Antique architecture examples. Romanesque and antique styles in architecture. Architecture of Ancient Greece
Antiquity has become one of the most significant periods in the development of world history and culture. In the Hellenistic countries of this period, fundamental scientific discoveries took place, construction techniques were significantly improved, and cultural perfection reached its peak. Antiquity to this day remains the aesthetic standard for many later trends.
History of occurrence
Antiquity refers to the civilization of Ancient Greece and ancient rome. Ancient culture served as the primary source of all subsequent Western art. Greco-Roman culture gave the world not only the lion's share of the arts, but also outstanding scientific achievements.
The time frames for the beginning and end of the era of antiquity differ in different regions. So the peak of the development of ancient culture in Greece came earlier than in Rome. At the same time, ancient civilization in the Eastern part of the Roman Empire was born and died out earlier than in the Western.
Antiquity is usually divided into the following cultural periods:
- Aegean (3rd-2nd centuries BC);
- Homeric (11-9 centuries BC);
- archaic (8-7 centuries BC);
- classical (5-4 centuries BC);
- Hellenistic (2nd half of the 4th - middle of the 1st century BC).
Aegean period
In the Aegean period, the origin of ancient culture takes place, which is associated with the existence of the Monoi and Mycenaean civilizations. In Crete, inhabited by the Minoans, the first rudiments of statehood and writing began to develop much earlier than in mainland Greece.
In the 12th century BC. Greece is captured by the Dorians, and the Mycenaean civilization ceases to exist.
Homeric period
In the Homeric period, the final liquidation of the Minoan and Mycenaean cultures takes place. Tribal relations dominate in society, gradually transforming into class relations, the first cities begin to emerge.
archaic period
classical period
The classical era was the heyday of the polis Greek society. It accounts for unprecedented economic and cultural progress.
Hellenistic period
The Hellenistic period that replaced it came at the time of the establishment of the world power of Alexander the Great. Later, after the capture of Greece and Persia by the Romans, ancient culture continued to develop within the framework of the Roman Empire.
Modern direction
The greatest interest in the culture of antiquity came at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st centuries. During this period, as a result of numerous archaeological finds, many unique monuments of ancient art were presented to the attention of the public.
Latin, which originated in antiquity, is still used in pharmacology and medicine to this day. The theoretical research of Pythagoras, Euclid, Archimedes laid the foundation for the development of fundamental science and is still being studied in school curricula.
- Roman law became the basis for the development of the legal system of most modern states.
- Theatrical art also originates in Hellas.
- Antique sculpture and laid the foundation for classical European art.
- often traced in modern cultural trends and interiors.
Architecture
Antique style in architecture is distinguished by its particular conciseness and integrity. He acted as a guide for many later trends. Some architectural elements in the Egyptian style. However, ancient culture is not distinguished by dogmatism. The ancient Greeks had their own pantheon of gods, who were not perceived as something sublime. They had the same vices and weaknesses as humans. For this reason, there is a lot of individuality in ancient architecture.
Another important factor in the development of Greek architecture is the emergence of geometry, which made it possible to ideally calculate the proportions of any structures.
Early Greek buildings were built of mud and wood. The main objects of construction were fortresses and castles. Later, at the beginning of the archaic period, temple buildings replaced the castle architecture. All civil buildings receded into the background. So the houses of the inhabitants often had a rectangular shape, were built of reeds and clay and were rather unpretentious and fragile. At the end of the archaic period, the dwellings of noble Greeks began to be built from more durable brick and stone.
Ancient Greek cities arose spontaneously and did not have a special layout. Later they were rebuilt on a grand scale. The plan of such cities had a pronounced rectangular structure. Each city had a fortress (acropolis), which initially housed the royal chambers, and later became a cultural building. Under the acropolis, a city was formed with its own center and main square, public meetings and auctions were held there.
One of the most important buildings for the Greeks was the bouleuterium, where city council meetings were held.
The portico was the main element of city communications. It was intended for the movement of citizens, works of art were exhibited there.
Each city had its own temple complex, theater, gymnasium (educational institution), stadium and hippodrome.
As for temple architecture, presumably in the 8th century BC. it has two directions:
- Doric style - characterized by monumentality, the desire for ideal proportions. This direction was originally distinguished by its scale and a modest number of decorations. Over time, there were no significant changes in it.
- The Ionic style is a later direction. Unlike the Doric style, he strove for grace and lightness. different a large number decorative items and embellishments.
Although these styles originated in different time and regions, there was no special geographical distinction in their use. The main element of any Greek structure are the columns. They began to be used in the early Mycenaean period. The first columns were wooden. Gradually, the tree began to be replaced by stone. In the Doric style, the columns had a shape narrowed upwards. They were deprived of any decorative ornaments and had exclusively constructive functions. With the development of navigation and trade, the Greek cities began to grow noticeably richer. Temple structures began to be erected from stone, completely displacing adobe buildings.
One of the oldest Doric buildings are peristyles - square structures surrounded on all sides by a colonnade. They were distinguished by a significant excess of length over width, i.e. had an elongated shape.
Another distinctive feature of this direction is the significant width of the columns. Thus, the effect of monumentality was achieved. Initially, buildings were erected, with a ratio of the number of columns at the facade and side walls of 6k15 or 6k17. Later, a different rule was established: the number of side columns should be 2 times the number of columns near the facade, plus one more.
As for the Ionic style, here the column is not just a support, but also a bright decorative element. Their capitals were decorated with leafy elements or scrolls. Ionic columns are more elegant, have a complex base and thinner recesses. Unfortunately, most of the oldest Ionic buildings were destroyed. So the origins of ionics can only be judged from the stories of the chroniclers.
The heir to the cultural achievements of Ancient Greece was the Roman Empire, which captured Hellas in the 2nd century BC. BC.
However, the Romans also brought their innovations to ancient building technologies. So even in the 5th-1st centuries. BC. the Romans knew how to build good roads, bridges, water pipes, they were the first to use concrete, they created a method for constructing large-scale buildings from brickwork, they used arches, vaults and domes.
Roman art is a combination of cultures of many states that make up this vast empire. An unprecedented influx of funds from the conquered states provided an unprecedented scope for Roman architecture. So palaces and temples everywhere were decorated with Greek paintings and sculptures and sometimes resembled museums. The Romans sought to demonstrate in their buildings the idea of superiority and strength, greatness and overwhelming human power. Roman buildings of the 1st century BC inherent pomposity and scope. Another feature of the development of Roman architecture is the desire for rich decoration of buildings and lush interior decor.
Unlike the Greeks, the leading place in the architecture of the Romans was occupied not by temples, but by more practical urban structures - baths, theaters, aqueducts, bridges.
Roman builders created new constructive techniques - domes, vaults and arches, which complemented the Hellenistic structures.
Along with the Greek Doric and Ionic styles, the Corinthian style existed in Rome. It was distinguished by its special pomposity and pretentiousness of buildings and was the most popular. partially adopted the Victorian style.
Interior
Considering the features of the ancient interior, it is worth considering that the interior decoration of the dwellings of the ancient Greeks and Romans was different. So the houses of the noble Romans stood out for their special pomposity and scope. Often, all residential buildings had an inner courtyard - an atrium, from which one could get into any room. 4-16 columns were traditionally erected along the perimeter of the atrium. As for the Greeks, their interior was much more restrained. The main criterion for the aesthetics of the dwelling was the concept of the "golden mean", as a state when you can neither add nor remove a single detail so as not to spoil the aesthetic composition.
Color spectrum
V antique interior bright colors are welcome - blue, green, shades of red, terracotta, yellow, gold, black and ivory.
materials
For the arrangement of ancient houses, expensive natural materials were traditionally used, such as granite, rare tree species, clay, bronze, and ivory. The global manufacturer of paint and varnish products Caparol () is a trademark that unites enterprises with a century of history.
Decor and accessories
One of the main decorative elements of the style is furniture. It should be predominantly wooden. In the era of antiquity, furniture was decorated with carvings (as well as) or inlays. The legs of tables, sofas and chairs are traditionally curved, often in the form of silhouettes of griffins or animal paws. This is especially true of the Roman interior.
Typical for this direction is the use of Greek chairs klismosev.
No less important element of the interior of the Hellenes was sculpture. This type of art reached its greatest heights in the classical period in ancient Greece. The main plots were not only images of gods and heroes of ancient myths, but also real people holding recognized positions of responsibility - athletes, statesmen, scientists, generals, or simply wealthy citizens.
Greek sculptures were as realistic as possible. They conveyed not only the appearance, but also the mood, emotions of the hero. Often, all sculptural characters had individual facial features and a developed body - the ancient Greeks considered a healthy, spiritually and physically developed person to be the ideal.
As another distinctive element of antique decor, you can use tall Greek vases, with all kinds of drawings and ornaments.
Antiquity in a modern manifestation
Conclusion
Antiquity has become not just a direction of art. It characterizes a whole historical period in the development of a number of states. This era gave the world many discoveries and achievements that are relevant to this day. Given culture characterized by continuity. So, even after the capture of Greece, antique art continued its development already within the framework.
Ancient culture found its continuation in the development of such modern trends as, and in.
Architectural styles in chronological order, starting from the time of the Ancient World, sorted out, wrote a few words about each, added examples, photos, videos to make everything easy to understand.
Styles in architecture and their features
Architectural styles are being formed features and properties of a historical period, region or country, which are manifested in the distinctive features of buildings and compositions, such as:
- purpose of buildings (temples, palaces, castles),
- structures and materials used in construction,
- composition techniques,
- lines and design of facades,
- plans,
- forms used.
Different styles arise in the specific conditions of the development of the economy and social structure. They are affected by:
- religious movements,
- statehood,
- ideological element,
- historical architecture and
- national differences,
- climate,
- landscape and relief.
Technical progress, ideological changes or geopolitical relations have always led and continue to lead to the birth of a new style.
Architectural styles of the archaic period
ancient egyptian style
This style gave rise to a huge variety of architectural structures and great monuments. , including on the Nile River, is evidence of the existence of one of the most outstanding civilizations in the world. The predominant building materials are sun-baked brick, limestone, sandstone and granite.
Architecture of Ancient Egypt: Pyramids of Giza
Understanding Ancient Egyptian Style modern people based on surviving religious temples and massive, incomprehensible structures, with characteristic sloping walls that have a small amount of holes surrounded by mystery. It is widely believed that these are tombs, but there are other theories. Additional information about the architecture
Architectural styles of antiquity
Antiquity is Ancient Rome plus Ancient Greece.
ancient greek style
The Greeks built many temples for sacrifices to the gods. They laid the foundation European architecture which served as an example for the whole world. Their high-tech systems for proportion and style, using mathematics and geometry, created external harmony and beauty. Replacing wood with white marble and limestone back in the archaic era, the Greeks built noble and durable buildings. It can be divided into the following periods:
- archaic,
- classical,
- Hellenism.
Antique Greek architectural style: Temple of Hera (r. 460 BC) at Paestum, Italy (erroneously called Neptune or Poseidon). ancient roman style
Ancient Roman architecture is a form of Etruscan architecture. This style is characterized by greatness, power and strength. The Greeks had a strong influence on it. It is distinguished by monumentality, a lot of decorations and magnificent decoration of buildings, strict symmetry.
The Romans built most buildings for practical purposes, not temples as in Greece. Read briefly. The history, applied materials, technologies and urban planning are described.
Ancient Roman Architectural Style: Pantheon, Santa Maria in Via Lata, Rome, Italy Byzantine style
The capital of the Roman Empire was transferred by the Roman emperor Constantine I to the city of Byzantium (Constantinople) in 330 and became known as New Rome. Naturally, in the architecture of Byzantium, one can see a strong influence of the ancient Roman style. At the same time, in terms of elegance and luxury, she sought to surpass the old Rome.
Byzantine style is a fusion Christian and ancient worldview with elements of the artistic culture of the East.
The empire expanded its territories at the expense of the former provinces of Rome in the west, where it erected monuments, palaces, temples, churches in order to show luxury and establish the status of the new imperial power.
Basilica of San Vitale in Byzantine style, Ravenna, Italy - Buildings have become geometrically more complex.
- In addition to stone, brick and plaster were used to decorate the buildings.
- There is a looser attitude towards classical elements; carved decorations were replaced by mosaics.
- The simplicity and restraint of the exterior of the temples contrasted sharply with the magnificent precious mosaics, sparkling with gold, inside the premises.
Pre-Romanesque architectural styles
Pre-Romanesque or Pre-Romanesque architecture spans the times
- Merovingian kingdom (5th - 8th centuries),
- the era of the Carolingians (8 - 9 centuries) and
- Ottonian period (10th century) until the beginning of the 11th century, when the Romanesque style was born.
The main theme during this period is classical Mediterranean and early Christian forms in interaction with Germanic ones. They contributed to the emergence of new innovative designs. This, in turn, gave rise to the Romanesque architectural style.
Merovingian style
Merovingian architectural style: Cathedral of Saint-Leons, Fréjus, France The period of distribution of this style falls on the period from the 5th to the 8th centuries, when on the lands belonging to modern France, Belgium and partly Germany, ruled by the Frankish royal Merovingian dynasty. This is the time of the baptism of the barbarians. Combines the traditions of the late antique Roman style and barbarian traditions.
Carolingian style in architecture
Pre-Romanesque architecture: typical Carolingian church in northern France Nova Corbeia The Merovingian era was replaced by the Carolingian era (780-900). The Carolingian Renaissance in the late 8th and 9th centuries is a style of pre-Romanesque architecture in northern Europe.
After becoming emperor, the German king Charlemagne wanted his empire to be as great as Rome before him. He sponsored art and financed building projects, mainly cathedrals and monasteries. Many of these buildings also served as schools as Charlemagne sought to establish a large literate base for his empire.
Trying to consciously imitate Roman architecture, the Carolingian style borrowed many elements from early Christian and Byzantine architecture.
Ottonian style
Ottonian Church of Saint Cyriacus (960-965), Germany The Ottonian period follows the Carolingian period and precedes the emergence of Romanesque architecture. Surviving examples of this style are found in Germany and Belgium. The Ottonian Renaissance (951-1024) originated in Germany during the reign of Otto the Great and drew inspiration from the Carolingian and Byzantine eras.
Respect for the mathematical sciences is expressed in the balance and harmony of the building elements. Most Ottonian churches make generous use of the round arch and have flat ceilings. The exterior of most basilicas resembles the Carolingian style, while the interior is early Christian.
Roman style
Romanesque buildings were built in Europe from about 1000 until the arrival of the Gothic style in the 12th century.
This style contains many of the main features of Roman and Byzantine architecture.
It personifies the construction of fortified castle cities with powerful walls, narrow windows and defensive ditches around the fortifications, where bridges and city gates were guarded by guards, streets were blocked with chains at night.
The castle was usually built on a hill, which was of strategic importance for defense and observation. Towers - shelters served as decoration of the composition. Their shape could be round, four- or hexagonal with a pointed roof. The rest of the buildings of unpretentious geometric shape were located around it.
The most striking Romanesque style can be observed in temples connected to such towers, having semicircular doorways and windows. Galleries and outer walls of churches were decorated with decorative pillars connected by small arches.
Buildings in the Romanesque style look solid, durable and harmonious against the background of the surrounding nature.
Romanesque Church of San Millan, Segovia, Spain Gothic style
Based on the Romanesque style, it arose with soaring spiers, pointed arches and carvings on religious themes. This style originated in northern France in the 12th century. It has become widespread in Austrian, German, Czech, Spanish, English cities.
In Italy, he took root with great difficulty and strong changes that marked the beginning of the "Italian Gothic". At the end of the 14th century, this architectural style was transformed into the so-called "International Gothic".
Gothic cathedral in Lyon, France For those interested in more detail in the article. The article describes the 6 most striking examples of Gothic in Europe. An example of radiant Gothic is given in the article about.
Architectural style Renaissance or Revival
The revival began in Italy and spread throughout Europe. The humanistic orientation of the period 1425-1660 was characterized by attention to human activity, and a revival of interest in antiquity.
In architectural buildings this is reflected in the arrangement of columns, pilasters and lintels. Asymmetrical medieval features change to semi-oval arches, hemispherical domes and niches (edicules). Ancient forms are returning to architecture again.
In the Renaissance there is a fusion of Gothic and Romanesque styles.
After the crisis of ideas in the 16th century, the Renaissance was replaced by Mannerism and Baroque.
Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in the architectural style of the Renaissance (Renaissance), Florence, Italy Mannerism
The style replaced the late Renaissance with unstable moral, social and religious phenomena. In architecture, he expressed himself through the violation of the Renaissance balance, elements of the grotesque, the use of conceptual solutions that can cause a feeling of anxiety.
Example of Mannerism: Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne, Rome, Italy Some art historians call it early baroque. Origins: Florence, Rome and Mantua in Italy (it. maniera- manner). But most importantly, he became reflection of transformation medieval art in modern times.
Baroque
Architectural styles of classicism
At the end of an era Renaissance Palladio and Scamozzi (Italian architects) expressed in architectural language direction of classicism. The basis of the classical style: rationalism and the use of only functional details.
Architect A. Palladio. Villa La Rotonda, Vicenza, Italy. Classical style in architecture Thanks to following strict canons, the buildings are different
- correct planning,
- clear forms,
- symmetrical compositions and
- restrained decoration.
The aestheticism of classicism was supported by large-scale urban development projects, which resulted in the streamlining of urban developments.
In different countries, this trend manifests itself with some peculiarities. Italy, France, England, Germany, USA expressed the classics as:
- Palladianism or early classicism,
- Georgian architecture,
- Empire,
- Regency,
- Biedermeier,
- federal architecture.
Residence of the British Prime Minister. Georgian house at 10 Downing Street, London Historicist styles in architecture
This direction gravitates toward the conscious recreation of the forms and content of the historical styles of architecture of the past. It can simultaneously combine several old trends and introduce new elements. This is, in a way, a smooth dissociation from classicism, time.
Sint-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk, Ostend, Neo-Gothic, 1899–1908 Belgium It is attributed
- subjective interpretations of Neo-Gothic and Neo-Renaissance with elements new to them,
- combinations with neo-Moorish or Byzantine styles,
- variations on the theme of baroque - neo-baroque
- and the theme of the Greek style - Neo-Greek.
Historicism in Russia took shape in the "pseudo-Russian style".
A harmonious combination of forms of past styles is typical for pure. It is inherent in late historicism to focus on the baroque period in the revival - neo-baroque.
Modern architecture, using this style in our time, has created another look, which is called Neo-historicism.
Architectural styles of Art Nouveau
Although British art historians unambiguously define it as the Victorian style, its birth heralded the beginning of the Art Nouveau era. And that was in 1861.
Art Nouveau (Art Nouveau)
This architectural style developed from the end of the 19th century to the mid-20s of the 20th century. The founder of Art Nouveau is the Englishman William Morris (1830-1896), the famous leader of Arts and Craft, and Pre-Raphaelite artists.
Despite the different names, "liberty", "art nouveau", "tiffany", "metro" and others, it is easily recognizable, because. draws its inspiration from nature. Its main characteristic is ornaments filled with stylized motifs of plants and flowers, birds, insects, fish.
Art Deco (Art Deco)
It's dynamic and bold continuation of Art Nouveau. He does not reject neoclassicism, but welcomes modern technology and aerodynamic elements. Transforms the smooth lines of Art Nouveau into geometry, angular ornaments and ethnographic patterns. Prefers expensive materials, such as rare woods, ivory, aluminum and silver.
Luxury is limited by strict regularity and the absence of bright colors in the design. The main focus is the beauty of the material. Art Deco gained international recognition in the 1930s and 1940s.
Art Deco. Chrysler building, New York, USA Modern Rational
In 1930-1937. Art Deco gently flows into Rational Modern. This style emphasizes curved, horizontally elongated forms and elements of ship architecture. Industrial designers stripped Art Deco of ornamentation in favor of clean lines, sharp corners were replaced by aerodynamic curves, and exotic woods and stone were replaced by cement and glass.
Pharmacy Building, Kansas City, Missouri, USA, Art Nouveau. Architectural styles of modernism
The global movement in architecture and design of the 20th century, which united the emerging architectural styles based on innovations in building technology, new materials, reinforced concrete, steel and glass, was called international style.
Specific traits:
- decisive renewal of forms and designs,
- analytical approach to the function of buildings,
- strictly rational use of materials,
- openness to structural innovations.
He rejects ornamentation, the neoclassical approach to architecture, and the Beaux-Arts (beaux-art), which means "beautiful architecture", and prefers minimalism. Essential elements:
- asymmetrical compositions,
- cubic or cylindrical shapes,
- flat roofs,
- use of steel and reinforced concrete,
- big windows.
In different countries, their features acquired their own sound. But everyone has the same principles:
- desire to save
- wide use of new materials,
- create free plans of simple geometric shapes using the framework modular structure.
There are no national cultural signs in the buildings, there is no decor, but there are surfaces made of glass and metal.
International style covers modern trends in architecture such as:
- brutalism,
- constructivism,
- functionalism,
- Rationalism,
- De Stijl (neoplasty),
- Bauhaus and others.
Modernism. Palace of Gustavu Capanema, Rio, Brazil The architectural styles of this direction are discussed in more detail in the article.
Architectural styles of postmodernism
An association architectural trends that emerged in the 60s of the last century as a reaction to austerity, formalism and lack of diversity, is postmodernism. Its heyday came in the 1980s.
The recurrence of various principles contained mainly in the classical architecture of the past and their application to modern structures gave rise to the architecture of historical allusion (a stylistic device that alludes to something well-known).
The search for uniqueness, the creation of new forms, the idea of harmonizing architecture in accordance with environment — distinctive features in the work of postmodernists. They are characterized by bright colors, classical motifs, a variety of structures, materials and shapes.
The desire to maintain proportions and symmetry, to express the imagery of buildings, the introduction or revival of decor (bas-reliefs, murals) are actively used in exterior decoration.
Since the late 1990s, it has been splitting into new trends of high-tech architecture, neoclassicism and deconstructivism.
Hi-tech in architecture
High Tec - high technology. Originated in the 1970s based on the elements high technology in industry, engineering.
The concept of High Tech developed from British modernist architecture in the late 1960s. Prefers lightweight materials and clean, smooth, impenetrable surfaces, often glass. Characterized by pronounced open steel structures, exposed pipes, ducts, etc., flexibility to create indoor areas and interiors.
These changes were introduced and implemented by the style's key architects Norman Foster and Richard Rogers from the 1970s.
Hi-tech building: Channel 4 headquarters, Horseferry Road, London, 1994 Deconstructivism
These strange, distorted, almost impossible buildings are actually part of a very specific, non-straightforward approach to design.
Deconstructivism is characterized
- using fragmentation,
- manipulation of surface structure ideas,
- redefining its forms and
- a radical manifestation of their complexity in the building.
By focusing on freedom of form rather than functional issues, deconstructivists aim to impress the visitor by making their stay in their space memorable: the interior is just as captivating as the exterior.
This fragmented style is believed to have developed out of postmodernism that began in the late 1980s. While postmodernism was returning to historical roots that modernism had shunned, deconstructivism rejected postmodern acceptance of such references and took a bold step towards extraordinary innovation in architecture.
Deconstructivism. Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain Green, organic architecture
Green building seeks to minimize the negative impact of construction on nature. This current strives for a moderate and efficient use of materials, energy and space in order to organically develop the ecological system as a whole.
A key factor in green architecture: the use of environmentally friendly technologies and resources at every stage of construction, from idea and planning, ending with destruction.
Green architecture. Office building, Malaga, Spain But no less (or maybe more) organic is the architecture of another great architect. He was inspired by the forms observed in nature and transferred them to his creations. is a prime example of this.
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Fragment of a marble entablature and capitals with antique patterns of the temple of Zeus Sosipolis in Magnesia on the Meander. 2nd century BC Archaeological Museum in Istanbul.
Antique order
The art of antiquity introduced an order system into architecture, which has been used for thousands of years in world construction.
Vitruvius (Vitruvius; I century BC) - Roman architect and engineer, explorer.
Antique order - represents certain rules of the architectural form of building construction. These rules relate to the size, proportions, location, shape of the vertical and horizontal elements of the facade. The definition of the order was given by Vitruvius in the work "Ten Books on Architecture" - 1st century BC. The order system existed back in the days of Ancient Egypt, Persia, however, the classical antique orders of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome received the greatest influence in architecture. The prototype of the orders are the pillars that carry the floor beams. The design of the orders is based on pillar-pillars (bearing part) and the beams that they support - architrave (bearing part). The Doric order, which appeared before the 6th century BC, is considered the first ancient order of Greek architecture. BC. in the Peloponnese. It consists of: - a stereobat (three-stage base), - bearing columns with vertical grooves - flutes, a capital with an abacus (tetrahedral plate), an echina resembling a flattened pillow. - Carrying part - an entablature with a horizontal beam - an architrave, a frieze with slabs (triglyphs) and metopes decorated with slabs, a cornice. An example of the Doric order is the Temple of Hera at Olympia.
Doric order. Ruins of the Temple of Hera at Olympia (Heraion). late 7th - early 6th century BC
In the 6th century BC. in the architecture of Greece (in Attica, the eastern Mediterranean), an Ionic antique order appeared, which differed from the Doric in greater decorativeness. Thin columns with flutes were installed on the bases, crowned with capitals with volutes - curls resembling ram's horns, an impost (a horizontal thin slab above the volutes). Reliefs were applied to the friezes, the cornice was decorated with ionics (three-dimensional decor resembling an egg in shape), climitia (stone leaves), and beads carved from stone. The architrave consisted of a fascia - (bands hanging over each other, usually there were three of them). According to Vetruvius (a Roman architect of the 1st century AD), the orders embodied the masculine and feminine principles, and his guesses were confirmed by the fact that in the Doric order, instead of columns, figures of Atlanteans could be installed, and in the Ionic - caryatids.
Temple of the Ionic order Erechtheion. Athens. 421 - 406 years.
Comparison of design features of the Doric and Ionic orders.
The Corinthian order appeared later (5th-4th centuries BC) and was similar to the Ionic one, it was more decorated: the capital was decorated with relief images of acanthus leaves and fruits.
Temple of Apollo made of marble in the Corinthian style. 2nd century
The ancient order in the art of ancient Rome became a symbol of order and power. Roman architects often used the Greek Corinthian order, as well as their own order: a composite one, connecting elements of different Greek orders. In Roman architecture, massive pillars are connected by arches, supported by semi-columns carrying an entablature over the arch - this design constitutes a cell, a module that was used in the construction of buildings for various purposes. For the first time, the design appeared in the facade of the building of the State Archives of the Roman Republic of Tabularia - a structure built into the southeastern slope of the Capitoline Hill (construction 78 BC)
Tabularium (tabularium). 78 BC
Buildings for various purposes were formed from the cells: triumphal arches, barracks, warehouses, markets, and other public buildings. The outer wall of the amphitheaters was based on these cells (the Colosseum - the Flavian amphitheater in Rome. Around the 80s).
Coliseum. Rome.80s AD
During the revival of the traditions of the classics in European countries, they mainly imitated Roman antiquity, which served as a prototype of the Renaissance, classicism, and Empire. In the 19th century, the antique orders of Ancient Greece were actively used by architects in American neoclassicism.
antique columns
An antique column in ancient Greece personified the strength and steadfastness of the sublime soul of the Greeks. The origin of the column comes from a wooden pillar, which was later replaced by a stone one during construction. The columns perform structural load-bearing functions by supporting the floor beams. Ancient structures with Doric columns were elongated. The diameter of the ancient columns was large, the distance between the columns was small. These ratios enhanced the monumentality and solidity of the building. Then the proportions were changed in the direction of decreasing the diameter and increasing the height of the columns: in the buildings of Corinth from the archaic period (540 BC), the ratio of diameter to height is 1:4; in the Propylaea in Athens (5th century BC) it becomes 1:5; and in 300 years. BC. 1:6,5 (sanctuary of Nemea).
Temple of Apollo in Corinth
Propylaea in Athens. 5th century BC
Sanctuary of Nemea. 300s BC.
In an archaic temple, the number of ancient front and side columns was in the ratio of 6:17 (Temple of Apollo in Syracuse), 6:15 (Corinth). In the classical architecture of Ancient Greece (link to the article Ancient Architecture), there was a rule according to which the side wall had to have twice the number of facade columns and one more, that is, the ratio as in the temple of Zeus at Olympia 6:13 (architect Libon. 468 - 456 BC). At the Parthenon in Athens, the ratio was 8:17.
Temple of Zeus at Olympia. Visual reconstruction of the 19th century Temple of Zeus by Paul Neff Verlag.
The Doric column is installed without a stylobate platform. The Ionic column is mounted on a plinth. In the Ionic style, the antique column acts not only as a support (unlike the Doric), but also as a decorative element. The antique column in the Corinthian style was the most complex and decorated, and was rarely found in Greek architecture - it was more used in ancient Rome. In Greece, these columns decorated, for example, the interior spaces of Thimela in Epidaurus, built in the 4th century by the architect Polykleitos the Younger.
Greek drawings of varieties of different types of columns (inscriptions in Latin). From top to bottom: first row - Doric columns, second row - Ionic, third row - Corinthian.
antique ornament
The main thing in the ancient ornament of Ancient Greece is a clear rhythm, the alternation of the same elements, the same in size. The ornament is always closed, located along the entire frieze of the building. The antique ornament of Greece developed under the influence of historical events. In the 13th century BC. in Greece, the Dorian tribes ruled, at that time the decor was an ornament of elementary figures, circles, folded straight lines, meanders - symbols of water. Later, the ancient pattern, previously consisting of rhombuses, regular triangles, meanders, was enriched with a new approach: two alternating elements appeared, the meander was replaced by a palmette. The image of grapes, aloe leaves, water lilies, ivy, laurel, olive, honeysuckle is used. The main thing in the antique ornament is preserved: the clarity of the pattern, symmetry.
Antique ornament with meander in architecture
Antique pattern characteristic of Greece ceramic tiles, decorating buildings: a double braid connecting a horizontal linear spiral, a symbolic shell, palmette, ionics, beads, acanthus.
Antique ornaments. From top to bottom: meander; "traveling wave"; network; pearl; beads; acanthus; ionics; palmettes
Also in the ancient ornament of Ancient Greece there were griffins, sphinxes, half-humans - half-animals from ancient mythologies, however, such images are more common in the decoration of buildings of the archaic period. Antique ornament in Roman architecture was replenished with theatrical motifs, grotesque. In the antique pattern, the Romans had musical instruments, masks, torches, military paraphernalia, ribbons, fruits. The symbolism of the ornament of Ancient Greece develops into decorative art. The main element in the Roman ornament remained the Greek acanthus (acanthus), connected with a linear spiral. The ornament was built horizontally, often in the center of the curls of the pattern there was a blossoming flower, the figure of an animal, weaving new, realistic images into the canvas of the ancient ornament. The presence of meanders, palmettes, spirals, waves taken from the Greek ornament in the Roman antique pattern led to the fact that many decorations on Roman buildings were called "Greco-Roman".
Examples of Roman antique ornament.
In modern construction, especially where there are elements of Roman architecture, antique patterns are often used to support the chosen style direction. To compose a pattern that adorns a building, three-dimensional images made of modern materials are often used, creating variations on the themes of antique ornament.
Represents one of the peaks artistic heritage distant past. She laid the foundation for European architecture and building art. The main feature is that the ancient architecture of Greece had a religious connotation and was created for sacrifices to the gods, offering gifts to them and holding public events on this occasion.
History of building art ancient civilization historians divide into five periods: archaic, early classical, classical, Hellenistic and Roman domination. In the following, we will describe each of them, as well as famous temples built by the ancient Greeks in more detail.
archaic period
Duration of the archaic period: from the 7th c. BC e. until the time of the Athenian legislator and politician Solon (about 590 BC). In the 7th-6th centuries. BC e. Greek architecture reflected the most advanced aspects of society. As a result of the development of the Greek polis, the growth of democratic forces accelerated, and this led to a tense struggle of the people against the top of the aristocrats. During this period, the temple, which was built by the entire policy, became the main public building - the repository of the treasury and treasures and folk celebrations at the same time. As a result of persistent searches, the main elements of ancient architecture were formed - an order (a strict system that reflects the location and relationship of columns) and an entablature (overlapping).
Features of the temples of the archaic period
From the primitive buildings of the era of Homer, an early type of stone structure, the so-called "temple in ants", grew. On the front side, it has a portico formed by protrusions of the side walls (ants) and two columns standing in the middle. These include, in particular, the Athenian Treasury at Delphi (pictured above), built from Parisian marble. Estimated date of construction - 510-480 years. BC e. The building was excavated and reconstructed in 1903-1906.
Then there was a replacement of ants with columns, and a new ancient temple arose - prostyle. It had an open portico. Further addition of four more columns on opposite side, near the entrance to the treasury (amphiprostyle), was the first step towards building the so-called peripetra - a temple completely open on all sides. And although all these types developed simultaneously, the latter nevertheless became dominant.
Each building had a main room - (an altar), where a sculptural image of a revered god or goddess was located. It was called "naos".
Early Classic period
In the early classical period, which lasted from 590 to 470 years. BC e., ancient architecture gradually frees itself from foreign tendencies brought from Egypt and Asia. Like painting and sculpture, it became one of the most striking manifestations of the humanity and democracy of the culture of classical Greece.
In the proportions of the temples built in this period, there is a strict orderliness and proportionality in the scale and number of columns, as well as other parts of the building. All this gives the architecture of the early classical period strength and beauty. A new type of temple was formed - Doric, which later became widespread.
Ancient Greek temples of the early classical period: Hera in Olympia, Apollo in Delphi, Zeus in Athens, Pallas Athena on about. Aegina (photo above). It is noteworthy that in Sicily and Young Italy there are much more architectural monuments of these times, then the richest Greek colonies were located there. Particularly the Temple of Poseidon at Paestum. Do not forget about one of the seven wonders of the world - the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, which was burned by Herostratus.
Temple of Poseidon at Paestum
This monument of ancient Greek architecture is also known to contemporaries as the II Temple of Hera. Perhaps it can be considered the most powerful and austere building in the Doric style, dating back to 5 BC. e. In its harsh and simple appearance, it reflected the ideas of the heroic struggle of the people for independence from the invading Persians. A part of the upper columns, internal two-tier colonnades and external ones, towering on a solid foundation, have survived to this day. Like more of this area (the former Posidonia) it is built of very hard crystalline shell rock. From above, it was treated with a thin layer of plaster. The principle of regularity is observed in architecture. The building has impressive dimensions: 60 m long and 24 m wide.
Temple II of Hera is located in Italy (40 km southeast of Salerno). Now it is open to tourists. Entrance to it costs 4 or 6 euros (includes a visit to the Archaeological Museum in Paestum).
Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
The temple was recognized as one of the seven wonders that existed in the ancient world. It is located on the territory of the modern city of Selcuk (Turkey). The building has a complex and tragic history.
The first and largest building on this site was erected in the middle of the 6th century. BC e., and in 356 Herostratus burned it. Soon the ancient temple was restored in its former appearance, but in the third century it was damaged again, this time by the Goths. In the 4th c. the sanctuary was first closed and then destroyed in connection with the professing of a new religion - Christianity and the prohibition of pagan customs and cults. The church built in its place, however, also did not stand for long.
According to mythology, Artemis was Apollo's twin sister. She took care of all life on earth (animals, plants), took care of them and protected them. She did not deprive people of her attention, giving happiness in marriage and blessing for the birth of offspring. The cult of the goddess in Ephesus has existed since time immemorial. In honor of her, the townspeople built a huge temple (length 105 m, width 52 m, height of 127 columns installed in eight rows, equal to 18 m). Funds for it were donated by the Lydian king. Construction was carried out for quite a long time, and during this time several architects were replaced. The temple was built of snow-white marble, and the statue of the goddess was made of ivory and gold. It was the business and financial center of the city, and religious ceremonies were also held there. This ancient temple did not belong to the city authorities and was completely under the control of the college of priests. Currently, only one restored column can be seen on the site of the temple. In Miniaturk Park (Turkey) you can look at the model of the temple (pictured above).
Classic period in architecture
The classical period, which lasted from 470 to 388 BC. BC e. - this is the heyday of the state, the era of higher democracy and upsurge. The best masters of all Greece flock to Athens. The paths of development of architecture are inextricably linked with the name of the greatest sculptor of the ancient world - Phidias. The outstanding politician and figure Pericles outlined a large-scale and grandiose plan for the development of the Acropolis. It was under the leadership of Phidias that during the second half of the 5th century BC. e. one of the most grandiose construction projects was going on, upon completion of which a perfect architectural ensemble appeared, headed by the Parthenon. The Acropolis of Athens was richly decorated with sculptures of the master and his students.
In general, the architecture of the classical period continues to be dominated by the Doric type of temples. However, it becomes lighter in form and bolder in terms of composition. Gradually, the Ionic style and Corinthian are introduced into everyday life. In Greece itself, temples become noble, elegant and light. Particular attention is paid to proportions and material. Architects use white marble, which is easier to fine work. One of wonderful monuments architecture of those times is the Temple of Theseus, located in Athens. This is a prime example of how the Doric style was toned down in Attica.
At the same time, the Doric style continues to dominate in Sicily, striking with the colossal structures.
Parthenon
The Acropolis of Athens is a rocky hill 156 m high with a gentle top, having a length of about 300 m and a width of 170 m. It is here that the main monument of ancient architecture rises - the magnificent Parthenon. The temple is dedicated to the patroness of all Attica and Athens, in particular the goddess Athena the virgin. It was erected in 447-438. by the architect Kallikrates according to the project created by the ancient Greek architect Iktin, and richly decorated under the guidance of the sculptor Phidias. Now the temple is in ruins, restoration work is being actively carried out.
The Parthenon is an ancient temple, which is a Doric perimeter with elements of the Ionic style. It is located on three marble steps, having a height of about 1.5 m. From all sides, the temple is surrounded by a colonnade: 8 columns on the facades of the building and 17 on each side.
The material from which the sanctuary was built is Pentilian marble. The masonry was dry, i.e., it was carried out without the use of a bonding mortar or cement.
Temple of Zeus at Olympia
The Temple of Olympian Zeus was one of the most revered in ancient Greece. This building, which is a true example of the Doric order, also belongs to the classical period. The temple was founded during the 52nd Olympiad, but construction was completed only between 472-456. BC e. all the same Phidias.
It was a classic peripter with 13 columns along the building and 6 along its width. The temple was built from limestone-shell rock, delivered from Poros. The height of the building reached 22 m, width - 27 m, and length - 64 m. appearance became available thanks to the excavations of 1875, conducted under the guidance of the German archaeologist E. Curtius. Inside the temple, there was another one of the seven wonders of the ancient world - this is the chrysoelephantine statue of Zeus created by Phidias, whose height exceeded 10 m.
The Temple of Zeus, along with many others at Olympia, was destroyed at the behest of Emperor Theodosius II, as evidence of pagan faith and tradition. The surviving remains were finally buried under the rubble during the earthquake of 522 and 551 BC. e. The fragments of the temple found as a result of excavations are stored mainly in the Archaeological Museum of Olympia, a few - in the Paris Louvre.
Temple of the fire god Hephaestus
The ancient temple of the classical period, dedicated to Hephaestus, has been preserved compared to the rest the best way. It was built presumably between 449 and 415. BC e. The sanctuary is a building of the Doric order. Information about the architect has not been preserved, probably it was the same architect who was engaged in the construction of the temple of Ares on the Agora and Nemesis in Ramnunte.
The building was not destroyed during the formation of Christianity. Moreover, the temple was used as an Orthodox church. St. George from the 17th century to 1834. Then he was given the status of a national monument.
Hellenistic period
In the period from 338 to 180 years. BC e. Greek architecture begins to lose its characteristic purity of taste. She is under the influence of sensuality and pomp, which penetrated Hellas from the East. Sculptors, painters and architects are more concerned about the showiness of the building, its splendor. One can feel everywhere and everywhere a predilection for the Corinthian style. Buildings of a civil nature are being erected - theaters, palaces, etc.
Famous temples of Greece during the Hellenistic period are dedicated to Winged Athena (in Tegea), Zeus (in Nemea). Many grandiose and luxurious buildings appear during this period in Asia Minor. In particular, the huge temple of F. Didyma in Miletus (pictured above).
Period of the Roman Empire
The creation of the empire of A. Macedon put an end to the period of the classics and Greek democracy. During the Hellenistic period, Greek art passed its last phase of development. Once under the rule of Rome, Greece lost its former greatness, and architectural activity was almost completely stopped. However, the artists who came to the eternal city brought the traditions of their art and contributed to the ennoblement of Roman architecture. During this period (180-90 BC), Greek art practically merges with Roman.
antique style(Anticuus - from lat. Ancient) combines the totality of cultures of ancient Greece, Rome and Egypt.
Architecture of Ancient Greece.
In development architectural styles, subsequent epochs, leading role played by the Greeks, their legacy has remained for centuries and has evolved up to our time. ancient greek architecture originated at the end of the 3rd millennium BC on the islands of the Aegean Sea, the highest degree of its development was in the 4th-5th centuries. BC. Due to its harmony, integrity, nobility of forms, grandeur, thoughtfulness of all elements and details, it is a model for later styles such as Classicism, Neoclassicism, Renaissance. The Greeks were the first to develop and apply a harmonious theory of architecture, namely, they used the law of symmetry in practice. Later in Europe, this law will become the basis of the Classicism style. The disciples of the Greeks, the ancient Romans, not only developed, but also supplemented the Greek order system with Tuscan and composite orders. The Romans combined the Greek order, the Italian arch and the vault of a cylindrical shape, thus creating an arch-order cell, and created such nice shape like a dome. Antiquity is admired for its inimitable, majestic and complete beauty.
It is impossible not to mention the emergence of geometry as a science, which made it possible to realize proportions as a measure of harmony.
In those days, Greek cities were built according to a single principle: in the center - a fortified hill (acropolis), the top of which was decorated with a sanctuary and a temple erected for the patron god of the policy; residential buildings were located around the hill, united into quarters for different segments of the population, where, for example, artisans of the same profession lived compactly, in separate settlements. These settlements were called the lower city, the center of which was the agora - a square for meetings, where the townspeople jointly solved their economic and political issues. Public buildings were located around the agora: bouleuteria (community council), pritanei (for ceremonial receptions), forests (entertainment clubs), theaters, stadiums, fountains, places for walking. And the palestras (gymnastic schools) and gymnasiums were assigned entire architectural complexes. But still, the temple on the top of the city hill was the main and most beautiful building of the policy.
Inside the temples there are many sculptures and frescoes, painted mainly in blue and red colors. The main, bearing parts of the temples (architraves, columns) were not painted at all. Great importance was attached to the landscape surroundings of the temple and the sanctuary. The zigzag illuminated road leading to them from below was framed by statues and treasuries, and the temple itself appeared before the eyes of the walking people unexpectedly, at the last turn. This created an impression of grandeur and power.
Ancient Greek architecture is divided into 3 main periods:
1. Archaic (before the 5th century BC)
2. Classical (before the 5th century BC)
3. Hellenistic period (IV - I centuries)
Early period development of ancient architecture (before the 5th century BC) was named archaic.
On the ruins of the Mycenaean cities, destroyed by the conquering Doric tribes, a new culture arose. Temples were not yet built in the Bronze Age. Palaces and fortresses were replaced by numerous temple buildings. The beautiful statues of the Olympian gods have more majestic and luxurious dwellings than the old primitive idols. Secular construction receded into the background.
In the first half of the 8th century the temple appears. The temple was built of unbaked bricks and covered with a wooden gable roof. During this period, a planning scheme was formed, which formed the basis of the subsequent architecture. ancient temples and which is characterized by the surrounding of the main volume of the temple with a colonnade.
order system.
Secular buildings, also rectangular in shape, were fragile and very modest, made of reeds and clay. All the achievements of Greek architecture of that time; constructive and decorative, associated with the construction of temples.
Presumably in the 8th century. BC e. two trends emerged in architecture: Doric and Ionic
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Architectural orders (from Latin ordo - order) - a system of constructive, compositional and decorative techniques that expresses the tectonic logic of a post-beam structure (the ratio of load-bearing and carried parts).
Bearing parts: a column with a capital, base, sometimes with a pedestal.
Carried: architrave, frieze and cornice, which together make up the entablature.
Doric architecture
distinguished by the desire for monumentality, seriousness, "masculinity", the perfection of proportions. The Doric style of architecture was formed around 600 BC. e. (7th century BC) and subsequently underwent only minor changes. An example is the Doric temple of Hera at Olympia.
columns
The column, so characteristic of the architect of a Greek temple, undoubtedly derives its origin from the Mycenaean wooden pillar. Only the shape of the support changes when the tree is gradually replaced by stone. The Mycenaean column narrowed down, the Doric column - up. The Mycenaean column was stripped of all decorative elements, turning into a slender and austere column of the Doric order. The Doric column has constructive, tectonic, and not decorative functions; in the very first Greek sanctuaries of the archaic era, the columns were still wooden.
The plan of the temple structure included the main part, divided into naves by rows of columns, and the front hall. Unlike later Greek temples, the early ones did not have a colonnade running around the entire perimeter of the building. The wealthy Greek city-states were able to carry out a real revolution in temple architecture, which turned from clay and wood to stone. The wooden colonnades that had appeared shortly before were gradually replaced by stone ones.
The oldest Doric peristyles - structures surrounded on all sides by a colonnade - were distinguished by a significant excess of length over width, i.e., elongation in length. The Temple of Apollo in Syracuse, one of the oldest Doric temple buildings, has 17 columns at the side walls and only 6 from the facade.
Another feature of ancient architecture is the large diameter of the columns, which are also close to each other, which created the impression of heavy monumentality and seriousness of the entire appearance of the building. Further development Doric style led to a change in these proportions, and primarily the ratio of the diameter of the column and its height.
In the archaic temple in Corinth (about 540 BC), the ratio of diameter and height is 1: 4, in the Athenian Propylaea of the 5th century. BC e. - 1:5,b, and in the sanctuary in Nemea (about 330 BC) - already 1:6.5. The columns became thinner and slimmer, which changed and general form structures.
The ratio of the length and width of the peristyle did not remain unchanged. The type of archaic temple, where the number of columns at the facade and at the side wall correlated with each other as 6:17 (in Syracuse) or 6:15 (in Corinth), is no longer found in classical Greek architecture. The rule is approved according to which the side wall should have double the number of columns compared to the facade plus one more.
As a result, the temple of Zeus at Olympia and the Athenian Hephaestion show a ratio of 6:13, and the Athenian Parthenon - 8:17. The number of internal naves also changed, and in general the layout of the premises inside the temple. The development of the Doric style went to more and more perfect proportions, architectural harmony.
Ionic style
architecture, which was especially popular in the Greek city-states that arose on the coast of Asia Minor in the 5th century. not yet fully formed. Masters of the Ionian direction, sought to achieve lightness, grace, whimsical lines.
The strict, geometrically correct Doric capital corresponds here to the Ionian capital, with curls - volutes, stone ornament in the form of palm or lotus leaves, rollers that served as a support for the architrave - a wide lower beam resting directly on the capitals of the column. There are noticeable differences in the shape of the columns themselves. Doric grows like a tree from the ground, directly from the stylobate - the platform on which it stands. The Ionian column has a complex plinth. The recesses on the Ionian column are thinner and richer than those on the Doric.
The Ionic style strove for ever greater decorativeness and splendor, which, undoubtedly, was influenced by the influence of the East. Here the column acts not only as a support, as a tectonic element, but also as a decorative element. Very few Ionian sanctuaries of that time of antiquity have been preserved.
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| Temple of Athena at Priene. Architect Pytheas. |
Yes, in everything Greek world famous Sanctuary of Artemis at Ephesus , erected by the Cretan Khersifron and his son Metagenes, and several centuries later, in 356 BC. e., burned by Herostratus.
Died at the hands of the Persians Temple of Hera in Samos , built by Royk and Theodore by order of the tyrant Polycrates.
Corinthian order - one of the three Greek architectural orders. Represents a variant of the Ionic order, more saturated with decor. A characteristic feature of this order is the bell-shaped capital, covered with stylized acanthus leaves.
"Doric" and "Ionian" is not exactly a geographical concept: Doric buildings can be found in Ionian territory, and vice versa.
Both styles (orders) differed significantly from the very beginning. Early Ionic temples in Asia Minor were richer and larger than Doric temples.
Let us note, by the way: contemplating today the ruins of the Doric and Ionian shrines, we seem to forget that these buildings were covered with paintings and were distinguished by rich polychromy. Ancient Greece was marble, but by no means only sparkling white, as is sometimes thought. The masterpieces of ancient architecture shone with all the colors - red, blue, gold, green - bathed in the brightly shining sun of the south.
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The heyday of ancient architecture in Greece falls on the second half of the 5th century BC. BC e.
Classic period (5th century BC)
Temple of the goddess Athena - Parthenon.
The most famous monument of the classical period of architecture is the temple complex - the Acropolis in Athens, built in the 5th - 4th centuries, but destroyed as a result of the Persian war. The great architects Iktin, Kallikart, Mnesiklet were involved in the restoration of the Acropolis in the second half of the 5th century. The entire temple ensemble was rebuilt from sparkling white marble. The temple of the goddess Athena - the Parthenon - is the main one in the complex and the most majestic. It is considered the highest achievement of architecture of all time. The height of its columns is equal to the height of the columns of the temple of the supreme god Zeus, which is in Olympia. But the heaviness of the temple of Zeus was replaced by grace, harmony of proportions.
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| Parthenon. Athens. |
The Athenian treasury was also kept in the Parthenon. At the entrance to the Acropolis was the building of the Propylaea, where Art Gallery and a rich library. This building served as the gateway to the Acropolis. The restored complex of the Acropolis was supposed to amaze with strict, calm forms, harmonious proportions, sparkling white marble columns, bright colors that painted individual parts of the buildings, and inspire the idea of \u200b\u200bthe strength, grandeur, power of the state and pan-Hellenic unity.
The central part of the Greek theater, which was originally built to perform rituals associated with the cult of the god Dionysus, is a round platform with a sacrificial altar - "orchestra". The slopes of the hill were used to equip seats for spectators, the "theatron". At the orchestra, opposite the theatron, there was a “skene”.
The Greek residential building of the early Archaic period was a simple building that included a main rectangular space and an entrance vestibule.
In the classical period, that is, in the 5th and 6th centuries. BC e. we already meet with a complex layout of the house, consisting in principle of two parts. The first - the male part served for meetings and conversations. The premises of this group were located around the central courtyard (auls) and occupied the front part of the house. The second - the female part also went out into the courtyard. In the depths there was an economic part with rooms for slaves. The Greek house, usually brick, and later stone, sometimes had two floors. The floors and roofs were flat, and the facades facing the street were originally made simple, smooth and windowless.
Hellenistic period (4th–1st centuries)
Temples surrounded by a double colonnade were the discovery of the Hellenistic period of architecture. Such was the temple of Didymaion (Milet). Miletus, by the way, is still considered the best example of urban planning. The mentioned temple is surrounded by a double colonnade (210 columns). The famous practitioner and theorist of architecture of this period was Hermogenes, the creator of a new architectural formula - a pseudo-dipter, or, more simply, a double colonnade with an inner row of columns half hidden in the walls.
This idea was embodied in the construction of the temple of Artemis Leukofriene (Magnesia). After the Greeks, the pseudodipter was widely used in the architecture of the Romans. Another asset of the Hellenistic period was the construction of round buildings. We can judge this type of architecture by the few surviving monuments: Arsinoeion (Samothrace island), several buildings in Eretria, Olympia. But history recognized the hundred-meter sea lighthouse (Foros Island) not far from Alexandria as the most grandiose. It was called one of the seven "wonders of the world", but to our times it has not survived, like the rest of the "wonders", except for the Egyptian pyramids.
Architecture of Ancient Rome.
Slave-owning Rome, which conquered Greece in the 2nd century BC, became the heir to the artistic culture of Ancient Hellas. BC e. The Romans, having become acquainted with the mythology, science, literature and theater of Ancient Greece, highly appreciated the creative genius of the Hellenic architects and sculptors. No wonder the famous Roman poet Horace said that “Greece, taken in. captured, captivated the wild conquerors, bringing art into the stern Latium ... ".
However, Rome, which over eight centuries (from the 8th to the 1st century BC) passed from a small, unremarkable city to the capital of the vast state of the Roman Empire, not only accepted best achievements art of the peoples of the Middle East and the Mediterranean. The Romans contributed to the artistic culture of the ancient world.
Back in the era of the Roman Republic (VI centuries BC), the Romans built - magnificent roads, bridges and water pipes, were the first to use durable and waterproof material in construction - Roman concrete, created and improved a special system for constructing large public buildings made of bricks and concrete, along with Greek orders, such architectural forms as arches, vaults and domes were widely used.
As a result of the Roman conquests, various kinds of wealth flowed into Rome and the Italian cities. This caused the rise of Roman architecture. The Romans sought to emphasize in their buildings and architectural structures the idea of \u200b\u200bstrength, power and greatness that suppresses a person. From here was born the love of Roman architects for the monumentality and scale of their structures, which amaze the imagination with their size.
Another feature of Roman architecture is the desire for lavish decoration of buildings, rich decorations, a lot of decorations, a greater (than the Greeks) interest in the utilitarian aspects of architecture, in the creation of predominantly not temple complexes, but buildings and structures for practical needs (bridges, aqueducts, theaters, amphitheatres, baths). Roman architects developed new constructive principles, in particular, they widely used arches, vaults and domes, along with columns, they used pillars and pilasters.
The beginning of ancient Roman art dates back to the period of the republic (the end of the 6th - the middle of the 1st century BC). It flourished during the formation of a world slave-owning power, heterogeneous in ethnic and social composition, complex in economic and social organization.
With the spread of Roman rule over Greece and the Hellenistic states, the sophistication and luxury of the Hellenistic cities penetrated into Rome. The influx of wealth from the conquered countries during the III-I centuries. BC e. changed the morals of the Romans, giving rise to waste among the ruling classes. Famous Greek statues and paintings by Greek masters were imported in huge quantities. Roman temples, palaces have turned into a kind of art museums.
Around 125, one of the most spiritual monuments of world architecture was created - Pantheon- Temple of all gods. This is the only monument that was not rebuilt or destroyed in the Middle Ages. It contains something close not only to the Romans, people of the ancient era, but to humanity in general.
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| Pantheon |
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| Pantheon. Interior |
The spherical vault is made with horizontal layers of concrete and rows of burnt bricks, representing a monolithic mass without a frame. To lighten the weight, the dome gradually decreases in thickness towards the top, and light aggregate - crushed pumice stone - is introduced into the concrete. The dome rests on a wall 6 m thick.
Roman theaters were based on Greek traditions, but unlike Greek theatres, whose audience seats were located on the natural slopes of the mountains, they were free-standing buildings with a complex substructure that supported seats for spectators, with radial walls, pillars and stairs and passages inside the main semicircular in terms of volume (the theater of Marcellus in Rome, II century BC, accommodating about 13 thousand spectators, etc.).
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| Roman theater |
The external appearance of the Colosseum is monumental due to the huge size and the unity of the plastic development of the wall in the form of a multi-tiered order arcade. The system of orders gives the composition a scale and, along with this, a special character of the relationship between the sculpture and the wall.
basilica, which later served as a model of a Christian temple, was a purely civil building among the Romans. The idea of an ancient basilica among modern buildings, perhaps, is most consistent with the "exchange". This is a room intended for legal proceedings, business and political meetings. While ancient Roman customs prevailed, they did without such basilicas; meetings at the forum took place in the open air.
The first basilica dates back to 180 BC. e. The general arrangement of the basilica is borrowed from Greece.
Temples - rotundas.
Temple of Vesta. The sacred fire of Vesta, the goddess of the hearth, was kept here, which had to be constantly maintained in fear of great misfortunes. This circumstance gave rise to the inevitable threat of fires. Successive restorations did not change the orientation of the temple: the entrance remained on the eastern side, as required by customs, and a round plan was preserved, reminiscent of the shape of a hut of the 1st millennium BC. (age of iron).
The building is round; its cella is surrounded by twenty Corinthian columns standing on a podium (15 m in diameter) lined with marble; a staircase led to the cella from the east side. The roof was cone-shaped with a hole in the center for smoke to escape. In the cella, decorated on the outside with semi-columns, there was no statue of Vesta, but the sacred hearth, which was the incarnation of the goddess, always burned.
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| Temple of Vesta |
Triumphal arches are a common type of arches. They are richly decorated and crowned with an attic with an inscription.
Triumphal Arch of Constantine -
a three-span arch located in Rome between the Colosseum and the Palatine on the ancient Via Triumphalis. Built in 315 and dedicated to the victory of Constantine over Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge on October 28, 312. It is the latest of the surviving Roman triumphal arches, using decorative elements taken from more ancient monuments. In addition, this is the only arch in Rome built in honor of the victory not over an external enemy, but in a civil war.
The arch has a height of 21 m, a width of 25.7 m and a depth of 7.4 m. The central span is 11.5 m high and 6.5 m wide, the side ones are 7.4 m and 3.4 m each. blocks, brick attic, lined with marble.
The Greeks erected colossal statues to the gods, Romans - emperors. This is the colossus of Nero.
The Colossus of Rhodes.
Notable honorary columns- the columns of Trajan and Antoninus in Rome, on which the exploits of the emperors were depicted in relief, ascending in a spiral from the base to the capital, crowned with a statue.
Trajan's Column - A column in the Forum of Trajan in Rome, erected by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus in 113 AD. e. in honor of Trajan's victories over the Dacians. The column is made of 20 blocks of Karar marble, has a height of 38 m (including the pedestal) and a diameter of 4 m.
The trunk of the column spirals 23 times around a 190 m long ribbon with reliefs depicting episodes of the war between Rome and Dacia. It was originally crowned with an eagle, later with a statue of Trajan. In 1588, instead of it, Sixtus V installed a statue of the Apostle Peter, which is on the column to this day.
Bridges, aqueducts.
Bridges are among the largest structures of Roman construction. The outlines of the arches always approach a semicircle, with each bull being parallel and the abutment of the arch, which makes it possible to simultaneously erect rows of arches.
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| Garda aqueduct in Nima |
All halls and rooms were heated by warm air, which came through special channels, which were arranged under the floor and in the walls of buildings.
In Rome, 11 large imperial baths and about 800 small private baths were built.
The artistic heritage of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome is striking in its richness and diversity. It clearly expressed aesthetic ideas, moral ideals and tastes characteristic of ancient civilization, which completed the centuries-old history of the ancient world.
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