The history of the creation of the novel "Fathers and Sons" by Turgenev. Concept and history of creation of the novel "Fathers and Sons. Ideological concept of the novel Fathers and Sons"

Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich - Control questions to the novel by I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

Control questions with selective answers to the novel by I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

Bazarov has the character of a fighter. He never backs down in disputes with ideological opponents, does not change his convictions, which are most often developed empirically. His aphorisms, often controversial, are the result of great mental work. Bazarov's nihilism is not denial for the sake of denial, but a firm conviction that “in general” does not exist at all, that everything must be looked at critically, the results of his research in the laboratory must be checked, etc. Bazarov is sure that “every person he must educate himself, ”and cites himself as an example. He has the right to call himself "self-styled", because he never yields to his weaknesses, fearlessly defends what he considers to be true.

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What was the idea behind Fathers and Sons? How was the socio-political struggle reflected in it in the 60s of the XIX century? In this case, did the writer's intentions and the objective meaning of his work coincide?

“My whole story is directed against the nobility as an advanced class,” asserted I. S. Turgenev. In Bazarov he drew an extraordinary, titanic figure, who grew out of the people's soil, but lonely and therefore doomed to perish. The author conceived the main conflict of the novel as a conflict of ideologies: the moderate-liberal position of the "fathers" and the extreme left views of nihilists (read, revolutionaries, the author notes). The writer wanted to show the triumph of democracy over the aristocracy, but he was sure of the defeat of the revolutionaries. Therefore, he categorically objected to the revolutionary conclusions made by Dobrolyubov after reading Fathers and Children, and because of this he broke with his dear Sovremennik. The writer, who served "the revolution as the heart meaning of his works" (from the proclamation of the People's Will), turned out to be wrong: the objective significance of his novel outgrew the concept, turned out to be broader and more convincing than Turgenev had assumed.

What is the main conflict in Fathers and Children? Shown in the novel the struggle of two generations or two ideologies?

Which of the characters in the novel immediately attracts attention, arouses sympathy? Who can be called the hero of his time? Why do you think so?

How does the generation of "fathers" (the Kirsanov brothers, Vasily Ivanovich Bazarov) look in Turgenev's image? What do you think about their attitude towards the younger generation? Does the author sympathize with them or despises them?

What is the essence of ideological disputes between "fathers" and "children"? Whose side is Turgenev on?

Why do you think Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov became the main opponent of Bazarov? What does a duel scene give to characterize each of them?

What are Bazarov's views? How does it attract (or repel) you? Why does Turgenev show him alone, not only in the camp of "fathers", but also among "children"?

Prove that Bazarov is a fighter and thinker. What is the essence of Bazarov's nihilism? Does he have the moral right to call himself self-styled?

Bazarov has the character of a fighter. He never backs down in disputes with ideological opponents, does not change his convictions, which are most often developed empirically. His aphorisms, often controversial, are the result of great mental work. Bazarov's nihilism is not denial for the sake of denial, but a firm conviction that "science" does not exist at all ", that one must look at everything critically, check the results of his research in the laboratory, etc. Bazarov is sure that" everyone a person must educate himself, ”and cites himself as an example. He has the right to call himself "self-styled", because he never yields to his weaknesses, fearlessly defends what he considers to be true.

How does Bazarov relate to his parents? Why can't there be spiritual closeness between them?

It is known that the test of love is a difficult test for Turgenev's heroes. How is Bazarov revealed in love? How does Turgenev show the sincerity and strength of his hero's feelings? Is Anna Sergeevna Odintsova worthy of his love?

"To die as Bazarov died is the same as to accomplish a great feat." Do you agree with this opinion of DI Pisarev? Why do you think the novel ends with a picture of Bazarov's death? How does D. I. Pisarev answer this question? Why did Turgenev call Bazarov "a tragic person"?

What is the role of the landscape in Fathers and Children?

The concept of the novel... Disputes about him. Turgenev's fourth novel, Fathers and Sons, summed up a large period in creative activity the writer and together opened new perspectives of artistic understanding of the critical stage of Russian life. The appearance of the novel in print caused fierce controversy unprecedented in the history of Russian literature. The reason for this is the most intense historical era, reflected in the novel, and the writer's remarkable ability to discover in Russian life the emergence of new socio-psychological types, which became a true discovery for readers.

The concept of the novel was prompted by an ideological split that had recently occurred in Sovremennik. I could not help remembering the words of Dobrolyubov about his previous novel - "On the Eve": "... now everyone is waiting, everyone hopes, And the children are now growing up, saturated with hopes and dreams of a better future, and not being forcibly attached to the corpse of an obsolete past." And the basis of Turgenev's new novel was the conflict between the old world and democratic youth, representing a new world, which was just taking shape in the process of denying all of the previous life.

Controversy about the novel were concentrated primarily around. The critic of Sovremennik MA Antonovich perceived the hero of the novel as slander against the younger generation, as a “caricature”. D.I., on the contrary, enthusiastically received Bazarov as a representative of a diverse intelligentsia. The solution to the complex problem associated with the interpretation of the novel "Fathers and Sons" depends to a large extent on the solution of two questions: how truthfully Turgenev portrayed the new type of Russian life, embodied by him in Bazarov, and what is the author's attitude to this hero.

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The novel "Fathers and Sons" was started by I.S. Turgenev in 1860 on about. White in England and completed in Russia in 1862. The entire creative process of creating this work took only two years and took place in Paris. The prototype of the protagonist was a certain provincial doctor, whose name the writer does not name. The novel was published in 1861 in the journal "Russian Bulletin".
The action of the novel itself covers the period from 1855 to 1861, when Russia shamefully lost the war with Turkey, a change of power takes place: Alexander II ascended the throne, in whose reign various reforms are being carried out, including the abolition of serfdom and reform in the field of education.
The novel shows the growth of the authority of educated commoners-revolutionaries in society, and, conversely, the loss of their social positions by aristocrats. The writer artistically depicted a turning point in this novel public conscience Russia, under which liberalism of the nobility was supplanted by revolutionary democratic thought. Bazarov, being the spokesman for the ideas of revolutionary democracy, is opposed in the work to the Kirsanov brothers, the best representatives of the liberal nobility.
The plot is based on an acute social conflict, an ideological struggle between Bazarov's worldview and the views of the Kirsanovs. The generation of the 60s of the XIX century opposes itself to the older generation - people of the 40s. of the same century. The development of capitalist relations, the urgent need for an urgent resolution of the peasant question created a pre-revolutionary situation in the country.
The new hero of the era at this turning point for Russia was the commoner-democrat, presented by the writer in the novel as strong personality, energetic, whole person confident in his views and convictions, a man of action. Turgenev did not write out the image of the protagonist as positive or negative, without sharing his views, he simply objectively reproduced the "new man" of his era.
In addition to social conflict, the title of the work also reflects the eternal conflict of generations, "fathers and children", when the younger generation strives for independence, defends its views and strives to isolate itself from the older generation. The conflict between "fathers" and "children" in the ideological sense is reflected through the images of the Kirsanovs and Bazarov, and psychological conflict shown through the relationship of the younger Kirsanov - Arkady to the representatives of the older generation - the father and uncle of the Kirsanovs, Nikolai Petrovich and Pavel Petrovich.
The novel "Fathers and Sons" is the author's reflections on contemporary events, a statement of the historical realities of that time, thoughts about the fate of the older generation leaving in the past, and anxiety for the future generation of enlightened Russian people who will have to live in a new era, in a new Russian society.

1. What was the idea behind Fathers and Sons? How was the socio-political struggle reflected in it in the 60s of the XIX century? In this case, did the writer's intentions and the objective meaning of his work coincide?

“My whole story is directed against the nobility as an advanced class,” asserted I. S. Turgenev. In Bazarov he drew an extraordinary, titanic figure, who grew out of the people's soil, but lonely and therefore doomed to perish. The author conceived the main conflict of the novel as a conflict of ideologies: the moderate-liberal position of the "fathers" and the extreme left views of nihilists (read, revolutionaries, the author notes). The writer wanted to show the triumph of democracy over the aristocracy, but he was sure of the defeat of the revolutionaries. Therefore, he categorically objected to the revolutionary conclusions made by Dobrolyubov after reading Fathers and Children, and because of this he broke with his dear Sovremennik. The writer, who served "the revolution as the heart meaning of his works" (from the proclamation of the People's Will), turned out to be wrong: the objective significance of his novel outgrew the concept, turned out to be broader and more convincing than Turgenev had assumed.

2. What is the main conflict in Fathers and Children? Shown in the novel the struggle of two generations or two ideologies?
3. Which of the characters in the novel immediately attracts attention, arouses sympathy? Who can be called the hero of his time? Why do you think so?
4. How does the generation of "fathers" (the Kirsanov brothers, Vasily Ivanovich Bazarov) look in Turgenev's image? What do you think about their attitude towards the younger generation? Does the author sympathize with them or despises them?
5. What is the essence of ideological disputes between "fathers" and "children"? Whose side is Turgenev on?
6. Why do you think Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov became the main opponent of Bazarov? What does a duel scene give to characterize each of them?
7. What are Bazarov's views? How does it attract (or repel) you? Why does Turgenev show him alone, not only in the camp of "fathers", but also among "children"?
8. Prove that Bazarov is a fighter and thinker. What is the essence of Bazarov's nihilism? Does he have the moral right to call himself self-styled?

Bazarov has the character of a fighter. He never backs down in disputes with ideological opponents, does not change his convictions, which are most often developed empirically. His aphorisms, often controversial, are the result of great mental work. Bazarov's nihilism is not denial for the sake of denial, but a firm conviction that "science" does not exist at all ", that one must look at everything critically, check the results of his research in the laboratory, etc. Bazarov is sure that" everyone a person must educate himself, ”and cites himself as an example. He has the right to call himself "self-styled", because he never yields to his weaknesses, fearlessly defends what he considers to be true.

9. How does Bazarov relate to his parents? Why can't there be spiritual closeness between them?
10. It is known that the test of love is a difficult test for Turgenev's heroes. How is Bazarov revealed in love? How does Turgenev show the sincerity and strength of his hero's feelings? Is Anna Sergeevna Odintsova worthy of his love?
11. "To die as Bazarov died is the same as to accomplish a great feat." Do you agree with this opinion of DI Pisarev? Why do you think the novel ends with a picture of Bazarov's death? How does D. I. Pisarev answer this question? Why did Turgenev call Bazarov "a tragic person"?
12. What is the role of the landscape in Fathers and Children?
13. Why does Arkady belong to the camp of the "fathers"?

Arkady in the epilogue "became a zealous owner", his "farm brings a significant income." This suggests that the influence

14. How are the ideological views of the heroes revealed in the novel "Fathers and Sons" by I.S. Turgenev?

Bazarov quickly disappeared - after all, Arkady, despite his search for a social ideal outside the noble ideology, remained a "liberal master." He is the keeper of the traditions of the "fathers" not only in relation to culture. Ideological views of the heroes of I.S. Turgenev is most fully revealed in the disputes between the Kirsanovs and Bazarov.

15. Describe the portrait of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov.

Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov is an aristocrat, which is emphasized by his beautiful white hands "with long pink nails", "English suite, fashionable low ties", "amazing collars." He speaks with emphasized exquisite courtesy, slightly tilting his head.

16. What principles of Bazarov do not stand up to the dispute with life?

Bazarov's nihilistic attitude to love is shattered by his own feelings for Madame Odintsova. For the first time, he realizes that he is powerless to give up love for the sake of reason, that he becomes dependent on a woman whose words, eyes, manners cause a storm of irresistible passions in him. After defeat in a love affair, Bazarov loses his optimism, comes to gloomy arguments about the insignificance of man in the face of eternity.

17. How do you understand the meaning of the word "nihilist"?

The concept of "nihilism" I.S. Turgenev introduced into the Russian language as a designation for the system of views of the "new people" who entered the Russian social life from the late 50s of the XIX century. Nihilism is a simplified, crudely materialistic understanding of life, in which reasonable, experiential knowledge through the natural sciences is brought to the fore, religion, art, beauty, morality are denied as useless in society. “We act by virtue of what we find useful. Negation is most useful at this time - we deny. "

18. What is the weakness of Bazarov's position?Material from the site

    The weakness of Bazarov's position in the total denial of everything that goes beyond the framework of empirical knowledge: art, the beauty of nature, love, religion. Life itself shatters his rejection of love. His materialism is superficial and crude, identifying physiology and morality (“each of us has the same brain, spleen, heart, lungs,” which means that “moral qualities” are the same for everyone). Bazarov has no pre-given supporters, he is alone, therefore, doomed.

19. Why does I. S. Turgenev end Bazarov's line with the death of a hero?

I. S. Turgenev believed that the "Russian Insarovs" had arrived, but their time had not come. Bazarov is a premature person who does not have a close social perspective, therefore he had to die.

20. What is the meaning of the title of the novel "Fathers and Sons" by I.S. Tour geneva?

The name has a double meaning: the confrontation between two social forces - liberal nobles ("fathers") and democrats-raznochintsy ("children"); eternal contradiction of generations.

21. What details of the portrait emphasize Bazarov's democracy?

I.S. Turgenev in appearance emphasized the democracy of Bazarov. His face "long and thin, with a wide forehead, a flat upward, pointed nose, large greenish eyes and hanging sand-colored sideburns, was enlivened by a calm smile and expressed self-confidence and intelligence." He dresses simply and emphatically casually - in a "long robe with pouches", and his hands are "red and naked," never wearing gloves.

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On this page material on topics:

• why is I.S. Turgenev called his romance fathers and children
• questions about the novel "fathers and children"
• the meaning of the title and the main conflict of the novel fathers and children
• Bazarov's quotes from the novel fathers and children about nature
• story "fathers and children" (what are the views of Bazarov?)

Fathers and Sons is one of Turgenev's most famous and popular novels. In general, he began to publish his novels relatively late - only in 1856. By that time he was already many years old. Behind his back was the experience of "Notes of a Hunter" and popularity as an author of essays.

The fourth novel and its current topics

Ivan Sergeevich wrote six novels in total. The fourth in a row was "Fathers and Sons", which was created in 1861. This work is the quintessence of Turgenev's novel style. He always strives to portray events. personal life, relations between people against the background of any social phenomena.

The writer has always emphasized that he is a pure artist and for him the aesthetic perfection of the book is more important than its political or social relevance. However, in every work of Ivan Sergeevich it is clear that he always falls into the very core of topical public discussions of a particular time. The novel Fathers and Sons testifies to the same.

This work was published in 1862, during the period of rapprochement between Russia and Europe, when the great reform was carried out - canceled serfdom... Completely different philosophical trends and social views began to appear.

History of creation. "Fathers and Sons", or the Emergence of a New Concept

It is important to emphasize that Ivan Sergeevich in the novel depicts the events of the pre-reform period of 1859. And it is he who not only discovers, but also names in his work that social phenomenon that has not yet been recognized as important and relevant.

The key phrase is the comparison of human life with the world of indifferent nature. And yet she is not indifferent. It is simply so omnipotent that it helps people overcome the vanity of the world and comprehend eternal and endless life.

The true meaning of the work of Ivan Sergeevich

The contradiction between fathers and children, which is stated in the first pages of the novel, is not further exacerbated or deepened. On the contrary, the extremes are getting closer to each other. As a result, the reader understands that in every family the attitude of parents to their children is quite warm, and they reciprocate in return. And, despite all the previous critical and negative discussions that the story of creation carries, Fathers and Sons, as the plot develops, demonstrates that the contradictions between the views of the older generation and the younger are more and more smoothed out. And at the end of the novel, they practically come to naught.

Changes in the mind of the main character

And he himself is experiencing a particularly difficult evolution the main character- Bazarov. And it goes not under duress, but as a result of internal movements of the soul and mind. He denies all the basic values ​​of the noble society: nature, art, family, love. And Ivan Sergeevich understands perfectly well that his hero, in principle, is completely hopeless and will not be able to live long in this denial.

And as soon as love falls on the main character, his slender system of views collapses. He has no reason to live. Therefore, his death in this work can hardly be considered accidental.

The meaning of Ivan Sergeevich's novel could be very briefly described with a quote from Pushkin: "Blessed is he who was young from a young age ..." conflicts.

How nature absorbs and recycles in itself social phenomena, this is how the views of young people change in the work "Fathers and Sons". The heroes of the novel, their characters are gradually reborn and come closer to the opinions and judgments of their fathers. This is Turgenev's outstanding achievement.

About a nihilist, a man who despises art, Ivan Sergeevich was able to tell by means of this very skill. The author spoke about very acute social events not in the language of a participant's remarks, but in artistic language. That is why the novel "Fathers and Sons" still excites the feelings of many readers.