Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev - biography, information, personal life. About the work of I. S. Turgenev Brief biography and work of Turgenev

Turgenev, Ivan Sergeevich, a famous writer, was born on December 28, 1818 in Orel, into a wealthy landowner family that belonged to an ancient noble family. [Cm. See also the article Turgenev, life and work.] Turgenev's father, Sergei Nikolaevich, married Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova, who had neither youth nor beauty, but inherited huge property - solely by calculation. Soon after the birth of his second son, the future novelist, S. N. Turgenev, with the rank of colonel, left the military service, in which he had until then been, and moved with his family to his wife's estate, Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, near the city of Mtsensk, Oryol province . Here the new landowner quickly unfolded the violent nature of an unbridled and depraved tyrant, who was a thunderstorm not only for the serfs, but also for members of his own family. Turgenev's mother, even before her marriage, experienced a lot of grief in the house of her stepfather, who pursued her with vile offers, and then in the house of her uncle, to whom she fled, was forced to silently endure the wild antics of her despot husband and, tormented by the pangs of jealousy, did not dare to loudly reproach him in unworthy behavior that offended in her the feelings of a woman and wife. Hidden resentment and irritation accumulated over the years embittered and hardened her; this was fully revealed when, after the death of her husband (1834), having become a sovereign mistress in her possessions, she gave vent to her evil instincts of unrestrained landlord tyranny.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. Portrait by Repin

In this suffocating atmosphere, saturated with all the miasma of serfdom, the first years of Turgenev's childhood passed. According to the custom prevailing in the life of the landowners of that time, the future famous novelist was brought up under the guidance of tutors and teachers - Swiss, Germans and serf uncles and nannies. The main attention was paid to the French and German languages, assimilated by Turgenev in childhood; the native language was in the pen. According to the testimony of the author of The Hunter's Notes, the first person who interested him in Russian literature was his mother's serf valet, secretly, but with extraordinary solemnity, reading to him somewhere in the garden or in a remote room Kheraskov's Rossiad.

In early 1827, the Turgenevs moved to Moscow to raise their children. Turgenev was placed in the private pension of Weidenhammer, then was soon transferred from there to the director of the Lazarev Institute, with whom he lived as a boarder. In 1833, having only 15 years of age, Turgenev entered Moscow University in the Faculty of Languages, but a year later, with the family moving to St. Petersburg, he moved to St. Petersburg University. Having completed the course in 1836 with the title of a full student and having passed the exam for the degree of a candidate the following year, Turgenev, with the low level of Russian university science at that time, could not but be aware of the complete insufficiency of the university education he had received and therefore went to complete his studies abroad. To this end, in 1838 he went to Berlin, where for two years he studied ancient languages, history and philosophy, mainly the Hegelian system under the guidance of Professor Werder. In Berlin, Turgenev became close friends with Stankevich, Granovsky, Frolov, Bakunin, who together with him listened to the lectures of Berlin professors.

However, not only scientific interests prompted him to go abroad. Possessing by nature a sensitive and receptive soul, which he saved among the groans of the unanswered "subjects" of the landowners-masters, among the "beatings and tortures" of the serf situation, which inspired him from the very first days of his conscious life with invincible horror and deep disgust, Turgenev felt a strong need for at least temporarily flee from their native Palestine. As he himself wrote later in his memoirs, he had to “either submit and humbly wander along the common rut, along the beaten path, or turn away at once, recoil from himself“ everyone and everything ”, even risking losing much that was dear and close to my heart. I did just that ... I threw myself headlong into the "German sea", which was supposed to cleanse and revive me, and when I finally emerged from its waves, I nevertheless found myself a "Westerner" and remained so forever.

The beginning of Turgenev's literary activity dates back to the time preceding his first trip abroad. While still a 3rd year student, he gave Pletnev one of the first fruits of his inexperienced muse, a fantastic drama in verse, "Stenio", - this is completely ridiculous, according to the author himself, a work in which, with childish ineptness, a slavish imitation of Byron's was expressed " Manfred." Although Pletnev scolded the young author, he nevertheless noticed that there was “something” in him. These words prompted Turgenev to take him a few more poems, of which two were published a year later in " Contemporary". Upon returning in 1841 from abroad, Turgenev went to Moscow with the intention of taking the exam for a master of philosophy; this turned out to be impossible, however, due to the abolition of the department of philosophy at Moscow University. In Moscow, he met the luminaries of the emerging Slavophilism at that time - Aksakov, Kireevsky, Khomyakov; but the convinced "Westernizer" Turgenev reacted negatively to the new current of Russian social thought. On the contrary, with Belinsky, Herzen, Granovsky, and others hostile to the Slavophiles, he became very close.

In 1842, Turgenev left for St. Petersburg, where, as a result of a quarrel with his mother, who severely limited his means, he was forced to follow the “common track” and enter the office of the Minister of Internal Affairs Perovsky. "Listed" in this service for a little over two years, Turgenev was not so much engaged in official affairs as reading French novels and writing poetry. Around the same time, starting from 1841, in " Domestic Notes" His small poems began to appear, and in 1843 the poem "Parasha" signed by T. L. was published, very sympathetically received by Belinsky, with whom he soon met and remained in close friendly relations until the end of his days. The young writer made a very strong impression on Belinsky. “This is a man,” he wrote to his friends, “unusually intelligent; conversations and disputes with him took away my soul. Turgenev later recalled these disputes with love. Belinsky had a considerable influence on the further direction of his literary activity. (See Turgenev's early work.)

Soon, Turgenev became close to the circle of writers who were grouped around Otechestvennye Zapiski and attracted him to participate in this journal, and took an outstanding place among them as a person with a broad philosophical education, familiar with Western European science and literature from primary sources. After Parasha, Turgenev wrote two more poems in verse: Conversation (1845) and Andrei (1845). His first prose work was the one-act dramatic essay "Carelessness" ("Notes of the Fatherland", 1843), followed by the story "Andrey Kolosov" (1844), the humorous poem "The Landowner" and the stories "Three Portraits" and "Breter" (1846) . These first literary experiences did not satisfy Turgenev, and he was already ready to quit his literary career, when Panaev, embarking on the publication of Sovremennik together with Nekrasov, asked him to send something for the first book of the updated magazine. Turgenev sent a short story “Khor and Kalinich”, which was placed by Panaev in the modest section of the “mixture” under the heading “From the notes of a hunter” invented by him, which created unfading glory for our famous writer.

This story, which immediately aroused everyone's attention, begins a new period of Turgenev's literary activity. He completely abandons the writing of poetry and turns exclusively to the story and the story, primarily from the life of the serf peasantry, imbued with a humane feeling and compassion for the enslaved masses of the people. The Hunter's Notes soon became a big name; their rapid success forced the author to abandon his previous decision to part with literature, but could not reconcile him with the difficult conditions of Russian life. An increasingly aggravated sense of dissatisfaction with them finally led him to the decision to finally settle abroad (1847). “I saw no other way before me,” he later wrote, recalling the internal crisis that he was going through at that time. “I could not breathe the same air, stay close to what I hated; for this, I probably lacked reliable endurance, firmness of character. I needed to move away from my enemy in order to attack him more strongly from my distance. In my eyes, this enemy had a certain image, bore a well-known name: this enemy was serfdom. Under this name, I collected and concentrated everything against which I decided to fight to the end - with which I swore never to reconcile ... This was my Annibal oath ... I went to the West in order to better fulfill it. Personal motives joined this main motive - hostile relations with his mother, who was dissatisfied with the fact that her son chose a literary career, and Ivan Sergeevich's attachment to the famous singer Viardo-Garcia and her family, with whom he lived almost inseparably for 38 years, a bachelor all his life.

Ivan Turgenev and Pauline Viardot. More than love

In 1850, in the year of his mother's death, Turgenev returned to Russia to arrange his affairs. All the yard peasants of the family estate, which he inherited with his brother, he set free; he transferred those who wished to quitrent and in every possible way contributed to the success of the general liberation. In 1861, at the time of redemption, he conceded a fifth part everywhere, and in the main estate he did not take anything for the estate land, which was a rather large amount. In 1852, Turgenev issued a separate edition of the Hunter's Notes, which finally strengthened his fame. But in official spheres, where serfdom was considered an inviolable foundation of social order, the author of the Hunter's Notes, who, moreover, had lived abroad for a long time, was in very bad shape. An insignificant occasion was enough for the official disgrace against the author to take concrete form. This occasion was Turgenev's letter, caused by Gogol's death in 1852 and placed in Moskovskie Vedomosti. For this letter, the author was imprisoned for a month on the "moving out", where, among other things, he wrote the story "Mumu", and then, by administrative procedure, was sent to live in his village of Spasskoye, "without the right to leave." Turgenev was released from this exile only in 1854 through the efforts of the poet Count A. K. Tolstoy, who interceded for him before the heir to the throne. The forced stay in the village, according to Turgenev himself, gave him the opportunity to get acquainted with those aspects of peasant life that had previously eluded his attention. There he wrote the novels "Two Friends", "Calm", the beginning of the comedy "A Month in the Country" and two critical articles. Since 1855, he again connected with his foreign friends, with whom he was separated by exile. From that time on, the most famous fruits of his artistic creativity began to appear - Rudin (1856), Asya (1858), Noble Nest (1859), On the Eve and First Love (1860). [Cm. Turgenev's novels and heroes, Turgenev - lyrics in prose.]

Retiring again abroad, Turgenev listened attentively to everything that was happening in his homeland. At the first rays of the dawn of the renaissance that was taking over Russia, Turgenev felt in himself a new surge of energy, which he wanted to give a new application. He wanted to add to his mission as a sensitive contemporary artist the role of a publicist-citizen, at one of the most important moments in the socio-political development of his homeland. During this period of preparing reforms (1857 - 1858), Turgenev was in Rome, where many Russians then lived, including Prince. V. A. Cherkassky, V. N. Botkin, gr. Ya. I. Rostovtsev. These persons arranged meetings among themselves, at which the question of the emancipation of the peasants was discussed, and the result of these meetings was a project for the founding of a journal, the program of which was entrusted to develop Turgenev. In his explanatory note to the program, Turgenev proposed calling on all the living forces of society to assist the government in the ongoing liberation reform. The author of the note recognized Russian science and literature as such forces. The projected magazine was supposed to devote "exclusively and specifically to the development of all issues related to the actual organization of peasant life and the consequences arising from them." This attempt, however, was recognized as "premature" and did not receive practical implementation.

In 1862, the novel Fathers and Sons appeared (see its full text, summary and analysis), which had an unprecedented success in the literary world, but also brought the author many difficult minutes. A whole hail of sharp reproaches rained down on him both from the conservatives, who convicted him (pointing to the image of Bazarov) in sympathy with the "nihilists", in "somersaulting in front of the youth", and from the latter, who accused Turgenev of slandering the younger generation and treason " the cause of freedom." By the way, "Fathers and Sons" led Turgenev to break with Herzen, who offended him with a sharp review of this novel. All these troubles had such a hard effect on Turgenev that he seriously considered abandoning further literary activity. The lyrical story "Enough", written by him shortly after the troubles experienced, serves as a literary monument of the gloomy mood in which the author was seized at that time.

Fathers and Sons. Feature film based on the novel by I. S. Turgenev. 1958

But the artist's need for creativity was too great for him to dwell on his decision for a long time. In 1867, the novel Smoke appeared, which also brought accusations against the author of backwardness and misunderstanding of Russian life. Turgenev reacted much more calmly to the new attacks. "Smoke" was his last work, which appeared on the pages of "Russian Messenger". Since 1868, it has been published exclusively in the journal Vestnik Evropy, which was then born. At the beginning of the Franco-Prussian war, Turgenev moved from Baden-Baden to Paris with Viardot and lived in the house of his friends in the winter, and moved to his dacha in Bougival (near Paris) in the summer. In Paris, he became close friends with the most prominent representatives of French literature, was on friendly terms with Flaubert, Daudet, Ogier, Goncourt, patronized Zola and Maupassant. As before, he continued to write a story or story every year, and in 1877 Turgenev's largest novel, Nov, appeared. Like almost everything that came out of the novelist's pen, his new work - and this time, perhaps with more reason than ever - aroused a lot of the most diverse interpretations. The attacks resumed with such ferocity that Turgenev returned to his old idea of ending his literary activity. And, indeed, for 3 years he did not write anything. But during this time, events occurred that completely reconciled the writer with the public.

In 1879 Turgenev came to Russia. His arrival gave rise to a whole series of warm applause addressed to him, in which the youth took a particularly active part. They testified to how strong the sympathies of the Russian intelligentsia society were for the novelist. On his next visit in 1880, these ovations, but on an even grander scale, were repeated in Moscow during the "Pushkin days". Since 1881, alarming news about Turgenev's illness began to appear in the newspapers. The gout, from which he had long suffered, grew worse and at times caused him severe suffering; for almost two years, at short intervals, she kept the writer chained to a bed or an armchair, and on August 22, 1883, she put an end to his life. Two days after his death, Turgenev's body was transported from Bougival to Paris, and on September 19 it was sent to St. Petersburg. The transfer of the ashes of the famous novelist to the Volkovo cemetery was accompanied by a grandiose procession, unprecedented in the annals of Russian literature.

Russian writer, corresponding member of the Puturburg Academy of Sciences (1880). In the cycle of stories "Notes of a Hunter" (1847 - 52) he showed the high spiritual qualities and talent of the Russian peasant, the poetry of nature. In the socio-psychological novels Rudin (1856), The Noble Nest (1859), On the Eve (1860), Fathers and Sons (1862), the stories Asya (1858), Spring Waters (1872) ) created images of the outgoing noble culture and new heroes of the era - commoners and democrats, images of selfless Russian women. In the novel "Smoke" (1867) and "Nov" (1877) he depicted the life of Russian peasants abroad, the populist movement in Russia. On the slope of his life he created the lyric-philosophical Poems in Prose (1882). Master of Language and Psychological Analysis. Turgenev had a significant impact on the development of Russian and world literature.

Biography

Born October 28 (November 9 n.s.) in Orel in a noble family. Father, Sergei Nikolaevich, a retired hussar officer, came from an old noble family; mother, Varvara Petrovna, is from a wealthy landowning family, the Lutovinovs. Turgenev's childhood passed in the family estate of Spasskoye-Lutovinovo. He grew up in the care of "tutors and teachers, Swiss and Germans, homegrown uncles and serf nannies."

With the family moving to Moscow in 1827, the future writer was sent to a boarding school and spent about two and a half years there. Further education continued under the guidance of private teachers. Since childhood, he knew French, German, English.

In the autumn of 1833, before reaching the age of fifteen, he entered Moscow University, and the following year he transferred to St. Petersburg University, from which he graduated in 1936 in the verbal department of the philosophical faculty.

In May 1838 he went to Berlin to listen to lectures on classical philology and philosophy. He met and became friends with N. Stankevich and M. Bakunin, meetings with whom were of much greater importance than the lectures of Berlin professors. He spent more than two academic years abroad, combining studies with long trips: he traveled around Germany, visited Holland and France, and lived in Italy for several months.

Returning to his homeland in 1841, he settled in Moscow, where he prepared for the master's exams and attended literary circles and salons: he met Gogol, Aksakov, Khomyakov. On one of his trips to St. Petersburg - with Herzen.

In 1842, he successfully passed the master's exams, hoping to get a professorship at Moscow University, but since philosophy was taken under suspicion by the Nikolaev government, the departments of philosophy were abolished at Russian universities, and it was not possible to become a professor.

In 1843, Turgenev entered the service of an official in the "special office" of the Minister of the Interior, where he served for two years. In the same year, an acquaintance with Belinsky and his entourage took place. Turgenev's social and literary views during this period were determined mainly by the influence of Belinsky. Turgenev published his poems, poems, dramatic works, novels. The critic guided his work with his assessments and friendly advice.

In 1847, Turgenev went abroad for a long time: love for the famous French singer Pauline Viardot, whom he met in 1843 during her tour in St. Petersburg, took him away from Russia. He lived for three years in Germany, then in Paris and on the estate of the Viardot family. Even before leaving, he submitted an essay "Khor and Kalinich" to Sovremennik, which was a resounding success. The following essays from folk life were published in the same magazine for five years. In 1852 they came out as a separate book called Notes of a Hunter.

In 1850, the writer returned to Russia, as an author and critic he collaborated in Sovremennik, which became a kind of center of Russian literary life.

Impressed by Gogol's death in 1852, he published an obituary banned by the censors. For this he was arrested for a month, and then sent to his estate under the supervision of the police without the right to travel outside the Oryol province.

In 1853 it was allowed to come to St. Petersburg, but the right to travel abroad was returned only in 1856.

Along with the "hunting" stories, Turgenev wrote several plays: "The Freeloader" (1848), "The Bachelor" (1849), "A Month in the Country" (1850), "Provincial Girl" (1850). During his arrest and exile, he created the stories "Mumu" (1852) and "Inn" (1852) on a "peasant" theme. However, he was increasingly occupied with the life of the Russian intelligentsia, to whom the novel "The Diary of a Superfluous Man" (1850) is dedicated; "Yakov Pasynkov" (1855); "Correspondence" (1856). Work on stories facilitated the transition to the novel.

In the summer of 1855, the novel "Rudin" was written in Spassky, and in subsequent years, novels: in 1859 - "The Noble Nest"; in 1860 - "On the Eve", in 1862 - "Fathers and Sons".

The situation in Russia was changing rapidly: the government announced its intention to free the peasants from serfdom, preparations for the reform began, giving rise to numerous plans for the upcoming reorganization. Turgenev took an active part in this process, became Herzen's unspoken collaborator, sending accusatory material to the Kolokol magazine, and collaborated with Sovremennik, which gathered around him the main forces of advanced literature and journalism. At first, writers of different trends acted as a united front, but sharp disagreements soon appeared. There was a break between Turgenev and the Sovremennik magazine, the cause of which was Dobrolyubov's article "When will the real day come?" Dedicated to Turgenev's novel "On the Eve", in which the critic predicted the imminent appearance of the Russian Insarov, the approach of the day of the revolution. Turgenev did not accept such an interpretation of the novel and asked Nekrasov not to publish this article. Nekrasov took the side of Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky, and Turgenev left Sovremennik. By 1862-1863, he had a polemic with Herzen on the question of the further paths of development of Russia, which led to a divergence between them. Pinning hopes on reforms "from above", Turgenev considered Herzen's faith in the revolutionary and socialist aspirations of the peasantry unfounded.

Since 1863, the writer settled with the Viardot family in Baden-Baden. At the same time, he began to collaborate with the liberal-bourgeois Vestnik Evropy, in which all his subsequent major works were published, including his last novel, Nov (1876).

Following the Viardot family, Turgenev moved to Paris. During the days of the Paris Commune, he lived in London, after its defeat he returned to France, where he remained until the end of his life, spending the winters in Paris, and the summer months outside the city, in Bougival, and making short trips to Russia every spring.

The public upsurge of the 1870s in Russia, connected with the attempts of the populists to find a revolutionary way out of the crisis, the writer met with interest, became close to the leaders of the movement, and provided material assistance in the publication of the collection Vperyod. His long-standing interest in the folk theme was awakened again, he returned to the "Notes of a Hunter", supplementing them with new essays, wrote the stories "Punin and Baburin" (1874), "Hours" (1875), etc.

A social revival began among the student youth, among the general strata of society. Turgenev's popularity, once shaken by his break with Sovremennik, has now recovered again and is growing rapidly. In February 1879, when he arrived in Russia, he was honored at literary evenings and ceremonial dinners, strenuously inviting him to stay in his homeland. Turgenev was even inclined to stop his voluntary exile, but this intention was not carried out. In the spring of 1882, the first signs of a serious illness appeared, which deprived the writer of the opportunity to move (cancer of the spine).

On August 22 (September 3, n.s.), 1883, Turgenev died in Bougival. According to the writer's will, his body was transported to Russia and buried in St. Petersburg.

Biography of Turgenev

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev (1818 - 1883) - the famous Russian writer and poet, essayist and playwright, classic of Russian literature of the 19th century. Turgenev's work includes six novels, many stories, novellas, articles, and plays.

early years

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born on October 28 (November 9), 1818 in the city of Orel. His family, both maternal and paternal, belonged to the noble class.

The first education in Turgenev's biography was received at the Spassky-Lutovinovo estate. The boy was taught to read and write by German and French teachers. Since 1827 the family moved to Moscow. Then Turgenev's training took place in private boarding schools in Moscow, after which - at Moscow University. Without graduating from it, Turgenev transferred to the philosophical faculty of St. Petersburg University. He also studied abroad, after which he traveled around Europe.

The beginning of the literary path

Studying in the third year of the institute, in 1834 Turgenev wrote his first poem called "The Wall". And in 1838, his first two poems were published: "Evening" and "To the Venus of Medicius."

In 1841, having returned to Russia, he was engaged in scientific activities, wrote a dissertation and received a master's degree in philology. Then, when the craving for science cooled down, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev served as an official in the Ministry of the Interior until 1844.
See also: Gogol Nikolai Vasilyevich biography

In 1843, Turgenev met Belinsky, they struck up friendly relations. Under the influence of Belinsky, new poems by Turgenev, poems, stories are created, printed, among which are: Parasha, Pop, Breter and Three Portraits.

The heyday of creativity

Since 1847, at the invitation of Nekrasov, his Modern Notes and the first chapters of the Hunter's Notes (Khor and Kalinich) have been published in the transformed Sovremennik magazine, which brought great success to the author, and he began work on the rest of the stories about hunting .

Work in Sovremennik brought Turgenev many interesting acquaintances; Dostoevsky, Goncharov, Ostrovsky, Fet and other famous writers were also published in the magazine.

In 1847, together with his friend Belinsky, he went abroad, where he witnessed the February Revolution in France.

In the late 40s and early 50s, he was actively involved in dramaturgy, writing the plays “Where it is thin, it breaks there” and “The Freeloader” (both 1848), “The Bachelor” (1849), “A Month in the Country” (1850) , "Provincial" (1851), which are staged on theater stages and are a success with the public.

Turgenev translated the works of Byron and Shakespeare into Russian, from them he learned the skill of mastering literary techniques.

In August 1852, one of Turgenev's most important books, Notes of a Hunter, was published.

After Gogol's death, Turgenev wrote an obituary, for which Ivan Sergeevich was sent into exile for two years in his native village. There is an opinion that the real reason for the exile was the writer's radical views, as well as the sympathetic attitude towards the serfs, which he expressed in his work.

During his exile, Turgenev wrote the story "Mumu" (1852). Then, after the death of Nicholas I, the most famous works of Turgenev appeared in print: Rudin (1856), The Noble Nest (1859), On the Eve (1860) and Fathers and Sons (1862).

Other famous works of the writer include: the novels "Smoke" (1867) and "Nov" (1877), novels and stories "The Diary of a Superfluous Man" (1849), "Bezhin Meadow" (1851), "Asya" (1858), "Spring Waters" (1872) and many others.

In the autumn of 1855, Turgenev met Leo Tolstoy, who soon published the story "Cutting the Forest" with a dedication to I. S. Turgenev.

Last years

Since 1863, he left for Germany, where he met with outstanding writers of Western Europe, promoted Russian literature. He works as an editor and consultant, he is engaged in translations from Russian into German and French and vice versa. He becomes the most popular and read Russian writer in Europe. And in 1879 he received an honorary doctorate from Oxford University.

It was thanks to the efforts of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev that the best works of Pushkin, Gogol, Lermontov, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy were translated.

It is worth noting briefly that in the biography of Ivan Turgenev in the late 1870s and early 1880s, his popularity rapidly increased, both at home and abroad. And critics began to rank him among the best writers of the century.

Since 1882, the writer began to be overcome by diseases: gout, angina pectoris, neuralgia. As a result of a painful illness (sarcoma), he dies on August 22 (September 3), 1883 in Bougival (a suburb of Paris). His body was brought to St. Petersburg and buried at the Volkovsky cemetery.

Chronological table
If you need a biography of Turgenev by date, we advise you to look at the Turgenev chronological table page.

Other biography options

Option 1 is more detailed:

Option 2 is more detailed:

Interesting facts about Turgenev

In his youth, Turgenev was frivolous, spending a lot of his parents' money on entertainment. For this, his mother once taught a lesson, sending bricks instead of money in a parcel.
The personal life of the writer was not very successful. He had many novels, but none of them ended in marriage. The greatest love in his life was the opera singer Pauline Viardot. For 38 years Turgenev knew her and her husband Louis. For their family, he traveled all over the world, lived with them in different countries. Louis Viardot and Ivan Turgenev died in the same year.
Turgenev was a clean man, neatly dressed. The writer liked to work in cleanliness and order - without this he never began to create.
see all

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a Russian writer and poet, playwright, publicist, critic and translator. He was born on October 28, 1818 in the city of Orel. His works are remembered for their vivid descriptions of nature, vivid images and characters. Critics especially highlight the cycle of stories "Notes of a Hunter", which reflects the best moral qualities of a simple peasant. There were many strong and selfless women in Turgenev's stories. The poet had a strong influence on the development of world literature. He died on August 22, 1883 near Paris.

Childhood and education

Turgenev was born into a noble family. His father was a retired officer. The writer's mother, Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova, was of noble origin. Ivan's childhood was spent in the hereditary estate of her family. Parents did everything to ensure a comfortable existence for their son. He was taught by the best teachers and tutors, and at a young age, Ivan and his family moved to Moscow for higher education. From childhood, the guy studied foreign languages, he was fluent in English, French and German.

The move to Moscow took place in 1827. There Ivan studied at the boarding house of Weidenhammer, he also studied with private teachers. Five years later, the future writer became a student of the verbal department of the prestigious Moscow University. In 1834, Turgenev transferred to the Faculty of Philosophy in St. Petersburg, as his family moved to this city. It was then that Ivan began to write his first poems.

For three years he created more than a hundred lyrical works, including the poem "Steno". Professor Pletnev P.A., who taught Turgenev, immediately noticed the undoubted talent of the young man. Thanks to him, the publication of Ivan's poems "To the Venus of Medicine" and "Evening" in the journal "Contemporary".

In 1838, two years after graduating from university, he went to Berlin to listen to philological lectures. At that time, Turgenev managed to get a Ph.D. In Germany, the young man continues his studies, he studies the grammar of the ancient Greek language and Latin. He was also interested in studying Roman and Greek literature. At the same time, Turgenev makes acquaintance with Bakunin and Stankevich. For two years he travels, visiting France, Italy and Holland.

Homecoming

Ivan returned to Moscow in 1841, at the same time he meets Gogol, Herzen and Aksakov. The poet greatly appreciated the acquaintance with each of his colleagues. Together they attend literary circles. The following year, Turgenev asks for admission to the exam for a master's degree in philosophy.

In 1843, for some time, the writer went to work in the ministerial office, but the official's monotonous activity did not bring him satisfaction. At the same time, his poem "Parasha" was published, which was highly appreciated by V. Belinsky. The year 1843 was also remembered by the writer for his acquaintance with the French singer Pauline Viardot. After that, Turgenev decides to devote himself entirely to creativity.

In 1846, the novels Three Portraits and Bretter were published. Some time after that, the writer creates other well-known works, including "Breakfast at the Leader", "Provincial Girl", "Bachelor", "Mumu", "A Month in the Village" and others. A collection of short stories, Notes of a Hunter, was published by Turgenev in 1852. At the same time, his obituary dedicated to Nikolai Gogol was published. This work was banned in St. Petersburg, but published in Moscow. For his radical views, Ivan Sergeevich was exiled to Spasskoye.

Later, he wrote four more works, which later became the largest in his work. In 1856, the book "Rudin" was published, three years after that, the prose writer wrote the novel "The Noble Nest". 1860 was marked by the release of the work "On the Eve". One of the most famous works of the author, "Fathers and Sons", dates back to 1862.

This period of life was also marked by a break in the poet's relationship with the Sovremennik magazine. This happened after Dobrolyubov’s article entitled “When will the real day come?”, Which was filled with negativity about the novel “On the Eve”. Turgenev spent the next few years of his life in Baden-Baden. The city inspired his most voluminous novel, Nov, published in 1877.

last years of life

The writer was especially interested in Western European cultural trends. He entered into correspondence with famous writers, among whom were Maupassant, George Sand, Victor Hugo and others. Thanks to their communication, literature was enriched. In 1874, Turgenev organized dinners with Zola, Flaubert, Daudet and Edmond Goncourt. In 1878, an international literary congress is held in Paris, during which Ivan is elected vice president. At the same time, he becomes a respected doctor at Oxford University.

Despite the fact that the prose writer lived far from Russia, his works were known in his homeland. In 1867, the novel "Smoke" was published, dividing compatriots into two oppositions. Many criticized him, while others were sure that the work opens a new literary era.

In the spring of 1882, for the first time, a physical ailment called microsarcoma manifested itself, which caused Turgenev terrible pain. It was because of him that the writer later died. He struggled with pain to the last, Ivan's last work was Poems in Prose, released a few months before his death. On September 3 (according to the old style on August 22), 1883, Ivan Sergeevich died in Bougival. He was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkovskoye cemetery. The funeral was attended by many people who wanted to say goodbye to a talented writer.

Personal life

The first love of the poet was Princess Shakhovskaya, who was in a relationship with his father. They met in 1833, and only in 1860 Turgenev was able to describe his feelings in the story "First Love". Ten years after meeting Princess Ivan meets Pauline Viardot, whom he falls in love with almost immediately. He accompanies her on tour, it is with this woman that the prose writer subsequently moves to Baden-Baden. After some time, the couple had a daughter who was brought up in Paris.

Problems in relations with the singer began due to the distance, her husband Louis also acted as an obstacle. Turgenev starts an affair with a distant relative. They were even planning to get married. In the early sixties, the prose writer again becomes close to Viardot, they live together in Baden-Baden, then move to Paris. In the last years of his life, Ivan Sergeevich is fond of the young actress Maria Savina, who reciprocates his feelings.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a Russian realist writer who served as an intermediary between Russian and Western European cultures. His prose, which raised topical issues of modern life and presented a gallery of various human types, reflects the historical path of Russia in the 40s–70s of the 19th century, illuminates the ideological and spiritual searches of the Russian intelligentsia and reveals the deepest features of the national character. Below you will find detailed information on the topic "Interesting Facts", "The Life and Work of Turgenev" and, of course, a short and complete biography (Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich)

Brief biography of Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich for children

Option 1

Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich (1818–1883)

Great Russian writer. Born in the city of Orel, in a middle-class noble family. He studied at a private boarding school in Moscow, then at universities - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Berlin. Turgenev began his literary career as a poet. In 1838-1847. he writes and publishes lyrical poems and poems in magazines (“Parasha”, “Landowner”, “Andrey”, etc.).

At first, Turgenev's poetic work developed under the sign of romanticism, later realistic features prevail in it.

Turning to prose in 1847 (“Khor and Kalinich” from the future “Notes of a Hunter”), Turgenev left poetry, but at the end of his life he created a wonderful cycle of “Poems in Prose”.

He had a great influence on Russian and world literature. An outstanding master of psychological analysis, descriptions of pictures of nature. He created a number of socio-psychological novels - "" (1856), "" (1860), "" (1859), "" (1862), the story "Leya", "Spring Waters", in which he brought out both representatives of the outgoing noble culture, and new heroes of the era - raznochintsy and democrats. His images of selfless Russian women enriched literary criticism with a special term - "Turgenev's girls".

In his later novels Smoke (1867) and Nov (1877) he depicted the life of Russians abroad.

At the end of his life, Turgenev turns to memoirs (“Literary and everyday memories”, 1869–80) and “Poems in prose” (1877–82), where almost all the main themes of his work are presented, and the summing up takes place as if in the presence approaching death.

The writer died on August 22 (September 3), 1883 in Bougival, near Paris; buried at the Volkov cemetery in St. Petersburg. Death was preceded by more than a year and a half of a painful illness (cancer of the spinal cord).

Option 2

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a 19th-century Russian realist writer, poet, translator and corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Turgenev was born on October 28 (November 9), 1818 in the city of Oryol in a noble family. The writer's father was a retired officer, and his mother was a hereditary noblewoman. Turgenev's childhood passed in the family estate, where he had personal teachers, tutors, serf nannies.

In 1827, the Turgenev family moved to Moscow in order to give their children a decent education. There he studied at a boarding school, then studied with private teachers. The writer has been fluent in several foreign languages since childhood, including English, French and German.

In 1833, Ivan entered Moscow University, and a year later he transferred to St. Petersburg to the verbal department. In 1838 he went to Berlin for lectures in classical philology. There he met Bakunin and Stankevich, meetings with whom were of great importance for the writer. For two years spent abroad, he managed to visit France, Italy, Germany and Holland. The return home took place in 1841. At the same time, he began to actively attend literary circles, where he met Gogol, Herzen, Aksakov, etc.

In 1843, Turgenev joined the office of the Minister of the Interior. Immediately he met Belinsky, who had a considerable influence on the formation of the literary and social views of the young writer. In 1846, Turgenev wrote several works: Breter, Three Portraits, Freeloader, Provincial Woman, etc.

In 1852, one of the best stories of the writer appeared - "". The story was written while serving a link in Spassky-Lutovinovo. Then the "Notes of a Hunter" appeared, and after the death of Nicholas I, 4 of Turgenev's largest works were published: "On the Eve", "Rudin", "Fathers and Sons", "Noble Nest".

Turgenev gravitated toward the circle of Western writers. In 1863, together with the Viardot family, he left for Baden-Baden, where he actively participated in cultural life and made acquaintances with the best writers of Western Europe. Among them were George Sand, Prosper Merimee, Thackeray, Victor Hugo and many others. Soon he became the editor of foreign translators of Russian writers.

In 1878 he was appointed vice-president at an international congress on literature held in Paris. The following year, Turgenev was awarded an honorary doctorate from Oxford University. Living abroad, he was also drawn to his homeland with his soul, which was reflected in the novel "" (1867). The largest in volume was his novel "Nov" (1877). I. S. Turgenev died near Paris on August 22 (September 3), 1883. The writer was buried according to his will in St. Petersburg.

Option 3

Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev was born in 1818 and died in 1883.

Representative of the nobility. Born in the small town of Orel, but later moved to live in the capital. Turgenev was an innovator of realism. By profession, the writer was a philosopher. On his account there were many universities in which he entered, but he did not manage to finish many. He also traveled abroad and studied there.

At the beginning of his career, Ivan Sergeevich tried his hand at writing dramatic, epic and lyrical works. Being a romantic, Turgenev wrote especially carefully in the above areas. His characters feel like strangers in a crowd of people, lonely. The hero is even ready to admit his insignificance in front of the opinions of others.

Ivan Sergeevich was also an outstanding translator, and it was thanks to him that many Russian works were translated into a foreign way.

He spent the last years of his life in Germany, where he actively initiated foreigners into Russian culture, in particular into literature. During his lifetime, he achieved high popularity both in Russia and abroad. The poet died in Paris from a painful sarcoma. His body was brought to his homeland, where the writer was buried.

Biography of Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich by years

Option 1

Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich (1818 - 1883)

Key dates of life and creativity

1818, October 28 (November 9)- was born in Orel in a noble family. He spent his childhood in the family estate of his mother, Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, Oryol province.

1833–1837 - studies at the Moscow (language faculty) and St. Petersburg (philological department of the philosophical faculty) universities.

1838–1841 - studies at the University of Berlin.

1843 - acquaintance with V.G. Belinsky and Polina Viardot.

1850 - the comedy "A Month in the Country" (it predicts some features of Chekhov's drama). For ten years (1843 - 1852) about a dozen scenes and comedies were written.

1852 - The first edition of the collection "Notes of a Hunter" is published.

1852 - publication of an obituary on the death of N.V. Gogol, a link to the Spasskoe-Lutovinovo family estate. The story of Mumu.

1856 - the novel “Rudin” (magazine “Sovremennik”, No. 1–2), the story “Faust”.

1883 , August 22 (September 3)- died in Bougival near Paris, was buried at the Volkov cemetery in St. Petersburg.

Option 2

Turgenev's chronological table is an excellent tool for studying and consolidating knowledge on the topic. Turgenev "Life and Work" in the chronological table, will allow the student to get acquainted with the important stages of the writer's creative path.

For the convenience of users, Turgenev's biography in the table (by date) divides the life of the author into specific periods of his life. Each of them left its mark on the works of the author, ranging from youthful minimalism to more mature works.

1818 October 28 (November 9) Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, famous Russian writer, was born.

1827 - The Turgenev family, in order to give their children a decent education, moved to Moscow, where their father bought a house.

1833 - Ivan Turgenev became a student of the famous Moscow University at the Faculty of Literature.

1834 - The elder brother entered the military service of the Guards Artillery Regiment, and the family moved to St. Petersburg;

Ivan Turgenev transferred to St. Petersburg University at the Faculty of Philosophy;

the dramatic poem "The Wall" was written.

1836 – Completed the course with a valid student degree

1837 – Created more than a hundred small poems;

there was a short and unexpected meeting with A.S. Pushkin.

1838 - Turgenev's poetic debut took place, who published his poem "Evening" in the Sovremennik magazine;

Turgenev passed the exam for a Ph.D. and went to Germany. Here he became close to Stankevich.

1839 - Returned to Russia.

1840 - I went abroad again, visited Germany, Italy and Austria.

1841 - He returned to Lutovinovo, here he became interested in the seamstress Dunyasha.

1842 - Turgenev applied for admission to the exams for a master's degree in philosophy at Moscow University, but the request was rejected;

passed the exam for a master of philosophy at the University of St. Petersburg;

Dunyasha was born from Turgenev, the daughter of Pelageya (Polina);

at the insistence of his mother, Turgenev began to serve in the office of the Ministry of the Interior. But the clerical service did not appeal to him, and the official did not work out of him. And so, after serving for a year and a half, he retired.

1843 - Turgenev wrote the poem "Parasha", which was highly appreciated by Belinsky. Since then, a friendship has developed between the writer and the critic.

1843, autumn- Turgenev met Polina Viardot, who came to St. Petersburg on tour.

1846 - Participates with Nekrasov in updating Sovremennik;

written novels "Brether" and "Three portraits".

1847 - Together with Belinsky, he goes abroad;

finally stops writing poetry and switches to prose.

1848 - Being in Paris, the writer finds himself in the epicenter of revolutionary events.

1849 - "Bachelor".

1850–1852 - Lives either in Russia or abroad. Lives in the Viardot Family, Polina brings up his daughter.

1852 - "Notes of a hunter" published.

1856 - Rudin.

1859 - The novel "The Nest of Nobles" was created.

1860 - "The day before";

Sovremennik published an article written by N. Dobrolyubov “When will the real day come?”, in which criticism of the novel “On the Eve” and Turgenev’s work as a whole was voiced;

Turgenev stopped working with Sovremennik and stopped communicating with Nekrasov.

1862 - "Fathers and Sons".

1867 - The novel "Smoke" was published.

1874 - In the restaurants of Rich or Pele, the notorious bachelor dinners are held with the participation of Edmond Goncourt, Flaubert, Emile Zola, Daudet and Turgenev.

1877 - The novel "Nov" was created.

1879 The writer was awarded an honorary doctorate from Oxford University.

1880 – Turgenev participated in the celebrations dedicated to the opening in Moscow of the first monument to the great Russian poet A. S. Pushkin.

1883, August 22 (September 3) Turgenev died of myxosarcoma. His body, according to the will, was transported to St. Petersburg and buried at the Volkovo cemetery.

Option 3

The life of I. Turgenev in dates and facts

9 November 1818G. - Born in Orel, in a noble family. Childhood years were spent in the estate of Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, which became the prototype of the noble "family nest", which the writer later repeatedly recreated in his works as a specific phenomenon of Russian culture.

IN 1827 G. the family moved to Moscow, where the systematic education of the young Turgenev began. Having been trained in private boarding schools, he continued his studies at Moscow and St. Petersburg Universities, and then, from 1838to 1840gg., listened to lectures at the University of Berlin. In Germany, the writer became close to talented young representatives of the Russian intelligentsia: N.V. Stankevich, who later created the Moscow philosophical circle, from which many outstanding figures of Russian culture came out, the future revolutionary M.A. Bakunin, as well as the future famous historian and idol of Moscow students in the 1840s–50s. T.N. Granovsky. Upon his return to Russia, he entered the service of the Ministry of the Interior, but soon left it, deciding to devote himself to literary creativity.

1834 year dates back to the first great literary experience of I. Turgenev, a poem "Wall", which was not published during the life of the author, but testified to the presence of his literary inclinations.

IN 1840s- appears in the press as the author of poems, poems, dramas and the first stories approved by the public and literary criticism. Among those who enthusiastically accepted the writer was V.G. Belinsky, who had a significant impact on the development of I. Turgenev's talent.

1847 G.- Turgenev's story " Khor and Kalinich", to which the editors prefaced the subtitle "From the notes of a hunter." This story was a resounding success.

IN 1843 G. Turgenev met the singer Polina Viardot, who became the love of his life.

1852 G.- the appearance of a collection of short stories « ”, perceived not only as a literary, but also as a social and cultural event in the life of Russia.

1850s- the heyday of the writer's talent. At the beginning of this decade, stories were written "Diary of a Superfluous Man" (1850), "Calm"(1854) and others, which served as approaches to the first novel "Rudin"(1856). The model of love relationships outlined in this work was further developed in the stories "Asya" (1858), "First love"(1860) and « » (1872), forming a kind of trilogy about love; and the theme of the ideological and spiritual quest of the intelligentsia, developed in Rudin, was taken as the basis of the novels "Noble Nest"(1859) and "The Eve"(1860). The discussion about the last novel was the reason for Turgenev's break with Sovremennik, with which he had long-term close relations.

1862 G.- published a novel "Fathers and Sons", which caused fierce disputes between representatives of different socio-political camps and trends. Insulted by the tactless controversy, Turgenev went abroad, where he spent the last 20 years of his life. In France, where the writer mainly lived, he was accepted into a select literary community, to which V. Hugo, P. Merimet, George Sand, E. Goncourt, E. Zola, G. de Maupassant, G. Flaubert belonged.

1867 G.- a novel was written "Smoke", which differed sharply in mood from those previously created and reflected the extremely Westernizing views of the writer. In Russia, this work was received with irritation.

1877 G.- publication of a novel "Nov" further deepened the misunderstanding between the writer and the Russian public.

1878 G.- together with V. Hugo I. Turgenev presided over the International Literary Congress in Paris.

Start 1880sgg. was marked by the appearance of the so-called "mysterious" stories - "Song of Triumphant Love"(1881) and "Clara Milic"(1882), as well as the collection "Poems in Prose"(1877–1882), who became the writer's swan song.

3 September 1883G.- Due to a serious illness, Turgenev died in Bougival in the south of France. The writer was buried at the Volkovo cemetery in St. Petersburg.

Full biography of Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich

Turgenev, Ivan Sergeevich, a famous writer, was born on December 28, 1818 in Orel, into a wealthy landowner family that belonged to an ancient noble family. Turgenev's father, Sergei Nikolaevich, married Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova, who had neither youth nor beauty, but who inherited huge property - solely by calculation. Shortly after the birth of his second son, the future novelist, S. N. Turgenev, with the rank of colonel, left the military service, in which he had until then been, and moved with his family to his wife's estate, Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, near the city of Mtsensk, Oryol province .

Here the new landowner quickly unfolded the violent nature of an unbridled and depraved tyrant, who was a thunderstorm not only for the serfs, but also for members of his own family. Turgenev's mother, even before her marriage, experienced a lot of grief in the house of her stepfather, who pursued her with vile offers, and then in the house of her uncle, to whom she fled, was forced to silently endure the wild antics of her despot husband and, tormented by the pangs of jealousy, did not dare to loudly reproach him in unworthy behavior that offended in her the feelings of a woman and wife. Hidden resentment and irritation accumulated over the years embittered and hardened her; this was fully revealed when, after the death of her husband (1834), having become a sovereign mistress in her possessions, she gave vent to her evil instincts of unrestrained landlord tyranny.

In this suffocating atmosphere, saturated with all the miasma of serfdom, the first years of Turgenev's childhood passed. According to the custom prevailing in the life of the landowners of that time, the future famous novelist was brought up under the guidance of tutors and teachers - Swiss, Germans and serf uncles and nannies. The main attention was paid to the French and German languages, assimilated by Turgenev in childhood; the native language was in the pen. According to the author himself, Hunter's notes”, the first who interested him in Russian literature was his mother’s serf valet, who secretly, but with extraordinary solemnity, read to him somewhere in the garden or in a distant room “Rossiada” by Kheraskov.

Having completed the course in 1836 with the title of a full student and having passed the exam for the degree of a candidate the following year, Turgenev, with the low level of Russian university science at that time, could not but be aware of the complete insufficiency of the university education he had received and therefore went to complete his studies abroad. To this end, in 1838 he went to Berlin, where for two years he studied ancient languages, history and philosophy, mainly the Hegelian system under the guidance of Professor Werder. In Berlin, Turgenev became close friends with Stankevich, Granovsky, Frolov, Bakunin, who together with him listened to the lectures of the Berlin professors.

As he himself wrote later in his memoirs, he had to “either submit and humbly wander along the common rut, along the beaten path, or turn away at once, recoil from himself“ everyone and everything ”, even risking losing much that was dear and close to my heart. I did just that ... I threw myself headlong into the “German sea”, which was supposed to cleanse and revive me, and when I finally emerged from its waves, I nevertheless found myself a “Westerner” and remained so forever.

Upon returning in 1841 from abroad, Turgenev went to Moscow with the intention of taking the exam for a master of philosophy; this turned out to be impossible, however, due to the abolition of the department of philosophy at Moscow University. In Moscow, he met the luminaries of the Slavophilism that was emerging at that time - Aksakov, Kireevsky, Khomyakov; but the convinced "Westernizer" Turgenev reacted negatively to the new current of Russian social thought. On the contrary, with Belinsky, Herzen, Granovsky, and others hostile to the Slavophiles, he became very close.

The young writer made a very strong impression on Belinsky. “This is a man,” he wrote to his friends, “unusually intelligent; conversations and disputes with him took away my soul. Turgenev later recalled these disputes with love. Belinsky had a considerable influence on the further direction of his literary activity.

His first prose work was the one-act dramatic essay "Carelessness" ("Notes of the Fatherland", 1843), followed by the story "Andrey Kolosov" (1844), the humorous poem "The Landowner" and the stories "Three Portraits" and "Breter" (1846) . These first literary experiences did not satisfy Turgenev, and he was already ready to quit his literary career, when Panaev, embarking on the publication of Sovremennik together with Nekrasov, asked him to send something for the first book of the updated magazine. Turgenev sent a short story "", which was placed by Panaev in the modest department of "mixture" under the heading "From the notes of a hunter" invented by him, which created unfading glory for our famous writer.

An increasingly aggravated sense of dissatisfaction with them finally led him to the decision to finally settle abroad (1847). “I saw no other way before me,” he later wrote, recalling the internal crisis that he was going through at that time.

“I could not breathe the same air, stay close to what I hated; for this, I probably lacked reliable endurance, firmness of character. I needed to move away from my enemy in order to attack him more strongly from my distance. In my eyes, this enemy had a certain image, bore a well-known name: this enemy was serfdom. Under this name, I collected and concentrated everything against which I decided to fight to the end - with which I swore never to reconcile ... This was my Annibal oath ... I went to the West in order to better fulfill it.

Personal motives joined this main motive - hostile relations with his mother, who was dissatisfied with the fact that her son chose a literary career, and Ivan Sergeevich's attachment to the famous singer Viardo-Garcia and her family, with whom he lived almost inseparably for 38 years, a bachelor all his life.

But in official spheres, where serfdom was considered an inviolable foundation of social order, the author of the Hunter's Notes, who, moreover, had lived abroad for a long time, was in very bad shape. An insignificant occasion was enough for the official disgrace against the author to take concrete form.

This occasion was Turgenev's letter, caused by Gogol's death in 1852 and placed in Moskovskie Vedomosti. For this letter, the author was imprisoned for a month on a “moving out” place, where, among other things, he wrote the story “Mumu”, and then, by administrative procedure, he was sent to live in his village of Spasskoye, “without the right to leave.” Turgenev was released from this exile only in 1854 through the efforts of the poet Count A. K. Tolstoy, who interceded for him before the heir to the throne.

The forced stay in the village, according to Turgenev himself, gave him the opportunity to get acquainted with those aspects of peasant life that had previously eluded his attention. There he wrote the novels "Two Friends", "Calm", the beginning of the comedy "A Month in the Country" and two critical articles. Since 1855, he again connected with his foreign friends, with whom he was separated by exile. Since that time, the most famous fruits of his artistic creativity began to appear - "Rudin" (1856), "Asya" (1858), "Noble Nest" (1859), "On the Eve" and "First Love" (1860).

During this period of preparing reforms (1857 - 1858), Turgenev was in Rome, where many Russians then lived, including Prince. V. A. Cherkassky, V. N. Botkin, gr. Ya. I. Rostovtsev. These persons arranged meetings among themselves at which the question of liberation of the peasants, and the result of these meetings was a project for the foundation of the journal, the program of which was entrusted to develop Turgenev. In his explanatory note to the program, Turgenev proposed calling on all the living forces of society to assist the government in the ongoing liberation reform. The author of the note recognized Russian science and literature as such forces.

The projected magazine was supposed to devote "exclusively and specifically to the development of all issues related to the actual organization of peasant life and the consequences arising from them." This attempt, however, was recognized as "early" and did not receive practical implementation.

In 1862, the novel "Fathers and Sons" appeared, which had an unprecedented success in the literary world, but also delivered many difficult moments to the author. Whole hail sharp reproaches rained down on him as if from the side of conservatives who accused him (pointing to Bazarov's image) in sympathy" nihilists”, in “somersaulting in front of the youth”, and on the part of the latter, who accused Turgenev of slandering the younger generation and betraying the “cause of freedom”.

By the way, "Fathers and Sons" led Turgenev to break with Herzen, who offended him with a sharp review of this novel. All these troubles had such a hard effect on Turgenev that he seriously considered abandoning further literary activity. The lyrical story "Enough", written by him shortly after the troubles experienced, serves as a literary monument of the gloomy mood in which the author was seized at that time.

In Paris, he became close friends with the most prominent representatives of French literature, was on friendly terms with Flaubert, Daudet, Ogier, Goncourt, patronized Zola And Maupassant. As before, he continued to write a story or story every year, and in 1877 Turgenev's largest novel, Nov, appeared. Like almost everything that came out of the novelist's pen, his new work - and this time, perhaps with more reason than ever - aroused a lot of the most diverse interpretations. The attacks resumed with such ferocity that Turgenev returned to his old idea of ending his literary activity. And, indeed, for 3 years he did not write anything. But during this time, events occurred that completely reconciled the writer with the public.

The gout, from which he had long suffered, grew worse and at times caused him severe suffering; for almost two years, at short intervals, she kept the writer chained to a bed or an armchair, and on August 22, 1883, she put an end to his life. Two days after his death, Turgenev's body was transported from Bougival to Paris, and on September 19 it was sent to St. Petersburg. The transfer of the ashes of the famous novelist to the Volkovo cemetery was accompanied by a grandiose procession, unprecedented in the annals of Russian literature.

Biography of Turgenev with quotes

Ivan Turgenev was one of the most important Russian writers of the 19th century.century. The artistic system he created changed the poetics of the novel both in Russia and abroad. His works were praised and severely criticized, and Turgenev spent his whole life looking for a path in them that would lead Russia to well-being and prosperity.

"Poet, talent, aristocrat, handsome"

The family of Ivan Turgenev came from an old family of Tula nobles. His father, Sergei Turgenev, served in the cavalry guard regiment and led a very wasteful lifestyle. To improve his financial situation, he was forced to marry an elderly (by the standards of that time), but very wealthy landowner Varvara Lutovinova. The marriage became unhappy for both of them, their relationship did not work out. Their second son, Ivan, was born two years after the wedding, in 1818, in Orel. Mother wrote in her diary: “... on Monday, the son Ivan was born, 12 inches tall [about 53 centimeters]”. There were three children in the Turgenev family: Nikolai, Ivan and Sergey.

Until the age of nine, Turgenev lived in the Spasskoe-Lutovinovo estate in the Oryol region. His mother had a difficult and controversial character: her sincere and cordial concern for children was combined with severe despotism, Varvara Turgeneva often beat her sons. However, she invited the best French and German tutors to her children, spoke exclusively in French with her sons, but at the same time remained a fan of Russian literature and read Nikolai Karamzin, Vasily Zhukovsky, Alexander Pushkin and Nikolai Gogol.

In 1827 the Turgenevs moved to Moscow so that their children could receive a better education. Three years later, Sergei Turgenev left the family.

When Ivan Turgenev was 15 years old, he entered the verbal department of Moscow University. At the same time, the future writer fell in love with Princess Ekaterina Shakhovskaya for the first time. Shakhovskaya exchanged letters with him, but reciprocated Turgenev's father and thus broke his heart. Later, this story became the basis of Turgenev's story "First Love".

A year later, Sergei Turgenev died, and Varvara and her children moved to St. Petersburg, where Turgenev entered the Faculty of Philosophy at St. Petersburg University. Then he became seriously interested in lyrics and wrote the first work - the dramatic poem "The Wall". Turgenev spoke of her like this:

“A completely absurd work in which, with furious ineptness, a slavish imitation of Byron's Manfred was expressed”.

In total, during the years of study, Turgenev wrote about a hundred poems and several poems. Some of his poems were published by the Sovremennik magazine.

After his studies, 20-year-old Turgenev went to Europe to continue his education. He studied ancient classics, Roman and Greek literature, traveled to France, Holland, Italy. The European way of life struck Turgenev: he came to the conclusion that Russia should get rid of unculturedness, laziness, ignorance, following the Western countries.

In the 1840s, Turgenev returned to his homeland, received a master's degree in Greek and Latin philology from St. Petersburg University, even wrote a dissertation - but did not defend it. Interest in scientific activity replaced the desire to write. It was at this time that Turgenev met Nikolai Gogol, Sergei Aksakov, Alexei Khomyakov, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Afanasy Fet and many other writers.

“The other day the poet Turgenev returned from Paris.<…>What a man!<…>Poet, talent, aristocrat, handsome, rich, smart, educated, 25 years old - I don’t know what nature denied him?

Fyodor Dostoevsky, from a letter to his brother

When Turgenev returned to Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, he had an affair with a peasant woman, Avdotya Ivanova, which ended in the girl's pregnancy. Turgenev wanted to marry, but his mother sent Avdotya to Moscow with a scandal, where she gave birth to a daughter, Pelageya. Avdotya Ivanova's parents hastily married her off, and Turgenev recognized Pelageya only a few years later.

In 1843, under the initials of T. L. (Turgenez-Lutovinov), Turgenev's poem "Parash" was published. She was highly appreciated by Vissarion Belinsky, and from that moment their acquaintance grew into a strong friendship - Turgenev even became the godfather of the critic's son.

“This man is extraordinarily intelligent… It is gratifying to meet a man whose original and characteristic opinion, colliding with yours, extracts sparks.”

Vissarion Belinsky

In the same year, Turgenev met Pauline Viardot. Researchers of Turgenev's work are still arguing about the true nature of their relationship. They met in St. Petersburg when the singer arrived in the city on tour. Turgenev often traveled with Polina and her husband, art historian Louis Viardot, around Europe, visiting their Parisian house. His illegitimate daughter Pelageya was brought up in the Viardot family.

Fictionist and playwright

In the late 1840s, Turgenev wrote extensively for the theatre. His plays The Freeloader, The Bachelor, A Month in the Country and The Provincial Girl were very popular with the public and were warmly received by critics.

In 1847, Turgenev's short story "Khor and Kalinich" was published in the Sovremennik magazine, inspired by the writer's hunting trips. A little later, stories from the collection "Notes of a Hunter" were published there. The collection itself was published in 1852. Turgenev called him his "Annibal Oath" - a promise to fight to the end with the enemy, whom he hated since childhood - serfdom.

The Hunter's Notes is marked by such a power of talent that it has a beneficial effect on me; the understanding of nature is often presented to you as a revelation.”

Fedor Tyutchev

It was one of the first works that spoke openly about the troubles and dangers of serfdom. The censor, who allowed the "Notes of a Hunter" to be published, was dismissed from the service by personal order of Nicholas I with deprivation of his pension, and the collection itself was forbidden to be republished. The censors explained this by the fact that Turgenev, although he poeticized the serfs, criminally exaggerated their suffering from the oppression of the landlords.

In 1856, the writer's first major novel, Rudin, was published, written in just seven weeks. The name of the hero of the novel has become a household name for people whose word does not agree with the deed. Three years later, Turgenev published the novel "The Nest of Nobles", which turned out to be incredibly popular in Russia: every educated person considered it his duty to read it.

“Knowledge of Russian life, and moreover, knowledge is not bookish, but experienced, taken out of reality, purified and comprehended by the power of talent and reflection, appears in all the works of Turgenev ...”

Dmitry Pisarev

From 1860 to 1861, the Russian Messenger published excerpts from the novel Fathers and Sons. The novel was written on the "topic of the day" and explored the public mood of the time - mainly the views of nihilistic youth. The Russian philosopher and publicist Nikolai Strakhov wrote about him:

“In Fathers and Sons, he showed more clearly than in all other cases that poetry, while remaining poetry ... can actively serve society ...”

The novel was well received by critics, however, did not receive the support of liberals. At this time, Turgenev's relations with many friends became complicated. For example, with Alexander Herzen: Turgenev collaborated with his newspaper Kolokol. Herzen saw the future of Russia in peasant socialism, believing that bourgeois Europe had outlived itself, and Turgenev defended the idea of strengthening cultural ties between Russia and the West.

Sharp criticism fell upon Turgenev after the release of his novel "Smoke". It was a pamphlet novel that equally sharply ridiculed both the conservative Russian aristocracy and the revolutionary-minded liberals. According to the author, everyone scolded him: "both red and white, and from above, and from below, and from the side - especially from the side."

From "Smoke" to "Prose Poems"

After 1871, Turgenev lived in Paris, occasionally returning to Russia. He actively participated in the cultural life of Western Europe and promoted Russian literature abroad. Turgenev communicated and corresponded with Charles Dickens, George Sand, Victor Hugo, Prosper Merimee, Guy de Maupassant, Gustave Flaubert.

In the second half of the 1870s, Turgenev published his most ambitious novel, Nov, in which he portrayed members of the revolutionary movement of the 1870s in a sharply satirical and critical manner.

"Both novels ["Smoke" and "New"] only revealed his ever-increasing alienation from Russia, the first with its impotent bitterness, the second with insufficient information and the absence of any sense of reality in the depiction of the mighty movement of the seventies.

Dmitry Svyatopolk-Mirsky

This novel, like "Smoke", was not accepted by Turgenev's colleagues. For example, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote that Nov was a service to the autocracy. At the same time, the popularity of Turgenev's early stories and novels did not decrease.

The last years of the writer's life became his triumph both in Russia and abroad. Then a cycle of lyrical miniatures "Poems in Prose" appeared. The book was opened by the poem in prose "Village", and completed it "" - the famous anthem about faith in the great destiny of their country:

“In days of doubt, in days of painful reflections about the fate of my homeland, you are my only support and support, oh great, powerful, truthful and free Russian language! .. Without you, how not to fall into despair at the sight of everything that happens at home . But it is impossible to believe that such a language was not given to a great people!”

This collection became Turgenev's farewell to life and art.

At the same time, Turgenev met his last love - the actress of the Alexandrinsky Theater Maria Savina. She was 25 years old when she played the role of Verochka in Turgenev's play A Month in the Country. Seeing her on stage, Turgenev was amazed and openly confessed his feelings to the girl. Maria considered Turgenev more of a friend and mentor, and their marriage never took place.

In recent years, Turgenev was seriously ill. Parisian doctors diagnosed him with angina pectoris and intercostal neuralgia. Turgenev died on September 3, 1883 in Bougival near Paris, where lavish farewells were held. The writer was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkovskoye cemetery. The death of the writer was a shock to his fans - and the procession of people who came to say goodbye to Turgenev stretched for several kilometers.

Interesting facts from the life of Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich

Option 1

Interesting facts from the life of Turgenev.

As a child, the future writer often got cuffs from his mother, women with a very complex character and harsh disposition.
Turgenev had a very large head. When, after the death of the writer, his brain was weighed, it turned out that he weighed about 2 kg, which is much more than that of the average person.
Slightly pretentious appearance Turgenev gave his manner of dressing. Bright ties, golden buttons - all this looked rather unusual by the standards of the fashion of those times.
Because of his gentle nature, the future writer was teased at school by his peers.
In his youth, Turgenev was in love with Princess Shakhovskaya, who, however, preferred his father to the future writer.
Turgenev had a high and thin voice that did not match his heroic physique, which he was very embarrassed about.
Once Turgenev provoked Leo Tolstoy to a duel with pistols. Fortunately, the duel did not take place.
Turgenev considered the famous poet Nekrasov his best friend.
In his youth, Turgenev, living in Germany, carelessly squandered his parents' money, and his mother decided to teach him a lesson. She sent him a parcel loaded with bricks, and the unsuspecting son paid for its delivery with the last money left to him, after which he was severely disappointed.
Afanasy Fet in his memoirs described that Turgenev laughed like crazy - at the top of his voice, clutching his stomach, falling on all fours and rolling on the floor.
Turgenev was a terrible perfectionist - he changed his underwear twice a day, constantly wiped himself with a sponge moistened with cologne, and before going to bed he always put all the things in the apartment in their places.
Throughout his life, Turgenev actively advocated the abolition of serfdom.
Due to a conflict with the ruling dynasty, Turgenev was exiled under house arrest to his estate, where he lived for a long time, remaining under police supervision. The conflict arose because of the views of the writer, which he never considered it necessary to hide.
Turgenev, being in a good mood, loved to sing, but due to his lack of an ear for music, this habit of his did not meet with the approval of those around him.
Of all the games, the writer preferred chess, and he was a very strong player.
One of Turgenev's close friends was the famous literary critic Belinsky.
Already in childhood, Turgenev mastered German, French and English.
Turgenev met his death in France, in a town called Bougival.

Option 2

Facts from the biography of Turgenev

The mother of the future writer was a domineering and despotic lady, and she often beat her children. Her pet, young Ivan, also got it.
Both by mother and father, Turgenev is a descendant of noble families.
At the age of 14, Turgenev entered the university. At the same age, the famous poet Tyutchev also became a student.
His favorite treat was gooseberry jam. However, the writer always loved to eat well, and at the table did not deny himself anything.
Turgenev spent more time abroad than in Russia.
Once, with a weapon in his hands, he stood up for a serf girl who was intended to be returned to her rightful owners. As a result, a criminal case was opened against him. The writer was and remained an opponent of serfdom all his life.
Anatomists found that Turgenev's brain weighed about two kilograms, which is significantly more than the brain of most other prominent people.
While studying in Germany, young Turgenev carelessly spent everything that his mother sent him. This way of life bothered his harsh parent, and she stopped the allowance. Soon he received from her a large and heavy parcel, the delivery of which had not yet been paid. Having paid the last money for her, he discovered that the stern mother had stuffed the parcel with bricks.
Turgenev wrote not only in Russian, but also in French.
The writer's voice was high and thin, which contrasted sharply with his heroic physique.
Laughing, he lost control of himself. According to contemporaries, he could easily fall on all fours or roll on the floor in a fit of laughter.
Turgenev was incredibly clean, changing underwear at least twice a day. In addition, he was an obvious perfectionist - he could get out of bed at night, remembering that he had not put some thing in its place.
Turgenev wrote his famous story "Mumu" while under arrest for a month. Under arrest by royal order, he fell for the publication of one of his articles.

Option 3

Two hundred years ago, the writer Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born. On his works - "Mu-mu", "Notes of a hunter", "Fathers and Sons" - several generations have grown up. These books are included in the compulsory part of the school curriculum. But today "MIR 24" decided to talk about little-known facts from the life of Turgenev.

For example, in childhood, little Vanya was often beaten by his own mother, Varvara Petrovna. She was a real tyrant in the family. And it was she who became the prototype of the cruel lady in the story "Mumu", who forced Gerasim to drown the dog.

Despite a difficult childhood, Turgenev grew up as a very gifted boy. Already at the age of 14 he entered Moscow University. At 18 he became a candidate of philosophical sciences, and at 23 - a master's degree.

By the way, scientists have found that Turgenev's brain weighed two kilograms. This is a lot - 600 grams more than the average person. But Ivan Sergeevich's skull walls were very thin, and he could lose consciousness even from the slightest blow to his head.

An interesting fact - once Turgenev and Leo Tolstoy almost agreed to a duel. The latter insulted the illegitimate daughter of Ivan Sergeevich. As a result, the writers refused to shoot themselves, but they held a grudge against each other and did not communicate for 17 years.

In his 64 years, Turgenev never married. And all his life he was in love with the French singer Pauline Viardot. But she was married, which, however, did not prevent them from dating. According to some sources, they even lived together for some time. And Viardot also raised Turgenev's illegitimate daughter.

Turgenev is, without a doubt, a world-famous writer. The number of performances staged based on his works is simply impossible to count. But there are more than a hundred screen adaptations. And not only in Russia. Films based on Turgenev were shot in Europe, the USA and even Japan.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev - biography, information, personal life. About the work of I. S. Turgenev Brief biography and work of Turgenev

Biography

Childhood and education

Homecoming

last years of life

Personal life

Brief biography of Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich for children

Biography of Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich by years

Full biography of Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich

Biography of Turgenev with quotes

Interesting facts from the life of Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich

cuboid

The largest city in the world

Infrared dehydrator L'equip IR-D5

Categories

Latest Articles

How to choose and form the ideal distribution line

Juicer for berries, grapes, tomatoes and sea buckthorn at home Mechanical juicers for grapes

How to choose a chest freezer: an overview of models, reviews

Milkshake Blenders Immersion Shake Blender

What does a tattoo mean in a dream?

Dream Interpretation scales on the body Why dream of fish scales in the mouth

Why does a woman dream of a cat?

Why dream that I won money?

How to express love to a man

Advertising

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev - biography, information, personal life. About the work of I. S. Turgenev Brief biography and work of Turgenev

Biography

Childhood and education

Homecoming

last years of life

Personal life

Brief biography of Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich for children

Biography of Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich by years

Full biography of Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich

Biography of Turgenev with quotes

Interesting facts from the life of Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich

You might be interested:

Categories

Latest Articles

Advertising