killed (26 Armenians and 6 Azerbaijanis), and several hundred were injured. The pogroms were stopped only in the evening of February 29, after internal troops were brought into Sumgayit. About 80 people were later convicted of these crimes.
The consequence of the February events was an increase in the flow of refugees - Armenians from Azerbaijan and Azerbaijanis from Armenia. Some of them were expelled from their places of residence, others were in a hurry to leave, fearing persecution from the titular nation. As of 1989, the total number of refugees amounted to several hundred thousand people.
The Union Center ordered the creation of a commission “to study the issue of improving the economy, culture and welfare of the NKAO”, and also sent a special representative to the region. This was Arkady Volsky, who had previously headed the mechanical engineering department of the CPSU Central Committee. At the beginning of 1989, Volsky was appointed head of the Special Administration Committee of the NKAO. In fact, power over the region was transferred to this committee. The KOU, subordinate to the union center, received the right to control the work of industrial enterprises, the activities of the media, and also dissolve public organizations. Earlier (in September 1988), a state of emergency was introduced in Karabakh - against the backdrop of the interethnic clashes taking place there. The committee existed until November 1989.
In 1989, Azerbaijan began to gradually block communications with Armenia. The movement of passenger trains and buses running across the border was stopped. Flights on the Baku-Yerevan route have been stopped. In September, Azerbaijan also stopped passing transit freight trains heading to Armenia. The transport system was designed in such a way that the bulk of cargo was delivered to Armenia through Azerbaijan. Now this direction has been blocked. In addition, Baku decided to cut off the supply of natural gas to the neighboring republic. For Armenia, this was a particularly strong blow, since not so long ago (in December 1988) it experienced the devastating Spitak earthquake and was in dire need, in particular, of building materials for reconstruction work. Enterprises in Armenia began to shut down due to a lack of raw materials, and fuel became extremely scarce. Part of the cargo destined for Armenia was redirected through Georgia. The Azerbaijanis demanded that Georgia join the blockade, and upon receiving a refusal, they stopped allowing oil products into the republic. For Armenia, the railway line that passed through Georgia became the “road of life.” The blockade of Armenia was declared not by the Azerbaijani authorities (although this was fully consistent with their policy), but by the Azerbaijani Popular Front. Popular Front activists organized this action under the guise of a strike. They demanded that Armenia refuse unification with Karabakh and stop helping the Karabakh Armenians.
On September 23, 1989, the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR adopted the Constitutional Law on the sovereignty of the Azerbaijan SSR. On December 29 of the same year in Jalilabad, Popular Front activists seized the building of the city party committee, and dozens of people were injured. On December 31, on the territory of the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, crowds of people destroyed the state border with Iran. Almost 700 km of the border was destroyed. Thousands of Azerbaijanis crossed the Araks River, excited by the first opportunity in decades to fraternize with their compatriots in Iran. On January 10, 1990, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a resolution “On gross violations of the law on the state border of the USSR on the territory of the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic,” strongly condemning what happened.
On January 11, 1990, a group of radical members of the Popular Front stormed several administrative buildings and seized power in the city of Lankaran, overthrowing Soviet power. On January 13, Armenian pogroms began in Baku, killing dozens of people. On January 19, an emergency session of the Supreme Council of the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic adopted a resolution on the withdrawal of the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from the USSR and the declaration of independence. On the night of January 19–20, the Soviet army stormed Baku, resulting in the death of more than a hundred civilians.
Despite this, until August 1991, the Caspian republic was considered by many almost as an outpost of Moscow in Transcaucasia. Azerbaijan was the only one of the three Transcaucasian entities that took part in the referendum on preserving the “renewed” USSR on March 17, 1991, as well as in the “Novo-Ogarevo process” (preparation of a new Union Treaty). Unlike Armenia, where the Communist Party lost its position in power back in 1990, the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan was headed by a representative of the Republican Communist Party, Ayaz Mutalibov. However, such an “outpost” role was situational. Baku sought to maintain control over Nagorno-Karabakh and in this matter tried to rely on the allied authorities, although by 1991 it already had a long list of claims against the Kremlin.
As soon as Baku realized that the Union would soon collapse (and the failure to sign the new Union Treaty spoke eloquently about this), an intensive process of state self-determination began. More similar to the path of such a pioneer in the struggle for secession from the USSR as Georgia. On August 30, 1991, the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan adopted the Declaration of secession from the USSR and independence of the republic. The “restoration” of Azerbaijan’s independence was proclaimed, and continuity with the first Azerbaijani state, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920), was emphasized.
In response to this, on September 2, 1991, a joint session of the Nagorno-Karabakh Regional Council and the Council of People's Deputies of the Shaumyan region proclaimed the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR) within the borders of the former autonomy and region. At the same time, the Declaration on the Proclamation of the NKR was adopted.
On September 10, the Extraordinary Congress of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan is held, at which a decision is made to dissolve the Communist Party.
On October 18, the Constitutional Act “On State Independence of the Azerbaijan Republic” was adopted. On December 29, a referendum on state independence was held in Azerbaijan, in which 99.58% of the referendum participants voted for independence.
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CONSTITUTIONAL LAW OF THE AZERBAIJAN SSR
ON THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE AZERBAIJAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC
The Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, based on the right of every nation to self-determination, on the basis of the freely expressed will of the people of the republic on the basis of equality and preservation of its sovereignty, united with other Soviet republics into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR: based on the inalienable right of the people of the Azerbaijan SSR to free, independent determination of their destiny;
Realizing that only the free and equal unification of Soviet nations within the framework of a socialist federation guarantees their all-round development;
Aware of the urgent need to free allied relations from various types of deformations that arose as a result of the departure from the Leninist concept of the Soviet Union State;
guided by the basic principles proclaimed in the Treaty on the Formation of the USSR and the provisions of the current Constitution of the USSR on the sovereignty of the Union republics;
Considering it necessary to bring the legislation of the Azerbaijan SSR into conformity with its status as a sovereign republic within the USSR, adopts this Constitutional Law.
1. The Azerbaijan SSR is a sovereign socialist state within the USSR. All power in the Azerbaijan SSR belongs to the people and comes from the people. The people exercise state power both directly and through the Councils of People's Deputies, which form the political basis of the Azerbaijan SSR.
The sovereignty of the Azerbaijan SSR is expressed in the independent exercise of the highest legislative, executive and judicial power by the Azerbaijan SSR throughout its territory in the interests of the entire multinational people of the republic.
The protection of the sovereign rights of the Azerbaijan SSR is carried out by the Azerbaijan SSR and the CCF Union.
2. The Azerbaijan SSR independently resolves all issues related to political, economic, socio-cultural construction in the republic, its administrative and territorial structure. Any interference in the resolution of issues constituting the inalienable right of the Azerbaijan SSR must be regarded as a violation of its sovereign rights.
The competence of the Azerbaijan SSR is limited only on issues voluntarily delegated by the republic itself to the USSR.
3. The constitutional and legal status of the Azerbaijan SSR cannot be changed without the consent of the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR.
4. Relations between the Azerbaijan SSR and the Union of SSR are built on a contractual basis, based on the sovereignty of the SSR and the sovereignty of the Azerbaijan SSR.
The relations of the Azerbaijan SSR with the union republics are built on the principles of their equality, cooperation, mutual respect for sovereign rights and non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.
5. The sovereignty of the Azerbaijan SSR extends to the entire territory of the republic, including the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region, which are an integral part of Azerbaijan.
The territory of the Azerbaijan SSR is inalienable and cannot be changed without its consent, expressed by popular vote (referendum), held by decision of the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR among the entire population of the republic.
The borders of the Azerbaijan SSR with other union republics can only be changed by mutual agreement with the corresponding republics.
6. The laws of the Azerbaijan SSR are valid throughout the entire territory of the Azerbaijan SSR. The laws of the USSR are in force on the territory of the Azerbaijan SSR and do not violate the sovereign rights of the Azerbaijan SSR.
7. The Azerbaijan SSR has the right to freely secede from the USSR. This right is exercised through a popular vote (referendum), carried out by decision of the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR among the entire population of the republic.
8. In the interests of protecting the Azerbaijan SSR, its sovereignty and the safety of citizens, the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR, if necessary, may declare a state of emergency throughout the republic or in its individual localities with the introduction of special forms of administration carried out by state bodies of the Azerbaijan SSR.
9. The Azerbaijan SSR participates in resolving issues within the jurisdiction of the USSR in the highest bodies of state power and administration of the USSR and other bodies of the USSR. This right is guaranteed by ensuring the representation of the Azerbaijan SSR in the bodies of state power and administration of the Union on an equal basis with other union republics.
10. The land, its subsoil, forests, waters and other natural resources of the Azerbaijan SSR are national wealth, state property of the republic and belong to the people of Azerbaijan.
The people of the Azerbaijan SSR, represented by their highest bodies of state power and administration, have the inalienable right to dispose of the natural, material and technical resources of the republic.
The procedure for the use and exploitation of natural resources located on the territory of the republic is established by the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR.
11. The Azerbaijan SSR is taking measures to ensure the economic independence of the republic.
The Azerbaijan SSR ensures comprehensive economic, social and cultural development on its territory, exercises control over the activities of all enterprises, institutions and organizations located on the territory of the republic.
12. The following are subject to the jurisdiction of the Azerbaijan SSR represented by its highest bodies of state power and administration:
1) adoption of the Constitution of the Azerbaijan SSR and amendments to it)
2) monitoring compliance with the Constitution of the Azerbaijan SSR and ensuring compliance of the Constitution of the Nakhichevan ASSR with the Constitution of the Azerbaijan SSR;
3) the formation of autonomous republics and autonomous regions within the Azerbaijan SSR and their abolition; 4) legislation of the Azerbaijan SSR;
5) protection of the sovereignty of the republic, state order, rights and freedoms of citizens;
6) establishing the procedure for the organization and activities of supreme and local bodies of state power and administration;
7) implementation of a unified socio-economic policy, management of the economy of the Azerbaijan SSR; ensuring scientific and technological progress; implementation of measures for the rational use and protection of natural resources;
8) development and approval of state plans for the economic and social development of the Azerbaijan SSR, the state budget of the Azerbaijan SSR and approval of reports on their implementation; management of the implementation of the state budget of the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, budgets of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region, districts and cities of republican subordination;
9) establishing control over the activities of financial and credit institutions, the republic’s income received for the formation of the state budget of the Azerbaijan SSR and the State budget of the USSR;
10) management of all sectors of the national economy of the republic;
management of housing and communal services, trade and public catering, consumer services for the population, housing construction and improvement of cities and other settlements, road construction and transport of the Azerbaijan SSR;
11) establishing the procedure for the use of land, subsoil, forests and waters; implementation of environmental policy;
12) management of public education, cultural and cultural organizations and institutions of the Azerbaijan SSR, healthcare, physical culture and sports, social security; protection of historical, cultural and natural monuments;
13) management of internal affairs and state security bodies;
14) creation of the Constitutional Oversight Committee; formation of courts and other justice bodies of the republic, determination of their competence and operating procedures;
15) amnesty and pardon of citizens convicted by the courts of the Azerbaijan SSR;
16) management of political, economic, scientific and cultural relations with foreign countries;
17) representation of the republic in international relations;
18) resolving other issues of republican significance. 13. The state language of the Azerbaijan SSR is the Azerbaijani language.
The Azerbaijan SSR ensures the use of the Azerbaijani language in state and public bodies, cultural, educational and other institutions and carries out state concern for its comprehensive development.
The Azerbaijan SSR ensures the free use and development of the Russian language and other languages of the population that it uses.
14. The Azerbaijan SSR has the right to enter into direct relations with foreign states, conclude agreements with them and exchange diplomatic and consular representatives, and participate in the activities of international organizations.
15. The symbols of the state sovereignty of the Azerbaijan SSR - the flag, coat of arms, anthem - are sacred, and any outrage against them is punishable by law.
This Law comes into force on September 25, 1989.
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR E. Kafarova
Secretary of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR R. Kazieva
Baku, September 23, 1989
DECLARATION
Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan Republic
On the restoration of state independence of the Azerbaijan Republic
Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan Republic,
- guided by the highest state interests of the people of Azerbaijan and expressing their will;
- noting that from 1918 to 1920 the Republic of Azerbaijan existed as an independent state recognized by the international community;
- based on the Constitution of the Azerbaijan Republic, constitutional laws on the sovereignty of the Azerbaijan Republic and the foundations of the economic independence of the Azerbaijan Republic;
- realizing their responsibility for the fate and ensuring the free development of the people of Azerbaijan;
- guaranteeing the rights and fundamental human freedoms provided for by international acts to all citizens of the Republic of Azerbaijan, regardless of nationality and religion;
- seeking to prevent a threat to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic of Azerbaijan;
- guided by the sacred duty to ensure the security and inviolability of the state borders of the Republic of Azerbaijan;
- realizing the need to consolidate all patriotic forces of the republic;
- recognizing international pacts, conventions and other documents that do not contradict the interests of the Azerbaijan Republic and its people, wishing to continue to maintain friendly relations with all republics of the USSR;
- expressing readiness to establish equal relations with member states of the international community,
- hoping for recognition of the state independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan by member states of the international community and the United Nations in accordance with other international legal covenants and conventions adopted and enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations;
proclaims the restoration of state independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
The Declaration was adopted on August 30, 1991
At the extraordinary session of the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan Republic
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