The letter is soft or hard. Consonant sounds of the Russian language (hard-soft, voiced-deaf, paired-not paired, hissing, sibilant)

1. A a a
2. B b bae
3. V v ve
4. G g ge
5. D d dae
6. E e e
7. Ё ё ё
8. F f g e
9. Z z ze
10. And and and
11. Th and short
12. K k ka
13. L l el
14. M m uh
15. N n en
16. NS
17. P p pe
18. R r er
19. S s s
20. T te te
21. U u u
22. F f f
23. X x ha
24. Ts tse
25. H h w
26. W w sha
27. Щ u ucha
28. ъ hard mark
29. S s s
30. b soft sign
31. Uh uh
32. Yu yu
33. I i i

How letters differ from sounds

Sound is elastic vibrations in a medium. We hear sounds and can create them, among other things, with the help of the speech apparatus (lips, tongue, etc.).

A letter is a symbol of the alphabet. Has an uppercase (excl., B and b) and a lowercase version. Often a letter is a graphic representation of the corresponding speech sound. We see and write letters. So that the peculiarities of pronunciation do not affect the writing, spelling rules have been developed that determine which letters should be used in the word in question. The exact pronunciation of the pronunciation of a word can be found in the phonetic transcription of the word, which is shown in square brackets in dictionaries.

Vowels and sounds

Vowel sounds ("voice" is the Old Slavonic "voice") - these are the sounds [a], [and], [o], [y], [s], [e], in the creation of which the vocal cords are involved, and on the way no obstacle is erected on the exhaled air. These sounds are sung: [aaaaaaa], [iiiiiii] ...

Vowel sounds are denoted by the letters a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, u, i. The letters e, e, yu, i are called iotated. They denote two sounds, the first of which is [th "], when

1. stand first in the phonetic word e le [y "e ́l" e] (3 letters, 4 sounds) e schё [y "and u" ó] (3 letters, 4 sounds) e f [y "o ́ш] (2 letters , 3 sounds) Yu la [th "u ́l" a] (3 letters, 4 sounds) I block [th "a ́blaka] (6 letters, 7 sounds) I ichko [th" and ich "ka] (5 letters, 6 sounds)
2. follow the vowels of the bird d [pt "itsiy" e ́t] (7 letters, 8 sounds) her [yiy "o ́] (2 letters, 4 sounds) kayu ta [kai" u ́ta] (5 letters, 6 sounds) blue [with "in" and "a] (5 letters, 6 sounds)
3. follow after b and b entry zd [vy "e ́st] (5 letters, 5 sounds) rise [pady" o ́m] (6 letters, 6 sounds) pour [l "y" y ́] (3 letters, 3 sounds ) wings [wings "y" a] (6 letters, 6 sounds)

The letter and also denotes two sounds, the first of which is [th "], when

1. follows after the nightingale b [salav "y" and ́] (7 letters, 7 sounds)

In the word, the vowel sounds highlighted during pronunciation are called stressed, and not highlighted - unstressed. Sounds under stress are most often heard and written. To check what kind of letter you need to put in a word, you should choose a single-root word in which the desired unstressed sound will be stressed.

Runner [b "igú sch" iy "] - be g [b" e′k] go ra [gará] - go ry [mountains]

Two words combined with a single stress make up one phonetic word.

To the garden [fsat]

There are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels. The division of a word into syllables may not correspond to the division during hyphenation.

Consonants and sounds

Consonants are sounds that, when created, place an obstacle in the path of exhaled air.

Voiced consonants are pronounced with the participation of a voice, and voiceless consonants are pronounced without it. The difference is easy to hear in paired consonants, for example, [n] - [b], when pronouncing which the lips and tongue are in the same position.

Soft consonants are pronounced with the participation of the middle part of the language and in transcription are indicated by an apostrophe " what happens when consonants

1. are always soft [y "], [h"], [u "] ah [ay"] (2 letters, 2 sounds) ray [ray "] (3 letters, 3 sounds) bream [l" est "] (3 letters, 3 sounds)
2. follow before the letters e, e, i, yu, i, b (excl., always solid [f], [c], [w] and in borrowed words) stranded [m "el"] (4 letters, 3 sounds) aunt [т "о́т" а] (4 letters, 4 sounds) people [л "у́д" и] (4 letters, 4 sounds) life [жы́з "н"] (5 letters, 4 sounds) circus [tsyrk] (4 letters, 4 sounds) neck [sh eya] (3 letters, 4 sounds) tempo [t emp] (4 letters, 4 sounds)
3. followed by soft consonants (in some cases) pancake [bl "in" h "ik]

The rest of the consonants will be mostly solid.

The hissing consonants include the sounds [w], [w], [h "], [u"]. Speech therapists rule their pronunciation next to last: the tongue must be strong and flexible in order to resist the exhaled air and hold it in the form of a cup at the palate. The last in line are always vibrating [p] and [p "].

Do students need phonetics?

Without dividing into vowels, consonants, stressed, unstressed, of course, it is impossible. But the transcription is overkill.

Speech therapists must know phonetic parsing of words, and probably it can be useful to foreigners.

For students (from grade 1!) Who have not yet mastered the spelling rules, a fairly in-depth study of phonetics only interferes, confuses and contributes to the incorrect memorization of the spelling of words. It is the "back" that the child will associate with the pronounced "running".

Undoubtedly, when parents send a small child to study in first grade, the baby may face new and unforeseen difficulties. He receives most of his knowledge from his teacher, but not everything can be assimilated and remain forever in his head. The problem may be that the child is still too young to have time to “grab” everything at once.

Such barriers can be given in many subjects and topics. And no, these are not only exact sciences, such as mathematics and natural history. The Russian language can also be overwhelming for many children, because it is one of the most difficult languages ​​in the world!

As you know, everything big starts with small, and Russian, as a rule, begins to be studied with children from sounds, which in turn are classified into soft consonants or hard, stressed and unstressed consonants. This topic includes many aspects, the study of which is extremely necessary so that every child can perfectly know the basics of the Russian language.

First of all, in order for the student to begin to study sounds and their characteristics, you need to familiarize yourself with the letters, which in their own way are divided into consonants and vowels. You also need to know that there are as many as 33 letters in the alphabet, of which only 21 are consonant sounds in Russian, which in pronunciation can give 36 different sound pronunciations.

Consonants are always classified. There are consonants hard and soft, voiceless or voiced, sonorous and noisy, paired or unpaired. In this case, voiceless and voiced consonants of the defined word depend on pronunciation. They are made up of noise and voice. Thus, deaf sounds are formed with the help of noise and give only deafness, and the latter are distinguished by the presentation of voicedness due to the voice.

There are fewer vowel sounds, there are only 10 of them in the alphabet, giving only six sounds. They can also be percussive and unstressed. When future first grader already familiarized and well mastered this material, we are proceeding to increase that skill when the student could easily distinguish a soft consonant sound from a hard one.

At the same time, you need to learn to distinguish with the help of different signs, because just memorizing does not always help. There are times when a consonant sound in a word can sound both soft and hard, and there are exceptions. Now we begin to study the rules.

Before which vowel?

Which vowels give softness and which ones give hardness? Let's try to figure it out. The first rule sounds like this: “In the case when one of the following vowels comes after a consonant letter - a, o, y, e, s - then the sound will always be solid. And "e, u, i, e" always make the consonants soft. " As a result, the last all consonants are soft words. Let's take the word "mom" as an example.

After the consonant "m" comes the vowel "a", which makes the sound hard, and in the word "uncle" the sounds "ya - ya" give the softness of the consonant "d". If children learn this simple rule and learn how to use it, the subsequent determination of the softness or hardness of the sound will not be difficult for them.

To consolidate the material "Hard and soft consonants" even better, give the children similar exercises, indicating the consolidation of these rules. We advise you to start with the simplest words.

Two consonants in a row

In the case of the subsequent consonants, we figured it out without difficulty, but what to do when two consonants stand in a row and how to determine the characteristics of the sound in this case? Another rule applies here. Such cases always mean that the consonant will always be solid. Only soft consonants do not figure in this rule.

• Take the word "pen" as an example. After “h”, the sound “k” follows, and the child is obliged to understand that “ch” will automatically become a solid sound, since the next “k” is a consonant.
• Take your time when you explain these simple but important and sometimes confusing rules to your child. Make sure the child understands, ask questions and do not be lazy to explain several times.

Designation of hardness and softness in writing

Traditionally, all sound recordings are made through transcription. So, in transcription, if the sound is soft, put an apostrophe after it, which looks like a comma on top. Showing: `. For example, let's take the letter “b”. In the word "lamb" - a solid sound, its sound recording is as follows: [b], and in the word "white" - already [b`]. In the word “ice”, only “l” and “d” will be soft. That is, in fact, the child writes the same letter, but it, in turn, has different pronunciations.

In transcriptions and in writing, such a moment can be indicated in different ways, that is, in two ways:

1. In the case when soft consonants in Russian stand at the end of a word or in front of another consonant (in most cases hard), softness is indicated by a soft sign, transcription is an apostrophe. For example, "horse", "ash"
2. If after the consonant there is a softening vowel (which one see above in the rule), then it is with its help that the softness of consonants is indicated. For example: “chalk”, “sang”, “hatch” - the first sounds are always soft.

It is important to know that you should not ignore the fact that any way of denoting the softness of a sound applies only to those who have a hardness pair. This means that, for example, in the words “ink” and “ink”, the soft sign in the second case indicates only that the given object / phenomenon / creature belongs to the female gender. Similar words are: "pike", "sew", "drink", "thicket".

Consistent hardness and softness of a consonant sound

You need to know that there are sounds that, regardless of the position, rule or even exception, do not change their position. These are "w, w, c" - they are always hard, and "h, w, y" are invariably soft, where w, w, h, w are hissing consonants.

But it can be difficult for children to remember this aspect well, and then a parent can easily prepare a reminder in a notebook that will look something like this: w, w, c, h`, sch`, y`, or just underline the last three letters.

"Soft" words

So you can call words in which all soft consonants are soft. Their great amount... For example: “frost”, “glasses”, “skullcaps”, “fun”, “predators”, “squint” - these are words with soft consonants.

• A very exciting and developing activity not only for the child, but also for the parent will be the search for such new words, in which all the consonants are soft.
• If you have any difficulties, please refer to our help! “Pike”, “uncle”, “blizzard”, “aunt”, “rulers”, “fives”, “ten”, “lilacs”, “dates”, “nannies”, “cherries”, “ten” - words, where all consonants are soft. Also play the other way around: we are looking for all the consonants in the words now solid.

Learning by playing

Some sources and reference books recommend focusing on educational games. That is, a child who is carried away by such an activity does not himself notice how he grasps and learns difficult material. The familiar “Find a Pair” can be an example of such a game.

All that is necessary is to give the child words with hard sounds, and he must come up with something else in response, but with soft ones. This is how easily and naturally you can learn soft consonant sounds in 1st grade!

The ability to distinguish between soft and hard consonants. Obviously, they do not need to be memorized, but to learn to hear. And for this, the child needs to be told how exactly these sounds are obtained - this will greatly facilitate his understanding.

Always soft and always hard consonants

Not all consonants in our language are both hard and soft. First, you need your child to remember those that are only hard: F, W, C, as well as always soft: H, U, Y. To do this, you can, for example, make a commemorative plaque where the hard ones will always be drawn over blue bricks, and always soft over green pillows (color choice based on how these sounds are denoted in lower grades).

If the child will constantly see this picture, which you will put him in workbook or hang over then he will quickly memorize these consonants.

How vowels "command" consonants

Then you explain to your child that the rest of the consonants can be either soft or hard. But the neighboring letters will help to suggest this. If after our consonant there is another consonant, then ours is solid. For example: table. What is after the C sound? So this is a solid consonant.

The vowel sounds "command" the consonant in front of what it should be. If these are vowels: A, O, U, E, Y, then only solid consonants are in front of them. And if it is: I, E, Yu, I, Y, then - soft. The softness of the previous consonant is also indicated by

Educational games

To make it easier for your child to remember this, try to play with him. Invite him to put the outside of his index finger to the palate and pronounce syllables in turn, where there are soft and hard consonants. For example: TA - TYA, NA - NYa. The child, thanks to this, will be able to remember exactly how the consonant sound is obtained. He will understand that when a soft consonant is formed, the tongue seems to move forward, and his back rises slightly to the sky. But when hard consonants are pronounced, this does not happen.

Throw a ball to the child, naming a syllable with a hard consonant, and let him return the ball to you, having already pronounced it with a soft one. For example: LA - LA, LO - LE, LY - LI, etc.

At school, students are asked to highlight hard and soft consonants using blue and green. Blue are hard and green are soft. Cut out some red, blue, and green squares and have them create a mosaic of the word. The child will lay out vowel sounds in red, hard consonants, respectively, in blue, and soft ones - in green... Take small words for this, from one or two syllables: fish, elephant, branch, chalk etc.

Play the word chain. You pronounce a word that ends in a syllable with a hard or soft consonant, and the child says the next word that begins with that syllable. Not forgetting to determine out loud which consonant, hard or soft was in this syllable: winds - fish - bagels - cinema etc.

If you methodically explain to your child the difference between hard and soft consonants, it will help him or her to navigate easier in the future, when studying many of the features of the spelling of the Russian language. Good luck to you!

Consonants sound differently in different words. Somewhere hard, somewhere soft. In this lesson, we will learn to distinguish between soft and hard consonants and denote the softness of consonants in writing with the letters I, E, E, YU, Z and L. We will find out which consonants form pairs in terms of hardness-softness, and which are only hard or only soft.

Compare the first consonants. When pronouncing a sound in the word KIT, the middle part of the tongue rises to the palate, the passage through which the air flows narrows and a sound is obtained, which scientists conditionally called soft... And the opposite sound was named - solid.

Let's complete the task. You need to arrange the vegetables in two baskets. In the first, we put those in the names of which you can hear any soft sounds, in the second those in the names of which all consonants are solid. Beets, turnips, eggplant, cabbage, onion, tomato, onion, pumpkin, cucumber.

Let's check. We put in the first basket: beets(sound [in ']), turnips(sound [p ’]), tomato(sound [m ']),cucumber(sound [p ’]). Second: cabbage, pumpkin, eggplant, onion .

It is important to listen to the sounds of the spoken words. If you say the word Nyos otherwise - with a solid first sound, we get a completely different word - NOSE.

Let's listen and observe the movement of our tongue:

row - sound [p ’] - rad - sound [p]

hatch - sound [l '] - bow - sound [l]

Rice. 3. Bow ( )

crumpled - sound [m '] - small - sound [m]

Sounds can be recorded (conditionally) with icons. Musical sounds are recorded in notes, and speech sounds - in letters, but in special square brackets - in transcription. In order not to confuse hard and soft sounds when reading the transcription, the scientists agreed to show the softness of the sound with an icon very similar to a comma, just put it on top.

Most consonants form pairs in terms of softness - hardness:

Some consonants are only hard or only soft. They do not vaporize in terms of hardness / softness:

Strong consonants only: [w], [w], [c]. Soft consonants only: [th ’], [h’], [u ’].

Let's complete the task: indicate the paired sound.

[h] -? [f] -? [R'] - ? [h ’] -? [with'] - ? [l] -? Let's check the correctness of the assignment: [z] - [z ’]; [p '] - [p]; [c '] - [c]; [l] - [l ']. [w], [h ’] - sounds unpaired in terms of softness and hardness.

In writing, the hardness of consonants is denoted by the vowels A, O, U, Y, E, and the softness of consonants is denoted by the vowels E, E, I, Yu, Ya.

There are words with soft consonants at the end of words or in the middle of words before other consonants. Listen to the words: salt, horse, notebook, coat, ring, letter. Then a soft sign will come to the rescue. Even his name is suggestive - a sign soft, for soft consonants.

Let's compose a memo on how to act while writing words:

I hear a hard consonant sound - I write after it, in place of the vowel sound, the letters: A, O, U, Y, E.

I hear a soft consonant sound before a vowel sound - I designate its softness with vowels: E, E, I, Yu, Ya.

I hear soft sound at the end of a word or before a consonant sound - I show softness b.

Rice. 5. Hard and soft consonants ()

So, today we learned that consonants can be soft and hard, and the softness of consonants in writing in Russian is indicated by the letters u, e, e, u, i and b.

1. Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M .: Astrel, 2011. ().
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language 1. M .: Ballas. ()
3. Agarkova N.G., Agarkov Yu.A. Textbook on teaching literacy and reading: ABC. Academbook / Textbook.

Additional web resources

1. Knowledge hypermarket ()
2. Russian language: short theoretical course. ()
3. Logozavriya: a site for children's computer games. ()

Make at home

1. Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M .: Astrel, 2011. Pp. 35, exercise. 6, p. 36, exercise. 3.
2. Count how many soft consonants are in a word electric train? (The word electric train has 3 soft consonants ([l '], [p ’], [h’]).
3. Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, make up puzzles or charades with words, where the softness-hardness of the sound changes the meaning.

The letter "y": hard or soft? This question is very often asked by students who need to parse a word according to all the rules of phonetics. You will receive the answer to it a little further.

General information

Before talking about what the letter "y" is (soft or hard), you should find out why the letters of the Russian alphabet are generally divided according to such characteristics.

The fact is that each word has its own sound shell, which consists of separate sounds. It should be noted that the sound of this or that expression is fully consistent with its meaning. At the same time, different words and their forms have completely different sound design. And the sounds themselves do not matter. However, they do crucial role In russian language. Indeed, thanks to them, we can easily distinguish words. Let's give an example:

• [house] - [lady´] - [home];
• [m'el] - [m'el '], [volume] - [there], [house] - [volume].

Transcription

Why do we need information about what the letter "y" is (hard or soft)? During a word, it is very important to correctly display the transcription that describes its sound. In such a system, it is customary to use the following symbols:

This designation is called They are necessarily put to designate transcription.

[´] is stress. It is placed if the word has more than one syllable.

[б ’] - a kind of comma is placed next to the consonant letter and denotes its softness.

By the way, during phonetic parsing of words, the following symbol is often used - [j]. As a rule, they denote the sound of the letter "y" (sometimes such a symbol as [y] is also used).

Letter "d": consonant or vowel?

As you know, in Russian, all sounds are divided into consonants and vowels. They are perceived and pronounced in completely different ways.

• Vowel sounds are those sounds during the pronunciation of which air easily and freely passes through the mouth, without encountering any obstacles in its path. Moreover, they can be pulled, with the help of them you can shout. If you put your palm to your throat, then the work of the ligaments (vocal) during the pronunciation of vowels can be quite easily felt. There are 6 stressed vowels in Russian, namely: [a], [e], [y], [s], [o] and [and].
• Consonants are those sounds during the pronunciation of which the air meets an obstacle on its way, namely a bow or a gap. Their appearance determines the nature of the sounds. As a rule, a gap is formed when pronouncing [s], [w], [h] and [g]. In this case, the tip of the tongue approaches the upper or lower teeth. The consonants presented can be pulled (for example, [f-f-f], [z-z-z]). As for the bow, such an obstacle is formed due to the closing of the speech organs. The air, or rather its flow, abruptly overcomes it, due to which the sounds are energetic and short. That is why they are called explosive. By the way, it is impossible to pull them (try it yourself: [p], [b], [t], [d]).

In addition to the above consonants, the Russian language also contains the following: [m], [d], [v], [f], [g], [l], [p], [h], [c], [x] ... As you can see, there are many more of them than there are vowels.

Deaf and ringing sounds

By the way, many consonants form themselves between pairs of deafness and voicedness: [k] - [g], [b] - [n], [z] - [c], [d] - [t], [f] - [c], etc. There are 11 such pairs in Russian. However, there are sounds that do not have pairs on this basis. These include: [d], [p], [n], [l], [m] are unpaired voiced, and [h] and [c] are unpaired voiceless.

Soft and hard consonants

As you know, consonants differ not only in voicedness or, conversely, voicelessness, but also in softness and hardness. This property is the second most important feature of sounds.

So, the letter "y": hard or soft? To answer this question, you should consider each attribute separately:

• During the pronunciation of soft consonants, the entire tongue shifts slightly forward, and its middle part rises slightly.
• During the pronunciation of hard consonants, the entire language is literally pulled back.

It should be especially noted that many consonant letters form pairs among themselves according to such characteristics as softness and hardness: [d] - [d ’], [p] - [p’], etc. There are 15 such pairs in total. However, there are also sounds that do not have pairs on this basis. What letters of solid consonants are unpaired? These include the following - [w], [w] and [c]. As for unpaired soft ones, these are [u '], [h'] and [th '].

Letter designation

Now you know the information about whether the letter "y" is hard or soft. But here a new question arises: "How is the softness of such sounds in writing indicated?" For this, completely different methods are used:

• The letters "e", "u", "e", "I" after the consonants (not counting the "z", "w", and "t") indicate that these consonants are soft. Let's give an example: uncle - [d'a'd'a], aunt - [t'o't'a].
• The letter "i" after the consonants (not counting "w", "w", and "t") indicates that these consonants are soft. Let's give an example: cute - [m'y'ly '], sheet - [l'ist], threads - [n'i'tk'i].
• The soft sign ("b") after the consonants (not counting "g" and "w") is an indicator of grammatical form. It also indicates that consonants are soft. Examples example: distance - [gave '], stranded - [m'el'], request - [proz'ba].

As you can see, the softness of consonant sounds in writing is conveyed not by individual letters, but by their combinations with the vowels "e", "u", "e", "I", as well as a soft sign. That is why when experts recommend paying attention to adjacent symbols.

As for the vowel letter "y", it is always soft. In this regard, in transcription, it is customary to denote it as follows: [th ’]. That is, the comma symbol, indicating the softness of the sound, must always be set. The same rule is also subject to [uch ’], [h’].

Let's summarize

As you can see, there is nothing difficult in making any word correctly. To do this, you just need to know what vowels and consonants are, voiceless and voiced, as well as soft and hard. For a better understanding of how it is necessary to arrange a transcription, we will give several detailed examples.

1. The word "hero". Consists of two syllables, the 2nd being stressed. Let's parse:

г - [г '] - voiced, consonant and soft.

e - [and] - unstressed vowel.

p - [p] - voiced, consonant, unpaired and hard.

o - [o] - stressed vowel.

th - [th ’] - voiced, consonant, unpaired and soft.

Total: 5 letters and 5 sounds.

2. The word "trees". Consists of three syllables, with the 2nd being stressed. Let's parse:

d - [d ’] - voiced, consonant and soft.

e - [and] - unstressed vowel.

p - [p ’] - voiced, consonant, unpaired and soft.

e - [e´] - stressed vowel.

в - [в ’] - voiced, consonant and soft

e - [th ’] - voiced, consonant, unpaired and soft and [e] - vowel, unstressed;

в - [f] - deaf and hard.

Total: 8 letters and 8 sounds.