Moscow State University of Printing Arts. Compound nominal predicate: examples. Types of predicates
A compound (three-term, polynomial) is a predicate consisting of three or more parts (the term "compound predicate" is used here in a different sense than it is sometimes used, see § 259).The following types of complex predicates are distinguished:
The verb predicate is coordinated with the subject, the expressed personal pronoun, in person and number, and in the past tense of the indicative mood and in the subjunctive mood - in gender and number. For example: I remember a wonderful moment(NS.); Alone in the wilderness of pine forests for a long time, for a long time you have been waiting for me(NS.); Do you know what a delight it is to go out into the field in early spring.(T.); He orphaned her poor three chicks(Cr.); ... Perhaps it would revive me too?(Cr.).
With a subject expressed by a noun or a substantive word, the predicate is put in the form of the 3rd person singular. or pl. numbers, for example: The azure vaults are darkening, a cool shadow is spreading(Bug.); In the game her horse won't catch... (N.); The doctor leaves, the candle goes out, and again you hear "boo-boo-boo-boo"... (Ch.).
With a subject expressed in a quantitative numeral or an infinitive, the predicate is put in the form of the 3rd person singular, and in the past tense - in the form of the neuter, for example: Seven players called a poker... (Ch.); Do not spit in the well: it is useful to drink water(last); Drinking tea on the grass was considered a great pleasure.(L.T.) (form of the neuter genus of the semi-significant ligament).
With the subject - interrogative pronoun, who is the predicate in the masculine form, regardless of whether the person is male or female, for example: Which of your girlfriends were with you?
If the pronoun-subject who is used in the function of a relative word in the subordinate part of a sentence, then the predicate is usually put in the singular, even if more than one producer of the action is assumed, for example: ... Those who did not make it to the door rushed to the windows in joyful panic(Poppy.). Setting the predicate in the plural form in these cases emphasizes the plurality of subjects of action, for example: ... Those who stayed decided with themselves what they had to do(L. T.)
With a relative pronoun that in the role of the subject, the predicate is put in the plural form, if the word replaced by the pronoun in the main part is in the plural, for example: The houses that rise on this avenue were built recently.
If the subject is expressed in a compound abbreviated word that has a grammatical form (declining), then the choice of the predicate form is usual, for example: Our university announced a new enrollment of students... In the absence of a grammatical form in a compound abbreviated word, the predicate chooses the form of the leading word of the combination that forms a complex name, i.e. is put in the form in which it would stand with the full name, for example: GUNO convened a meeting of school principals(cf. city administration of public education).
With a subject expressed by a quantitative-nominal combination (such as ten students) or a combination of a collective noun with a quantitative meaning and the genitive case of a noun (such as most students), two forms of the predicate are possible: the statement of the predicate in the singular form and in the plural form. The plural form is usually used in cases where the subject denotes persons, and the predicate denotes the active action of these persons, for example: Eighty young specialists went work on the periphery; Most part-time students completed all test papers ... With the subject - an inanimate object, the predicate is usually put in the singular, for example: A row of tables stood in the middle of the room; On the table there were ten notebooks... The specific forms of predicates in these cases depend on a number of conditions, which include: the degree of remoteness of the predicate from the subject, the presence of enumeration in the subject or predicate, word order, lexical meaning subject and predicate, etc.
With a subject expressed by a combination of the nominative with the instrumental, which is preceded by the preposition s (like brother and sister), the predicate is put in the plural, for example: Grandfather and mother walked ahead of all(M.G.). The statement of the predicate in the singular form indicates that the noun in the instrumental case acts as an addition, for example: And the countess with her girls went behind the screens to finish her toilet(NS.).
The question of a complex predicate in scientific literature turned out to be extremely confused: a) in educational and reference literature and in special works, a complex predicate is distinguished as one of the three main types - along with a simple and compound predicate; b) completely different content is put into the concept of a complex predicate, its criteria are reasonably contradictory. The chess system of three types of sentences, differing in the form of the predicate, became the basis for subsequent characteristics of three types of predicate: simple (cf. "monotonous"), compound (cf. "connected predicates") and complex (cf. "two-words"), conveying to them the ambiguity and fuzziness of the main criterion [Ibid, 27].
A.M. Peshkovsky "quite definitely proposed a system of two types of predicate" [Ibid.].
A compound predicate is a complicated simple or (more often) compound predicate.
The noun or verb type of a complex predicate is determined by the last component: if it is an infinitive, the predicate qualifies as a complex verb, if it is a name, then as a complex nominal).
Modal-tense meanings are expressed by conjugated verb forms (they may be absent in the present tense). The nominal part in the first component (in the compound nominal predicate) of two-part sentences can be expressed by short adjectives: glad, ready, capable, intends, must, etc., and in one-part sentences - by words of the category of state with a modal meaning (necessary, necessary, it is not possible, it is possible to do so.) or with an emotional-evaluative meaning: fun, sad, pleasant, etc. The main part of a complex nominal predicate is connected to the first component using the infinitive to be or other verb forms with the meaning of being, existence (live, exist, etc.).
Complex predicate types
A complex (three-term, polynomial) is a predicate consisting of three or more parts. The following types of complex predicates are distinguished:
- a) verbal (consisting of some verbs and correlative with compound verb predicates), for example: decided to start treatment, hopes to quit smoking;
- b) nominal (consisting of a predicative adjective, a ligament and a nominal part, correlated with compound nominal predicates), for example: glad to be useful, ready to become an intermediary;
- c) mixed (consisting of verbs and nouns, combining the signs of a compound verb and a compound nominal predicate), for example: he could become a scientist, he is afraid to be funny.
For example: He wanted to appear brave on the fourth bastion (Tolstoy);
Do you want to live as a lamb (Goncharov); I do not even consider myself obligated to feel gratitude towards him (Chernyshevsky); I was no longer afraid to be and seem sensitive ... (Chekhov) [Ibid.].
The general typology of the predicate is characterized in the Russian language by the opposition of a simple and complex predicate with the subdivision of a complex predicate into a compound nominal and a compound verb. The constructs of the predicate, which, on the basis of certain characteristics, were considered as forms of a "complex predicate" also have their place in the stated system of predicate types.
Until now, there is no consensus in the Russian language about what the predicate is as the main member of the sentence. Which predicate classification is preferable: semantic or structural? How to define clear boundaries of predicate type? Whose method of studying the predicate in school grammar to give preference? All this is reflected in the practice of teaching the Russian language at school, in the quality of preparation of graduates for the Unified State Exam.
In our opinion, the definition of A.G. Rudnev should be chosen as a working definition of the predicate:
- 1. The predicate as the main member of the sentence denotes the attribute of the subject, which it possesses, either produces or perceives from the outside, and answers the questions: "who is (or" what is ") an object?", "What is an object?", "What does the thing? " or "what is done to him?" ...
- 2. The predicate in the composition of the sentence performs three semantic functions: 1) establishes the subject as the bearer of the attribute in the possession in time of this or that attribute inherent in it; 2) denotes the action that the subject performs; 3) denotes an action that the subject perceives from the outside [Ibid].
Regarding the predicate and its structural types, "unimaginable confusion reigns in our educational and scientific literature." There is no single classification of predicate types; it is considered in two ways: structural and semantic. There are different views on the selection of the structural types of the predicate. Scientific grammar distinguishes three types of predicate: 1) simple; 2) composite and 3) complex.
Linguists recognize that non-conjugated forms of verbal roots of words (such as bam, jump, sense, etc.) can be used as a predicate, as a rule, in colloquial speech with a touch of sudden-instant action of the perfect kind in the past.
Combinations with a verbal pivotal word, which have not yet become phraseological units, but have already lost their "freedom of combinability" to varying degrees: to conduct a conversation, arrange a reception, give a hand, make an impression, etc., qualify in scientific grammar in two ways: a) they can be considered as predicate and b) a minor term can be distinguished in them.
They do not have an unambiguous interpretation in the literature and are considered either as predicates, or as combinations of predicates with additions, phase and modal verbs in combination with verbs containing an emotional assessment of the action.
Controversial issue in linguistic literature there is a question about a predicate of a complex composite type. Unlike P. A. Lekant, V. V. Babaytseva, N. S. Valgina, who distinguish the verbal, nominal and mixed predicate of a complex type, I. P. Raspopov considers these constructions to be the union of two predicates - the main and the secondary.
A controversial issue in scientific grammar is the inclusion in the category of a compound nominal predicate of the type lay in a swoon, returned rejuvenated. In such sentences, two predicative signs are simultaneously expressed - active and passive, therefore, the predicate can be qualified as "double" (A. A. Shakhmatov). In a different interpretation, these constructions are regarded as a complex predicate or as a combination of a simple verb predicate in the strict sense of the term, and the conjugated verb is not a bundle.
All predicate forms are divided into two structural types - simple and complex - based on the ratio of real and grammatical meanings. According to the content of the predicative attribute, the verb and the nominal predicate are opposed. A verb predicate denotes an active feature (action), a nominal predicate denotes a passive feature (quality, property, state, etc.) [Ibid, 136].
In this chapter:
§1. The main members of the sentence - subject and predicate
The subject
The subject is the main member of the proposal, independent of other members of the proposal. The subject answers the questions of the I.p .: who? what?
In a sentence, the subject is expressed in different ways.
How is the subject expressed?
The subject can be a word or a phrase.
Most often, the subject is expressed:
1) nouns: mother, laughter, love;
2) words that have the function of a noun: nouns derived from adjectives or participles: sick, manager, meeting, ice cream, canteen;
3) pronouns: we, nobody, anything;
4) numerals: three, five;
5) the indefinite form of the verb: Smoking is harmful to health;
6) a phrase, if it has a meaning:
a) compatibility: husband and wife, duck with ducklings, my friend and I;
b) uncertainty or generality: Something unfamiliar seemed in the distance. Some of the guests closed the window;
c) quantity: 2 million people live in the city;
d) selectivity: Any of them could be the first. Most of the students passed the test;
e) phraseological unit: White nights have come.
Predicate
Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting what is said about the subject, which is the subject. The predicate depends on the subject and is consistent with it. It answers different questions: what does the object do? what's going on with him? what is he? who is he? what it is? what is the subject? All these questions are varieties of the question: what is said about the subject? The choice of a specific question depends on the structure of the sentence.
The predicate contains the most important grammatical characteristic of the sentence: its grammatical meaning.
Grammatical meaning is the generalized meaning of a sentence, which characterizes its content in terms of two parameters:
- reality-unreality,
- time.
Reality-Irriality expressed by the mood of the verb.
- Verbs in the indicative mood are typical for statements reflecting a real situation: It is raining, it is getting light.
- Verbs in the imperative and in the conditional mood are characteristic of sentences that reflect not a real, but a desirable situation. Don't forget the umbrella !, I wish it wouldn't rain today!
Time- an indicator of the correlation of the situation with the moment of speech. Tense is expressed by the verb forms of the present, past and future tense.
Simple and compound predicate
The predicate in two-part sentences can be simple and complex. Compound are divided into compound verb and compound nominal.
Simple predicate is a kind of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word. A simple predicate is always a verb. It is expressed by a verb in the form of one of the moods. In the indicative mood, verbs can stand in one of three tenses: present - past - future.
He knows poetry by heart.
indicative mood, present time
He knew the poetry by heart.
indicative mood, pros. time
He will memorize poetry.
indicative mood, bud. time
You will memorize these verses.
imperative mood
In a circle, you would have learned poetry by heart.
conditional mood
Compound predicate is a kind of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.
If in a simple verb predicate the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word, then in a compound one - in different words. For example:
Suddenly the baby stopped singing and started laughing.
He stopped singing, started laughing - compound predicates. The words sing, laugh call an action, while expressing lexical meaning. The grammatical meaning is expressed in the words: stopped, started
Compound predicates are verbal and nominal.
Compound verb predicate
A compound verb predicate is a predicate consisting of an auxiliary word and an indefinite form of the verb. Examples:
He finished working.
I want to help you.
Auxiliary words are divided into two groups:
1) verbs with the meaning of the beginning-continuation-end of the action, for example: start, end, continue, stop, stop;
2) verbs and short adjectives with the meaning of opportunity, desirability, necessity: to be able, to be able, to want, to want, to desire, to strive, to try; glad, ready, must, obliged, intend.
In a compound verb predicate, auxiliary words express the grammatical meaning, and the indefinite form of the verb - the lexical meaning of the predicate.
In the event that a short adjective serves as an auxiliary word, then it is used with a bunch. The verb to be serves as a link. Here are the relevant examples with a bunch in the past tense:
I was so glad to meet you!
In the present tense, the word is is not used, it is omitted: the bundle is zero, for example:
I am so glad to meet you!
In the future tense, the bundle is placed in the future tense. Example:
I would be glad to meet you.
Compound nominal predicate
A compound nominal is a predicate consisting of a linking verb and a nominal part. Linking verbs express the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and the nominal part - its lexical meaning.
1. The linking verb be expresses only grammatical meaning. She was beautiful yesterday. In the present tense, the bunch is zero: She is beautiful.
2. Verbs-bundles to become, to become, to be made, to appear, to be counted, to seem, to be named, to be presented: The house seemed to be a point from afar.
3. Linking verbs with the meaning of movement or location in space: come, come, sit, lie down, stand: Mother returned from work tired. Mother sat pensive, sad.
In all these cases, linking verbs can be replaced by the verb to be. The sentences will be synonymous, for example:
Mother sat pensive, sad. Synonymously: Mother was pensive, sad.
He was considered the most talented of us. Synonymously: He was the most talented of us.
With such a replacement, of course, all the nuances of the meaning are not transferred. Therefore, the language offers various linking verbs, emphasizing different shades of meaning.
Possible combinations of the linking verb with auxiliary words: She dreamed of becoming an actress.
Nominal part of a compound nominal predicate
The nominative part of a compound nominal predicate is expressed in Russian in different ways, and, paradoxically, not only by names. Although the most common and characteristic is the use of names in the role of the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Naturally, names can be replaced with pronouns. And since the role of adjectives and participles is similar, participles can also appear along with adjectives. Also, adverbs and adverbial combinations are possible in the nominal part. Examples:
1) noun: Mother is a doctor., Anastasia will be an actress.,
2) adjective: He grew up strong and handsome ...
3) numeral name: Twice two four.,
4) pronoun: You will be mine. Who was nobody, he will become everything ("Internationale").,
5) participle: The composition was lost., The daughter was finally cured.,
6) adverb and adverbial combination: Shoes fit., Pants turned out to be just right.
The nominal part can contain not only separate words, but also syntactically indivisible phrases. Examples:
She ran into the room with a cheerful face.
She sat with thoughtful eyes.
It is impossible to say: She ran in with a face.
Test of strength
Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.
Final test
Which members of the proposal are considered the main ones?
- subject and object
- definition, circumstance and addition
- subject and predicate
Can the subject be expressed with words derived from adjectives or participles: manager, sick, in love?
Can the subject be expressed in phrases, for example: we are with friends?
What is the subject in the sentence: Any of you can prepare for the exam and pass it successfully.?
- any
- any of you
What characteristics are included in the grammatical meaning of a sentence?
- reality is unreality and time
- view and time
Is it true that a simple verbal predicate is a predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meaning is expressed by one verb?
Is it true that a composite predicate is a special type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words?
I cannot help you.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
What is the predicate in a sentence: He was always considered serious..?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
What is the predicate in a sentence: Two by two is four.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
In this article we will talk about the types of predicates, dwell in detail on the composite nominal and its connectives, and give examples.
As you know, all predicate and subject are the main members. The predicate usually agrees in person, gender and number with the subject. It expresses the grammatical meaning of the indicative, imperative or conditional mood.
The main types of predicates:
1) simple verb;
2) compound verb;
3) a compound nominal predicate (see examples below).
Two principles for identifying the types of predicates
They are divided according to two principles. The types of predicates are classified as follows:
1) by composition;
2) by their morphological nature.
In the first case, types such as simple and composite are separated. The latter includes compound nominal and verb predicates. Based on the second principle, the nominal and the verb are distinguished. The nominal part of a compound predicate can be expressed by an adjective, a noun and an adverb. These divisions overlap. So, the verb predicate can be composite or simple, and the nominal predicate is always composite.
Simple verb predicate
The definition of which, as you will see, has some nuances, expresses the verb in a conjugated form, that is, used in the form of mood (indicative, conditional or imperative). It also includes such options that do not have a formal indicator of time, mood and submission to the subject. These are truncated (grab, sense, bam, etc.), as well as the infinitive used in the meaning of the indicative mood. In addition, a simple verb predicate can also be represented by the conjugated form of the verb + (come on, yes, let it be, as if it was, as it were, exactly, as if just now, etc.)
Compound nominal predicate
As already mentioned, a nominal type is always composite, including those cases when it is represented by only one word form. Despite the fact that there is only one word expressing it, in such sentences there is a compound nominal predicate. Examples are the following: "He is young. He is worried about work, worries."
Such predicates always have two components. The first is a link that expresses the predicative categories of time and modality. The second is the attachment part, it indicates the material main content of this type of predicate.
Linkage in a compound nominal predicate
The doctrine of the bundle in the Russian science of syntax has been developed in detail. The peculiarity of the traditional approach is that this term is understood broadly. A bunch, firstly, is the word "to be", the only meaning of which is an indication of time and modality. Secondly, it refers to verbs with a modified and weakened to one degree or another meaning, which express not only predicative categories, but also put material content into such a predicate.
Compare examples: he was sad - he seemed (became) sad - he came back sad.
In the first sentence, the link "to be" is abstracted, it is a service word, a formant, which has grammatical forms of tense and mood, which is characteristic of a verb. However, it is not a verb, since it does not have a procedural action or feature, as well as a category of the kind that any of them possesses.
Significant and semi-significant bonds
Other examples show a different type of ligament - significant and semi-significant. The latter bring the meaning of the emergence of a feature (become / become), its preservation (stay / stay), external detection (appear / seem), the inclusion of an external carrier (fame / reputation, name, reckoning) in the composite nominal predicate.
Examples include the following: he became smart - he remained smart - he seemed smart - he was reputed to be smart.
Significant connectives are verbs with a specific, specific meaning (mainly denoting movement or stay in one state or another). They are able to attach to themselves either a noun in T. p. with the meaning of a qualitative characteristic, or an adjective in the form T. p. or I. p.
Sentences with a compound nominal predicate with significant connectives can be exemplified as follows:
1. He came hungry (hungry).
2. The boys remained tomboy.
Bundle "to be"
The link "to be", being abstract, does not have the present tense in the indicative mood, therefore its expression in this mood is the very absence of the link. Such sentences, oddly enough, also have a compound nominal predicate. Examples:
1. The case is in vain.
2. The evening is wonderful.
3. The road is good.
It should be distinguished from the conjunction of the verb "to be", which has two meanings:
1. To be, to be present (We were in the theater. At that time there were many performances).
2. Have (my sister had a doll).
Bundles "essence" and "is"
The words "essence" and "is", which go back to the forms of the present tense of the third person of the verb "to be", in the modern language are considered official words, namely - particles.
The absence of a ligament is called its zero form. This definition was formulated by A. M. Peshkovsky, it was the first attempt to study syntactic phenomena in a paradigmatic aspect. The introduction of this concept means that the syntactic construction (that is, the predicative basis of some nominal is studied not as such separately, but in a certain row. This is illustrated by the following examples:
1. The street will (was) crowded.
2. The street would be crowded.
3. The street is crowded.
Compound verb predicate
We have considered such types of predicates as simple verb and compound nominal. Let us now dwell in more detail on the compound verb predicate. It includes two components - the infinitive and the conjugated verb form. The latter, with its grammatical form and lexical meaning, expresses the temporal, modal and aspectual characteristics of some action, which is indicated by the infinitive. The infinitive can be attached to verbs belonging to several semantic groups (I wanted to work, I started working, I came to work, I was forced to work).
Rules for determining a compound verb predicate
A compound predicate, according to grammatical tradition, is not any combination with an infinitive of a conjugated form. In order to be able to talk about it, two requirements must be met:
1. The infinitive in such a predicate does not denote any action, but only a certain substance, the same as the conjugated verb form, that is, some object called the subject.
Examples include the following. On the one hand, he wanted to work, he started working, he can work, he knows how to work. On the other hand, his parents forced him to work, everyone asked the girl to sing, the boss ordered him to complete the task. In the first case, in which compound verbal predicates are presented, it is customary to call the infinitive subjective, since it denotes the action of some substance, the same as the conjugated verb form. In the second case, there is an object infinitive, which is traditionally not included in the composite predicate, but is spoken of as a secondary member.
2. When determining the boundaries of a compound predicate, one should take into account the character that the semantic relations between the infinitive and the conjugated verb form have. The target infinitive is not included in it. He has such a meaning with various verbs of movement: he came to work, went to chat, ran to find out, sent to find out. The goal infinitive (which can be, as is clear from the examples, both objective and subjective) is a minor member. Composite predicate should be considered only the connection of the infinitive with the verbs, the most abstract in meaning (with modal and phase).
A compound verb predicate is thus understood as a designation of an action, some procedural feature, which is characterized in the aspectual (started working) or modal (wanted to work) plan, or simultaneously in both of them (wanted to start working).
We examined the main types of predicates, dwelling in detail on the compound nominal and the various connectives that are present in it. It's just short review of this topic, more information can be found in any grammar textbook under the section on syntax.
The grammatical basis of the sentence. The concept of the main members of the proposal
The grammatical basis of a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate.
The grammatical base expresses the grammatical meanings of the sentence. They are associated with the meanings of mood and tense of the predicate verb.
Troops are moving towards the front.
(The action actually takes place and takes place in the present tense).
He came to see us yesterday.
(The action actually took place, but in the past tense).
You should have talked to your mother, Ivan!
(The action is not realized in reality, but it is desirable for the speaker).
The subject and the predicate are called the main members of the sentence, because all the minor members in the sentence directly or indirectly extend them.
Let us show the dependence of the secondary terms on the main ones in the following diagram:
Amazed Varenukha silently gave him an urgent telegram.
Subject as a member of a proposal. Subject expression forms
The subject is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the questions of the nominative case who? or what?
Subject in Russian can be expressed in different ways, sometimes in "unusual" forms. The following table will help you to correctly determine the subject.
The main ways of expressing the subject.
| Part of speech in subject position | |
| Noun in and. NS. | Language reflects the soul of the people. |
| Pronoun in and. NS. | He went out. Who was there? This is right. This is my brother (with questions: who is this?) The house, which barely stood, belonged to a forester. (Note here the subject in subordinate clause.) The sparks that flew from the fire seemed white. (Note the subject in the subordinate clause here.) Someone has come. Everyone fell asleep. |
| Infinitive | Being honest is half the battle. To understand is to sympathize. Smoking is harmful to health. |
| A combination of words (one of which is in I. p.) | We often went there. Two clouds float across the sky. |
| A combination of words without and. NS. | About an hour passed. |
Predicted as a member of a sentence. Types of predicate
The predicate is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject of a special connection and has the meaning expressed in the questions what makes the subject of speech? what's going on with him? what is he like? what is he? who is he? and etc.
The predicate in Russian is simple and complex. A simple (simple verb) predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of any mood.
Compound predicates are expressed in several words, one of them serves to connect with the subject, while the semantic load falls on the others. In other words, in compound predicates, the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.
(Verb was colonel
(Verb started serves to communicate with the subject, on the word work the semantic load of the predicate falls.)
Among the compound predicates, a compound verb and a compound nominal predicate are distinguished.
Learn more about the types of predicates. Simple verb predicate
A simple verb predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of any mood.
It can be expressed in the following forms of the verb:
| The form of the present and past tense of the verb. |
|
| The future tense of the verb. | |
| Forms of the conditional and imperative mood of the verb. |
We emphasize that if you are expected tomorrow, a simple verb predicate is expressed by the compound form of the future tense of the verb wait.
Compound verb predicate
A compound verb predicate consists of two components - an auxiliary verb, which serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and the indefinite form of the verb, which expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.
(I started here - this is an auxiliary verb, and gnawing is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)
(I don't want to here - this is an auxiliary verb, and offending is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)
Combinations of some short adjectives (must, glad, ready, obliged, etc.) and the auxiliary verb-link can act as an auxiliary verb in the form of one of the moods (in the present tense this link is omitted).
(the bundle should be omitted here).
So, let's imagine the structure of a compound verb predicate by the formula:
| COMPOSITION Verb. SKAZ. = HELP. Verb. + UNDEFINIT. THE FORM |
Compound nominal predicate
A compound nominal predicate consists of two components: a connective verb, which serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and the nominal part, which expresses its basic lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.
(Here the connective verb becomes, and the nominal part is expressed by the adjective viscous.)
(Here, the connecting verb will be, and the nominal part of the predicate is expressed by the noun handball player.)
We represent the structure of a compound nominal predicate by the formula:
| COMPOSITION NAME. SKAZ. = CONNECTION. Verb. + NAME PART |
The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is expressed by the following parts of speech: a noun, an adjective (full and short, different forms of degrees of comparison), a participle (full and short), a numeral, a pronoun, an adverb, a word category of a state, a verb in an indefinite form.
In the Russian language, at least four main types of one-part sentences can be distinguished.
Basic types of two-part sentences
| The form of expression of the subject and predicate | Examples of |
| The subject is expressed by a noun or a pronoun in the nominative case, the predicate - by a specific form of the verb. | |
| The subject is expressed by a noun or a pronoun in the nominative case, the predicate - by a noun in the nominative case. In the past and future tenses, a linking verb appears and the case in the predicate changes to instrumental. | |
| The subject is expressed by an indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate is also an indefinite form of the verb. Particles are possible between the subject and the predicate, this means. | |
| The subject is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb or by a phrase based on it, the predicate by an adverb. | |
| The subject is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb or by a phrase based on it, the predicate by a noun in the nominative case or by a phrase based on it. In the past and future tenses, a linking verb appears and the case in the predicate changes to instrumental. | |
| The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate - by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it. A linking verb appears in the past and future tenses. | |
| The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate - by an adjective or a participle (full or short) in the nominative case. In the past and future tenses, the verb appears in the predicate. |
Knowing the basic types of two-part sentences makes it easier to find grammatical bases in them.
Basic types of one-part sentences
| Typical form and meaning | ||
| Nominative (nominative) sentences | These are sentences where the main member is expressed by a noun or a pronoun-noun in the nominative form. This main member is considered the subject and indicate that there is no predicate in the nominative sentence. Nominative sentences usually indicate that some phenomenon or object exists (are) in the present. | Big square in the town. Here is a bench. |
| Definitely personal suggestions | The predicate is expressed by a verb in the form of 1 or 2 persons. The ending of the verb in these cases clearly indicates the face and number of the pronoun (I, we, you, you). There is no need to use these pronouns as a subject. | |
| Uncertain personal suggestions | The predicate is expressed by a verb in the 3-person plural form (in the present and future tense) or in the plural form (in the past tense). In such sentences, the action itself is important, and the agent is either unknown or not important to the speaker, therefore the subject is absent in them. |
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| Impersonal sentences | These are sentences in which there is and cannot be a subject, since they denote actions and states that are thought to occur “by themselves,” without the participation of an active agent. According to their form, these sentences are divided into two types: with a verb predicate and with a predicate - a word of the category of state. The verb predicate can be expressed by a verb in the form of the 3rd person singular (in the present and future tense) or in the form of the neuter singular (in the past tense). This role is usually played by impersonal verbs or verbs in impersonal use. The verb predicate can also be expressed in the indefinite form of the verb. | In order not to freeze she captured sweater. |
| In addition, the predicate in an impersonal sentence can be the word no. |
The owners are not at home. |
Minor members of the proposal: definition, addition, circumstance
All members of the proposal, except for the main ones, call minor.
Minor members of the sentence are not included in the grammatical base, but extend (explain) it. They can explain other minor members as well.
Let's demonstrate what has been said with a diagram:
According to their meaning and role in the sentence, minor members are divided into definition, addition and circumstance. These syntactic roles are identified by questions.
Appreciated (to what extent?) high- circumstance.
Appreciated (what?) canvases- addition.
Canvases (whose?) his- definition.
Supplement as a member of a proposal. Types of add-ons
An addendum is a minor member of a sentence that answers questions of indirect cases (i.e. all but the nominative) and denotes a subject. The add-on usually propagates the predicate, although other members of the sentence can also propagate.
I enjoy reading (what?) Magazines. (Here, the addition of magazines distributes the predicate.)
Reading (what?) Magazines is fun. (Here the addition of the journals spreads the subject.)
Additions are most often expressed by nouns (or words in the function of nouns) and pronouns, but they can also be represented by the indefinite form of the verb and meaningful phrases.
He shaved during the campaign (with what?) With a bayonet. (Here the addition of a bayonet is expressed by a noun.)
This is understandable only to connoisseurs (what?) Of beauty. (Here the complement of the beautiful is expressed as an adjective as a noun.)
And I will ask you (about what?) To stay. (Here the object is to remain in the indefinite form of the verb.)
He read (what?) A lot of books. (Here, the addition of many books is expressed in a combination that is integral in meaning.)
Additions are direct and indirect.
Direct objects refer to transitive verbs and denote the subject to which the action is directly directed. Direct objects are expressed in the accusative case without a preposition.
I don’t know when I’ll see my relatives now.
These furnaces used to melt steel (c.p.).
All other additions are called indirect.
Play the piano (p. P.).
I put the bread on the table (VP with an excuse).
I was forbidden to worry (expressed in the indefinite form of the verb).
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