Development of culture in donbass. A park of forged figures in Donetsk. Cultural values ​​of Donbass in the modern period. Donetsk Regional Philharmonic

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StoryDonbassfromantiquitiesbeforeof ourtimes

THE EDGE OF ANCIENT

Ancient history of Donbass Archaeological research shows that the territory of Donetsk region has been inhabited since ancient times. About 150 thousand years ago, hunters for elephants and cave bears lived on the spurs of the Donetsk ridge (confirmation of this is the finds near Artemovsk and Makeevka). An ancient Stone Age site was discovered not far from Amvrosievka, in the upper reaches of the Kazennaya Balka rivers, near the villages of Bogorodichnoye, Prishib and Tatyanovka. The Amvrosievskaya site is the largest known site of the Late Paleolithic in Europe in terms of its scale and the number of objects found.

A man of the modern type (Amvrosievskoe kostische, camp near Mospino, workshops near the villages of Krasnoe and Belaya Gora) operated in the foothills of the Donetsk ridge in the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age. Known sites on the territory of Artyomovskiy, Krasnolimanskiy, Slavyanskiy districts, on the outskirts of Kramatorsk. In the Vydylykh tract, not far from Svyatogorsk, flint tools of the Neolithic era were found, the age of which is estimated at 7 thousand years. The Mariupol soil burial ground is widely known ser. VI millennium BC e. It belongs to one of the tribes of the Lower Don archaeological culture, which has continuously lived at the mouth of the Kalmius River for two hundred years. People made ceramics, were engaged in weaving, raised cattle. Even then, people had an artistic taste and a desire for beauty. Decorations from various materials found during excavations testify to this.

The active settlement of the region and the struggle for the territory began in the era of the Great Nations Migration. The first of the nomadic tribes who settled in the region were the Cimmerians, who roamed near the Kalmius and Seversky Donets rivers in the 10th century. BC e.

The large Scythian burial mounds, studied near Mariupol and in other places, amaze with the luxury of burial implements. The finds of Perederieva Tomb (Snezhnoe) are unique. The gold pommel of the Scythian royal ceremonial headdress was found, which has no analogues in archeology. The shape of the item is egg-shaped and resembles a helmet, its weight is about 600 g. Dimensions of the item: height - 16.7 cm, circumference at the base - 56 cm. The surface of the headdress is skillfully covered with images made by an antique master using the technique of embossing and embossing.

With the formation in the IV century. BC e. of the Scythian kingdom of Ateya, the territory of the region became part of it and became one of the centers of settlements of agricultural and pastoral tribes.

In the same period, Sarmatian tribes came to the Donetsk steppes from the Volga region. The Sarmatian culture is represented by materials from the burial of a rich Sarmatian woman in a mound near the village. Novo-Ivanovka, Amvrosievsky district; silver gilded neck torcs, gold pendants and rings, silver and glass bracelets, bronze mirror, iron knife, bronze cauldron, horse harness.

At the beginning of the 1st millennium A.D. e. Numerous cattle-breeding tribes of Borans, Roxolans, Alans, Huns, Avars, driven out by the Bulgarians, who yielded to the onslaught of the Khazars, who included this territory into their state association - the Khazar Kaganate, roamed the territory of the region. Near the Seversky Donets, scientists have found a large settlement from the times of the Khazar Kaganate. Presumably it existed in the VIII-X centuries. Its area was over 120 hectares. During excavations, archaeologists found the treasures of the ancient Khazar - a set of pincers, tongs, stirrups, buckles.

The beginning of the Slavic colonization of the region dates back to the 8th-9th centuries. The territory was inhabited by tribes of Vyatichi, Radimichi and Chernigov northerners. During this period, there were several settled settlements on the territory of the region. The largest of them is the Sidorovsky archaeological complex with an area of ​​120 hectares and a population of about 2-3 thousand people. Among the things found in the settlement are silver coins, which testifies to active trade near the banks of the Seversky Donets.

In the first half of the IX century. Turks come to the Donetsk steppes. Simultaneously with them, the Polovtsy and Pechenegs appear in the Azov steppes. The Kiev princes went on campaigns against them more than once. According to historians, the famous battle between Prince Igor and the Polovtsy on May 12, 1185, which became the plot of The Lay of Igor's Campaign, took place in the Donetsk region.

In the first half of the XI century. after the Pechenegs, the torques came to the Donetsk steppes. Their memory is preserved in the names of the rivers - Tor, Kazenny Torets, Krivoy Torets, Sukhoi Torets; as well as settlements- Tor (Slavyansk), Kramatorsk, s. Torskoe.

With the invasion of the Tatar-Mongols, the Azov steppes become the arena of battles between the ancient Kiev squads and the Tatar-Mongol conquerors. At the end of the XIII century. in the Golden Horde, two large military-political centers emerged: Donetsk-Danube and Saraysk (Volga). During the heyday of the Golden Horde under Khan Uzbek, Donetsk Tatars converted to Islam. Their main settlements of that time were Azak (Azov), pos. Sedovo, a settlement near the village. Lighthouses of the Slavyansk region. In 1577, to the west of the mouth of the Kalmius River, the Crimean Tatars founded the fortified settlement of White Saray.

COLONIZATION OF LANDS OF DONETSK REGION

history donbass colonization industrialization

The active colonization of the territories of the Donetsk Ridge began with the formation of the Russian centralized state. By order of the Moscow tsar, in connection with the need to strengthen the southern borders of the state, Ukrainian Cossacks and peasants were resettled to Wild Field, measures were taken to build fortresses and forts.

The first written records of the settlement of hermit monks in the chalk mountains on the right bank of the Seversky Donets, in the area of ​​modern Svyatogorsk, as well as information about the Torsk salt pans, date back to the beginning of the 16th century. The “Book of the Big Drawing” noted that from 5 to 10 thousand “eager people” (seasonal workers) from the cities of Belgorod, Oskol, Yelets, Kursk, Liven, Valuyki and Voronezh came to the lakes to cook salt in the warm season.

In May 1571, a system of forts and markings was created. Kolomatskaya, Obishanskaya, Bakaliyskaya, Iziumskaya, Svyatogorskaya, Bakhmutskaya and Aydarskaya guards are under construction. In 1645, the first garrison was built - the Tor fortress. The garrison consisted of Cossacks and service people, led by the first commandant Afanasy Karnaukhov. Salt workers settled next to it, so it began to be called the Salt or Salt Thor. In 1673, 1679 and 1684. the construction of defensive structures of the Mayatsk fortress, the Izyum and Torskaya defensive lines was resumed.

The Zaporozhye and Don Cossacks played an important role in the settlement and protection of the Donetsk steppes, having founded their settlements here - winter huts and farms. The cities of Druzhkovka, Avdeevka, Makeevka and others have grown from them. On April 30, 1747, the government senate of Elizabeth I established the administrative border of the Don Army and the Zaporozhian Army along the Kalmius River.

One of the administrative-territorial units of the Zaporozhye Army was the Kalmius palanca. It had 60 fortified winter huts and two villages - Yasinovatoe and Makarovo, and the Domakha fortress was also built. The army numbered about 600-700 Cossacks, who guarded the Azov region and controlled the Salt Way (Kalmius - Mius).

After the liquidation of the Zaporizhzhya Sich, the Cossacks scattered in small groups across winter roads and yurts in the stone gullies of the Donetsk steppe.

V early XVIII v. the influx of fugitive peasants, soldiers, archers and townspeople to the Don and Seversky Donets increased. The tsarist authorities sought to return the fugitives by force. They deprived them of their temper for the land, fishing, forests, salt industries.

In the second half of the XVIII - early XIX centuries settling the Donetsk steppe became the state policy of the Russian Empire. In 1751-1752 in the interfluve of Bakhmut and Lugan, large military teams of Serbs and Croats of General I. Horvat-Otkurtich and colonels I. Shevich and R. Preradovich were settled. They were followed by the Macedonians, Vlachs, Moldovans, Romanians, Bulgarians, Gypsies, Armenians, also Poles and Russian Old Believers hiding in Poland.

The government generously distributed free land for the so-called "ranked dachas". Large allotments between the Kalmius and Mius rivers were given to the ataman of the Don Host, Prince A. Ilovaisky. In 1785, his son Dmitry received a charter for the ownership of 60 thousand acres of land. In 1793 he brought 500 peasant families from the Saratov province and founded a new settlement - Dmitrievsk (now the town of Makeevka). In the area of ​​Svyatogorsk, the land was donated to G. Potemkin. 400 thousand acres of land along the rivers Seversky Donets, Samara, Byk and Volchya were left behind the royal court.

In the spring of 1778 about 18 thousand Greeks moved to the territory of the region from the Crimea. On the coast of the Azov Sea and on the right bank of the Kalmius River, they founded the city of Mariupol and 24 settlements. V late XVIII v. Three settlements had the status of a city: Bakhmut with a population of 8 thousand people, Slavyansk - 6 thousand people and Mariupol - 4.5 thousand people. Salt was cooked in Bakhmut and Slavyansk. Fishing developed in Mariupol. During this period, the lands in the lower reaches of the Dnieper and the Azov region were divided into provinces. The territory of the modern Donetsk region to the west of the Kalmius River in 1803 became part of the Yekaterinoslav province, and the lands east of Kalmius - to the Don Cossack Region.

EXPLORATION OF THE NATURAL WEALTHS OF DONBASS

The beginning of the industrial development of Donbass is primarily associated with the extraction of salt. Since ancient times, brine from the Torsk salt lakes has been used for the production of salt. This process intensified at the end of the 16th century, when hundreds of residents of the Left-Bank Ukraine and southern districts of Russia began to come to Tor for salt. By the 70s. XVII century up to 10 thousand Chumaks came to the crafts annually, who mined and exported up to 600 thousand poods of salt. In the summer of 1664, three state-owned breweries were created on the Torsk salt lakes. In 1740, M. V. Lomonosov, on behalf of the government, studied the salt fields in Bakhmut.

The Cossack settlers, in addition to salt, found deposits of coal and iron ores in ravines and gullies, and determined their location by soil cuts. The Cossacks also successfully organized the search for lead ores in the area of ​​the Nagolny Ridge, and then smelted metal from them in ladles.

By decree Russian emperor Peter I, geologist G. Kapustin in 1721 discovered deposits of coal near the tributary of the Seversky Donets - the Kurdyuchaya River and proved the suitability of its use in blacksmith and metallurgical industries.

In 1827-1828. expedition of the mining engineer A. Olivieri in the area of ​​the village. Starobeshevo discovered several coal seams. In 1832, the expedition of the mining engineer A. Ivanitsky began prospecting work in the area of ​​the Kalmius River. The famous scientist and mining engineer E. Kovalevsky in 1827 compiled the first geological map of Donbass, on which he plotted 25 mineral deposits known to him. It was Kovalevsky who first introduced the concept of "Donetsk mountain basin", "Donetsk basin" or Donbass. In the "Mining Journal" for 1829 it was reported that there were 23 coal mines in the Donbass. At that time, the largest deposits were considered Lisichanskoe, Zaitsevskoe (or Nikitovskoe), Belyanskoe and Uspenskoe, discovered in the beginning. XIX century.

In 1842, by order of the Novorossiysk governor M. Vorontsov, to organize the supply of fuel to the steam ships of the Azov-Black Sea flotilla, engineer A.V. Guryev put into operation the Guryevskaya mines, then Mikhailovskaya and Elizavetinskaya. Since then, the Donetsk coal basin, equal in area to all coal deposits. Western Europe, gained worldwide fame.

INDUSTRIALIZATION

By 1913, more than 1.5 billion poods of coal were mined in the Donbass. The share of the Donetsk Basin in the Russian coal industry was 74%. Almost all of the coking coal in Russia was mined in the Donbass.

The growth of the coal industry contributed to the development of ferrous metallurgy. In 1858, the Petrovsky blast furnace plant was founded on the territory of the modern city of Yenakiyevo. In 1869, the Englishman John Hughes (Hughes) acquired a concession for the production of cast iron and rails and built the first large metallurgical production on the banks of the Kalmius River.

By 1900, Russian Providence, Yuzovsky, Druzhkovsky, Petrovsky, Donetsk-Yuryevsky, Nikopol-Mariupolsky, Konstantinovsky, Olkhovsky, Makeevsky, Kramatorsky, Toretsky metallurgical plants, which had the largest blast furnaces in Russia, were producing products in Donbass. which used the method of hot blast blast. In total, there were about 300 enterprises in the metalworking, chemical and food industries. The construction of the factories was mainly carried out at the expense of American, British, French, Belgian and German foreign investments. By the end of the 19th century, the boards of 19 Donetsk joint stock companies were located in Brussels, Paris. London and Berlin.

In 1901, at the XXVI Congress of Miners in the South of Russia, a program was formulated to create syndicates in the "iron-making" industry. capital of 900 thousand rubles.In 1906, there was a trust "Produgol", which controlled the production of 75% of coal in the Donetsk basin.

Intensive industrial development served as a stimulating impetus for the growth of railway construction. In 1870-1890. traffic on Konstantinovskaya (Nikitovskaya) was opened. Donetsk coal and Catherine railways, which connected the inner regions of Donbass, as well as Donetsk coal with the Krivoy Rog iron ore and Nikopol manganese ore basins. In 1870, the Novorossiysk Governor-General P. Kotzebue proposed to lay a seaport at the mouth of the Kalmius River, capable of receiving large-tonnage vessels. On August 29, 1889, in the area of ​​the former Zintsevskaya gully near Mariupol, the steamer "Medveditsa" took on board almost 1000 tons of coal and metal for deliveries to the markets of Constantinople and St. Petersburg.

With the development of industry began fast growth population, factory settlements were formed. According to the 1897 census, more than 333 thousand people lived in the Bakhmut district of the Yekaterinoslav province, and more than 254 thousand people in Mariupol.

At the beginning of the XX century. Major industrial centers of the Donetsk Territory were the cities of Gorlovka - 30 thousand, Bakhmut (Artemovsk) - more than 30 thousand, Makeevka - 20 thousand, Yenakiyevo - 16 thousand, Kramatorsk - 12 thousand, Druzhkovka - more 13 thousand inhabitants.

SOCIALIST MODERNIZATION OF THE REGION

On November 7, 1917, in Petrograd, power passed into the hands of the Soviets of Workers 'and Peasants' Deputies under the leadership of the RSDLP (b). The workers of Donbass supported the Petrograd events. December 25, 1917, the 1st All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets proclaimed Ukraine a Soviet Socialist Republic. On February 9-14, 1918, the IV Regional Congress of Soviets proclaimed the creation of the Soviet republic of the Donetsk and Krivoy Rog basins. FA Artem was elected the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Donetsk-Kryvyi Rih Republic.

Events civil war and foreign interventions (1919-1920) are a tragic page in the history of the country. In October 1918 - January 1919, during the Donbass operation, the Red Army expelled the Denikinites from the region. In September-October 1920 - defended the region from the Wrangelites. On March 23, 1920, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR approved the separation of Donbass into an independent province within the Ukrainian Soviet Republic.

By the end of the civil war in Donbass, out of 3,500 operating mines, only 893 remained in working order. 2,376 coal enterprises needed major repairs, 1.8 billion poods of coal turned out to be under the rubble, 3.3 billion were flooded. At the beginning of 1921, coal production in comparison with the pre-war level decreased by 1.5 times. In 1921, 46% of industrial enterprises did not work in the region. The population of the region has decreased by two-thirds. In 1921-1922. in Ukraine, including in the Donbass, famine broke out, 500 thousand people were starving in the region. Human. Along with the restoration of the region's economy, the tasks were set to build new mines, metallurgical and machine-building plants, and power plants.

In the late 20s - early 30s. Donbass has turned into a huge construction site. The Kramatorsk heavy machine building plant (1933), the Mariupol metallurgical plant "Azovstal" (1934) were launched. In 1929, the largest blast furnace in the USSR was commissioned at the Makeevka plant. The Zuevskaya power plant (1931) with a capacity of 150 thousand kW began to work, the Kurakhovskaya and Kramatorskaya TPPs were built.

Significant advances have been made in the chemical industry. New highly mechanized chemical plants have been built - the Gorlovsky state chemical plant and the Donetsk state chemical plant.

During this period, Donbass became one of the largest centers of mechanical engineering. In 1929, the ceremonial laying of the Novokramatorsk Machine-Building Plant took place.

In 1932, the largest iron foundry and model shops in Europe, as well as an oxygen station were built at the plant. The leading specialized enterprise in the USSR for the production of machinery and equipment for the coke-chemical industry was the Slavyansk Heavy Machine Building Plant.

At the end of 1932, a new form of socialist competition appeared - the Izotov movement. It was initiated by Nikita Izotov, a miner at mine No. 1 "Kochegarka" in the Gorlovsky region, who achieved an unprecedented output, having fulfilled the coal production plan in January by 562%, in May by 558%, and in June by 2000% (607 tons in 6 hours).

In August 1935, the Stakhanov movement unfolded. Among the best Donetsk Stakhanovites was the steelmaker of the Mariupol plant named after I. Ilyich Makar Mazai. In October 1936, he set several world records for steel removal per square meter of the furnace hearth with a maximum result of 15 tons in 6 hours and 30 minutes. In 1935, Petr Krivonos, a steam locomotive operator at the Slavyansky depot, was the first in transport when driving freight trains to increase the forcing of a steam locomotive's boiler, due to which the technical speed was doubled - to 46-47 km / h.

By the beginning of 1940 Donbass produced 85.5 million tons of coal - 60% of the all-Union production. About 60% of metallurgy and railway transport enterprises, about 50% of power plants in the USSR worked in Padonetsk coal. The metallurgists of the region produced 30% of the all-Union smelting of pig iron, 20% of steel, 22% of rolled products.

In the 20-30s. the recovery period begins in the field of education and culture. In 1922, 15% of children were enrolled in schools, then by 1924 there were already more than 80% of students. The network of vocational schools also grew. In May 1921, a mining and mechanical technical school was opened in Yuzovka, and in 1923 the Kramatorsk mechanical engineering technical school began its work. In the cities, workers' clubs became centers of mass cultural work, the number of which reached 216 by 1925. In the villages, 246 clubs and 187 reading rooms were opened.

On May 1, 1925, palaces of culture were founded in 13 cities and mining settlements. In 1928, the Stalin Mining College was reorganized into a mining institute, metallurgical and coal-chemical institutes began to work, which in 1935 were merged into the Stalin Industrial Institute. In 1930, the Stalin State Medical Institute was established in Stalino.

In 1940, 6, 4 thousand students studied in 7 higher educational institutions of the region, 16, 7 thousand students in technical schools, and about 570 thousand children in schools.

On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, an opera and ballet theater, 6 drama theaters, a musical comedy theater, and a philharmonic society worked in the region. One of the leading was the State Ukrainian Music and Drama Theater. Artyom.

In 1190 libraries of the region, 3.5 million books were collected.

The population was served by 514 cinema installations.

In the pre-war years, several music schools and schools, famous musical figures worked.

YEARS OF FEVER

On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union. The capture of Donbass was a primary goal for the Germans. In their plans, the German command prepared for him the role of "eastern Ruhr". Already in the first months of the war, the Donetsk region provided the Red Army with more than 175 thousand soldiers. The formation of the people's militia was actively going on, which included a total of 220 thousand people.

Despite the heroic resistance of the Red Army soldiers, Donbass was captured by the enemy. On October 21, 1941, the city of Stalino (present-day Donetsk) was occupied. The German administration has made tremendous efforts to resume coal mining in the Donetsk Basin. Nevertheless, by November 1942 the Germans managed to get from the Donetsk mines only 2.3% of the rate of coal production in comparison with the same pre-war period.

The local population was brutally exterminated. For the period from November 1941 to September 1943 at the mine 4-4-bis village. Kalinovka was shot and about 75 thousand people were thrown into the pit. With a total depth of the mine of 360 m, 305 m were heaped up with the bodies of the dead. Prisoners of the Red Army were subjected to mass extermination. In January 1942, on the territory of the club. Lenin of the Donetsk Metallurgical Plant, a central prisoner of war camp was organized, where more than 3 thousand people were killed.

The terror carried out by the Germans strengthened the Resistance movement. On the territory of the region there were 180 partisan detachments and reconnaissance groups with a total number of 4, 2 thousand people. During the period from October 1941 to September 1943, more than 600 military operations were carried out by partisan detachments. Thousands of Nazis were destroyed, 14 trains with military supplies were derailed, 131 km of railway lines were dismantled, 23 German garrisons and 18 police stations were destroyed. The Slavic partisan detachment, commanded by M.I.Karnaukhov, became famous for its military exploits. In the city of Slavyansk itself during the occupation, the Komsomol organization "Forpost" carried out underground work, which issued over 2 thousand leaflets. Yamskiy, Artyomovskiy, Krasnolimanskiy and other partisan detachments were successfully fighting. The partisan detachment "For the Motherland" coordinated the actions created in the vicinity of the village. Yampol partisan groups. In Stalino, in the area of ​​the village. Rutchenkovo, four Komsomol members - A. Vasilyeva, K. Kostrykina, Z. Polonchukova and K. Barannikova - transferred water and clothes to Soviet prisoners of war in the concentration camp, and helped them escape. The brave girls were captured by the Nazis and shot. In with. An underground pioneer group operated in the Pokrovsky district of the Artyomovsk district, whose members wrote leaflets, hid Soviet soldiers, girls and boys, who were to be driven into slavery. For their courage and heroism, 642 partisans from the Donetsk region were awarded orders and medals, many of them posthumously.

On September 8, 1943, the troops of the Red Army of the Southern and Southwestern Fronts liberated the Donetsk coal basin. In almost 40 days of continuous offensive in August-September 1943, the troops advanced from the Seversky Donets and Mius rivers to a depth of more than 300 km along the entire front. In fierce battles, they defeated 11 infantry and 2 tank divisions of the enemy. On the occasion of this major military operation, Moscow saluted the liberators with twenty artillery volleys from 224 guns.

Many Red Army soldiers died heroically in the battles for the liberation of Donbass. Among them - a member of the Military Council of the Southern Front, Lieutenant General K. A. Gurov and the commander of the 3rd Guards Tank Brigade, Guards Colonel F. A. Grinkevich. To perpetuate their memory, in February 1944, Hospital Avenue of the city of Stalino was renamed into Grinkevich, and Metallistov Avenue - to the avenue named after Gurov.

In the liberation battles for Donbass, about 150 thousand soldiers of the Red Army, about 1200 partisans and underground fighters were killed.

During the occupation on the territory of the Stalin region, more than 174 thousand civilians, 149 thousand prisoners of war were killed and tortured, 252 thousand citizens were taken to Germany, material damage was inflicted in the amount of 30 billion rubles. By 1944, 48 were left in the region. 8% of the pre-war population, more than 1 million square meters were destroyed. m of living space. In fact, coal and chemical industry, most of the power plants turned out to be out of order. Rail transport destroyed and Agriculture... In total, 314 main mines and 30 new-built mines were blown up and flooded, more than 2,100 km of underground workings were damaged, 280 metal headframes, 515 lifting machines, 570 main ventilation devices were blown up. The volume of water that filled the mine workings was over 800 million cubic meters. m.

In the region, 22 blast furnaces and 43 open-hearth furnaces, 34 rolling mills, 3 blooming mills were blown up. By-product coke plants were completely destroyed. The engineering industry was in ruins. Great damage was caused to the railways. Destroyed 8,000 km of railway tracks, 1,500 bridges, 27 locomotive depots, 28 car depots and car repair points, 400 train stations and station buildings, over 250 thousand square meters. m of housing for railway workers. The mechanized slides of the stations Yasinovataya, Debaltsevo, Krasny Liman were completely disabled.

In Yasinovataya, out of 147 km of tracks, only 2 km remained serviceable. The railway junctions of the stations Nikitovka, Ilovaisk, Krasnoarmeysk, Volnovakha, Slavyansk underwent complete devastation. Three largest thermal power plants - Zuevskaya, Kurakhovskaya and Shterovskaya were turned into ruins.

For the period from 1941 to 1945. almost 300 thousand Donbass soldiers died and went missing. For the exemplary performance of the command's combat mission, the courage and heroism shown at the same time, 80 soldiers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

K. Moskalenko, commander of a rifle and cavalry corps, and N. Semeiko, squadron commander of an air regiment, twice. 22 divisions and regiments were awarded the honorary titles of Stalin's (from the name of the regional center - Stalino), Gorlovsky, Makeevsky, Kramatorsky, Chistyakovsky, Ilovaisky.

REBIRTH AND FLOWER

On October 26, 1943, the State Defense Committee adopted a resolution "On priority measures to restore the coal industry of the Donetsk basin." The selfless work of the Donbass miners and the help of other regions made it possible to accomplish the assigned tasks. By the end of the war, Donbass in terms of coal production again became the country's leading coal basin. Its share on an all-Union scale, which in 1943 was 4.8%, rose to 26.7%. Metallurgical enterprises were revived at an accelerated pace. On October 10, 1943, exactly one month after the liberation of the city, the Mariupol steel workers produced the first melting. By the beginning of 1945, 8 blast furnaces and 24 open-hearth furnaces, 2 Bessemer converters, 15 rolling mills, 60 coke oven batteries and almost all refractory materials plants were operating in the Stalin region. In 1957, the construction of a blast furnace began at Azovstal and the Yenakiyevo Metallurgical Plant. The Zuevskaya GRES was restored in a short time. The first turbine was put into operation on January 9, the second on May 13, 1944.

In the 50s. 37 new mines were built. In 1961, the first in the region hydraulic mine "Pioneer D-2" was put into operation. A team of workers at the Oktyabrskaya mine face with a 1K-52M coal harvester in 31 working days extracted 122.34 million tons of coal from one longwall, which was a new world record. The largest new building of this period was the Ukraine mine of the Selidovugol trust. Its design capacity is 6,000 tons of coal per day.

In the 60s. the metallurgists of the region were tasked with increasing the production of pig iron by 41.5%, steel - by 26.5%, rolled products - by 26.7% compared to 1958. The metallurgists coped with them with dignity. In 1960, the Donetsk Metallurgical Plant switched to a progressive, fully mechanized method of casting steel without molds. January 26, 1962 in the city of Zhdanov (present-day Mariupol) at the plant them. Ilyich gave the first production to the slabbing giant, the thin-sheet mill was modernized. The world's largest coke oven batteries of the Avdiivka Coke Plant were commissioned.

Druzhkovsky machine-building plant in 1960 mastered mass production inertial gyro tractors. Donetsk region is becoming a region of developed chemistry. At the beginning of the 80s. chemical enterprises of Donbass provided 1/8 of the republican output of mineral fertilizers and soda ash, 1/4 of sulfuric acid, almost 1/5 of synthetic detergents.

The largest new buildings in the 70s. - Uglegorskaya GRES, highly mechanized coal mines named after Lenin Komsomol of Ukraine, them. L. G. Stakhanova and "Mariupolskaya-kapitalnaya", as well as an oxygen-converter shop at the "Azovstal" plant, coke oven batteries at the Avdeevsky coke-chemical plant, complexes for the production of ammonia in Gorlovka, the Gorlovsky plant of rubber products.

Major changes have taken place in agriculture. For 1954-1958 the annual gross grain harvest averaged 1308 thousand tons in the region. Milk production for five years increased by 200 thousand tons, meat production increased significantly. On February 26, 1958, Donetsk region was awarded the Order of Demin for great success in the development of agriculture. Over 2 thousand workers were awarded government awards, 15 of them - the high title of Hero of Socialist Labor. In the 70s-80s. in the collective and state farms of the region, due to reconstruction and new construction, mechanized farms and complexes for keeping cattle for 581.5 thousand heads, pigs - for more than 200 thousand heads were put into operation, areas for keeping other animals and poultry were expanded ... From 1965 to 1980 the number of tractors and trucks increased 1.5 times.

By the beginning of 1976, more than 15 thousand specialists with higher and secondary specialized education and more than 38 thousand machine operators worked in the villages of the region.

During this period, Donetsk region became a large construction site. From 1958 to 1985 12 thousand enterprises were built. Intensive industrial development of Donbass turned it by the mid-80s into one of the most urbanized regions of Ukraine - 90% of the inhabitants of the entire region lived in cities.

An important role in the activation of scientific life in the region was played by the creation in 1965 in Donetsk of the scientific center of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. It included the Institute of Physics and Technology, the Department of Economic and Industrial Research of the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, a computer center and a botanical garden.

The Donetsk branch of Giprouglemash created the Donbass coal harvester, for which the designers and engineers A. D. Sukach, V. N. Khorin, A. N. Bashkov and S. M. Arutyunyan were awarded the title of laureates of the State Prize. The All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Mine Rescue (Donetsk), the only specialized institution of this kind in the world, has become a large scientific center of the region. The center of university science in Donbass was the Donetsk Polytechnic Institute, in which promising topics were developed.

During the years of independence of Ukraine, Donetsk region not only retained its leading positions in the industrial development of the country, but also became the center of its cultural and socio-political life.

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About the project, about the literature of Novorossiya and whether it is possible cultural life during the war, said the editor-in-chief of the magazine, a poet from the city of Krasnodon, LPR, Lyudmila Gontareva.

Lyudmila is a member of the Writers' Union of the Russian Federation, the SP DNR and many other literary associations. Even before the war, Lyudmila Gontareva, together with her equally well-known colleague Alexander Sigida, tried to create a literary almanac that would bring together interesting Russian-speaking authors of the region. In 2015, when the hostilities began to decline, the opportunity to engage in publishing activities returned, by this time the authors of Novorossiya had accumulated a lot of interesting material that was in demand not only in the LPNR, but also in Russia. The result of joint efforts was the creation of the almanac "Territory of the word", which published the works of dozens of writers from Donbass, Russia, Belarus, Serbia, etc.

In September, the fourth issue of Territory Slova was published. The next issue of the journal is fundamentally different from the previous ones: the authors called it an experimental supplement to the almanac. The name is unexpected: ZhZO (Life of wonderful possums). Why and what it means, said Lyudmila Gontareva, editor-in-chief of the Territory of Words project.

It is clear why the "Territory of the word". But I would like to know more about wonderful possums (funny marsupial animals - Ed.) ...

The name "Territory of the word" is a project that, in addition to the magazine, includes the publication of books, the organization of literary festivals. It was originally planned that only authors from the LPR would participate in the project, but today the geography is steadily growing. As part of the project, we held more than 30 presentations of the publications of the project participants, which took place in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Vladimir, Crimea, etc. Since 2014, we have been taking part in organizing international festival"Muse of Novorossiya" (g. Molodogvardeysk). Combined dozens of famous and unknown authors Donbass, have established close ties with colleagues in Russia. Three issues of the almanac were united by patriotic and military themes. This time our team wanted to create something special. We are all human: people are tired of war; sometimes I want to misbehave, to be distracted.

- And yet, why opossums?

This is a product of our collective creativity. During one of the meetings of the editorial board, we jokingly played around with the abbreviation ZhZL. Someone dropped a new formula - ZhZO or "The Life of Wonderful Possums." I liked the joke: I was so tired of pathos and pathos that I wanted a healthy "banter".

Gradually, the impromptu was realized in a separate issue of the magazine, in which we all decided to take a break from war and politics. Initially, we thought that the number would be just naughty and humorous. But our "wonderful possums" also turned out to be philosophers and publicists, so the magazine raised a lot of serious topics.

- What happened to the literature of the LPNR in the last four years?

It is sad that many have left: someone went to Ukraine, someone to Russia or further. With those in Ukraine, we have practically lost contact. People are afraid to send us their texts.

On the positive side, I can say that ties with the writers of the Russian Federation are growing stronger. People are interested in us, they publish us. They invite you to creative events. And the geography of this communication is great. Many authors of Novorossiya were admitted to the Writers' Union of Russia.

Overall, I certainly miss the time when war was an abstract concept in our lyrics. Now she is everywhere - in consciousness, creativity, communication. As a result, literature has a completely different color. For many, these events have become an incentive. Obviously, many authors began to write more piercingly, stronger. The literature of Donbass has finally reached a qualitatively new level and interest in it has increased by an order of magnitude. Moreover, while we are engaged in creative searches, and even if it is difficult, but we publish our works, Ukrainian culture looks worse against our background. She confidently sinks to the bottom.

- Do you think they read Territory of the Word in Ukraine?

Many would like to, but given Kiev's politics, it could be life-threatening. You understand that in Ukraine people are already being imprisoned not for expressing their will, but for their interests! Again: there is a shortlist of literature banned in Ukraine. I am sure that our almanac will also appear there in the near future.

- Can the writers of Donbass have a negative impact on the Ukrainians?

Among our authors there are those who have fought or are even now fighting against Ukraine. There are quite a few people actively advocating for the Russian world. And in Ukraine now the real obscurantism reigns. Kiev is struggling with the Russian language, with Orthodoxy, with its own population, with any senses that can provoke critical thinking in people. Because if people start thinking and asking questions, they will automatically become enemies of the current Ukrainian government.

Kiev, in fact, has outlawed culture. And instead of culture, there is nothing to offer, so in Kiev they are trying to create a substitute for it, an ersatz. It is clear that the result is wretchedness and primitivism. A striking example is Netsoy, who complains about how she was "raped" by Dostoevsky and Turgenev. Apparently, the wonderful works of Russian classics could not ennoble the darkness that reigns in her head.

Therefore, it is important that the literature of Donbass develops, moreover, in alliance with Russia. Maybe someday we will have to bring the light of culture to the inhabitants of today's Ukraine. Together with Russian authors, heal them with words and return them to the context of the Russian world.

- Russian writers do you get help?

Certainly. The support is great. Largely thanks to the help of the Union of Writers of the Russian Federation and the support of Nikolai Ivanov personally, we can publish our almanac. Unfortunately, today the authors of Novorossiya are forced to publish exclusively at their own expense (except for the collections "Time of Donbass" and "Choice of Donbass"). We publish "Territory of the word" at our own expense, plus the help of our friends-writers from Russia. There are no republican grants or scholarships.

- How do you see the development of Donbass literature?

We have interesting authors and they will continue to write. But if promising young people do not appear, it will be a kind of swamp. Without new authors, our literary community turns into a get-together and may well wither away. I am sure the consequences will be irreparable. Therefore, our task today is not only to create updated literature in the republics, but also to attract new generations. Make the image of the writer attractive. So that the youth can see that this is not a boring person in an old suit, but a bright personality, whose life is of interest.

On the territory of Donbass, 10 years ago, the number of Jehovah's Witnesses numbered close to 1 million, and now there are more than 25 thousand people. Nowadays, the attitude towards the members of this religious organization is changing. There is a hope that in the future the organization of Jehovah's Witnesses will be perceived differently by the Ukrainian society and the Ukrainian confessional world. The activity of churches of the Full Gospel, which until recently frightened researchers with the specifics of charismatic and passionate ministry, is also changing in a direction that is constructive for Ukraine.

The dynamic development of Protestantism in Ukraine, the replenishment of its communities with new members, the emergence of new confessions for Ukraine ("Church of Christ", "New Apostolic Church", "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" (Mormons) does not pose any threat to the Orthodox and Catholic churches of Ukraine. All Christian denominations of Ukraine and non-Christian ones are also capable of developing in parallel on the basis of mutual assistance and complementarity, cooperation in the creation of urgent social projects.

The regional specificity of the regions has an important role in solving the national question. In the Donetsk region, by 2000, out of 900 religious organizations, there were only 449 Orthodox Christian churches, which is only 48.8% of all registered organizations. Therefore, the confessional map of Donetschin is variegated and complex. Tables 2 and 3 reflect the picture of Donetskchin's religious situation. Most of their Protestant unions and confessions of regional, all-Ukrainian and international significance, having authority and strong ties with western centers. This is not only about those that appeared in the 1980s and 90s in Ukraine and the CIS countries in the form of the so-called expansion (missionary churches that came from Western Europe, Canada and America). Among them are the Church "Words of Life", "Christians of the Evangelical Faith", "Union of the Church of God" and others (see table № 2.1., 2.2)., But also those that have Ukrainian roots, starting from the era of the Reformation and modern times ...

The rise of Protestant trends is due to the economic, social and spiritual crisis of the Ukrainian society, which covered all spheres of life. Social demarcation of society, a sharp impoverishment of the general mass of the population, low living standards of Ukrainians, even in comparison with neighboring countries of Eastern Europe, inevitably led to a numerical increase in the poorest strata: urban plebs, small supporters of the ruined peasantry, with their craving for "clannishness ". As noted above, in the robots of the Swiss scientist C. Jung ("Psychology and Religion", "Archetypes and Symbols"), a scientific concept of the "collective subconscious" was developed, embedded in the sacred memory of generations and manifests itself in moments of social cataclysms and historical breakdowns ... According to K. Jung, a person is always characterized by archaic thinking, the desire to collectively find confirmation of his own life positions. The scheme of mass thinking is simple: anything that does not meet the requirements of the crowd will cause anxiety and aggression in it. Thus, Protestantism has a complex religious and social nature, which cannot be ignored in the modern process of organizing and managing spiritual production.

Currently, Protestant centers in the Donetsk Territory have created a ramified structure of their missions, unions, associations with the aim of not only active propaganda, but also the creation of their own economic and corporate organizations ("All-Ukrainian corporate unions of Babtists", "South Ukrainian Union of Adventists the seventh day ", etc.). They strive to create a solid production system, sales market, their own consumer and much more. In a number of districts (Khartsyzskiy, Slavyanskiy, Pershepravnevoy, etc.) they have already created their own system of economic and spiritual life of the community, which currently numbers more than 700 thousand people. The inner life of such an organization resembles the historical experience of the Calvinist cantons, with their clear system of industrial, economic, social and spiritual life of the communities.

Thus, the experience of Protestant organizations deserves close attention not only of philosophers and religious scholars, but, to no less extent, of sociologists, political scientists and economists of today.

Below we give tables of religious organizations (table 1.), spiritual centers (table 2.) and monasteries (table 3.) in Donbass, which make it possible to trace the dynamics of the development and growth of the role of various religious denominations in the spiritual culture of the region.

Table 1.

The religious situation of Don Bass 2000-2002

Ukrainian Greek - Catholic Church 17

Table 1.1.

Churches of Evangelical Christians - Babtists
Union of Evangelical Christians - Babtists
Brotherhood of Independent Churches and Missions of Evangelical Christian Babtists
Evangelical Christians - Babtists outside the Unions
Adherents of the Council of Churches of Evangelical Christians - Babtists
Evangelical Christians
Religious community of Nazarene

Table 1.2.

Table 1.3.

Full Gospel Churches
Ukrainian Christian Evangelical Church ("Word of Life")
Association of independent charismatic churches of Ukraine
Spiritual Center "New Generation" of Christian Churches
Full Gospel Churches Outside of the Unions
Seventh-day Adventist churches
Єgovi's witnesses
Church of Christ
Total pratestantsky churches 622

Table 2.

Religious centers of Donetsk region

1.3 Dioceses (Golovska, Donetsk, Donetsk - Lugansk)

Donetsk regional association ECB

3.Eastern Ukrainian spiritual center of independent churches and ECB missions, churches of God in Ukraine

4.Ukrainian Evangelical Church, Spiritual Center "New Generation"

5.East Ukrainian Association of SDA Churches

6.Spiritual center of independent Muslim associations, Muslim cultural center, independent Muslim party

7.Buddhist order "Lung-Zhong-PA", "Vedic school".

8.Regional Spiritual Association of Jewish Unions of Donbass

Table 3.

Donetsk monasteries

1. Svyatogorsk, Holy Dormition Monastery (Horlivka Diocese of the UOC).

2.Monastery in honor of the Kashperovskaya Mother of God (Donetsk diocese of the UOC).

3.Monastery (Donetsk UOC).

4. Monastery of the UOC (Zvanivka village, Artemivskyi district)

5. Women's Monastery (Kisilevka village, Makeevsky district of the UOC).

Table 3.1.

Religious missions of Donbass

1.Christian mission "Ark" at the region. unification of ECB churches

2.Christian mission "Mercy", "Pearl" at the rep. Association ECB (Donetsk)

3.Christian mission "Road to life" at the spiritual center of independent churches of the ECB of Ukraine (Khartsyzsk)

4.Christian mission "Medical Association" at the region. unification of ECB churches

5. Christian mission "Ark" at the region. Association KhVE (Slovyansk)

6.Christian mission "Vomozhnost" during the unification of the KhVE Donetsk region (Mariupol)

7.Christian mission "Good News" at the Union of Free Churches of the KhVE (Gorlovka)

8.Christian mission "Avana" at the Union of Free Churches of the KhVE of Ukraine (Horlivka)

9.Christian mission "Peace of Donbass" at the Union of Free Churches of the KhEV of Ukraine (Donetsk)

10.Religious mission "Annunciation, Mercy and Love" under the Union of the KhVE (Donetsk)

11.Eshiva Jewish Theological Seminary (Donetsk)

The origins of cultural development in our region are in the distant past - from the time of the settlement of the region. At the very distant beginning, folklore and ritual traditions were developed here.

With the opening of coal mines, a stage of more rapid development of culture, art, and crafts begins. The most widespread were legends in Donbass, in particular, about the owner of rich underground treasures, Shubin. Horlivka miners had their own, different from Donetsk and Makeyevka, interpretation of Shubin's image. On the one hand, he is an evil goblin, on the other, a kind patron of miners. Historians claim that in the area of ​​present-day Bessarabka there is a swamp called Shubinskoe, with which many tales and beliefs are associated.

The first cultural institution, the theater club, was opened in 1890 by the leadership of the Korsun mines. It was intended primarily for employees. It hosted meetings, evenings of relaxation, performances of visiting artists. Around the same time, one of the large barracks was converted into a club in the village of merutnyan, a stage and an auditorium with benches were set up. The question of the composition of the vacationers was resolved in a more democratic way. The club had a buffet with tea, biscuits, buns, sweets, so the name "Tea" was stuck behind it.

The invention of photography made it possible to document the original appearance of the Korsun mine, coal mines, the Mercury mine, an engineering plant, the village of Gorlovka with lines of houses and dugouts, portraits of P.N. Gorlova, A.V. Minenkova, A.A. Auerbach and other business organizers.

In the early years of the 20th century, a network of entertainment establishments was opened in Gorlovka. Comes to the miners and cinematography. Distributed on the territory of mines and other enterprises and printed products - newspapers, magazines.

Employees of mines and factories on weekends and holidays began to arrange suburban recreational walks similar to the picnic described in A. Kuprin's story "Molokh".

Under influence environment formed the poetry of a student of a steigers school and then a mining specialist of the First Mine Arkady Yakovlevich Kots, the first translator into Russian of the world famous "Internationale".

Revolutionary events, the First World War, events associated with foreign intervention, interrupted the development of culture in the region, so its growth falls on the period of the twenties. All large enterprises of the city arrange premises for clubs. For example, the auditorium at mine No. 5 could seat about 500 spectators. In the clubs, performances were most often staged, the spectators of which were mostly employees of mines and factories.

Amateur art circles have become more active, adopting and multiplying the traditions of the club of the First Mine. In 1927, many useful activities were started. The Palace of Labor has become an organizational and methodological center for the development of culture not only in the city, but throughout the Donetsk region. It was a welcoming home for adults and children, for labor veterans, women, for the curious and inquisitive. Subsequently, the Palace of Culture was named after V.I. Lenin, and he is on long years became the center of cultural life in Gorlovka. Due to the closure of the Kochegarka mine in 1999, it was transferred to the city's balance sheet. By the way, by this time, the cultural and sports center of the Stirol concern came to the fore in the cultural life of the city.

The 20-30s are characterized by a high surge in the development of culture, literature, and amateur performances. Mining Horlivka was visited by well-known Soviet writers, artists and filmmakers. The famous miner poet Pavel Grigorievich Merciless, known throughout Donbass, worked here. The well-known documentary filmmaker Mark Aevkov, the author of films about Dneprostroy, creates a film of several parts about the work of the famous miner Nikita Izotov. This film story about the work of a noble coal cutter, who opened a mentoring school, entered the cinema channels of Russian documentary filmmaking for a long time.

The Izotov movement played an outstanding role in the rise of coal mining in Donbass, and the image of Nikita Izotov himself has forever remained in the memory of people. This was a real person. The small film played an outstanding role in promoting the image of an interesting person and his work.

The Great Patriotic War interrupted the confident pace of the city's cultural life, although the muses were not silent during the roar of the guns.

After the liberation of Donbass, primary attention was paid to the restoration of mines, factories, therefore the restoration of cultural institutions, schools, hospitals, etc. was completed by the 50th year. Various circles, ensembles, orchestras have started working in clubs and palaces. Cinemas were opened in Nikitovka, Shakhtar - in the city center (1950). In 1946, the city library was housed in a new building, and a year later a children's branch was spun off from it. Of course, all cultural life was concentrated around coal mining enterprises.

After some lull in the 60s, there was a revival of artistic creativity. Performances of amateur groups and theater studios were held. The folk dance ensemble of the Palace of Culture of the Kochegarka mine has earned universal recognition. In 1967, its leader A.P. Kalaberdin was awarded the title of Honored Worker of Culture of Ukraine. In the same years, on the basis of the ensemble, the feature film "The Young Years" was shot, in which for the first time the popular and nowadays song of A. Malyshko and P. Mayboroda about the towel was sounded from the screen. One of the achievements of the ensemble was the creation of a kind of stage picture reflecting the history and everyday life of their mine. Spectators in dance pictures saw coal mining in a mine.

Despite the absence of a professional theater in the city, residents of Gorlovka had the opportunity to watch the tours not only of visiting actors, but also of their own theater studio "Yunost", which later received the title of a people's theater.

By the end of the sixties, there were 15 large-circulation newspapers in Gorlovka, ten of which were published in the mines of the Artemugol association. In 1962, regular city wire radio broadcasts began. Radio studios, reporting information on the progress of coal mining, on the miners' work shifts, began to appear in the mines.

In the large housing estates of the city in the mid-70s, there were 24 Palaces of culture and clubs, music schools, city history museum, Art Museum, 70 libraries.

The state of cultural life in Gorlovka, as in other regions, largely depended on the economy and reflected its zigzags. Cultural institutions found themselves in a very difficult situation and gradually curtailed their activity and amateur performance. Some cinemas and cinemas did not stand the test of the crisis. The Kochegarka mines' palaces of culture and them. N. Izotova.

Wired radio worked with great interruptions; in some mines, the work of clubs and libraries is "closed", especially in winter. The history museums were closed at the Mercury Combine, the Kochegarka and Komsomolets mines, and at school # 30. But nevertheless, the museums of the history of the city and art were replenished with exhibits.

Yet cultural life, literature and art did not die out. In the late 90s, with the help of the city's enterprises, including Artemugl, the Shakhtar cinema was restored. A library of miniature books appears in Gorlovka, donated to Gorlovka residents by an enthusiastic collector V.A. Razumov, which is named after him. In a short period of time, the Olimp sports complex was built at the Komsomolets mine. And the mine Palace of Culture remains to this day an attractive center in the miners' housing estate.

Culture and history

There are countries and regions in the world whose folklore and historical heritage have become part of the global culture. These are Ireland, Scandinavia, Greece, India. For example, from Ireland elves, trolls, gnomes, ale drink "roamed" to us, and the word "bard" was originally the storyteller of the Celtic epic. We owe Scandinavia to the elder and younger Edds, the Valkyries, the image of Valhala. Greece and India are countries of myths and legends, which are studied in two school subjects at once: history and literature. And each of our schoolchildren for not knowing who killed Hector, or how many Kauravas fought against the Pandavas from the Indian epic Mahabharata, gets "bad".

At the same time, the culture and history of our region is not studied at all. This does not mean today's culture (for example, ballet festivals) and jazz, but the culture of our past. How many people know that in the Donbass there was a developed urban song culture (romances, everyday songs), from which only "Konogon" has survived to this day, and even then, rather, known in the form of the song "Tanks rumbled on the field" from the film "In war as in war".

It's not just about songs and romances - the unique miner's folklore is disappearing right before our eyes. Few people know that Dobry Shubin is not only a brand of local beer, but also a whole layer of tales associated with this mythical character who comes to the aid of miners in difficult times. But Shubin is not the only folklore character; next to him are the Master of the Mountain, and Shubin's beloved, Khristina.

In addition to miners' tales, the villages of Donbass developed their own special folklore. Back in the middle of the 19th century, ethnographers recorded stories about people-peseglavtsy, about the Cossack Saur, about the robber Karachun and the robber sabotage Savva. But these stories have been written down enough famous people- for example, the historian Mikhail Dragomanov.

There is in our area and its own cycle of legends associated with the Stone Graves, with the Svyatogorsk monastery. But why is it not mentioned in our textbooks on history and ethnography? Why people don't write in Donbass scientific work on this subject, no books come out?

And this is just the tip of our epic "iceberg", something that literally lies on the surface. The history of Donbass goes back centuries, during which tens of peoples lived in our region.

Take, for example, our Azov Sea. Why is it Azov? In honor of the city of Azov? And Azov is named after whom? It turns out, in honor of the tribe of the Az (Ases). What kind of tribe is this? Why is it so engraved in the memory that it retained a reminder of itself through the centuries? The Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl assumed that it was here, in the Azov region, that the ancestors of the Vikings lived (possibly the same basics) and that a significant part of the Scandinavian epic originated precisely on our lands. For some reason, local ethnographers found this topic uninteresting.

The same story is with the Russian Kaganate, which existed on the territory of Donbass in the 7th - 9th centuries. AD, - a state formation, for which the names "Russian" and "Rus" were first used. It was a state in which the level of urbanization was one of the highest in the early Middle Ages. It is this state, according to many historians, such as, for example, George Vernadsky (son of Vladimir Vernadsky), that became the ancestral home of Kievan Rus.

Yes, any of these facts would be enough for any other region to declare this in full voice! But somehow not Donbass. The idea that there was a “Wild Field” here until the middle of the 18th century still dominates our regional humanitarian establishment - allowing us to impose an identity alien to us, brought from the west of Ukraine, thereby killing the soul of Donbass, and therefore the region itself.