Swimming is a sport. Swimming (for sports distances)

The International Olympic Committee (or IOC) divides the swimming distances into two varieties: in open and closed water, in other words, swimming in the sea or in the basin.

Swimming in open water, or marathon distance, was included in the program of the competition recently, in 2008 in Beijing. Such a swim is carried out for 10 km. This is the longest distance in open water.

Swimming in the pool is a more traditional discipline, and the longest distance in this area is 1500 m freestyle.

Russian-language official classification refers to swimming with water sports, the term "swimming" is not used.

Competitions in the pool

International competitions are held only in swimming pools, the length of which is usually 50 or 100 m. Due to the fact that the athlete often changes direction, his speed of passing the same distance is often slightly higher than if he sailed along a longer stretch without making turns. There are several problems with fixing records on speed.

In 1908 it was decided that records can be recorded only in longer basins than Olympic ones, so the records did not set records for swimming. But in 1956 this decision was revised, now records can be placed only in the pools of 50 and 55 meters long. Since 1957, the registration of records has been started again. In the period from 1988 to 1993, this decision was revised again, and now you can set records in the 25-meter pool.

Swimming in open water

The distance is 10 km in swimming  is considered super far. Once it was the lot of single-experimenters, and now swimmers for long distances began to be mass-produced.

The history of ultra-long swimming distances began in the 19th century, when Briton Matthew Webb crossed the English Channel in 1975. To do this, it took 21 hours and 45 minutes.

Open water competitions were included in the swimming championships in 1991. And now every even year, since 2000, the world championships in swimming in open water at a distance of 5, 10 and 25 km are held. But the longest Olympic distance on open water is still a 10 km swim.

Sources:

• The longest marathon is 560 kilometers long!

To freely and beautifully swim under the water, you need to learn to hold your breath, relax in the water and slide on it. And also - to maintain a positive attitude at every moment of life. After all, being a sportive and cheerful person is not only fashionable, but also beneficial for health.

Conditions for learning to dive

To learn to swim under water is better not in the river or the sea, but in the basin on the shallow part. Where you can stand in the water, and its level will not be above the chest.

Good swimming glasses or a mask is a must for training. They not only protect the eyes, but also enable the diver to see well under water, help him feel more confident while swimming.

Full relaxation in water

An inexperienced swimmer often makes one mistake: trying to swim beautifully, straining, makes unnecessary and abrupt movements. Such attempts are not only ineffective, but also dangerous: you can not calculate forces and choke.

When the body is tense, the oxygen supply in the blood cells is quickly consumed and one often has to surface to take a new breath.

Delayed breathing

To learn to hold his breath in the water, the student takes a breath, and then calmly and gently lay face and chest on the water, adhering to the side of the pool. He considers himself to be 10. After he takes a new breath and repeats this technique. As the appearance of confidence begins to perform this exercise, without holding onto the edge of the pool. The feeling of comfort and relaxation throughout the body is a sure sign that everything is right.

Sliding on water

Then the swimmer begins to work out the slip in the water. To do this, he stretches his arms forward, takes a deep breath, holds his breath, lies down on the water, and then pushes his feet off the pool wall and slides on the water until it stops.

Having mastered the slip, it complicates it by connecting the work of the feet and hands. It floats on the delay of breathing, making 6 alternating movements with his feet up and down, and with his hands 2-3 strokes to the sides of his chest, as if pushing the waves. After that, he gets to the bottom and takes a breath. Repeats this exercise until he feels that he can breathe while swimming, without stopping.

Swimming under water

There came a time when you can begin to learn how to swim underwater. For this, the novice diver takes a deep breath, squats under the water and pushes away from the side of the pool with his feet. First swims under the water only through the work of the feet. Brushes of outstretched arms are similar to spars in an airplane, with their help it regulates the position of your body and the angle of inclination. After swimming a few meters, pops up  on the surface, makes a breath and again submerges under water.

As he acquires the skill, he connects the strokes with his hands to the work of the feet. And gradually increases the distance, which can swim underwater on a delay in breathing.

Positive attitude

In Vladimir Vysotsky in one of the comic songs about the usefulness of performing physical exercises, there are these words: "Do not be gloomy and gloomy!"

Following this advice, you can quickly learn the technique of swimming under water. Do not be gloomy and gloomy if something does not work out. A cheerful and positive mood is a very good helper! A little patience and perseverance, and success will be guaranteed.

Marathon running, with proper training has a beneficial effect on health and figure, attracts more attention. For some, trying to run a marathon is also an element of self-development, a jump above the head.

Now the length of the marathon race is static and measured to within 0.1%. The distance from the beginning to the end of the route has changed more than once since the marathon was included in the Olympic Games in 1896. During the first seven Olympiads of the modern era, the mileage of the marathon race was revised six times (from 40 to 42.75 km). In 1921, the IAAF (International Athletics Association) established a distance of 42,195 km as the official distance.

History of the race

Initially, the length of the marathon distance was theoretically estimated as 34.5 km. This is the distance from the field, where in 490 BC. the Battle of Marathon, to the city of Athens. According to the legend, hurrying to deliver the message of victory to the Greeks, a warrior named Fidippid, without stopping, ran all this distance, managed to cry out to the Athenians his joyful message and fell dead from excessive load.

Historians do not support this version of events, since the legend was written by Plutarch more than half a century after the battle. Herodotus, born 6 years after the marathon battle, mentions Fidippida as a messenger who traveled 230 km in two days, heading for reinforcements to Sparta. Nevertheless, the tradition of running the marathon was strengthened not only as an Olympic sport, but also at the level of small local competitions.

Method of preparation

A marathon can not be run over suddenly, just wanting, otherwise there is a risk of repeating the legendary death of Fidippid. They prepare for such a race for a very long time, gradually increasing the load. Before running a full distance, athletes often train twice a half marathon (a distance of 21 km). The race is focused on endurance, not speed, so it's important to catch your comfortable rhythm and get used to it.

The Marathon men's world record was set in 2008 by Haile Gebrosselassie, a runner from Ethiopia, and is 2 hours 3 minutes and 59 seconds. The best female result of the marathon was shown in 2003 by British athlete Paul Redcliff: 2 hours 15 minutes and 25 seconds.

The organization of the race also requires considerable effort: elevation differences should be no more than one meter per kilometer of distance. The optimum air temperature is about + 12 ° C (+18 ° C and more - it is considered dangerous, at + 28 ° C the start is canceled). It is also important to cover (the quality of the ground), according to which athletes are running, and the altitude of the terrain above sea level. All this affects the state of the marathon runners and their speed.

  (FINA, fr. FINA, Fédération Internationale de Natation , established in 1908), conducting world Championships  (since 1973); in Europe - the European Swimming League (LEN, fr. LEN, Ligue Européenne de Natation , established in 1926), conducting european championships  (since 1926).

History

Figures on archaeological finds indicate that people in Ancient Egypt , Assyria , Phenicia  and in many other countries were able to swim for several millennia BC, and the methods of swimming known to them resembled modern crawl  and breaststroke  . At that time, swimming was purely applied in nature - in fishing, hunting for waterfowl, underwater fishing, in military affairs. AT Ancient Greece  swimming was used as an important means physical education.

The first swimming competitions belong to the turn of the 15th-16th centuries (in 1515, swimmers competed in Venice). The first sports organization of swimmers arose in Of England  in 1869 ("Association of fans of sports swimming in England"), followed by similar organizations appeared in the Sweden (1882), Germany , Hungary (1886), Of France (1887), The Netherlands , USA (1888), New Zealand (1890), Of Russia (1894), Italy , Austria  (1899) ... The growth of the popularity of sport swimming in the late XIX century is associated with the beginning of construction artificial pools.

Types of sailing

Freestyle

Backstroke

The start in swimming on the back is made from the water: the athlete, facing the bedside table, holds with both hands the starting handrails, legs resting against the side of the pool. Excluding the moment of the turn, the athlete must swim on his back; "The normal position on the back may include rotational movement of the body in a horizontal plane up to 90 ° inclusive; the position of the head is not regulated. " The athlete can be completely immersed in water only "during the turn, at the finish and at a distance of not more than 15 m after the start and each turn."

Brass, Butterfly

breaststroke :

5.4.1.   From the beginning of the first stroke of hands after the start and after each turn, the swimmer must lie on his chest. Turning on your back is prohibited at any time. Throughout the course of the race, the complete cycle must be carried out in such a sequence: one strokes with hands and one push with the feet.

5.4.2.   All hand movements should be simultaneous and executed in the same horizontal plane without alternating movements.

5.4.3.   Hands should be moved forward from the chest, above or below the surface of the water. Elbows must be under water, except for the last stroke before the turn, during the turn and the final stroke at the finish. Hands must return back over the surface of the water or under water. Hands should not go beyond the hip line, except the first stroke after the start and each turn.

5.4.4. During each complete cycle, any part of the swimmer's head should rupture the water surface. After the start and each turn, the swimmer can make one full stroke with his hands to the hips. The head must break the surface of the water before the hands start moving inward from the smallest part of the second stroke. One dolphin-like movement is permitted by kicking down during or after completing a full stroke by hands before pushing the breaststroke until the body is completely submerged in water. (Currently, a dolphin-shaped kick is allowed only while performing a full stroke by hand, also called "broach"). After that, all leg movements should be simultaneous and performed in the same horizontal plane without alternating movements.

Explanation:  kicking the dolphin is not part of the cycle of movements and is allowed only after the start and turn, while stroking the legs with your hands or after performing a full stroke with your hands before pushing the breaststroke until the body is completely submerged in water. It is not allowed to perform dolphin movement with your feet until the start of the stroke by hands after the start and turn.

5.4.5.   During the active part of the push, the feet should be deployed to the sides. Scissor-like, vibrating or dolphin-like impacts are not allowed downwards, except for the moment in accordance with 5.4.4. Violation of the surface of the water by foot stops is permitted, unless followed by a dolphin-like blow to the bottom.

At each turn and at the finish of the distance, the touch must be made simultaneously with both hands above, below or along the surface of the water. The head may be submerged after the last stroke by hands before touching, provided that it breaks the water surface at any point during the last complete or incomplete cycle preceding the touch.

According to the rules of the competitions during the voyage butterfly :

5.5.1.   From the beginning of the first stroke of hands after the start and after every turn the body should be on the chest. Allowed underwater kicks feet. Turn on the back is not allowed at any time.

5.5.2.   Both hands must sweep forward together over the water and return back at the same time throughout the swim, allowing item 5.5.5.

5.5.3.   All leg movements up and down should be performed simultaneously. Legs or feet may not be on the same level, but their position relative to each other should not change. Legs of the breaststroke are not allowed.

5.5.4. At each turn and finish, the touch must be both hands on the surface, above or below the surface of the water.

5.5.5.   At the start and at the turns the swimmer is allowed to make one or several movements with his feet under water and one stroke  hands that must carry it to the surface. A swimmer is allowed to fully immerse on a section not more than 15 m after the start and each turn. At this point, the athlete's head should break the surface of the water. The swimmer must remain on the surface until the next turn or to the finish.

Integrated swimming, combined relay race

In the program of official international competitions complex swimming has been included since 1961, combined relay race since 1957. In the program of the championships of Russia and the USSR, the combined relay race was part of the earlier: in the years 1914-1934 - 4 × 100 m (also included sailing on the side), in 1936 and 1947-1951 - 3 × 100 m, since 1953 - 4 × 100 m.

Other types

Before the creation of the FINA, which unified the program of the competitions, non-standard types were included in the swimming program of the Olympic Games of 1896-1904:

•   - 100 m in clothes;
•   - 200 m with obstacles and diving at 60 m;
•   - diving at a distance.

In the program of the championships of Russia and the USSR, non-existent species were included later - in all the championships of 1913-1951, awards were given in sailing on the side, in the program of the championships of the 1920s-1940s diving on 50 m and applied species were repeatedly included.

Competitions in the pool

Distance

The distances at which the registration of world records were terminated:

• from 1 January 1949  - 300 yards, 300 m, 1000 yards and 1000 m freestyle, 400 m on the back, 400 m and 500 m breaststroke;
• from 1 January 1953  - 500 yards and 500 m freestyle, 150 yards on the back, 200 yards breaststroke, 300 m integrated swimming, combined relay 3 × 100 m and 3 × 100 yards;
• from May 1, 1957  - 100 yards of freestyle, on the back, breaststroke and butterfly, 1 mile, 4 × 100 and 4 × 200 yards of freestyle, 400 yards of integrated swim;
• from May 1, 1969  - 110, 220, 440, 880, 1650, 4 × 110 and 4 × 220 yards of freestyle, 110 and 220 yards on the back, breaststroke and butterfly, 220 and 440 yards of integrated swimming, combined 4 × 110 yards relay race.

Length of the pool

According to the rules of the FINA, adopted in 1908, world records could be registered in any basin  not less than 25 yards long (at distances longer than 400 m - not less than 50 yards) - however, official international competitions could be held only in 50 m or 100 m pools. In short basins, the results are higher due to more turns, so the records at the Olympics and Continental championships were relatively infrequent. At the FINA Congress in 1956, a decision was made according to which, from May 1, 1957, world records could be established only in pools 50 meters long and 55 yards long; in the types where the records that were in effect at the time were installed in shorter pools, the registration of records was started anew.

By the mid-1980s competitions in 25-meter pools, held in the winter and early spring, had gained popularity. Since the 1988/89 season, FINA has started a multi-stage World Cup in "short water", and since 1993 - world championship  . In the modern program of these competitions, in addition to the same distances as on "long water", there is a swim for 100 m of complex swimming.

Competition system

Since 2001, the official competition has the following system. In the morning program includes preliminary swimmers, in the evening program - semi-finals and finals. According to the results of preliminary sweeps, the best in time fall into the next stage. At a distance of 50 m, 100 m and 200 m, 16 competitors selected in the two semi-finals (held on the same day as the preliminary swimmings) are determined by the 8 participants in the final (the next day). At longer distances and in relay races, according to the results of the preliminary sweeps, 8 participants of the finals are immediately determined (at 800 m and 1500 m distances the next day is held, on the others - on the same day). If it is not possible to determine the semi-finalists or finalists because of the equality of results between the candidates, the match is rescheduled; In the finals, participants share the same results with equal results.

Until 2001 there were no semi-final swimmers, but finals B (for 9-16 places) were held. Changes in the rules were caused by the need to increase the spectacle of the competition and several cases where the obvious favorite, trying to save energy in the preliminary swimmings, did not qualify for the finals of A.

Records can be recorded in the swimmings of any stage of the competition, as well as during the swim (for example, many world records in swimming at 800 m freestyle for men were recorded during the swimmers at 1500 m). In relay races, records in individual swimming can be fixed only at the first stage.

Swimming in open water

Individual swimmers, and then competitions for long distances on open water bodies began to be held at the end of the XIX century. Probably the most famous of them are the swim through the strait English Channel  ; The first English Channel was overcome in 1875 by an Englishman Matthew Webb  (21 hours and 45 minutes).

Since 1991, swimming in open water has been included in the program of the World Championships in water sports, and since 2000, separate championships for swimming in open water have also been held in the even-numbered years. Distances: 5 km (since 1998), 10 km (since 2000), 25 km (since 1991). In 2008, the distance of 10 km became Olympic.

Swimming costume

New suits, which appeared in 2008, allowed swimmers to achieve a breakthrough in the results. Polyurethane  costume, which, in addition, provided better buoyancy, gave an additional increase. In the environment of swimming specialists, discussions arose that related to the fact that athletes receive some kind of technological doping, and their results do not grow because of training and natural data, but because of the costumes. During the course of

SWIMMING (ON SPORTS DISTANCES),one of the oldest sports. Includes competitions to overcome water distances from 50 to 1500 m (in the pool) freestyle, breaststroke, butterfly and back, as well as in combined swimming and team relay. The swimmer (team) wins first, who came to the finish.

Since 1896 is included in the program of the Olympic Games. Currently, the Olympic swimming competition - one of the most ambitious in terms of the number of awards to be played.

Swimming is included in the modern pentathlon and sea all-around program, it is the technical basis for playing water polo, as well as water and the representatives of sailing and water-motor sports are an indispensable element of training jumpers. In addition to swimming at sporting distances, they distinguish applied, underwater, synchronous, therapeutic, domestic and other types of navigation.

Regular swimming exercises train all major muscle groups, heart and lungs, develop endurance and coordination of movements, temper the body, strengthen the nervous system, develop a correct posture, improve metabolism.

Swimming styles.

In modern sports swimming, there are: freestyle, swimming on the back, breaststroke and butterfly.

Freestyle.

According to the rules, when swimming in freestyle, athletes can use any method (except for combined swimming and team relay: in this case, the free style is defined as different from the breaststroke, butterfly and swimming on the back). Swimmers traditionally prefer crawl, the fastest modern style of swimming, so often the concepts of "free style" and "crawl" are perceived as synonyms.

It is believed that the croon as a style was formed by modifying the swim on the side - hand by hand. In competitions it has been applied since the beginning of the last century. One of the founders of the modern rabbit is the Olympic champion Zoltan Halmai. Great contribution to the further development of the style was also made by the brilliant on the Olympic tracks Duke Kahanamoku and Johnny Weismuller. Kahanamoku on the OI-1912 instead of a double-striker (for each stroke of his hand has one leg movement) applied a four-beat crook. Later, Weismuller began using a six-shock crawl.

The main driving force when swimming with the rabbit is the hands. The athlete alternately submerges a little bent in the elbow hands in front of the shoulders, makes a long powerful stroking, gradually straightening the hand, and takes it out of the water at the hip. The work of the hands is accompanied by alternate movements of up and down legs, which at the same time slightly bend and unbend at the knees.

Backstroke.

Once swimming on the back was used solely for recreation on the water. Over time, it was used to overcome water distances - and entered the program of competitions. At first, the athletes used a brass one, i.e. without removing hands from water, a technique. Modern (sometimes called "shock") swimming on the back, in fact, is an inverted crawl: alternate flap movements of the hands are accompanied by "fluttering" blows of the feet on the water.

On the OI-1912, the inverted crawler was first demonstrated by the American Harry Hebner, who, thanks to his "know-how", was able to outstrip his rivals significantly. And at the Games of 1936 his compatriot Adolf Kiefer achieved an impressive advantage due to another technical innovation: a somersault when performing a turn, - in time it was adopted by all swimmers.

Breaststroke.

The slowest of all styles of sports swimming is, first of all, because of the braking moment when the hands are taken forward (the French brasse literally means "throwing your hands"). Nevertheless, in Europe, the brass was for a long time the main style of swimming, and all the first records were set in this technique. Swimmers at the competitions tried to increase their speed in various ways: including through the movement of hands, as in butterfly. To keep the breaststroke as an independent form of swimming, the International Amateur Swimming Federation (FINA), in the end, decided to divide the breaststroke and butterfly.

When swimming with a breaststroke, the legs should be in a horizontal position and move synchronously, like the arms that carry simultaneous wide strokes. According to the rules, after the start and turn, athletes are allowed to make only one full vertical movement with each foot at the time of being under water. The athlete's head may hide under water from time to time, but the so-called diving breaststroke  (when the swimmer overcomes most of the distance in the underwater position) is now prohibited.

Butterfly.

Second fastest style. At one time was considered a variety of brass, but from 1952 became a separate style of swimming. Its name (English butterfly - butterfly) was due to the fact that the movements of the swimmer really resemble the movements of the wings of a butterfly.

Originated in the 1930s. Initially, it was used only in certain sections of the "Brass" distance, then - at the entire distance. The first in official competitions in 1935 was demonstrated by Jimmy Higgins. The leg work borrowed from the breaststroke was replaced with a synchronized up-and-down movement, in which the swimmer kicked the water. Both hands, too, must move synchronously.

Highlight a speedy variety of butterfly - dolphin:the athlete makes a wave-like movement with the whole body.