Where the conversational style of speech is used. Comparison of the spoken style of speech with other styles. The originality of the conversational style

Stylistics

Stylistic features conversational style speeches

High culture colloquial speech and writing, good knowledge and development of a sense of the native language, the ability to use it expressive means, its stylistic diversity is the best support, the most faithful support and the most reliable recommendation for each person in his public life and creative activities.

V.A. Vinogradov

Introduction

My work is devoted to the study of the colloquial style of speech.

The main goal is to identify the stylistic features of this style of speech, to figure out how the spoken language differs from other styles. My task is to define the colloquial style of speech, divide it into types, determine the specifics and in-style features of the colloquial style.

Language is a means of communication between people, a tool for the formation and expression of thoughts and feelings, a means of assimilating new information, new knowledge. But in order to effectively influence the mind and feelings, a speaker of a given language must be fluent in it, that is, possess a speech culture.

M. Gorky wrote that language is the primary element, the main material of literature, that is, that vocabulary, syntax, the whole structure of speech are the primary element, the key to understanding the ideas and images of a work. But language is also an instrument of literature: “The struggle for purity, for semantic accuracy, for the sharpness of language is a struggle for a cultural instrument. The sharper this weapon, the more precisely it is directed, the more victorious it is. "

Stylistics (the word "style" comes from the name of the needle, or the stylet which the ancient Greeks wrote on wax tablets) is a section of the science of language that studies styles literary language(functional styles of speech), patterns of language functioning in different spheres of use, peculiarities of the use of linguistic means depending on the situation, content and goals of the statement, sphere and condition of communication. Stylistics introduces the stylistic system of the literary language at all its levels and the stylistic organization of correct (in compliance with the norms of the literary language), accurate, logical and expressive speech. Stylistics teaches the conscious and appropriate use of the laws of language and the use of language means in speech.

There are two directions in linguistic stylistics: language stylistics and speech stylistics (functional stylistics). The stylistics of the language explores the stylistic structure of the language, describes the stylistic means of vocabulary, phraseology and grammar. Functional stylistics studies, first of all, various types of speech, their dependence on different goals of the statement. MN Kozhina gives the following definition: "Functional stylistics is a linguistic science that studies the features and patterns of the functioning of language in various types of speech, corresponding to certain spheres of human activity and communication, as well as the speech structure of the resulting functional styles and" norms "Selection and combination of linguistic means in them" 1. At its core, stylistics should be consistently functional. It should reveal the connection between different types of speech with the topic, the purpose of the statement, with the conditions of communication, the addressee of the speech, the attitude of the author to the subject of speech. The most important category of stylistics is functional styles - varieties of literary speech (literary language) serving various aspects of social life. Styles are the different ways a language is used when communicating. Each style of speech is characterized by both the originality of the selection of linguistic means, and their unique combination with each other.

The classification of styles is based on extralinguistic factors: the scope of the language, the subject matter caused by it, and the goals of communication. The spheres of application of the language correspond to the types of human activities corresponding to the forms public conscience(science, law, politics, art). Traditional and socially significant spheres of activity are: scientific, business (administrative and legal), socio-political, artistic. Accordingly, they also distinguish the styles of official speech (book): scientific, official business, journalistic, literary and artistic (artistic).

The functional style is a historically developed and socially conscious variety of the literary language (its subsystem), functioning in a certain area of human activity and communication, created by the peculiarities of the use of linguistic means in this area and their specific organization.

Chapter 1. Conversational style of speech

Conversational style is a functional style of speech that serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and vernacular vocabulary.

The usual form of implementation of the spoken style is dialogue, this style is more often used in oral speech... There is no preliminary selection of language material in it. In this style of speech, extra-linguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, the environment.

The conversational style is characterized by emotionality, imagery, concreteness, simplicity of speech. For example, in a bakery the phrase: “Please, with bran, one,” does not seem strange.

A relaxed atmosphere of communication leads to greater freedom in the choice of emotional words and expressions: colloquial words are used more widely ( stupid, rotozei, talking shop, giggle, giggle), vernacular ( neigh, rohlya, awful, disheveled), slang ( parents - ancestors, iron, world).

In a colloquial style of speech, especially at its fast pace, less reduction of vowels is possible, up to their complete loss and simplification of consonant groups. Derivational features: suffixes of subjective assessment are widely used. To enhance expressiveness, word doubling is used.

Oral speech is a form of speech activity, including the understanding of sounding speech and the implementation of speech utterances in sound form (speaking). Oral speech can be carried out with direct contact of the interlocutors or it can be mediated by a technical means (telephone, etc.), if communication takes place at a considerable distance. Oral speech, in contrast to written speech, is characterized by:

redundancy (presence of repetitions, clarifications, explanations);
the use of non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions),
economy of speech utterances, ellipses (the speaker may not name, skip what is easy to guess).

Oral speech is always conditioned by the speech situation. Distinguish:

unprepared oral speech (conversation, interview, presentation in a discussion) and prepared oral speech (lecture, report, speech, report);
dialogical speech (direct exchange of statements between two or more persons) and monologue speech (a type of speech addressed to one or a group of listeners, sometimes to oneself).

· Literary conversational style

Literary language can be divided into two functional varieties - book and colloquial.
Calling this division of the literary language "the most general and most indisputable", D.N. Shmelev wrote about this: "At all stages of the development of the literary language, even when overcoming the alienation of the written language in one way or another, when the halo of just literacy and mastery of a special book language fades, the speakers in general never lose the feeling of difference between" how you can say ", and by" how to write ".
The next step in the division of the literary language is the division of each of its varieties - book and spoken languages - into functional styles. The colloquial variety of the literary language is an independent and self-sufficient system within the general system of the literary language, with its own set of units and the rules for combining them with each other, used by native speakers of the literary language in conditions of direct, unprepared communication in the absence of official relations between the speakers.
The spoken literary language is not codified: it certainly has certain norms (due to which, for example, it is easy to distinguish the oral speech of a native speaker from the oral speech of a native speaker of a dialect or vernacular), but these norms have developed historically and are not deliberately regulated by anyone and are not fixed in in the form of any rules and recommendations.
Thus, codification - non-codification - is another, and very significant, feature that distinguishes between the bookish and colloquial varieties of the literary language. Conversational style is a special kind of language that is used by a person in everyday, everyday communication.
The main difference between the spoken style and the book style of the Russian language lies in the different manner of presenting information. So, in book styles, this manner obeys the rules of the language fixed in dictionaries. Conversational style obeys its own norms, and what is not justified in book speech is quite appropriate in natural communication.

· Conversational style

Conversational style functions in the sphere of everyday communication. This style is realized in the form of easy speech (monologue or dialogue) on everyday topics, as well as in the form of private, informal correspondence. Ease of communication is understood as the absence of an attitude towards a message that is official (lecture, speech, answer at the exam, etc.), informal relations between speakers and the absence of facts that violate the informality of communication, for example, strangers. Conversational speech functions only in the private sphere of communication, in everyday life, friendly, family, etc. In the field of mass communication, colloquial speech is not applicable. However, this does not mean that the colloquial and everyday style is limited to everyday topics. Conversational speech can also touch upon other topics - a conversation with a family or a conversation of people in informal relationships: about art, spider, politics, sports, etc.; conversation of friends at work related to the profession of speakers, conversations in public institutions, such as clinics, schools, etc.
The colloquial style is opposed to the book style, since they function in the same areas. social activities... Conversational speech includes not only specific linguistic means, but also neutral ones, which are the basis of the literary language. Therefore, this style is associated with other styles that also use language neutral means.

The colloquial and everyday style is contrasted with the book styles, since they function in certain spheres of social activity. However, colloquial speech includes not only specific linguistic means, but also neutral ones, which are the basis of the literary language. 3
Within the limits of the literary language, spoken language is opposed to a codified language. (A language is called codified, because in relation to it, work is underway to preserve its norms, its purity). But codified literary language and colloquial speech are two subsystems within the literary language. As a rule, every native speaker of the literary language is fluent in both of these types of speech. with
The main features of the everyday conversational style are the already indicated casual and informal nature of communication, as well as the emotionally expressive coloring of speech. Therefore, in colloquial speech, all the richness of intonation, facial expressions, gestures are used. One of its most important features is its reliance on an extra-linguistic situation, i.e. the immediate environment of speech in which communication takes place. For example: (Woman before leaving home) What should I wear? (about the coat) Is that something? Or that? (about the jacket) Will I freeze? Listening to these statements and not knowing the specific situation, it is impossible to guess what they are talking about. Thus, in colloquial speech, the extra-linguistic situation becomes component part th act of communication.

3 - Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook (under the editorship of Prof. V. I. Maksimov. - M .: Gardariki, 2002. - 89 - 93 p.

Everyday conversational style of speech has its own lexical and grammatical features. A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is its lexical heterogeneity. Here there are the most diverse and thematically and stylistically groups of vocabulary: general book vocabulary, terms, foreign language borrowings, words of high stylistic coloring, as well as facts of vernacular, dialects, jargons. This is explained, firstly, by the thematic variety of colloquial speech, which is not limited to the framework of everyday topics, everyday remarks; secondly, the implementation of colloquial speech in two keys - serious and playful, and in the latter case it is possible to use a variety of elements.
Syntactic constructions also have their own characteristics. For colloquial speech, constructions with particles, with interjections, constructions of a phraseological nature are typical: "They say to you, they say, but everything is useless!", "But where are you? There's dirt!" and so on.

· Vernacular

Colloquial words are typical for colloquial speech. They serve as characteristics of the phenomenon in the circle of everyday relations; do not go beyond the norms of literary word use, but convey the ease of speech. Vernacular is characteristic of non-literary urban colloquial speech, which contains many recent dialect words, words of colloquial origin, new formations that arise to characterize various everyday phenomena, derivational variants of neutral vocabulary. The colloquial word is used in the literary language as a stylistic means to give speech a touch of playful, dismissive, ironic, rude, etc. Often these words are expressive, expressive synonyms of neutral words. Common speech is one of the forms of the national language, along with dialect, jargon and literary language: together with popular dialects and jargons, it constitutes the spoken, non-codified sphere of national speech communication - the folk-spoken language; has a supra-dialectal character. Common speech, in contrast to dialects and jargons, is a common speech for native speakers of the national language.

This is a kind of Russian national language, the bearer of which is the uneducated and poorly educated urban population. This is the most peculiar subsystem of the Russian language, which has no direct analogs in other national languages. Common speech differs from territorial dialects in that it is not localized in one or another geographical framework, but from the literary language (including colloquial speech, which is a variety of it) - in its not codification, but normativeness, the mixed nature of the linguistic means used. In terms of its functional role, in relation to the literary language, vernacular is an original speech sphere within each national language. Functionally opposed to the literary language, vernacular, like the literary language, is communicatively significant for all native speakers of the national language. Being a category universal for national languages, vernacular in each of them has specific features and its own special relationship with the literary language. In common parlance, units of all language levels are represented; against the background of the literary language, vernacular is revealed in the field of stress, pronunciation, morphology, vocabulary, phraseology, word usage (“lay down” instead of “put”, “back” in the meaning of “again”). Especially clearly the originality of vernacular is manifested in the use of elements of the literary language (cf. "show on TV"), in the grammatical and phonetic design of the words of the general vocabulary fund ("slippers", "afterwards", "here" instead of "slipper", "after", "here"). Common speech is characterized by expressively "lowered" evaluative words with a range of shades from familiarity to rudeness, which in the literary language have neutral synonyms (compare pairs "shy away" - "hit", "snooze" - "sleep", "drapanut" - "run away "). In the Russian language, vernacular is a historically formed speech system, the formation and development of which is closely connected with the formation of the Russian national language (the word “vernacular” itself was formed from the phrase “simple speech” used in the 16-17th centuries). When colloquial speech was formed and began to function within the framework of the Russian literary language, the boundaries of vernacular were stabilized. Forms of correlation and interaction of vernacular with the literary language have developed, as a result of which a literary vernacular was formed, which serves as the border of the literary language with the folk-spoken language - a special stylistic layer of words, phraseological units, forms, turns of speech, united by a bright expressive coloring"Depressedness", rudeness, familiarity. The norm of their use lies in the fact that they are allowed into the literary language with limited stylistic tasks: as a means of socially speech characteristics of characters, for the "diminished" in expressive terms, characteristics of persons, objects, events. Literary vernacular includes only those speech elements that have become entrenched in the literary language due to their long-term use in literary texts, after a long selection, semantic and stylistic processing. Along with vernacular words, dialectisms and jargonisms that have lost their local and socially limited attachment are included in literary vernacular. The literary vernacular should also include the words denoting realities for which there are no nominations in the literary language, for example, "green". Labels in explanatory dictionaries "simple." and "obl." mean that the corresponding word or phraseological unit refers to literary vernacular. The composition of literary vernacular is mobile and constantly renewed; many words and expressions acquired the status of “colloquial” and even “bookish”, for example, “everything will be fine”, “study”, “bow”, “day off”, “whiner”, “comb”. Certain phenomena appear in the winged words, literary quotations ("They want to show their education", "Kazhinny time in this place"). In general literary speech, the term "vernacular" is often used as a designation of a single word or turnover of a "reduced" coarse or rude familiar coloring.

· Non-linguistic factors that determine the specifics of the spoken style of speech

Facial expressions(Greek μιμιχοζ - imitator) - expressive movements of the muscles of the face, which are one of the forms of manifestation of certain human feelings - joy, sadness, disappointment, satisfaction, etc. Also, animals in biocommunication, for example, primates, often use facial expressions to express some feelings. Mimicry is one of the auxiliary ways of communication between people. Accompanying speech, it contributes to its expressiveness. For a long time mankind is familiar with physiognomy. The art of face reading was especially developed in Japan and China during the Middle Ages. In these countries, huge treatises on physiognomy were written, schools were created where it was patiently and carefully studied. In schools where physiognomy was studied, the human face was studied literally by a millimeter, attaching importance to every tubercle, every redness or paleness of the skin. Based on the accumulated material, physiognomists tried to determine the character and interpret his fate. The first correct explanation of the relationship between a stable facial expression and repetitive movements of facial muscles was made by Leonardo da Vinci. For his research in the field of physiognomy, he chose old people, since their wrinkles and changes in facial features spoke of their suffering and feelings. Distinguish:

Rice. 1 Children's facial expressions - involuntary

voluntary (conscious) facial expressions as an element of acting, which consists of conveying the character's state of mind with expressive movements of the facial muscles. She helps the actor in creating a stage image, in determining the psychological characteristics, physical and mental state of the character.

Mimicry, as well as speech, can be used by a person to convey false information (that is, in order to show not those emotions that a person really feels at one time or another). The face is essential characteristic the physical appearance of a person. “Thanks to cortical control, a person can control every single muscle in his face. Cortical control of the external components of emotions has developed especially intensively in relation to facial expressions. This is determined, as P.K. Anokhin notes, by its adaptive characteristics and role in human communication. Social imitation, as one of the conditions for the development of facial expressions, is possible precisely due to its arbitrary regulation. In general, the socialization of facial expressions is carried out as the use of organic manifestations to influence a partner and as a transformation of emotional reactions adequate to the situation. Society can encourage the expression of some emotions and condemn others, it can create a “language” of facial expressions that enriches spontaneous expressive movements. In this regard, we are talking about universal or specific mimic signs, consequent or spontaneous facial expressions. Usually facial expressions are analyzed:

along the line of its arbitrary and involuntary components;
based on its physiological parameters (tone, strength, combination of muscle contractions, symmetry - asymmetry, dynamics, amplitude);
in social and socio-psychological terms (intercultural types of expressions, expressions belonging to a particular culture, expressions adopted in a social group, individual style of expression);
in the phenomenological terms (“topography of the mimic field”): fragmentary, differential and holistic analysis of facial expressions;
in terms of those mental phenomena to which these mimic signs correspond.

You can also analyze facial expressions based on those impressions-standards that are formed in the process of a person's perception of facial expressions surrounding people. Actual images-standards include features that not only characterize the model, but are sufficient for its identification ”.

Gesture(from lat. gestus- body movement) - some action or movement of the human body or its part, which has a certain meaning or meaning, that is, it is a sign or symbol. Sign language is rich in ways in which people express a wide variety of emotions and meanings, such as insults, hostility, friendliness, or approval towards others. Most people use gestures and body language in addition to words when speaking. Many gestures are used by people subconsciously.

It is believed that some ethnic groups use gestures more often than others, and the culturally acceptable amount of gesture differs from one place to another. For example, the same gesture in Germany or the Scandinavian countries can be expressed with just a slight movement of the hand, while in Italy or Spain the same gesture can be expressed with a sweeping movement of the entire hand. Commonly used gestures include an action such as pointing at something or someone (this is one of the few gestures whose meaning differs little in different countries), as well as using the hands and body in sync with the rhythms of speech to emphasize certain words or phrases. Many superficially similar gestures have different meanings in different countries. The same gesture can be harmless in one country and vulgar in another. In addition, even the same type or similar gestures may differ slightly from country to country. For example, when a Russian counts something on his fingers, he usually bends his fingers into the palm of his hand, while a typical American, on the contrary, unbends his fingers when counting. In the West, fingers spread out in the form latin letter V stands for victory. But before World War II, fingers spread out in the shape of a Latin V, thrown over the interlocutor, meant a call to silence. In Italy, this is an insulting allusion to adultery. And in our country it is a "goat", that is, an expression of a threat in a marginal environment. By nature and function, gestures can be subdivided into:

1) indicative;

2) pictorial;

3) symbolic;

4) emotional;

5) rhythmic;

6) mechanical. Demonstrative gestures clarify the demonstrative pronouns one, this, this. Figurative gestures are used when words are not enough, when you want to "clearly" demonstrate the shape of an object, its size, etc.

Symbolic gestures are conditional, they are associated with abstraction (for example, the artists bow to the audience after the performance). Emotional gestures are used to express emotions and feelings. Rhythmic gestures reflect the rhythm of speech. These gestures emphasize slowdown, acceleration of speech, and also emphasize logical stress.

Chapter 2 Intra-style features of colloquial speech

Speech, as a means of organizing communication between a small number of people who are nearby and well-known to each other, has a number of distinctive features. This is colloquial speech, which is characterized by:

1) personal addressing, that is, the individual appeal of the interlocutors to each other, taking into account mutual interests and the ability to understand the topic of the message; closer attention to organization feedback with partners, since the addressee of colloquial speech is always present, has the same degree of reality as the speaker, actively influences the nature of verbal communication, the partner's position is constantly reflected, rethought, they react to it, anticipate and evaluate it;

2) spontaneity and ease: the conditions of direct communication do not allow planning the conversation in advance, the interlocutors interfere in each other's speech, clarifying or changing the topic of the conversation; the speaker can interrupt himself, remembering something, returning to what has already been said;

3) situational speech behavior, direct contact of the speakers, the fact that the objects in question are most often visible or known to the interlocutors, allows them to use facial expressions and gestures as a way to compensate for the inaccuracy of expressions inevitable in informal speech;

4) emotionality: situationality, spontaneity and ease of speech in direct communication inevitably enhance its emotional coloring, highlight the emotional-individual perception of the speaker both of the topic of conversation and the interlocutor, which is achieved with the help of words, the structural organization of sentences, intonations; the desire to be understood encourages the interlocutors to express their personal assessments, emotional preferences, and opinions in private.

5) Failure arouses INTEREST in humans. At the moment when a person is interested, he actively ponders this innuendo, tries to choose its continuation himself, drawing a huge number of options for himself. In his head, many questions and many possible answers arise. In other words, an intriguing person makes the other person think and ask themselves.

6) Not full. The vocabulary of the Russian language is a single, complex system. The lexical system in this case is called an internally organized set of linguistic elements that are naturally interconnected by relatively stable relations and constantly interacting. This definition combines two interdependent aspects of the vocabulary system: the lexical system as a set of nominative means, and the lexical system as a form of organization and interaction of these elements. Therefore, the concept of incompleteness of statements must be considered from the point of view of both vocabulary and semantics, the syntax of the linguistic structure. Lexical incompleteness of statements manifests itself mainly in colloquial speech (in incomplete and elliptical sentences). And, according to the definition of M.I. "The cutback of the syntactic construction, justified by the semantic background, which has arisen due to the integral lexical system of the dialogue." In the dialogue, as a rule, already named words are not repeated, the preceding and subsequent remarks are closely interrelated, therefore, most often in colloquial speech, the lexical incompleteness of statements is justified. But the underdevelopment of the human speech apparatus cannot be mistaken for the lexical incompleteness of utterances. For this case, A.V. Prudnikova introduces a new concept - the lexical inferiority of the statement, which implies the distortion of the semantic, lexical, syntactic structure of the sentence.

The listed features determine the most important functions of speech in interpersonal communication. These include emotive and conative. Emotive function connected with the subjective world of the addressee (speaker), with the expression of his experiences, his attitude to what is being said, it reflects the speaker's self-esteem, his need to be heard, understood. Conative function is associated with an attitude towards the addressee (listener), with the desire to influence him, to form a certain nature of the relationship, it reflects a person's needs to achieve their goals, to influence other people; this function is manifested in the structural organization of the conversation, the target orientation of speech.

As an illustration, we present a small excerpt from V. Shukshin's story "Boots", namely the scene of discussion in a men's company of Sergei's purchase of women's boots.

«.. - Who is it for?

- To my wife.

Only then everyone fell silent.

- To whom ? - asked the rasp

- Klavke.

-Well ?.

The boot went from hand to hand; everyone also crumpled the bootleg, clicked on the sole ...

- How are they?

- Sixty five.

Everyone looked at Sergei with bewilderment. Sergei was slightly confused.

- What are you, ofonarel?

Sergei took the boot from Rasp.

- In! Rasp exclaimed. - Earring ... gave! Why would she like that?

- Wear.

Sergei wanted to be calm and confident, but inside he shuddered ...

- She ordered to buy such boots?

- What did she tell you to do with it? I bought it and that's it.

- Where will she put them on? - Sergei was merrily tortured. - The mud is hot, and he has boots for sixty-five rubles.

- Well this is winter!

- And in winter where ?

- Then it’s on the city’s leg. Klavkina won't fit for a second ... She's got some size ? It’s just on her nose.

- What does she wear ?

- Fuck you !. - completely angry. Sergey. - What are you worried about?

- Laughed

- Why, it's a pity, Seryozha! You didn't find them, sixty-five rubles.

- I earned, and I spent where I wanted. Why bazaar something in vain?

- She probably told you to buy rubber?

- Rubber ones .. Sergei was angry with might and main ...

- How do these ... sit, curva, counting other people's money. - Sergei got up. - More to do, is there nothing?

- Why are you getting into the bottle? Did something stupid, you were told. And don't be so nervous ...

- I'm not nervous. Why are you worried about me ?! In, the survivor was found! If only I could borrow from him, or what ..

- I'm worried because I can't calmly look at fools. I feel sorry for them.

- It's a pity - the bee is in the ass. Sorry for him!

- Got a little bit more and drove home ... "

The above excerpt not only vividly reproduces the features and techniques inherent in colloquial speech (among them - a constant change of positions of the speaker - listener; personal interest and activity of the speakers; the use of incomplete sentences, short phrases, a large number of pronouns, everyday vocabulary, the absence of participles and participles, etc. etc.), but the functions of speech in interpersonal communication are also excellently manifested: in the process of its deployment, the conversation becomes more and more emotional, which forces the interlocutors to clarify their own attitude to the subject of the conversation, to check stability own position and positions taken by others, thus speech turns out to be a factor in the personal self-determination of participants in conversational communication.

Conclusion

So, we learned that the colloquial style, as one of the varieties of the literary language, serves the sphere of easy communication of people in everyday life, in the family, as well as the sphere of informal relations at work, in institutions, etc. We also found out that the main form of implementation of the spoken style is oral speech, although it can also manifest itself in writing (informal letters of friendship, notes on everyday topics, diary entries, replicas of characters in plays, in certain genres of fiction and journalistic literature). In such cases, the features of the oral form of speech are recorded.

The main extralinguistic features that determine the formation of a conversational style are: ease (which is possible only with informal relations between speakers and in the absence of an attitude towards a message that is official), understatement, emotionality, immediacy and unpreparedness of communication. Both the sender of the speech and its recipient are directly involved in the conversation, often changing their roles, the relationships between them are established in the very act of speech. Such speech cannot be preliminarily thought out, the direct participation of the addressee and addressee determines its predominantly dialogical nature, although a monologue is also possible.

A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is emotionality, expressiveness, evaluative reaction. An important role in colloquial speech is played by the environment of verbal communication, the situation, as well as non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions, the nature of the relationship between the interlocutors, etc.).
Extra-linguistic features of the colloquial style are associated with its most common language features, such as standard, stereotypical use of language means, their incomplete structure at the syntactic, phonetic and morphological levels, discontinuity and inconsistency of speech from a logical point of view, weakening syntactic links between parts of an utterance or their lack of formalization, breaks of sentences with various kinds of insertions, repetitions of words and sentences, the widespread use of linguistic means with a pronounced emotional-expressive coloring, the activity of linguistic units of a specific meaning and the passivity of units with an abstract-generalized meaning.

Literature

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The definition of style is given in the works: Vinogradov V.V. Results of the discussion of stylistic issues // VYa. 1955. No. 1. P. 73; B.N. Golovin Foundations of the culture of speech. M., 1988.S. 261; Sirotinina O.B. Stylistics as a science of the functioning of language // Basic concepts and categories of linguistic stylistics. Perm, 1982.S. 12; M. N. Kozhina The stylistics of the Russian language. M., 1983.S. 49; and etc.

Features of the conversational style.

Completed by: Nikitina E.V. student 11a

general characteristics conversational style.

Conversational style is a style of speech used for direct communication between people. Its main function is communicative (information exchange). Conversational style is presented not only in oral speech, but also in writing - in the form of letters, notes. But mainly this style is used in oral speech - dialogues, polylogue. It is characterized by ease, unpreparedness of speech (lack of thinking over a sentence before speaking and preliminary selection of the necessary language material), informality, immediacy of communication, the obligatory transfer of the author's attitude to the interlocutor or the subject of speech, economy of speech efforts ("Mash", "Sash", "San Sanych ", etc.). An important role in the conversational style is played by the context of a certain situation and the use of non-verbal means (the interlocutor's reaction, gestures, facial expressions). The linguistic differences in colloquial speech include the use of non-lexical means (stress, intonation, speech rate, rhythm, pauses, etc.). The linguistic features of the colloquial style also include the frequent use of colloquial, colloquial and slang words (for example, "start" (start), "now" (now), etc.), words in a figurative sense (for example, "window" - in meaning "break"). The colloquial style of the text differs in that in it very often words not only name objects, their signs, actions, but also give them an assessment: "dodger", "good fellow", "careless", "clever", "golubit", "cheerful ". The syntax of this style is characterized by the use of simple sentences (most often compound and non-union), incomplete sentences (in dialogue), the wide use of exclamation and interrogative sentences, the absence of participial and participial expressions in sentences, the use of sentence words (negative, affirmative, incentive, etc. .). This style is characterized by interruptions in speech, which can be caused by various reasons (excitement of the speaker, looking for the right word, unexpected jumping from one thought to another). The use of additional structures that break the main sentence and introduce certain information, clarifications, remarks, corrections, explanations into it also characterizes the conversational style. In colloquial speech, complex sentences can also be found in which the parts are connected with each other by lexico-syntactic units: the first part contains evaluative words ("clever", "well done", "fool", etc.), and the second part justifies this assessment, for example: "Well done, that helped! "or" Fool Mishka, that he listened to you! " Conversational style features:

A common form is dialogue, less often a monologue.

A loose selection of linguistic means and simplicity (and slang words, and professional terms, and dialectisms, and curses), imagery and emotionality.

Conversational simplification of words (now - right now, what - what), sentences (one cup of coffee - one coffee). Phrases are often truncated and “adjusted” to a specific situation, in which clarifications and details are not needed (the door closed, got up and left); word doubling is common (yes, right, right).

Vague adherence to the consistency and concreteness of speech (if the interlocutors lose the thread of the conversation and move away from the initial topic).

The environment of verbal communication is important - facial expressions and gestures of the interlocutors, emotional reactions.

Frequent use of exclamation and interrogative sentences.

Scope of application: Household

Functions: Directly everyday communication, exchange of information.

Basic style features: ease, ease of speech, concreteness.

genre: friendly conversation, private conversations, everyday story.

Word formation. Many colloquial words are formed using certain affixes (in most cases - suffixes, less often - prefixes). So, in the category of nouns, the following suffixes are used with a greater or lesser degree of productivity, giving the words a colloquial character:

Ak (-yak): kind, big man, simpleton;

An (-yan): rude, old man;

Ah: bearded man, circus performer;

Ash: huckster;

Ak-a (-yak-a) - for the words of the general city: reveler, bully, onlooker;

Hedgehog: carve-up, cramming;

Yen: darling;

LA: tycoon, thug, crammed;

Lk-a: changing room, smoking room, reading room;

N-z: fuss, bickering;

Relation: running around, messing;

Ty: lazy, slobber;

Un: talker, talker, screamer, pachkun;

Wow: grubby, fat woman;

Osh; silly, naked, sturdy, kid;

Yag-a; poor fellow, hustler, hard worker.

Examples of the functioning of the conversational style:

1) As an example, we can cite the statement of one of the characters in the story of A. P. Chekhov "Revenge":

Open it, damn it! How long will I have to numb in this throughwind? If you knew that it is twenty degrees below zero in your corridor, you would not have made me wait so long! Or maybe you don't have a heart?

This short passage reflects the following features of the colloquial style: - interrogative and exclamatory sentences, - interjection of the colloquial style "damn it", - personal pronouns of 1 and 2 persons, verbs in the same form.

2) Another example is an excerpt from the letter of A.S. Pushkin to his wife, N.N. Pushkina, dated August 3, 1834:

It's a shame, little wife. You are angry with me, not making out who is to blame, me or the post office, and you leave me for two weeks without any news about yourself and about the children. I was so embarrassed that I didn't know what to think. Your letter has calmed me down, but not. The description of your trip to Kaluga, no matter how funny, is not at all funny for me. What kind of hunt is it to go to a nasty county town to see nasty actors playing nasty old, nasty opera?<…>I asked you not to drive around Kaluga, yes, apparently, you already have such a nature.

In this passage, the following linguistic signs of the spoken style appeared: - the use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary: wife, to drag around, nasty, to drive around, what a hunt, alliance and in the meaning of 'but', particles are not at all, the introductory word is visible, - a word with evaluative word-formation suffix gorodishko, - inversion word order in some sentences, - lexical repetition of the word bad, - appeal, - presence of an interrogative sentence, - use of personal pronouns 1 and 2 singular, - use of verbs in the present tense, - use of absent in the language plural forms of the word Kaluga (to drive around Kaluga) for the train The syntactic features of colloquial speech in combination with expressive vocabulary create a special, unique flavor of colloquial speech:

The syntactic features of colloquial speech in combination with expressive vocabulary create a special, unique flavor of colloquial speech:

A: Are you cold? B: Not at all! ; A: Did you wet your feet again? B: And how! What a rain! ; A: How interesting it was! B: Lovely! -, A: Milk ran away! B: Nightmare! The whole plate was flooded //; A: He almost got hit by a car! B: Horror! , A. He was again wheeled a deuce // B: Go crazy! ... A: Do you know who was there? Efremov // B: Wow! ... A: Let's move to the dacha tomorrow! B: Goes!

4) An example of a conversational style of speech, small text: - Have you tried it? I pointed to the cheese. - Dad said it was delicious. - Of course, delicious, since he ate it yesterday by both cheeks! - And you yourself, now you do not hamster as if you are having dinner for the last time, - I laughed. In it, slang expressions are clearly distinguished, which are inapplicable anywhere else than in everyday dialogue.

5) Dragon Chronicles

"Yulia Galanina in her" Chronicles of Dragons "can boast of a unique atmosphere, because she used not only in dialogues, but throughout the book in a conversational style. Here are examples of short texts:

"And I, as always, need more than anyone else. Apart from me, not a single fool has climbed the fence." "And dragons are a dangerous thing. And harmful, and disgusting, and frankly selfish, and also a dragon!"

The conversational style as one of the varieties of the literary language serves the sphere of easy communication of people in everyday life, in the family, as well as the sphere of informal relations at work, in institutions, etc.

The main form of implementation of the spoken style is oral speech, although it can also manifest itself in writing (informal letters of friendship, notes on everyday topics, diary entries, replicas of characters in plays, in certain genres of fiction and journalistic literature). In such cases, the features of the oral form of speech are recorded.

The main extralinguistic features that determine the formation of a conversational style are: ease (which is possible only with informal relations between speakers and in the absence of an attitude towards a message that has an official character), immediacy and unpreparedness of communication. Both the sender of the speech and its recipient are directly involved in the conversation, often changing their roles, the relationships between them are established in the very act of speech. Such speech cannot be preliminarily thought out, the direct participation of the addressee and addressee determines its predominantly dialogical nature, although a monologue is also possible.

A colloquial monologue is a form of a relaxed story about any events, about something seen, read or heard and is addressed to a specific listener (s) with whom the speaker must establish contact. The listener naturally reacts to the story by expressing agreement, disagreement, surprise, indignation, etc. or asking the speaker about something. Therefore, a monologue in colloquial speech is not so clearly opposed to dialogue as in writing.

A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is emotionality, expressiveness, evaluative reaction. So, to the question Wrote! instead of No, they did not write usually followed by emotionally expressive responses such as Where they wrote there! or Directly¾ wrote !; Where did they write there !; So they wrote!; Easy to say¾ wrote! etc.

An important role in colloquial speech is played by the environment of verbal communication, the situation, as well as non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions, the nature of the relationship between the interlocutors, etc.).

Extra-linguistic features of the spoken style are associated with such its most general linguistic features as standard, stereotypical use of linguistic means, their incomplete structured formulation at the syntactic, phonetic and morphological levels, discontinuity and inconsistency of speech from a logical point of view, weakening of syntactic connections between parts of an utterance or their lack of formalization. , sentence breaks of various kinds with insertions, repetitions of words and sentences, the widespread use of linguistic means with a pronounced emotional-expressive coloring, the activity of linguistic units of a specific meaning and the passivity of units with an abstract-generalized meaning.

Conversational speech has its own norms, which in many cases do not coincide with the norms of book speech, recorded in dictionaries, reference books, grammars (codified). The norms of colloquial speech, in contrast to the book, are established by usus (custom) and are not deliberately supported by anyone. However, native speakers feel them and any unmotivated deviation from them is perceived as a mistake. This allowed the researchers (O.B.Sirotinina, A.N. Vasilieva, N.Yu. Shvedova, O.A. Lapteva, etc.) to assert that modern Russian colloquial speech is normalized, although the norms in it are quite peculiar. In colloquial speech, to express similar content in typical and repetitive situations, ready-made constructions, stable turns, all kinds of speech clichés (formulas for greeting, goodbye, address, apology, gratitude, etc.) are created. These ready-made, standardized speech means are automatically reproduced and contribute to the strengthening of the normative nature of colloquial speech, which is the hallmark of its norm. However, the spontaneity of verbal communication, the lack of preliminary thinking, the use of non-verbal means of communication and the concreteness of the speech situation lead to a weakening of norms.

Thus, in the spoken style, stable speech standards coexist, reproduced in typical and repetitive situations, and general literary speech phenomena, which can be subject to various displacements. These two circumstances determine the specifics of the norms of the spoken style: due to the use of standard speech means and methods, the norms of the spoken style, on the one hand, are characterized by a higher degree of obligatoryness compared to the norms of other styles, where synonymy is not excluded, free maneuvering with a set of permissible speech means ... On the other hand, general literary speech phenomena inherent in the spoken style can, to a greater extent than in other styles, be subject to various displacements.

In the colloquial style, in comparison with the scientific and official-business style, the share of neutral vocabulary is significantly higher. A number of stylistically neutral words are used in figurative meanings specific to this particular style. For example, a stylistically neutral verb cut off(‘To separate something, part of something’) colloquially means ‘to answer sharply, wanting to end the conversation’ (Said¾ cut it off and didn't repeat it again), fly(‘Move, move through the air with the wings’) ¾ means ‘break, deteriorate’ (The internal combustion engine flew). See also: to dump(‘To shift the blame, the responsibility to someone’), toss up(‘Give, deliver’) put(‘To appoint to any position’), take off(‘Dismiss’), etc.

The vocabulary of everyday content is widely used: to be greedy, to bother, instantly, tiny, unaware, rightly so, on the sly, train, potatoes, cup, salt shaker, broom, brush, plate etc.

The use of words with a concrete meaning is widespread in the style under consideration and is limited with an abstract one; uncommon use of terms, foreign words that have not yet become common. The author's neologisms (occasionalisms) are active, polysemy and synonymy are developed, and situational synonymy is widespread. A characteristic feature of the lexical system of the spoken style is the richness of emotionally expressive vocabulary and phraseology (a hard worker, a parasite, an old man, a silly fool; a fool, whimsical, to cast a shadow on the fence, take by the throat, climb into a bottle, starve out).

Phraseological units in colloquial speech are often rethought, change shape, processes of contamination and comic phraseme renewal are active. A word with a phraseologically determined meaning can be used as an independent one, while maintaining the meaning of the whole phraseological unit: don't poke your nose¾ meddle¾ poke your nose into your own business, broke¾ get off the tongue. This is the expression of the law of economy of speech means and the principle of incomplete structure. A special kind of colloquial phraseology is made up of standard expressions, the usual formulas of speech etiquette such as How are you?; Good morning!; Be kind !; Thank you for attention; I beg your pardon etc.

The use of non-literary vocabulary (jargon, vulgarisms, rude and swear words, etc.) is not a normative phenomenon of the colloquial style, but rather a violation of the norms, just like the abuse of book vocabulary, which gives colloquial speech an artificial character.

Expressiveness and evaluativeness are also manifested in the field of word formation. Formations with suffixes of subjective assessment with the meaning of affection, diminutiveness, neglect, (dis) approval, irony, etc. are very productive. (daughter, daughter, daughter, hand, feisty, tremendous). Formations of words with the help of affixes are active, giving a colloquial or vernacular shade. This includes nouns with suffixes -ak (-yak): weakling, good-natured; -k-a: stove, wall; -sh-a: cashier, secretary; -an (-yan); old man, troublemaker; -un: bouncer, talker; -she: sturdy, kid; -l-a: imagined, tycoon; rel-I: running around, crushing; adjectives with suffixes uzh (-yusch): tremendous, thin; with prefix pre-: kind, unpleasant; prefix-suffix verbs: stroll, walk, pronounce, whisper; verbs on - to play: to be fashionable, to grimace, to wander, to do carpentry; on (-a) -to: push, curse, scare, mutter, gasp. Colloquial speech, to a greater extent than book speech, is characterized by the use of multi-prefixed verb formations (re-elect, hold back, reflect, throw). Prefixed reflexive verbs with vivid emotional-evaluative and figurative expression are used (run over, work out, negotiate, think of it), complicated prefix-recurrent formations (dress up, think up, talk).

To enhance expression, word doubling is used, sometimes with a prefix (big-big, white-white, fast-fast, small-very small, tall-tall). There is a tendency towards reduction of names, replacement of non-one-word names with one-word ones (grade book ¾ record book, ten year school ¾ ten years old, nautical school ¾ sailor, surgical department ¾ surgery, eye specialist ¾ oculist, schizophrenic patient ¾ schizophrenic). Metonymic names are widely used (Today will be a meeting of the trade union bureau¾ Trade union bureau today; Dictionary of the Russian language, compiled by S.I. Ozhegov¾ Ozhegov).

In the field of morphology, one can note, firstly, grammatical forms that function mainly in a colloquial style, and secondly, the use of stylistically unmarked grammatical categories, their relationship here is different in comparison with other functional styles. This style is characterized by forms on -a in the nominative plural, where in book styles the normative form is -s (bunker, cruiser, searchlight, instructor), forms on -y in genitive and prepositional (a kilogram of sugar, a glass of tea, a bunch of grapes, in the workshop, on vacation); null inflection in genitive plural (five grams, ten kilograms, a kilogram of tomato, compare books .: grams, kilograms, tomatoes).

Specifically, the quantitative distribution of the case forms of nouns: in the first place in terms of usage is the nominative case, the genitive is rarely used with the meaning of comparison, a qualitative characteristic; not usable instrumental with the meaning of the subject of action.

Possessive adjectives are used that are synonymous with indirect forms of nouns: Pushkin's poems (Pushkin's poems), the foreman's sister (the foreman's sister), Katya's brother (Katya's brother). In a predicative function, not the short form of the adjective is usually used, but the full one: The woman was laconic; Conclusions are indisputable(compare book: Real wisdom is laconic; The conclusions are undeniable). Short forms of adjectives are active only in reinforcing structures, where they are characterized by a pronounced expressive coloration: Well cunning !; It is painfully simple; Your deeds are bad!

One of characteristic features colloquial speech ¾ wide use of pronouns, not only replacing nouns and adjectives, but also used without reliance on context. For example, the pronoun such can indicate a positive quality or serve as an amplifier (She's such a woman!¾ beautiful, gorgeous, smart; Such beauty all around!). A pronoun in combination with an infinitive can replace the name of an object, i.e. exclude a noun. For example: Give me something to write; Bring something to read; Do you have something to write about?; Take something to eat. Due to the use of pronouns in colloquial speech ¾, the frequency of the use of nouns and adjectives is reduced. The insignificant frequency of the latter in colloquial speech is also associated with the fact that objects and their signs are visible or known to the interlocutors.

In a colloquial style, verbs prevail over nouns. The activity of the personal forms of the verb increases due to the passivity of verbal nouns, as well as participles and participles, which are almost never used in colloquial speech. Of the forms of participles, only the short form of the passive past participle of the neuter singular is active (written, smoked, plowed, done, said). Significant number of adjectified participles (a knowledgeable specialist, a hard worker, a wounded soldier, a torn boot, fried potatoes). A vivid sign of colloquial speech is the use of multiple and single action verbs (read, sat, walked, twisted, whipped, blasted), as well as verbs with the meaning of ultra-instantaneous action (knock, bryak, jump, jump, fuck, shas).

The immediacy and unpreparedness of the statement, the situation of verbal communication and other characteristic features of the colloquial style especially affect its syntactic structure. At the syntactic level, more actively than at other levels of the linguistic system, the incomplete structure of the expression of meaning by linguistic means is manifested. Incomplete structures, ellipticity ¾ this is one of the means of speech economy and one of the most striking differences between colloquial speech and other varieties of the literary language. Since the conversational style is usually realized in conditions of direct communication, everything that is given by the setting or follows from what was known to the interlocutors even earlier is omitted from speech. A.M. Peshkovsky, characterizing colloquial speech, wrote: “We always do not finish our thoughts, omitting from speech everything that is given by the situation or previous experience of the speakers. So, at the table we ask: "Are you coffee or tea?"; having met a friend, we ask: "Where are you going?"; having heard the annoying music, we say: “Again!”; offering water, let's say: "Boiled, don't worry!" etc."

The colloquial syntax is dominated by simple sentences, and they often lack the verb-predicate, which makes the statement dynamic. In some cases, statements are understandable outside the situation and context, which indicates their linguistic consistency. (I'm in the cinema; He is in the hostel; I would have a ticket; Tomorrow to the theater), in others ¾ the missing predicate verb is suggested by the situation: (in the mail) ¾ Please envelope with a stamp(give). Sentence words are used (positive, negative, incentive): ¾ Will you buy a ticket?¾ Required; Can you bring a book?¾ Of course;¾ Read the note?¾ Not yet;¾ Ready! March! Only colloquial speech is characterized by the use of special words and corresponding sentences expressing agreement or disagreement (Yes; No; Of course; Of course), they are often repeated (¾ Let's go to the forest?¾ Yes Yes!;¾ Are you buying this book?¾ No no).

Of the complex sentences in this style, the most active are compound and non-union. The latter often have a pronounced colloquial color, and therefore are not used in book speech. (You will come¾ call; There are people¾ do not spare themselves). Unpreparedness of the statement, the inability to preliminarily think over the phrase prevent the use of complex syntactic constructions in a colloquial style. Emotionality and expressiveness of colloquial speech is due to the wide use of interrogative and exclamation sentences (Haven't you watched this film? Would you like to see it? Let's go to the "October" now, Why are you sitting at home! In this weather!). Interjection phrases are active (No matter how it is!; Yes, well!; Well, yes ?; Of course!; Oh, is it?; Wow!); connecting structures are used (The plant is well equipped. The latest technology; He's a good man. He's also funny).

The main indicator of syntactic relations in colloquial speech is intonation and word order, while morphological means of communication ¾ the transmission of syntactic meanings using word forms ¾ are weakened. Intonation, closely related to the rate of speech, tone, melody, timbre of the voice, pauses, logical stress, etc., in a conversational style carries a huge semantic, modal and emotionally expressive load, giving speech naturalness, ease, liveliness, expressiveness. It makes up for what is not said, contributes to the intensification of emotionality, and is the main means of expressing the actual division. The topic of the utterance is highlighted with the help of logical stress, therefore, the element acting as a rheme can be located anywhere. For example, the purpose of the trip can be clarified using questions: Are you going to Moscow on a business trip? ¾ Are you going on a business trip to Moscow?¾ Are you going to Moscow on a business trip? ¾ Are you going on a business trip to Moscow? Circumstance (in business trip) can take a different position in the utterance, since it is emphasized by logical stress. Highlighting rhemes with intonation allows you to use interrogative words where, when, why, why etc., not only at the beginning of the statement, but also in any other position (When will you go to Moscow? - When will you go to Moscow?¾ When will you go to Moscow?). A typical feature of colloquial syntax is the intonational division of a topic and a rheme and their design into independent phrases (- How to get to the circus?¾ To the circus? Right; How mach is this book?¾ This? Fifty thousands).

The word order in colloquial speech, while not being the main means of expressing the actual division, has a high variability. It is freer than in book styles, but still plays a role in the expression of actual division: the most important, essential element that has the main meaning in the message is usually placed at the beginning of the utterance: The snow was heavy in the morning; He is strange; There was a fluffy herringbone; You need to run faster. Often the noun in the nominative case is put forward in the first place, since it serves as a means of actualization: Train station, where to get off ?; Shopping center, how to get there ?; The book was lying here, haven't you seen it?; The bag is red, show me, please!

For the purpose of expressive emphasis, a complex sentence often begins with a subordinate clause in cases where its postposition is the norm in other styles. For example: What to do¾ Do not know; That was not scared¾ well done; Who is brave¾ come out.

The simultaneity of thinking and pronouncing a speech during direct communication leads to frequent restructuring of the phrase on the go. In this case, sentences are either cut off, then additions to them follow, then their syntactic structure changes: But I don't see any particular reason to worry so much ... although, however ...; They bought a kitten recently. Such a cute etc.

Table of differential features of functional styles

Serving for direct communication between people. Its main function is communicative (information exchange). Conversational style is presented not only in but also in writing - in the form of letters, notes. But mainly this style is used in oral speech - dialogues, polylogue.

It is characterized by ease, unpreparedness of speech (lack of thinking over a sentence before speaking and preliminary selection of the necessary language material), informality, immediacy of communication, the obligatory transfer of the author's attitude to the interlocutor or the subject of speech, economy of speech efforts ("Mash", "Sash", "San Sanych ", etc.). An important role in the conversational style is played by the context of a certain situation and the use of non-verbal means (the interlocutor's reaction, gestures, facial expressions).

Lexical characteristics of the conversational style

Linguistic differences include the use of non-lexical means (stress, intonation, speech rate, rhythm, pauses, etc.). The linguistic features of the colloquial style also include the frequent use of colloquial, colloquial and slang words (for example, "start" (start), "now" (now), etc.), words in a figurative meaning (for example, "window" - in meaning "break"). Colloquial is distinguished by the fact that in it very often words not only name objects, their signs, actions, but also give them an assessment: "dodger", "good fellow", "careless", "clever", "golubit", "cheerful".

The conversational style is also characterized by the use of words with augmentation or diminutive suffixes ("spoon", "little book", "bread", "tea", "pretty", "big", "red"), phraseological phrases ("got up a little light "," rushed as fast as he could "). Particles, interjections, and appeals are often included in speech ("Masha, go get some bread!", "Oh, my God, who came to us!").

Conversational style: syntax features

The syntax of this style is characterized by the use of simple sentences (most often complex and non-union), (in dialogue), the wide use of exclamation and interrogative sentences, the absence of participial and participial expressions in sentences, the use of sentence words (negative, affirmative, incentive, etc.) ... This style is characterized by interruptions in speech, which can be caused by various reasons (excitement of the speaker, looking for the right word, unexpected jumping from one thought to another).

The use of additional structures that break the main sentence and introduce certain information, clarifications, remarks, corrections, explanations into it also characterizes the conversational style.

In colloquial speech, they can also occur in which parts are connected with each other by lexico-syntactic units: the first part contains evaluative words ("clever", "well done", "fool", etc.), and the second part justifies this assessment, for example : "Well done, that helped!" or "Fool Mishka, that he listened to you!"

Introduction

Conclusion

Introduction

Household vocabulary is a vocabulary serving nonproduction relationships of people, that is, relationships in everyday life. Most often, everyday vocabulary is represented by colloquial speech. Spoken language is a functional type of literary language. She performs the functions of communication and influence. Conversational speech serves such a sphere of communication, which is characterized by the informality of relations between the participants and the ease of communication. It is used in everyday situations, in a family setting, at informal meetings, meetings, unofficial anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, during confidential conversations between colleagues, a boss and a subordinate, etc.

The next characteristic feature of colloquial speech is the direct nature of the speech act, that is, it is realized only with the direct participation of the speakers, regardless of the form in which it is realized - in a dialogical or monologue.

The activity of the participants is confirmed by statements, remarks, interjections, and simply made sounds.

The structure and content of colloquial speech, the choice of verbal and non-verbal means of communication are greatly influenced by extralinguistic (extra-linguistic) factors: the personality of the addressee (speaker) and addressee (listener), the degree of their acquaintance and intimacy, background knowledge (general stock of the speakers' knowledge), speech situation (context of the statement). Sometimes, instead of a verbal answer, it is enough to make a hand gesture, to give your face the desired expression - and the interlocutor understands what the partner wanted to say. Thus, the extra-linguistic situation becomes an integral part of communication. Without knowing this situation, the meaning of the statement may be incomprehensible. Gestures and facial expressions also play an important role in colloquial speech.

Colloquial speech is uncodified speech, the norms and rules of its functioning are not recorded in various dictionaries and grammars. She is not so strict in adhering to the norms of the literary language. It actively uses forms that are classified in dictionaries as colloquial. “The litter does not denigrate them,” writes the well-known linguist MP Panov. “The litter warns: do not call the person with whom you are in strictly official relations darling, do not offer him to shove him somewhere, do not tell him that he is lanky and sometimes grumpy. In official papers, do not use the words lo and behold, to his fullest, home, penny. After all, reasonable advice? " In this respect, colloquial speech is contrasted with codified book speech. Colloquial speech, like book speech, has oral and written forms. The active study of colloquial speech began in the 60s. XX century. They began to analyze taped and hand-held recordings of spontaneous natural speech. Scientists have identified specific linguistic features of colloquial speech in phonetics, morphology, syntax, word formation, vocabulary.

colloquial speech Russian

Conversational style features

Conversational style is a style of speech that has the following characteristics:

used in conversations with familiar people in a relaxed atmosphere;

the task is to exchange impressions (communication);

the utterance is usually easy, lively, free in the choice of words and expressions, it usually reveals the author's attitude to the subject of speech and the interlocutor;

the characteristic linguistic means include: colloquial words and expressions, emotionally - evaluative means, in particular with the suffixes - ochk-, - enk-. - ik-, - k-, - ovat-. - evat-, perfective verbs with a prefix for - with the meaning of the beginning of an action, an appeal;

incentive, interrogative, exclamation sentences.

opposed to book styles in general;

the function of communication is inherent;

forms a system that has its own characteristics in phonetics, phraseology, vocabulary, syntax. For example: phraseology - running with the help of vodka and drugs is not fashionable these days. Vocabulary - a thrill, in an embrace with a computer, to get into the Internet.

Spoken language is a functional type of literary language. She performs the functions of communication and influence. Conversational speech serves such a sphere of communication, which is characterized by the informality of relations between the participants and the ease of communication. It is used in everyday situations, in a family setting, at informal meetings, meetings, unofficial anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, during confidential conversations between colleagues, a boss and a subordinate, etc.

Colloquial topics are determined by communication needs. They can vary from narrow-minded to professional, industrial, moral and ethical, philosophical, etc.

An important feature colloquial speech are its unpreparedness, spontaneity (Latin spontaneus - spontaneous). The speaker creates, creates his speech immediately "cleanly". As the researchers note, linguistic spoken features are often not realized, not fixed by consciousness. Therefore, it is not uncommon for native speakers to be presented with their own colloquial statements for a normative assessment, they rate them as erroneous.

The next characteristic feature of colloquial speech: - the direct nature of the speech act, that is, it is realized only with the direct participation of the speakers, regardless of the form in which it is realized - in a dialogical or monologue. The activity of the participants is confirmed by statements, remarks, interjections, and simply made sounds.

The structure and content of colloquial speech, the choice of verbal and non-verbal means of communication are greatly influenced by extralinguistic (extra-linguistic) factors: the personality of the addressee (speaker) and addressee (listener), the degree of their acquaintance and intimacy, background knowledge (general stock of the speakers' knowledge), speech situation (context of the statement). For example, to the question "Well, how?" depending on the specific circumstances, the answers can be very different: "Five", "Met", "Got enough", "Lost", "Unanimously". Sometimes, instead of a verbal answer, it is enough to make a hand gesture, to give your face the desired expression - and the interlocutor understands what the partner wanted to say. Thus, the extra-linguistic situation becomes an integral part of communication. Without knowing this situation, the meaning of the statement may be incomprehensible. Gestures and facial expressions also play an important role in colloquial speech.

In this respect, colloquial speech is contrasted with codified book speech. Colloquial speech, like book speech, has oral and written forms. For example, a geological scientist writes an article for a special journal about mineral deposits in Siberia. He uses book speech in writing. The scientist makes a report on this topic at an international conference. His speech is bookish, but the form is oral. After the conference, he writes a letter about his impressions to a colleague at work. The text of the letter - colloquial speech, writing.

At home, with his family, the geologist tells how he spoke at the conference, which of his old friends he met, what they talked about, what gifts he brought. His speech is spoken, its form is oral.

The active study of colloquial speech began in the 60s. XX century. They began to analyze taped and hand-held recordings of spontaneous natural speech. Scientists have identified specific linguistic features of colloquial speech in phonetics, morphology, syntax, word formation, vocabulary. For example, in the field of vocabulary, colloquial speech is characterized by a system of own methods of nomination (naming): various types of constriction (evening - evening newspaper, motor - motor boat, enroll - in an educational institution); non-single-word phrases (Is there anything to write? - a pencil, a pen, Give me something to hide - a blanket, a blanket, a sheet); one-word derivatives of words with a transparent inner form (opener - can opener, rattler - motorcycle), etc. Colloquial words are highly expressive (porridge, okroshka - about confusion, jelly, smear - about a sluggish, spineless person).

Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of its use

In the vocabulary of the modern Russian language, from the point of view of the sphere of its use, there are two main layers: common words and words that are limited in their functioning by the dialectal and social environment. Common vocabulary is common vocabulary for all Russian speakers. She happens to be necessary material to express concepts, thoughts and feelings. The bulk of these words are stable and used in all styles of speech (water, earth, book, table, spring, author, alphabet, promise, walk, speak, start, kind, good, red, fast, beautiful, etc.).

Dialectal vocabulary is characterized by limited use. It is not included in the lexical system of the common language. This or that dialect word belongs to one or several dialects (dialects) of the national language.

A dialect is a kind of language that functions in a certain territory, and is characterized by specific dialectal features (in addition to the features inherent in the entire language).

These features are the result of local, multi-temporal changes in the common language. The history of the development of dialects is associated with the history of their speakers. At present, only traces of the distant past have survived in dialects.

Dialectal vocabulary is words characteristic of any one dialect or several dialects: susa "ly" cheeky "(Smolensk), beckon" wait, hesitate "(Arkhangelsk), ba" sko "good, beautiful" (Novgorod), swallow " "put" (Vladimir), borsha "t" grumble "(Vologda), about" tka "father" (Ryazan), teeth "schha" desny "(Bryansk) and words known to all dialects of North Russian, South Russian dialects and Central Russian dialects. Wed: North Russian dialect words: yelling "to plow the earth", to plow 1) "to sweep the floor",

) "it is bad to cut bread, in thick slices", to drag "to harrow the land after plowing", bother "last year"; South Russian: speeding up "harrow the land after plowing", summer "last year", paneva "peasant homespun woolen skirt of a special cut (on assemblies)", rolling "duck"; Central Russian: bridge 1) "canopy",

) "the steps leading from the entrance to the courtyard", andadis "recently", for the "pop" apron.

The North Russian type of residential building is denoted by the word izba, and the South Russian type by the word khata, but the word izba is known far beyond the boundaries of the North Russian dialect. Probably because in the Old Russian language the word istba meant a heated room.

By the nature of the differences in dialect vocabulary, non-opposed and opposed dialect words are distinguished.

Non-opposed lexical units are words that exist in some dialects and are not used in others due to the absence of corresponding objects, concepts, etc.

In this dialect vocabulary, the following groups of words are distinguished:

Words related to the peculiarities of the local landscape, with the local natural conditions.

For example, Smolensk, Pskov - bachio "swamp, swamp", harrier "especially swamp in a swamp". In areas where there are no swamps, such words are absent.

Words denoting features of the material culture of the region (ethnographic dialectisms), for example, varieties of clothing that are common in one territory and absent in another. Wed the already mentioned South Russian word paneva (panya "va): on the territory of the northern Russian dialects the peasants wore not panevs, but sarafans; in the Pskov and Smolensk regions andara" ki ("a skirt made of homespun linen canvas"). Smolensk jacket, burka and, accordingly, Tula fur coat, short fur coat are not different names for the same item, but designate different items - specific local types of clothing.

This includes a group of words that denote different household items with the same or similar function. For example, a bucket "- tse" bar - a bowl - a tub are the names of objects in which water is stored in the house in winter, but there is a difference between them: a bucket is a metal or wooden vessel with handles in the form of a bow, tse "bar is a large wooden bucket with ears, only livestock is allowed to drink from it, a bowl is a wooden vessel, but without ears and a handle, a tub is a wooden vessel (barrel), which differs in shape from both the cebr and the bowl.

Different types utensils for storing and settling milk in different localities are called different words: pillar "n - jug (kukshin) - ku" hlik - pot - mahotka - gorlach - jban (zban).

Most of the dialect vocabulary is made up of words opposed to the corresponding names in other dialects. Their oppositions can be expressed in the following differences:

lexical differences proper, when different words are used to designate the same object, phenomenon, concept in different dialects (adverbs): pole - ruble - stick "an object with which sheaves are fastened, hay on a cart"; jelly - a well (colo "des'); grip - stag - forks" an object with which pots and cast iron are taken out of the oven "; squirrel - veksha - vave" rka; cloud - hma "ra; boring - morco" tno, etc .;
lexical and semantic differences, in which, as in the previous case, different words designate similar phenomena, concepts, but these differences are associated here with additional shades in the meaning of words. For example, the word hums (about a cow) in many dialects denotes a general concept, and in some dialects it has a connotation of "quiet"; this word is contrasted with the verb roar, which in some dialects denotes a general concept, and in others it has an additional connotation "loud". Wed adjectives sick - sick - sick, which in some dialects are used in the sense of "sick in general", and in others - have additional shades: sick, when it comes to a person with a cold, sick speak of a person with poor health, sick has a generalizing meaning "sick generally";
semantic differences, when the same word in different dialects has different meanings: weather - "weather in general", "good weather", "bad weather"; gai - "forest in general", "young forest", "young birch forest", "small area in the forest", "tall large forest";
word-formation differences, when the same-root words of different dialects differ from each other in word-formation structure with the identity of the meaning: scourge - biya "k - bichik - scourge" k - scourge "scourge, part of the flail"; povet - povet - sub-advice - povet - sub-advice "building for agricultural implements"; here - that cars "here"; there - that "maka" - that "lobes" there;
phonetic differences, in which the same root morpheme may differ in different dialects by separate sounds, however, this does not depend on the peculiarities of the phonetic system of the dialect and does not affect the latter, since it concerns only a single word: bath - banya; trouser - hook - rutabaga - belly "rutabaga"; karomysel - karomisel - karemisel "a device on which buckets are carried"; manor - usya "dba; log - berno" - berveno ";
accentological differences, in which words of different dialects that are identical in meaning are opposed according to the place of stress: cold - cold (lit, cold "lodno), chilly - chilled (lit. chilled); carrots - carrots, carrots - carrots (lit, carro" vb) ; to speak - to speak (lit, to speak).

Dialects are one of the sources of enrichment of the vocabulary of the Russian literary language in different periods its existence. This process was especially intense during the formation of the Russian national language. The assimilation of dialect words in the literary language was caused primarily by the lack of the necessary words in it to designate certain realities that characterize various aspects of human life and nature.

Slang vocabulary (or jargon) is the words and expressions found in the speech of people related to their occupation, pastime, etc. In the past, social jargons were widespread (the jargon language of the salons of the nobility, the language of the merchants, etc.). In our time, they usually talk about the jargon of people of a certain profession, student, youth, about slang words in the speech of schoolchildren; for example, words are common among students; grandmother "money", cool "special, very good", sacking "messing around", hut "apartment". Jargonisms are conventional, artificial names and have correspondences in the literary language.

Jargons are very unstable, they change relatively quickly and are a sign of a certain time, generation, and in different places the jargon of people of the same category may be different. One of the characteristic signs of student jargon at the end of the 70s was the use of distorted foreign words, mainly Anglicisms: shoe, label, mafon, etc. A type of jargon is argo - conditional lexical groups used mainly by declassified elements: pen "knife", plywood "money ", stand on naughty, etc.

It develops and changes under the influence of material production, social relations, the level of culture, as well as geographical conditions and has a huge impact on other aspects of people's lives. Household vocabulary is a vocabulary that names, names the sphere of nonproduction relations of people, that is, everyday life. Everyday vocabulary can exist both in writing and orally. But most often, everyday vocabulary is the vocabulary of oral speech.

Like the vocabulary of written speech, the vocabulary of oral speech is stylistically marked. It is not used in special forms of written speech and has a colloquial flavor.

In contrast to written speech, in oral speech there is no setting for the formality of communication: it is characterized by ease of communication, unpreparedness, situationalism, most often by bodily contact of communication, dialogicity.

These features of oral speech largely explain the stylistic features of her characteristic vocabulary. The vocabulary of oral speech in comparison with neutral appears as a whole as stylistically reduced.

The sphere of its use is the area of everyday household, as well as, to a large extent, professional communication of an unofficial nature.

Depending on the degree of literacy, stylistic decline, two main layers of the vocabulary of oral speech can be distinguished: colloquial and vernacular.

Colloquial vocabulary is words that are used in informal, casual communication. Being a stylistically colored layer of the vocabulary, the colloquial vocabulary does not go beyond the vocabulary of the literary language.

Most colloquial words are characterized in one way or another by an evaluative use: reveler, neat, crammed, big-eyed, big-nosed, shove in ("stick in"), stun ("greatly perplex"), discourage ("evade something, get rid of someone something "), etc.

Conversational marking is characteristic of the most diverse groups of this vocabulary.

A significant number of colloquial words are formed by semantic contraction of phrases through suffix derivation: soda (< газированная вода), зачетка (< зачетная книжка), зенитка (< зенитное орудие), читалка (< читальный зал), электричка (< электрический поезд) и мн. др.

The everyday and stylistically reduced character of such words is well understood when compared with compound nominations. The second component of combinations (nouns) is represented in these words of colloquial vocabulary by the suffix: sparkling water "gazirov-k (a)".

With semantic contraction, there can also be a complete elimination of one of the components of the phrase, and then the dropped word does not receive any reflection in the structure of the colloquial nomination. It can be eliminated as a definable word (chemistry< химическая завивка, декрет < декретный отпуск; ср.: Она сделала себе химию; Она - в декрете), так и определяющее (сад, садик < Kindergarten, language< иностранный язык; ср.: Петя перестал ходить в садик. Он уже изучает язык). Эти процессы - характерное явление разговорной речи.

Colloquial vocabulary also includes many words of a professional and business nature used in informal communication: steering wheel "steering wheel", brick "no-entry sign" to designate something: a border, a site, the beginning of any work "), to defend himself" to defend a thesis ", to settle down" to get an academic degree ", to sign" to register, to get married ", etc.

Colloquial vocabulary - stylistically reduced words that are, in contrast to colloquial vocabulary, outside the strictly standardized literary language.

Colloquial vocabulary is used for a reduced, rude assessment of what is indicated. Such words are characterized by a pronounced expression of negative assessment: bigot, shabby, wave off "go a long distance."

Colloquial and vernacular vocabulary, as already noted, differ in varying degrees of stylistic decline. There is no sharp border between them. Colloquial and vernacular vocabulary serve as an important constructive element of the organization of the conversational and everyday style.

General characteristics of colloquial speech

Conversational speech is used in cases where there is an unpreparedness of the speech act, the ease of the speech act and the direct participation of the speakers in the speech act. The immediacy of communication excludes the written form of speech, and ease is typical only for informal communication, therefore colloquial speech is oral unofficial speech.

Philologists are discussing the question of what kind of factor in colloquial speech is determining its essence, on the boundaries of colloquial speech. But it remains unquestionable that the features of colloquial speech are most vividly expressed when communicating with relatives, friends, close acquaintances, and less clearly when communicating with strangers by chance. This property of colloquial speech can be called the personality of communication (a person turns personally to Ivan or Peter, whose interests, possibilities of understanding, etc., are well known to him). More clearly, the features of colloquial speech are also manifested in those cases when the speakers not only hear, but also see each other, those objects "with which they are talking, and less brightly - in conversations on the phone. This property of colloquial speech can be called situational communication ( reliance on the situation, using not only words and intonation to convey information, but also facial expressions, gestures).

In cases where a conversation takes place between little-known or completely unfamiliar people, or the use of facial expressions and gestures is excluded (talking on the phone), spoken language loses a number of its characteristic features. It's like the periphery of colloquial speech.

The periphery of spoken language and non-spoken spoken language are often difficult to distinguish. Colloquial speech has a lot in common with non-literary speech (dialectal speech, various jargons), since they are united by the oral form, unpreparedness, informality and immediacy of communication. But dialects and jargons (as well as vernacular) are outside the literary language, and colloquial speech is one of its functional varieties.

Colloquial speech, unlike other varieties of the literary language, is uncodified speech, therefore, when using colloquial speech, there is no question about the admissibility or inadmissibility of using one or another grammatical form, structure, etc. The speaker is free to invent new formations (Poems cannot be read in a whisper; Is there watching today on TV?), In the use of imprecise designations: We arrived with these. in spacesuits or something (instead of gas masks), "Seda" (a second dish made from chicken, onions and tomatoes according to the recipe of a woman named Seda). He can sometimes use a non-literary word because of his expressiveness (mura) and rearrange the phrase on the go (He had nothing to do with linguistics, Bagrin had).

However, all this does not mean complete freedom. Colloquial speech is an uncodified but normalized kind of literary language. The norms of colloquial speech are based on those features that are widespread in the speech of cultural native speakers of the Russian language and do not cause condemnation in a conversation. The use of jargon (And where are you sick?), Inadmissible expressions in the literary language (swearing), illiterate phrases like I did not detain you a single gram violates the norms of colloquial speech; She's thin all the way. Of course, dialectal errors of pronunciation (with "aster"), word usage (chapelnik instead of a frying pan), etc. These are the norms of colloquial speech as a kind of literary language.

But the spine of the norm inherent in colloquial speech distinguishes it from other varieties of the literary language. Thus, incomplete answers are normative for colloquial speech and complete answers are non-normative (although they may occur); normatively collectively closed designation of objects, institutions, city districts, etc. He lives behind Sharik, i.e. further than where the ball bearing factory is located). II, the official expanded designations (universal steam juice cooker, stationery glue, casein) and names (Saratov Order of the Red Banner of Labor State University named after N.G. Chernyshevsky). Let us consider sequentially the phonetic norms of colloquial speech, as well as the lexical, morphological and syntactic features inherent in it.

In contrast to the phonetic norms of official literary speech, colloquial speech is characterized by a significantly less clear pronunciation. Due to the fact that, as a rule, it is reported about familiar facts known to the interlocutor, the speaker does not strain his organs of speech. Every teacher knows perfectly well from his own experience that with a sore throat, coughing, it is much more difficult for him to speak in class than at home. Formal speech for an entire class causes a sore throat and cough, as it requires greater clarity of pronunciation, i.e. tension of the corresponding muscles. Similarly, it is observed when talking on the phone (the lack of visual perception of the interlocutor also requires greater clarity of pronunciation). In an informal home environment, when the interlocutors understand each other literally from a half-word, there is no need for special stress on the organs of speech. Sounds are pronounced indistinctly, the ends of words and especially phrases are swallowed, the pronunciation of many words is so simplified that whole syllables fall out (lose instead of now, гър "т instead of speaks). Such an imprecision of pronunciation can lead to misunderstandings and imperfections: And what salary was given to her? ( was heard as "How much sugar to put"), I have an apron here (it was heard as "I have a heart attack"), etc. Such facts of misperception of what was said are rare, not because usually the clarity of pronunciation is sufficient (when listening to tape recordings of spoken language mishearing occurs constantly), and not because there are few similar words in the language (tape recordings are deciphered), but because the interlocutors know what the speech is about.

The rhythm of colloquial speech arises not only due to the unstressedness of those words that are not important, informative for the interlocutor (they were in the given phrase today), but also due to the words from the point of view of written speech that are superfluous. This is endless here, well, this, this is, in general, there, the use of the same introductory words in the speech of some people (so, so to speak, you know, you understand, etc.).

The intonation of phrases in colloquial speech differs sharply from official speech. Usually, being in the next room without seeing those who are talking, and without understanding the words, only by intonation it is possible to determine with whom the conversation is going: with loved ones, relatives or with a guest (especially if the relationship with him is official). Official speech is less rhythmic, there are fewer unstressed words.

In colloquial speech, intonation is rhythmic, but of different types: the stressed word occupies either the initial, then the middle, then the final position: Now the vaccinations will begin. The temperature will be. I do not know. Children are flowers. I don't know what to do with it anymore. Then this is such a problem, but the gas is melting but no.

Colloquial speech differs from all other varieties of the literary language in its relative lexical poverty. In the conditions of direct communication, on the one hand, there is no possibility "to sort out thousands of tons of verbal ore", and on the other hand, there is no need for this. The fact is that gestures, facial expressions, the objects themselves, which are in the field of view of the speakers, will help to understand what is being expressed with inaccurate expression. And the most important thing is that the speaker does not care about the form of expression of thoughts, since he is sure that misunderstanding will not happen: if they do not understand, they will ask again.

This lack of concern for the form of expression can develop into linguistic and spiritual laziness, leading to tongue-tied. But even in the recordings of conversations of cultured people, known for their excellent oral official speech, there are frequent repetitions of the same words, "superfluous" words, very inaccurate expressions.

As we have already noted, only an insignificant part of the vocabulary richness of the Russian language is used in colloquial speech. A person gets along with quite often very unintelligible for an outsider, but quite understandable for the interlocutor, albeit unremarkable words.

Usually, in a conversation, the synonymous possibilities of the Russian language are almost never used. Quite often not only book synonyms, but also "colloquial" synonyms are absent: a lot has been met 90 times, and a lot, without counting, over the edge never; stupid is recorded 5 times, and stupid, narrow-minded, headless, empty-headed, brainless - never.

Colloquial speech is characterized by the use of the most common, most common words. The fact that these words are too general in meaning, and sometimes even do not quite accurately reveal the essence of what is communicated, is explained by the fact that speakers use additional means: intonation, gestures, facial expressions, indicating the objects in question.

The vocabulary poverty of colloquial speech, of course, is its disadvantage. In the Russian language lessons, it is necessary to expand the active vocabulary of schoolchildren, to help them master the synonymous richness of the Russian language. Of course, colloquial speech can never achieve variety, precision in the use of prepared speech. But expanding a person's vocabulary is very important.

So, forced by the conditions of the use of colloquial speech and admissible in these conditions, vocabulary poverty and the inaccuracy of colloquial speech outside of it interfere with the understanding of what has been said.

The second feature of the use of vocabulary in colloquial speech is the potential freedom of speech. We have already talked about the possibilities of using words with imprecise, approximate, momentary meaning. But in colloquial speech, it is also possible to use words created for a given case (cunning), words whose meaning changes in the course of a conversation.

The conditions of colloquial speech give rise to designations (nominations) of objects that are unusual for official speech. In official speech, subject nominations must include a noun, for example, house: red house; the house that stands on the corner; house on the corner. In colloquial speech, designations without nouns are also used.

The bulk of the words in colloquial speech are the most common, general literary neutral, and not at all special "colloquial" words. The abuse of book vocabulary is also a violation of the norms of colloquial speech. Although modern colloquial speech over the past decades has significantly replenished with book words (objects, details, perspective, nutrition, inform, contact, frames, etc.), many of which have ceased to be perceived as something alien to colloquial speech, nevertheless, with the possibility of choosing a book or colloquial, book, or neutral, non-book versions should be preferred.

One of the characteristic features of colloquial speech is the active use of pronouns. On average, for every 1000 words in colloquial speech, there are 475 pronouns (130 nouns, and only 35 adjectives). Wed in scientific speech: 62 pronouns with 369 nouns and 164 adjectives.

Pronouns in colloquial speech not only replace already used nouns and adjectives, but are often used without reference to context. This is especially true for such a pronoun. Thanks to intonation, this pronoun acquires a special heightened emotionality and either serves as just an amplifier. The generalization of the meaning of the pronoun, as can be seen from the examples, is preserved. But colloquial speech is characterized by situational rather than contextual concretization of this generalization. The decrease in the share of nouns and adjectives in colloquial speech is associated not only with the widespread use of pronouns. The fact is that in colloquial speech, as already mentioned, a huge number of insignificant words, various kinds of particles, are used. On the one hand, due to unstressedness, they are a means of creating a spoken undulating rhythm of speech. On the other hand, they are forced gap fillers. Colloquial speech is natural speech, but since a person is forced to think and speak at the same time, he pauses, looking for the necessary word.

In addition to explicit pause fillers, in colloquial speech, insignificant or insignificant words are widely used - signals of inaccuracy of expression, approximation. Approximation in conveying the meaning of what is being discussed, an attempt to find the right word is signaled and with the help of pronouns this, this is the very thing. In colloquial speech, all these signals of approximation, imprecision and simple gap fillers are necessary. It is no coincidence that they fall into speech. actors in motion pictures, television and radio shows. Fighting speech clogging with "unnecessary" words must be handled with care.

Colloquial speech almost does not know participles and gerunds. Their use in Russian is limited by a number of conditions, which almost cannot be observed in a conversation. Even in the speech of highly cultured people, the use of participles in oral speech, as a rule, leads to a violation of grammatical norms. Colloquial speech is also not characterized by the use of short forms of adjectives. The use in colloquial speech of not complete, but short forms of adjectives of this type is explained by their closeness to the verb (they do not form degrees of comparison, qualitative adverbs on o, do not have antonyms with the particle not).

In addition to the difference in the frequency of using different parts of speech, colloquial speech is characterized by a peculiar use of case forms. This is manifested, for example, in the fact that for written speech the predominant use of genitive forms is typical, and for colloquial - the nominative and accusative. These features of colloquial speech are a consequence of the conditions of its existence: they are not used in colloquial speech forms that are difficult to comprehend during oral communication (participles, participles, chains of the genitive case), comparatively little are used in oral speech, nouns and especially adjectives, since objects and their signs are more often all are visible or known to interlocutors, pronouns and particles are widely used, which is due to direct contacts of speakers and the spontaneity of their speech.

The syntactic originality of colloquial speech is especially great. First of all, it is due to the fact that colloquial speech is often used in those conditions when the subject of speech is in front of the eyes.

The inability to think through phrases before pronouncing them prevents the widespread use of detailed and complex sentences in colloquial speech. As a rule, speech consists of a chain of short messages, as if strung on top of each other. In the context of direct personal communication, such speech is natural and normal. On the contrary, complex sentences violate the norms of colloquial speech, make it bookish, clerical, somewhat artificial.

The use of the colloquial style in a literary work

In literary works, the use of the colloquial style of speech is widely used. Writers and poets introduce colloquial vocabulary with various tasks into the text of a work of art: a more capacious creation of an image, the ability to more accurately characterize a character using his speech characteristics, convey the national flavor of speech, everyday life, etc.

In the process of the development of the Russian nationality, and then of the nation, everything vital, typical, necessary for the language as a means of communication, was selected from the dialect vocabulary.

So, the literary language includes the words balka, taiga, foliage, roadside, fishing, earflaps, very, annoying, vobla, part (type of fish), doha, strawberries, strawberries, spider, plowman, plowing, upper reaches, smile, etc. In agricultural terminology, the use of dialect words as terms also occurs in our time: stubble "stubble, compressed field", pulling "collecting, pulling out flax by the roots", etc.

The meanings of many words that exist in the Russian literary language can only be explained with the help of dialect words. For example, the word disorderly "stupid, disorderly" becomes understandable if we compare it with the dialectal Kalinin alabor "order, structure" and the dialectal word alaborit "turn things around, turn over, remake, put things in order in their own way."

Dialect words are introduced by writers into the language of works of art for various stylistic purposes. We find them in the works of N.A. Nekrasov, I.S. Turgenev, I.A. Bunina, L.N. Tolstoy, S. Yesenin, M.A. Sholokhov, V.M. Shukshina and others. Northern Russian dialect vocabulary is used by N.А. Nekrasov in the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia". Dialectisms are introduced by the author not only into the speech of the characters, but also into the author's speech. They perform a nominative-stylistic function and are used to depict the mores and customs of the people, to reproduce the local flavor: at ease, pushing, ottudova, pokudova, vostor, birdie, ochep, most likely, blizzard, man (in the meanings "husband" and "peasant") and others. South Russian dialect vocabulary is widely represented, for example, in "Notes of a Hunter" by I.S. Turgenev. The writer knew the Kursk, Oryol and Tula dialects well, and from there he drew material for his works of art. Using lexical dialectisms, I.S. Turgenev often gave them explanations, for example: He was awkwardly difficult, “we’ll be knocked down,” as we say (“The Singers”). At once they brought us riding horses; we went to the forest or, as we say, to "order" ("Burmister"). In the author's speech, words predominate that call things, objects, phenomena inherent in the life of the depicted characters, i.e. ethnographic vocabulary: He was wearing a rather neat cloth chuyka, threaded onto one sleeve ("Singers") (chuyka - "long cloth caftan"); Women in checkered panevs threw wood chips at slow-witted or too zealous dogs ("Burmistr"). In the language of characters I.S. Turgenev's dialect elements serve as a means of socio-linguistic characteristics. “Let him sleep,” my faithful servant remarked indifferently (“Ermolai and the Miller's Woman”). Jargonisms have expression, therefore they are sometimes used in fiction as a means of creating an image, mainly negative (see the works of L.N. Tolstoy, N.G. Pomyalovsky, V. Shukshin, D. Granin, Y. Nagibin, V. Aksenov, etc. .).

Conclusion

Conversational speech serves such a sphere of communication, which is characterized by the informality of relations between the participants and the ease of communication. It is used in everyday situations, in a family setting, at informal meetings, meetings, unofficial anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, during confidential conversations between colleagues, a boss with a subordinate, etc., that is, in non-production situations.

Colloquial topics are determined by communication needs. They can vary from narrow-minded to professional, industrial, moral and ethical, philosophical, etc.

Conversational style - a style of speech that has the following characteristics: is used in conversations with familiar people in a relaxed atmosphere; the utterance is usually easy, lively, free in the choice of words and expressions, it usually reveals the author's attitude to the subject of speech and the interlocutor; typical linguistic means include: colloquial words and expressions, emotional - evaluative means, appeals; opposed to book styles as a whole, the function of communication is inherent, it forms a system that has its own characteristics in phonetics, phraseology, vocabulary, syntax

The conversational style is widely used in literary works.

List of used literature

1.Babaytseva V.V., Maksimova L.Yu. Modern Russian language: At 3 o'clock - M., 1983.

2.Vakurov V.N., Kokhtev N.N. Stylistics of newspaper genres. - M., 1978.

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