Description of the image of Pyotr Grinev in the work of A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter". Captain's daughter characterization of the image Grinev Petr Andreevich (Petrusha) Means for creating the image of Peter Grinev

1 option

Pyotr Andreevich Grinev (Petrusha) is the main character of the story. On his behalf, a narration is being conducted (in the form of "notes for the memory of posterity") about the events during the peasant revolt led by Pugachev.
By the will of fate, G. found himself between two warring camps: government troops and the insurgent Cossacks. In critical conditions, he managed to remain faithful to the officer's oath and remain an honest, worthy, noble person, independently managing his own destiny.
G. is the son of a retired military man, a simple but honest man who puts honor above all else. The serf Savelich brings up the hero.
At the age of 16, G. goes to serve. He, at the request of his father, who wants his son to "sniff the gunpowder", ends up in the remote Belogorsk fortress. On the way there, G. and Savelich fall into a snowstorm, from which some peasant takes them out. In gratitude, G. gives him his hare sheepskin coat and half a ruble for vodka.
In the fortress, G. falls in love with the daughter of the commandant Masha Mironova and fights because of her in a duel with lieutenant Shvabrin. He wounds G. After the duel, the hero asks his parents for blessings for marriage with the dowry Masha, but is refused.
At this time, the fortress captures Pugachev. He accidentally recognizes Savelich and releases G. from the besieged fortress. Already in Orenburg, G. learns that Masha is in the hands of Shvabrin. He goes to Pugachev's lair to help her. The impostor is touched by the story of the helpless girl and lets her go with G., blessing the young. On the way, the heroes are ambushed by government troops. G. sends Masha to his father's estate. He himself remains in the detachment, where he is arrested on the denunciation of Shvabrin, who accuses G. of treason. But loving Masha saves the hero. He is present at the execution of Pugachev, who recognizes him in the crowd and at the last moment nods to him. Worthy of going through all the trials of life, at the end of his life G. is biographical notes for youth, which fall into the hands of the publisher and printed.

Option 2
Pyotr Grinev is the main character of the story. He is 17 years old, he is a Russian nobleman who has just entered the military service. One of the main qualities of Grinev is sincerity. He is sincere with the characters of the novel and with the readers. Telling his own life, he did not seek to embellish it. On the eve of the duel with Shvabrin, he is excited and does not hide it: "I confess that I did not have that composure, which almost always boast of those who were in my position." He also directly and simply speaks of his condition before the conversation with Pugachev on the day he captured the Belogorsk fortress: “The reader can easily imagine that I was not completely cold-blooded.” Grinev does not hide his negative actions either (an incident in a tavern, during a snowstorm, in a conversation with the Orenburg general). Gross mistakes are atoned for by his remorse (the case of Savelch).
Grinev's Duma has not yet hardened in military service, he kept some of them until the end of his life. He shuddered at the sight of the mutilated Bashkir, captured while distributing Pugachev's leaflets. The singing of the Pugachevtsy makes a strong impression on him: “It is impossible to tell what effect this simple song about the gallows, sung by people doomed to the gallows, had on me. Their formidable faces, slender voices, the dull expression that they gave to words that were already expressive - everything shook me with some kind of poetic horror.
Grinev was not a coward. He accepts the challenge to a duel without hesitation. He is one of the few defending the Belogorsk fortress, when, despite the command of the commandant, "the timid garrison does not move." He returns for the straggler Savelich.
These actions also characterize Grinev as a person capable of love. Grinev is not vindictive, he sincerely puts up with Shvabrin. He does not tend to be malicious. Leaving the Belogorsk fortress, with Masha released on the orders of Pugachev, he sees Shvabrin and turns away, not wanting to "triumph over the humiliated enemy."
A distinctive feature of Grinev is the habit of paying good for good with the ability to be grateful. He gives Pugachev his sheepskin coat, thanks for saving Masha.
3 option

GRINEV - the hero of the story by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" (1836), on whose behalf the story is being told. The image of G. is a continuation of the theme of an ordinary person, an "insignificant hero", begun in 1830 by "The House in Kolomna" and "Belkin's Tales". The son of a Simbirsk landowner, who has been living without a break on his estate for many years, and a poor noblewoman, Pyotr Andreevich G. grew up and was brought up in an atmosphere of provincial-local life, imbued with a common spirit. Pictures of his childhood, education, upbringing, painted with irony, sometimes stand on the verge of caricature and somewhat resemble the famous comedy of Fonvizin. And the hero himself admits that he "grew undersized." At the same time, the story shows an obvious connection between the “common people” of the “old people”, who are faithful to the best national traditions, and the strength of their moral principles - such qualities as their kindness, sincerity, conscientiousness, kindred and benevolent attitude towards each other, and finally, undivided fidelity to duty.

It is also significant that the father of the hero, Andrei Petrovich, this disgraced aristocrat, who at one time served under Count Minich and, apparently, was forced to retire after the coup of 1762, is a detail that had a kindred and personal meaning for Pushkin. (Compare in My Genealogy, 1830: “My grandfather, when the rebellion broke out // Amid the Peterhof courtyard, // Like Minich, he remained faithful // to the fall of the third Peter.”) The fate of G. Sr., “a nobleman in the bourgeoisie” , is typical, according to Pushkin, for a time when the ancient nobility is losing its significance, becoming poorer, turning into a “kind of the third state” and, thereby, into a potentially rebellious force.

The best features of G., due to his origin and upbringing, his unmistakable moral instinct are clearly manifested in moments of trials, decisive turns of fate and help him to get out of the most difficult situations with honor. The hero has the nobility to ask for forgiveness from the serf - the devoted uncle Savelich, he immediately managed to appreciate the purity of the soul and the moral integrity of Masha Mironova, firmly deciding to marry her, he quickly discerned the base nature of Shvabrin. In a fit of gratitude, he without hesitation gives a hare sheepskin coat to the oncoming “counselor”, and most importantly, he knows how to discern an outstanding personality in the formidable rebel Pugachev, to pay tribute to his justice and generosity. Finally, he manages to maintain humanity, honor and loyalty to himself in the conditions of a cruel and inhuman internecine struggle. For G. equally unacceptable elements of "Russian revolt, senseless and merciless," and formalism, soulless coldness of the official, state-bureaucratic world, especially clearly manifested in the scenes of the military council and court.

Moreover, finding himself in a critical situation, G. is rapidly changing, growing spiritually and morally. Yesterday's undergrowth of the nobility, he prefers death to the slightest deviation from the dictates of duty and honor, refuses the oath to Pugachev and any compromises with him. On the other hand, during the trial, again risking his life, he does not consider it possible to name Masha Mironova, rightly fearing that she will be subjected to humiliating interrogation. Defending his right to happiness, G. commits a recklessly bold, desperate act. After all, the unauthorized trip he made to the “rebellious settlement” was doubly dangerous: he not only risked being captured by the Pugachevites, but put his career, well-being, good name, honor at stake. G.'s action, forced by the irresponsibility and passivity of the command, indifference to the fate of the daughter of the heroically deceased captain Mironov, was a direct challenge to official circles, a daring violation of accepted norms.

Such a combination of proud independence, incorruptible fidelity to duty, honor and the ability to commit crazy, willful deeds, Pushkin especially valued in the old Russian nobility, in particular in his ancestors. In this sense, the "insignificant hero" of Pushkin's works of the 1830s. not only opposes the former, romantic hero, but is also his direct continuation.

4 option

Pyotr Grinev, a hereditary officer in the Russian army, as was customary in Pushkin's time, wrote a memoir about his youth, which coincided in time with the popular uprising led by Emelyan Pugachev. Fate brought young Petrusha, who was just getting to his place of service, with a strange man, whom he and Uncle Savelich later dubbed the counselor. This man met them in the steppe during a sudden blizzard and helped them find their way to the inn. For the fact that he did not let them freeze in the steppe, Petrusha, noticing that this incomprehensible man with "fiery eyes" was too lightly dressed, granted him a sheepskin coat from the master's shoulder. In response, he heard that this man, who looked like a runaway convict, had pawned at the kisser.

Grinev had no idea then that he had met the impostor and the false emperor, although he noticed that he had some mysterious conversations with the owner of the inn, more like a robber's den. Already in the service in the Belogorsk fortress, he heard about the approach of an impostor with an army of rebellious peasants to neighboring fortresses, and that the doors of these fortresses were opening to meet him. But Grinev himself, inspired by the fighting spirit of the commandant of the fortress, Captain Mironov, was not going to give up without a fight. The forces of the opponents turned out to be unequal, Pugachev entered the fortress with an army, and then Grinev recognized him as a leader. He prepared to share the fate of Captain Mironov and his wife, who were the first to be executed, but Pugachev also recognized him and ordered him to be released. Unlike officer Shvabrin, Grinev did not swear allegiance to Pugachev. This is the strength of his character, because he is only eighteen years old and he has never been in battles, but he prefers to die rather than break the oath. That's what his father taught him. Pugachev, apparently, appreciated this character trait of the young officer, because he not only released him from the besieged fortress, but also helped him when Pyotr Grinev returned there voluntarily in order to rescue the orphaned daughter of Captain Mironov, Marya Ivanovna, from Shvabrin's captivity. He spoke angrily with Shvabrin and, even after learning that Grinev had returned for the commandant's daughter, that is, the daughter of his executed enemy, did not cancel his decision to let her go with Grinev and issued the relevant papers.

In relation to Pugachev, Grinev shows respect. In my opinion, this is respect for a strong personality, for fearlessness and nobility. There are few people like Grinev among those around Pugachev. More like Shvabrin. Pugachev is certainly not a stupid person, he could not help but understand this. He appreciates sincerity, truthfulness and fidelity to honor. He does not pretend to Grinev, he says openly that he is an impostor and compares himself with Grishka Otrepyev. He does not insist that Grinev stay with him, knowing Grinev's character, he does not even allow the thought that this is possible.

Grinev's character is revealed even brighter at the moment when he is arrested for his good relations with Pugachev, accused of treason to the fatherland. He does not justify himself, does not hide behind the name of Marya Ivanovna, whom he saved, he accepts his fate in silence, realizing that it will be difficult for him to explain his sudden relationship with Pugachev to his superiors. He himself did not quite understand why this was happening in his life and preferred not to humiliate himself, but to rely on fate.

Thus, on the pages of Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter" we observe the character of Pyotr Grinev in development. From a beardless youngster who can only dream of serving in the guards and climbing girlish, to a mature, courageous man who independently makes decisions about how to act in certain difficult situations that life generously presents him. This matured Petrusha is able to take responsibility for the fate of Masha Mironova, is able to psychologically accurately build his relationship with Pugachev, save his life and the Machine without sacrificing honor and dignity.

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Pyotr Andreevich Grinev is the protagonist of Alexander Pushkin's novel The Captain's Daughter. It fell to this young man to live a life full of restless events in order to gain his happiness in the struggle, to preserve honor from a young age, to find true love and remain true to noble traditions.

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The main character of the novel by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" is a young officer, Pyotr Andreevich Grinev. On behalf of the protagonist, the story is told in the novel, which is Grinev's memoirs about the events that happened to him during the years of the Pugachevshchina.

Pyotr Andreevich Grinev was born into the family of a respected officer, retired Prime Major Andrei Petrovich Grinev, who made his name famous during his service with Count Minich. After leaving the army, Grinev Sr. settled in his village in the Simbirsk province, where he had nine children, of whom only Pyotr Andreevich survived to adulthood. From childhood, the father tried to give his son some semblance of a good education, but almost nothing came of it.

In the early years, Grinev Jr. was assigned a stirrup Savelyich, who managed to teach the boy to read and write. Grinev never forgot about his first teacher, and he subsequently served with him for many years during Grinev's independent life. However, Grinev still did not receive a systematic education, the reason for this was the French teacher, who taught Grinev almost nothing. In the words of the protagonist himself, for several years he "lived undersized", but such a carefree and meaningless life still came to an end.

Seeing the deplorable situation of his own son and fearing that he would not finally dissolve in the capital, where Grinev Jr. had to go to serve, his father refuses to send him to the Semenovsky regiment, instead sending him to the steppe Orenburg. This turn dramatically changes Grinev's life and affects his character. The period when everything is given to him right into his hands is ending, his carefree life will not continue in cheerful St. Petersburg, now the main character will have to grow up and go through difficult trials of military service.

It is these cruel trials that transform a young man, develop all the brightest sides of his character. Grinev, fighting during the siege of Orenburg, rescuing Maria from imprisonment at Shvabrin, is no longer that arrogant boy who lost a hundred rubles to Zurin. It awakens nobility, honor, noble dignity. Love for Maria completely transforms Grinev, he is ready to fight for her to the end, regardless of obstacles, ready to defend her honor in a duel with Shvabrin and on the battlefield. Grinev to the end preserves the honor and loyalty to his vocation, with all the sympathy for the personality of Pugachev, he cannot go over to his side. “They tell me to go against you - I’ll go, there’s nothing to do,” is the young officer’s answer to all Pugachev’s persuasions.

Pushkin expresses in the image of Pyotr Grinev the best features of nobility, which is revealed in full force as a result of difficult life ups and downs. Grinev remains an honest nobleman - and this is his main advantage, emphasized by the author.

Even more essays on the topic: “Characteristics of Pyotr Andreevich Grinev from A. S. Pushkin’s novel “The Captain’s Daughter””:

Pyotr Andreevich Grinev is the central character of the story "The Captain's Daughter". Grinev's whole life is an example of the behavior of a young man who thought early about his mission, honor, dignity, and loyalty to his word. The life lessons that the son of Andrei Petrovich received, from the point of view of the modern reader, are very cruel and difficult. In fact, young Grinev was prepared to pass the test of strength, to confirm the right to be called an officer, a man.

From the first pages of the story, Peter Grinev is characterized as a person brought up in an environment of strictness and increased attention to the reputation of the family. This is the father's influence. Peter was dearly loved by his mother, as the only surviving son, and this love for a long time protected him from all storms and hardships. Finally, the boy was greatly influenced by Arkhip Savelich, a former stirrup, a connoisseur of oral folk art, well versed in horses and dogs, intelligent, far-sighted and exceptionally devoted to the family.

He gave freedom to the barchuk, and he grew up "chasing pigeons and playing leapfrog with the yard boys." Thus, the formation of the personality of Peter Grinev took place under the influence of all these factors in the aggregate.

To understand the image of the hero, it is necessary to carefully examine all the stages of his biography. There are at least four turning points when Peter had to make a decision to pass a kind of exam. The first key episode is the loss of a game of billiards to Captain Zurov. It is quite possible that the reveler Zurov would have forgiven an unreasonable child who dangerously played too much. Relying on this, the good-natured Savelich tearfully begs the young master not to compensate for the damage. But Grinev the man does not need concessions. He commits his first serious act: "The debt must be paid!"

The second key moment is the conversation with Shvabrin, from whose lips insults were made against the chaste girl. Leaving such an act unattended is not a man's thing. Grinev stands up for the honor of Masha, as a result he receives a severe penetrating wound to his shoulder. The pages that describe Grinev, who is recovering from a serious illness, are truly touching.

The third important point: the rescue of the bride from captivity. No one was going to liberate the Belogorsk fortress, occupied by the rebels, but there were no barriers for Pyotr Grinev. He is hot and reckless in a good way.

Finally, the fourth episode. Grinev under investigation is threatened to be sent to an eternal settlement in Siberia if he fails to justify himself. Helped the rebels? Spying for Pugachev? Why did you meet with the ataman of the robbers? Peter refuses to defend himself, because he does not want to defame, "rinse" the name of the bride. He agrees to go to hard labor, but the daughter of Captain Mironov, who laid down his life for the Fatherland, will remain clean in front of people. He will not tolerate gossip.

Self-denial in the name of love, in the name of higher justice, leads the young nobleman to the road of truth and takes him forever away from the crooked path of dishonor and oblivion.

No wonder the image of Grinev in the story The Captain's Daughter is considered one of the most expressive in Russian fiction. Even in the 21st century, he is able to excite readers and awaken a good response in the souls.

Source: all-biography.ru

Pushkin's long-term study of Pugachev's movement led to the creation of the historical work "The History of Pugachev" and the work of art "The Captain's Daughter". The content of Pushkin's story is exceptionally rich. Talking about the most important events of the era, the writer describes a variety of social strata. Within each class, the poet creates completely different human characters, reveals the mores of the era.

Pyotr Grinev occupies a special place in the work. He is “a writer of notes, a narrator. This comes from an old, noble, but impoverished noble family, opposed to the government.

Grinev's distant ancestor died at the frontal place, and his grandfather suffered along with Volynsky and Khrushchev. Grinev's father is also condemning the secular Petersburg mores. The court calendar reminds him of the careerism and immorality that prevail at court. Therefore, he sends his son Petrusha not to the Semenovsky regiment, but to the army of the distant Orenburg region: “No, let him serve in the army, pull the strap, sniff the gunpowder ...” Grinev the father is a typical landowner. Stagnation and monotony of life are drawn by Pushkin, depicting the Grinev family. Its wretchedness for the writer is redeemed by the fact that the old landowner, although strict and despotic, is just. Let us remember how he admonishes his son: “Farewell, Peter. Serve faithfully to whom you swear; obey the bosses; do not chase after their affection; do not ask for service; and remember the proverb: take care of the dress again, and honor from youth.

The environment in which Pyotr Grinev grew up could not develop his intellectual abilities (“I lived underage, chasing pigeons and playing leapfrog with yard boys”). In terms of education, he, of course, is inferior to his antipode - Shvabrin. But the strong moral principles that his father instilled in him helped him get out of the most difficult situations.

Pushkin showed the image of Grinev in development: a crazy boy, a young man asserting independence, a courageous and persistent adult. The events he enters into are what make him so fast. For Pyotr Grinev, honor is loyalty to the official and class business. In the famous conversation with Pugachev, we see a brave nobleman. Finding himself among the enemies in a rebellious settlement, he behaves with great dignity. In relation to himself on the part of Pugachev, he does not even allow a mocking tone. He does not need a life bought at the price of the humiliation of a noble rank.

Grinev also loves for real. He saves the life of Masha Mironova, endangering his own. At the trial, Peter does not name the girl, preferring to be convicted. The quarrel with Shvabrin speaks of the nobility of Grinev, who stands up for the honor of Masha, whose love for himself he does not know. Shvabrin's vulgarity revolts him. Peter tries to hide his triumph over the defeated Shvabrin. Colliding Grinev and Shvabrin in various life situations, the writer shows that the most important thing in a person is not education and outward brilliance of the mind, but devotion to convictions and nobility.

Drawing Grinev and Shvabrin, Pushkin denies the possibility of an alliance between the nobility and the insurgent peasantry. People like Shvabrin join the uprising because they have no principles, no honor, no conscience, and they are driven by personal goals.

The writer does not think to hide the class psychology of the Grinevs. He shows that even the morality of the most honest and just landowners is influenced by the power of the feudal lord. Those actions of Pyotr Grinev, which are worthy of condemnation, are associated with the attitude towards the serfs, and above all towards the faithful servant Savelich. I remember that once Petrusha almost left his uncle among the enemies.

Grinev is still young, therefore, out of frivolity, he does not think about how his behavior is assessed from the outside when they accept Pugachev's help in releasing Marya Petrovna. He is grateful: “I don’t know what to call you ... But God sees that with my life I would be glad to pay you for what you did for me. Just do not demand what is contrary to my honor and Christian conscience.

Grinev sends Marya Ivanovna with Savelich to his parents - there is nowhere else to hide the orphaned captain's daughter. He himself recalls his officer duties and remains in the Zurik detachment. Then - the arrest, the trial ... Grinev is well aware of what charges he will be charged: "my unauthorized absence from Orenburg", "my friendly relations with Pugachev." Grinev does not feel much guilt here, and if he does not justify himself, then because he does not want to "confuse the name of Marya Ivanovna between the vile slander of the villains and bring her to a confrontation."

Such is Pushkin's Grinev. Despite the mistakes of the hero of the work, we are presented with the image of an honest, courageous person, capable of great feeling, faithful duty, but still frivolous in understanding the significance of those events in which he was a participant.

This is how the aging landowner Pyotr Grinev sees himself, because the narration in the novel is still on behalf of the hero himself, he told about the events of his youth, about the 70s of the 18th century.

Source: sochinenieonline.ru

Pyotr Grinev is the hero of the story "The Captain's Daughter", on behalf of whom the story is being told. The image of Grinev is a continuation of the theme of an ordinary person, an "insignificant hero", begun in 1830 by "The House in Kolomna" and "Belkin's Tales". The son of a Simbirsk landowner, who has been living on his estate for many years, Pyotr Andreevich Grinev grew up and was brought up in an atmosphere of provincial-local life, imbued with a folk spirit. Pictures of his childhood, education, upbringing, painted with irony, sometimes stand on the verge of caricature and somewhat resemble the famous comedy of Fonvizin. And the hero himself admits that he grew up “undersized”.

It is also significant that the father of the hero, Andrei Petrovich, this disgraced aristocrat, who at one time served under Count Minich and, apparently, was forced to retire after the coup of 1762, is a detail that had a kindred and personal meaning for Pushkin. The fate of Grinev, the senior "nobleman in the bourgeoisie", is typical, according to Pushkin, for the time when the old nobility loses its significance, becomes poorer, turns into a "kind of the third state" and thus into a potentially rebellious force.

The best features of Grinev are due to his origin and upbringing, his unmistakable moral instinct is clearly manifested in moments of trials, decisive turns of fate and help him to get out of the most difficult situations with honor. The hero has the nobility to ask for forgiveness from the serf - the devoted uncle Savelich, he immediately managed to appreciate the purity of the soul, the moral integrity of Masha Mironova, firmly deciding to marry her, he quickly discerned the nature of Shvabrin. In a fit of gratitude, he without hesitation gives a hare sheepskin coat to the oncoming “counselor”, and most importantly, he knows how to discern an outstanding personality in the formidable rebel Pugachev, to pay tribute to his justice and generosity. Finally, he manages to maintain humanity, honor and loyalty to himself in the conditions of a cruel and inhuman internecine war. Grinev equally unacceptable elements of "Russian rebellion, senseless and merciless", and formalism, soulless coldness of the official, bureaucratic world, which is especially clearly manifested in the scenes of the military council and court.

Moreover, finding himself in a critical situation, Grinev is rapidly changing, growing spiritually and morally. Yesterday's undergrowth of the nobility, he prefers death to the slightest deviation from the dictates of duty and honor, refuses the oath to Pugachev and any compromises with him. On the other hand, during the trial, again risking his life, he does not consider it possible to name Masha Mironova, rightly fearing that she will be subjected to humiliating interrogation. Defending his right to happiness, Grinev commits a recklessly bold, desperate act. After all, the unauthorized trip he made to the “rebellious settlement” was doubly dangerous: he not only risked being captured by the Pugachevites, but put his career, well-being, good name, honor at stake. Grinev's action, forced by the irresponsibility and passivity of the command, indifference to the fate of the daughter of the heroically deceased captain Mironov, posed a direct challenge to official circles.

It was in this hero that Pushkin reflected his views on Pugachevism ...

Initially, Pushkin wanted to write a novel dedicated only to the Pugachev movement, but the censorship would hardly have let him through. Therefore, the main storyline of the story is the service of a young nobleman for the good of the fatherland and his love for the daughter of the captain of the Belogorod fortress. In parallel, another topic of Pugachevism that interested the author is given. The second topic, of course, Pushkin devotes much less pages, but enough to reveal the essence of the peasant revolt and acquaint the reader with the leader of the peasants, Emelyan Pugachev. In order for his image to be more reliable, the author needed a hero who personally knew Pugachev and would subsequently speak out about what he saw. Such a hero was Pyotr Grinev, a nobleman, an honest, noble young man. A nobleman was needed, and precisely a noble one, in order to make what he told look plausible and be believed.

The childhood of Petrusha Grinev was no different from the childhood of other children of the local nobles. Through the mouth of the hero himself, Pushkin ironically speaks of the customs of the old local nobility: “Mother was still my belly, as I was already enrolled in the Semenovsky regiment as a sergeant ... If, more than any expectation, mother gave birth to a daughter, then the father would have announced where it should be about the death of the sergeant who did not appear, and that would be the end of the matter." The author also makes fun of Pyotr Grinev's studies: at the age of five, Savelich was assigned to the boy as an uncle - a courtyard man, to whom such trust was given "for sober behavior."

Thanks to Savelich, Petrusha learned to read and write by the age of twelve and "could very sensibly judge the properties of a greyhound dog." The next step in the training was the Frenchman Monsieur Beaupre, who was supposed to teach the boy "all sciences," discharged from Moscow "together with a year's supply of wine and Provence oil." However, due to the fact that the Frenchman was very fond of wine and the fair sex, Petrusha was left to his own devices. When the son reaches the age of seventeen, the father, filled with a sense of duty, sends Peter to serve for the good of the motherland.

Descriptions of the independent life of Pyotr Grinev are already devoid of irony. From the young man left to himself and to the simple Russian peasant Savelich, a noble nobleman turned out. Having lost at cards due to inexperience, Peter never succumbed to Savelich's persuasion to fall at the feet of the winner with a request to forgive the debt. He is guided by honor: lost - give it back. The young man understands that he must be responsible for his actions.

The meeting with the “counselor” reveals in Pyotr Grinev such a purely Russian quality as generosity. Finding themselves in the steppe during a blizzard, Grinev and Savelich accidentally stumbled upon a man who knew the way. Then, already at the inn, Pyotr Grinev really wanted to thank this stranger. And he offered him his hare sheepskin coat, which, according to Savelich, cost a lot of money. At first glance, Grinev's act is a manifestation of youthful carelessness, but in fact it is a manifestation of the nobility of the soul, compassion for man.

Arriving at the service in the Belogorod fortress, Pyotr Grinev fell in love with the daughter of the captain of the fortress, Masha Mironova. Nobility and honor do not allow him to ignore the slander directed at his beloved by another nobleman, Alexei Shvabrin. The result of this is a duel that could cost Peter Grinev his life.

It is not in vain that the author introduces into the story the clever, well-read and at the same time vile and dishonorable Shvabrin, and also a nobleman. Comparing two young officers, Pushkin argues that high morality is not the lot of people of a separate class, and even more so, it has nothing to do with education: nobles can be scoundrels, and nobility can be a hallmark of a simple person, Pugachev for example.

The possibility of execution did not force the Pushkin hero to change the ideals of morality. He does not go to the enemy camp in order to save his life, he learned too well the words spoken by his father as parting words: "Take care of your dress again, and honor from a young age." Honest Grinev and in a conversation with Pugachev: “I am a natural nobleman; I swore allegiance to the empress: I can’t serve you.” Moreover, to Pugachev’s question whether Grinev could promise not to go against him if ordered, the young man answered with the same sincerity and directness: “How can I promise you this ... You know, it’s not my will: they tell me to go against you - I’ll go , nothing to do. You are now the boss yourself; you yourself demand obedience from your own. What will it be like if I refuse the service when my service is needed?

Grinev's sincerity struck Pugachev. Imbued with respect for the young man, he lets him go. Pugachev's conversation with Grinev is very important. On the one hand, he shows the nobility of a nobleman, on the other hand, the same quality of his opponent: only an equal can appreciate another person.
All the same nobility, as well as love and tender affection, do not allow Grinev to name Masha Mironova at the trial, and this could explain a lot in the story with Pugachev, save him from imprisonment.

The events in the story are presented on behalf of Grinev, who, many years later, talks about two years of his life, about a meeting with Pugachev. The narrator strives to tell everything without exaggeration, objectively. Pugachev in his eyes does not look like a real beast. And we believe him, we cannot but believe: we know this man too well - noble, honest, just. And we think: who is this Pugachev really and what is it - Pugachevism? ..

Pyotr Grinev is the hero of the story "The Captain's Daughter", on behalf of whom the story is being told. The image of Grinev is a continuation of the theme of an ordinary person, an "insignificant hero", begun in 1830 by "The House in Kolomna" and "Belkin's Tales". The son of a Simbirsk landowner, who has been living on his estate for many years, Pyotr Andreevich Grinev grew up and was brought up in an atmosphere of provincial-local life, imbued with a folk spirit. Pictures of his childhood, education, upbringing, painted with irony, sometimes stand on the verge of caricature and somewhat resemble the famous comedy of Fonvizin. And the hero himself admits that he grew up “undersized”.

It is also significant that the father of the hero, Andrei Petrovich, this disgraced aristocrat, who at one time served under Count Minich and, apparently, was forced to retire after the coup of 1762, is a detail that had a kindred and personal meaning for Pushkin. The fate of Grinev, the senior "nobleman in the bourgeoisie", is typical, according to Pushkin, for the time when the old nobility loses its significance, becomes poorer, turns into a "kind of the third state" and thus into a potentially rebellious force.

The best features of Grinev are due to his origin and upbringing, his unmistakable moral instinct is clearly manifested in moments of trials, decisive turns of fate and help him to get out of the most difficult situations with honor. The hero has the nobility to ask for forgiveness from the serf - the devoted uncle Savelich, he immediately managed to appreciate the purity of the soul, the moral integrity of Masha Mironova, firmly deciding to marry her, he quickly discerned the nature of Shvabrin. In a fit of gratitude, he without hesitation gives a hare sheepskin coat to the oncoming “counselor”, and most importantly, he knows how to discern an outstanding personality in the formidable rebel Pugachev, to pay tribute to his justice and generosity. Finally, he manages to maintain humanity, honor and loyalty to himself in the conditions of a cruel and inhuman internecine war. Grinev equally unacceptable elements of "Russian rebellion, senseless and merciless", and formalism, soulless coldness of the official, bureaucratic world, which is especially clearly manifested in the scenes of the military council and court.

Moreover, finding himself in a critical situation, Grinev is rapidly changing, growing spiritually and morally. Yesterday's undergrowth of the nobility, he prefers death to the slightest deviation from the dictates of duty and honor, refuses the oath to Pugachev and any compromises with him. On the other hand, during the trial, again risking his life, he does not consider it possible to name Masha Mironova, rightly fearing that she will be subjected to humiliating interrogation. Defending his right to happiness, Grinev commits a recklessly bold, desperate act. After all, the unauthorized trip he made to the “rebellious settlement” was doubly dangerous: he not only risked being captured by the Pugachevites, but put his career, well-being, good name, honor at stake. Grinev's action, forced by the irresponsibility and passivity of the command, indifference to the fate of the daughter of the heroically deceased captain Mironov, posed a direct challenge to official circles.

It was in this hero that Pushkin reflected his views on Pugachevism ...

CAPTAIN'S DAUGHTER

Grinev Petr Andreevich (Petrusha) - the protagonist of Pushkin's last major work, a provincial Russian nobleman, on whose behalf (in the form of "notes for the memory of posterity" compiled in the era of Alexander I about the era of the Pugachev rebellion) the story is being told. In the historical story "The Captain's Daughter" all the themes of Pushkin's work of the 1830s came together. The place of an “ordinary” person in great historical events, freedom of choice in cruel social circumstances, law and mercy, “family thought” - all this is present in the story and is associated with the image of the main character-narrator.

Initially, Pushkin, as was the case in the unfinished story "Dubrovsky", was going to put at the center of the narrative a renegade nobleman who had moved from one camp to another (here the real officer of the Catherine's era, Shvanvich, served as a prototype for him); or a captive officer who is running from Pugachev. There was also a prototype here - a certain Basharin, this was the name of the hero, later renamed Bulanin, Valuev - and, finally, G. 1.831.) This name is also taken from the actual history of the Pugachev region; it was worn by a nobleman arrested on suspicion of treason and later acquitted. Thus, the idea of ​​the story about a man who, by the will of Providence, found himself between two warring camps was finally determined; about a nobleman who unshakably remains faithful to the oath, does not separate himself from the class in general and from class ideas about honor in particular, but who, at the same time, looks at the world without prejudice.

Closing the plot chain precisely on G. (and “entrusting” the role of a renegade nobleman to Shvabrin), Pushkin reproduced the principle of historical prose by Walter Scott, in whose novels (especially from the “Scottish” cycle - “Waverley”, “Rob Roy”, “Puritans” ) this type of hero is constantly encountered - as well as the situation itself: two camps, two truths, one fate. Such is the immediate “literary predecessor” of G., Yuri Miloslavsky from the eponymous “Walter-Scott” novel by M. N. Zagoskin (with the huge difference that Miloslavsky is a prince, and not an “ordinary” person). Following Grinev, other characters in The Captain's Daughter acquire Walter Scottish features. The image of the faithful servant of G. Savelich (whose name coincides with the name of the “patriotic” coachman, a witness of the Pugachev rebellion in M. N. Zagoskin’s “Walter-Scott” novel “Roslavlev”) goes back to Caleb from the novel “Lammermoor Non-Place”; episode, in which Grineva's bride Marya Ivanovna Mironova seeks an acquittal from Catherine II for her lover, repeats the episode with Jenny Gine from The Edinburgh Dungeon, etc.

The genre of "notes for posterity" made it possible to portray the story "in a homely way" - and assumed that the hero's life would unfold before the reader from childhood, and the hero's death would remain outside the immediate command (otherwise there would be no one to write notes).

G.'s "prehistory" is simple: he is the son of Prime Major Andrei Petrovich Grinev, who, after his retirement, lives on a small (300 souls) estate in the Simbirsk province. Petrusha is brought up by a serf "uncle", Savelich, taught by Monsieur Beaupre, a former hairdresser and hunter for Russian liqueur . Pushkin transparently alludes to the fact that the early resignation of his father was associated with a palace coup in the time of Anna Ioannovna. Moreover, it was originally supposed (and from the plot point of view it would be much more “beautiful”) to explain the resignation by the events of 1762, Catherine’s coup, but then the chronology would be completely broken. Be that as it may, the hero's father seems to be "excluded" from history; he cannot realize himself (and therefore gets angry every time he reads the court address-calendar, which reports on awards and promotions of his former comrades). So Pushkin prepares the reader for the idea that Pyotr Andreevich could live the most ordinary life, not reveal the qualities inherent in him, if not for the all-Russian catastrophe of the 1770s. and if not for the father's will. At the age of seventeen, a minor, even before his birth, enlisted in the guard as a sergeant, G., straight from the nursery, goes to serve - and not in the elite Semenovsky regiment, but in the provinces. (Another “rejected” version of fate is that if G. got to Petersburg, by the time of the next palace coup in 1801 he would have been an officer of the regiment that played a key role in the anti-Pavlovian conspiracy. That is, he would have mirrored the fate of his father.) First, he ends up in Orenburg , then to the Belogorsk fortress. That is, there and then, where and when the Pugachevites roam in the fall of 1773, “a Russian revolt, senseless and merciless” (G.’s words) will break out. (Something similar must have happened to the hero of Pushkin's unfinished story from another era - the young ensign from the Notes of a Young Man, who in May 1825 was on his way to the Chernigov regiment, where in January 1826 an uprising of the Decembrists of the Vasilkovskaya uprava would break out. )

From that moment on, the life of a provincial nobleman merges with the flow of all-Russian history and turns into a magnificent set of accidents and mirror-repeating episodes that make one recall both the poetics of Walter Scott and the laws of the construction of a Russian fairy tale. In an open field, Grinev's wagon is accidentally overtaken by a snowstorm; by chance, a black-bearded Cossack stumbles upon her, who leads the lost travelers to housing (this scene is connected with the episode with Yuri, his servant Alexei and the Cossack Kirsha in M. N. Zagoskin's novel "Yuri Miloslavsky"). By chance, the conductor turns out to be the future Pugachev.

Just as random is the linkage of all subsequent meetings of G. and the twists and turns of his fate.

Once in the Belogorsk fortress, 40 miles from Orenburg, he falls in love with the daughter of captain Ivan Kuzmich Mironov, eighteen-year-old Masha (in which some features of the heroine of A. P. Kryukov’s story “The Story of My Grandmother”, 1831, the captain’s daughter Nastya Shpagina are repeated) and fights because of her in a duel with lieutenant Shvabrin; injured; in a letter to his parents he asks for blessings for marriage with a dowry; having received a strict refusal, he is in despair. (Naturally, Masha will eventually settle with G.'s parents, and Shvabrin, going over to Pugachev's side, will play the role of an evil genius in the fate of the hero.) Pugachev, having captured the fortress, accidentally recognizes Savelich, recalls a hare sheepskin coat and half a vodka, donated after a snowstorm Petrusha to him from the bottom of his heart, - and pardons the barchuk a moment before the execution. (A mirror repetition of the episode with the sheepskin coat.) Moreover, he lets him go on all four sides. But, having accidentally learned in Orenburg that Masha, hidden by the Belogorsk priest, is now in the hands of the traitor Shvabrin, G. tries to persuade the general to give him fifty soldiers and give the order to liberate the fortress. Having received a refusal, he independently goes to the Pugachev lair. Falls into an ambush - and accidentally remains intact; accidentally ends up in the hands of Pugachev, precisely at the moment when he is in a good mood, so that the bloodthirsty corporal Beloborodov fails to "torture" the nobleman. Pugach is touched by a story about a girl forcibly held by Shvabrin; goes with the hero to Belogorskaya - and, even after learning that Masha is a noblewoman, the bride of G., does not change his gracious decision. Moreover, he half-jokingly offers to marry them - and is ready to take on the duties of an imprisoned father. (Thus, by chance, the dream that G. dreamed right after the snowstorm comes true: the father is dying; but this is not the father, but a black-bearded man, from whom for some reason you need to ask for blessings and who wants to be planted by the father; an ax; dead bodies; bloody pools. )

Released by Pugachev, G., Masha, Savelich are ambushed by government troops (a mirror repetition of the episode with the Pugachevites); by chance, the commander of the detachment turns out to be Za-urin, to whom G., on the way to the place of service, before the snowstorm, lost 100 rubles on billiards. Having sent Masha to his father's estate, G. remains in the detachment; after the capture of the Tatishchev fortress and the suppression of the rebellion, he is arrested on the denunciation of Shvabrin - and cannot ward off accusations of treason from himself, because he does not want to interfere with Masha in the trial. But she goes to St. Petersburg, accidentally runs into the queen on a walk in Tsarskoye Selo; accidentally does not recognize her - and ingenuously tells about everything (a mirror repetition of the episode of G.'s "petition" for Masha before Pugachev). Ekaterina accidentally remembers the heroic death of Captain Mironov (and, perhaps, the Machine of her mother, Vasilisa Yegorovna). If not for this, who knows, could the empress have approached the matter so impartially and justified G.? By chance, officer G., released in 1774 and present at the execution of Pugachev, who recognized him in the crowd and nodded (another mirror repetition of the episode with the gallows in Belogorskaya), does not die in numerous wars of the late 18th - early 19th centuries. and composes notes for youth; by chance, these notes fall into the hands of the "publisher", under whose mask Pushkin himself is hiding.

But the fact of the matter is that all the "accidents" of the plot are subject to a higher law - the laws of the free choice of the individual in the circumstances offered to him by history. These circumstances can develop one way or another, safely or unsuccessfully; the main thing is not in this, but in how free a person is from their power. Pugachev, in whose hands the enormous power to decide human destinies, is not free from the elements that he set in motion; the Orenburg general, who refuses to send G. to fight for the Belogorsk fortress, is not free from his caution; Shvabrin is not free from his own fear and his spiritual baseness; G. is free to the end and in everything. For he acts according to the dictates of his heart, and his heart is freely subject to the laws of noble honor, the code of Russian chivalry, a sense of duty.

These laws are invariable - even when it is necessary to pay a huge billiard debt to Zauri-nu, who did not play too honestly; and when you need to thank a random guide with a sheepskin coat and a half. And when should Shvabrin be challenged to a duel, after listening to Grinev's "rhymes" in honor of Masha and speaking contemptuously of both them and her. And when the Pugachevites lead the hero to execution. And when Pugachev, who pardoned the hero, holds out his hand for a kiss (G., of course, does not kiss the "villain's hand"). And when the impostor directly asks the prisoner whether he recognizes him as sovereign, whether he agrees to serve, whether he promises at least not to fight against him, and the prisoner answers “no” three times, directly or indirectly. And when G., once already saved by fate, returns alone to the location of the Pugachevites - in order to rescue his beloved or die with her. And when, arrested by his own government, he does not name Marya Ivanovna.

It is this constant readiness, without risking in vain, nevertheless to pay with his life for his honor and love, that makes nobleman G. free to the end. In the same way as his serf servant Savelich is completely (albeit in other forms) free by the personal devotion of G. That is, following the unwritten code of peasant honor, that universal principle that can be inherent in any estate and which, in essence, is religious, - although Savelich is not too "church" (and only exclaims every minute "Lord Vlady-ko"), and G. in the Kazan prison for the first time tastes "the sweetness of prayer poured out from a pure but torn heart." (Here, Pushkin's contemporary had to not only recall the "eternal source" of the prison theme in European culture - the episode of the imprisonment of the heavenly patron of G., the Apostle Peter - Acts, 12, 3-11 - but also identify a paraphrase of the notes of the Italian religious writer and Silvio Pellico, a public figure of the 1820s, who in his book “My Dungeons”—a Russian translation enthusiastically reviewed by Pushkin, 1836—told how he first prayed to God in an Austrian prison.)

Such behavior turns the most ingenuous of the characters in The Captain's Daughter into the most serious of her characters. This seriousness of Grinevsky's image is shaded by a slight grin with which the author describes the "living space" of other characters. Pugachev reigns in a hut covered with golden paper; the general is planning a defense against the Pugachevites in an apple orchard insulated with straw; Catherine meets Masha, as it were, “inside” the pastoral: swans, parks, a white dog, “copied” by Pushkin from the famous engraving by the artist Utkin, depicting Catherine “at home” ... And only G. and Savelich are surrounded by the open space of fate; they are constantly striving for the fence - whether the noble Orenburg, whether the Pugachev fortress; where they are not protected from circumstances, but are internally free from them. (In this sense, prison for G. is also an open space.)

It is G. and Savelich together - these two characters, the serf and the nobleman, cannot be separated from each other, just as Sancho Panza cannot be separated from Don Quixote. This means that the meaning of the story is not to “go over” to one of the sides of the historical conflict. And not in renouncing allegiance to any "authority" (cf. the image of Shvabrin). And not even in "leaving" the narrow limits of class ethics, rising to universal principles. And in the fact that within your “camp”, your environment, your estate, your tradition, to discover what is universal to mankind - and to serve it not out of fear, but out of conscience. This is the guarantee of G.'s utopian hope (and Pushkin, prompting him, who rethinks Karamzin's thesis) that "the best and most lasting changes are those that come from a single improvement in morals, without any violent upheavals."

The image of G. (and the very "Walter-Scott" poetics of chance and mirror-repeating episodes) turned out to be extremely important for the Russian literary tradition, up to Yuri Andreevich Zhivago from the novel by B. L. Pasternak.

The image and character of Grinev in the story The Captain's Daughter

The main character of the family part of the story is Pyotr Andreevich Grinev. The son of a landowner, Grinev was educated at home according to the custom of that time - first under the guidance of uncle Savelich, then - the Frenchman Beaupre, a hairdresser by profession. ( This material will help to correctly write on the topic The image and character of Grinev in the story The Captain's Daughter. The summary does not make it clear the whole meaning of the work, so this material will be useful for a deep understanding of the work of writers and poets, as well as their novels, short stories, stories, plays, poems.) Grinev's father, imperious to the point of tyranny, but honest, alien to seeking before the highest ranks, wanted to see in his son a real nobleman, as he understood it. Looking at military service as a duty of a nobleman, old Grinev sends his son not to the guards, but to the army, so that he “pulls the strap”, becomes a disciplined soldier. Saying goodbye to Peter, the old man gave him instructions, in which he expressed his understanding of the service: “Serve faithfully to whom you swear allegiance; obey the bosses; do not chase after their affection; do not ask for service, do not dissuade from service, and remember the proverb: take care of the dress again, and honor from youth.

Pyotr Grinev seeks to fulfill his father's precepts. During the defense of the Belogorsk fortress, he behaves like a brave officer, honestly doing his duty. On Pugachev's offer to enter his service, Grinev, after a moment's hesitation, resolutely refuses. “My head is in your power,” he said to Pugachev: “let me go - thank you; If you execute, God will judge you." Pugachev liked Grinev's directness and sincerity and endeared him to the generous leader of the insurgent people.

However, duty did not always win in Grinev's soul. His behavior in Orenburg is determined not by the duty of an officer, but by a feeling of love for Masha Mironova. Violating military discipline, he arbitrarily goes to the Belogorsk fortress to save his beloved girl. And only after releasing her, moreover, with the help of Pugachev, he again returns to the army, joining the Zurin detachment.

Pyotr Grinev shares the nobility's point of view on the peasant uprising. He sees in him "a senseless and merciless rebellion", and in Pugachev - a robber. In the scene when he demands money from Savelich to pay the loss to Zurin, he behaves like a serf landowner.

But by nature, Grinev is a gentle and kind person. He is just and admits to himself his frivolity. Feeling guilty before Savelich, he asks his forgiveness, gives his word to continue to obey his uncle. Grinev loves Savelich. At the risk of his life, he tries to help out Savelich when he fell into the hands of the Pugachevites of the Berdskaya Sloboda. Grinev is gullible and poorly versed in people of this type, like Shvabrin. Grinev has sincere and deep love for Masha. He is drawn to the simple and good Mironov family.

Despite the noble prejudice against Pugachev, he sees in him an intelligent, courageous, generous person, a defender of the poor and orphans. “Why not tell the truth?” Grinev writes in his notes. “At that moment, strong sympathy drew me to him. I ardently wished ... to save his head ... "

The image of Grinev is given in development. His character traits develop and gradually reveal themselves to the reader. His behavior, in each case, is psychologically motivated. Of the representatives of the nobility depicted in the story, he is the only positive person, although he remains, in his views and convictions, the son of his time and his class.