The originality of the science fiction genre. Science fiction in literature Fantastic images in literary works and films

Greek phantastike - the art of imagining) is a form of reflection of the world, in which a logically incompatible picture of the Universe is created on the basis of real ideas. Widespread in mythology, folklore, art, social utopia... In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. science fiction develops.

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FANTASTIC

Greek phantastike - the art of imagining), a kind of fiction, where fiction gets the greatest freedom: the boundaries of fiction range from depicting strange, unusual, fictional phenomena to creating your own world with special patterns and possibilities. Science fiction possesses a special type of imagery, which is characterized by a violation of real connections and proportions: for example, the severed nose of Major Kovalev in Nikolai Gogol's novel The Nose moves around St. location. At the same time, the fantastic picture of the world is not pure fiction: in it, the events of reality are transformed, raised to the symbolic level. Science fiction in a grotesque, exaggerated, transformed form reveals to the reader the problems of reality and reflects on their solution. Fantastic imagery is inherent in a fairy tale, epic, allegory, legend, utopia, satire. A special subspecies of fiction is science fiction, in which imagery is created by depicting fictional or actual scientific and technological achievements of a person. Artistic identity fiction consists in opposing the world of the fantastic and the real, therefore, each work of fiction exists, as it were, on two levels: the world created by the author's imagination somehow correlates with reality. The real world is either taken out of the text (Gulliver's Travels by J. Swift), or is present in it (in Goethe's Faust, the events in which Faust and Mephistopheles participate are contrasted with the lives of other townspeople).

Initially, fiction was associated with the embodiment of mythological images in literature: for example, ancient fiction with the participation of the gods seemed to the authors and readers quite reliable (The Iliad, The Odyssey by Homer, The Works and Days of Hesiod, the plays of Aeschylus, Sophocles, Aristophanes, Euripides and etc.). Examples of ancient fiction can be considered the "Odyssey" of Homer, which describes many amazing and fantastic adventures of Odysseus, and "Metamorphoses" of Ovid - the history of the transformation of living beings into trees, stones, people into animals, etc. In the works of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, this trend continued: the knightly epic (from Beowulf, written in the 8th century, to the novels of Chrétien de Trois of the 14th century) featured images of dragons and wizards, fairies, trolls, elves and other fantastic creatures. A separate tradition in the Middle Ages is Christian fiction, describing the miracles of saints, visions, etc. Christianity recognizes evidence of this kind as authentic, but this does not prevent them from remaining part of a fantastic literary tradition, since extraordinary phenomena are described that are not typical for the usual course of events. The richest fiction is also presented in oriental culture: the tales of the "Thousand and One Nights", Indian and Chinese literature. In the Renaissance, the fiction of chivalric novels is parodied in Gargantua and Pantagruel by F. Rabelais and Don Quixote by M. Cervantes: Rabelais presents a fantastic epic rethinking the traditional cliches of science fiction, while Cervantes parodies his passion for fantasy, his hero sees fantastic creatures everywhere, which are absent, because of this, it falls into ridiculous positions. Christian fiction in the Renaissance is expressed in the poems of J. Milton “ Lost heaven"And" Paradise Returned ".

Literature of the Enlightenment and classicism is alien to fantasy, and its images are used only to give an exotic flavor to the action. A new flowering of science fiction began in the 19th century, in the era of romanticism. Genres based entirely on science fiction, such as the gothic novel, are emerging. The forms of fantasy in German romanticism are varied; in particular, E. T. A. Hoffman wrote fairy tales ("The Lord of the Fleas", "The Nutcracker and mouse king"), Gothic novels (" Elixir of the Devil "), enchanting phantasmagorias (" Princess Brambilla "), realistic stories with a fantastic background (" The Golden Pot "," Choosing a Bride "), philosophical fairy tales-parables (" Little Tsakhes "," Sandman"). Science fiction in realist literature is also common: “ The Queen of Spades"A. S. Pushkin," Stoss "M. Yu. Lermontov," Mirgorod "and" St. Petersburg stories "N. V. Gogol," Dream funny person"FM Dostoevsky, etc. There is a problem of combining fantasy with the real world in the text, often the introduction of fantastic images requires motivation (Tatyana's dream in" Eugene Onegin "). However, the assertion of realism pushed fiction to the periphery of literature. They turned to her to give a symbolic character to the images ("The Portrait of Dorian Gray" by O. Wilde, " Pebbled leather"O. de Balzac). The Gothic tradition of fiction is being developed by E. Poe, in whose stories unmotivated fantastic images and collisions are presented. The synthesis of various types of fiction is presented by MA Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita.

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Science fiction (from ancient Greek φανταστική - the art of imagination, fantasy) is a genre and a creative method in fiction, cinema, visual and other forms of art, characterized by the use of a fantastic assumption, "an element of the extraordinary", violation of the boundaries of reality, accepted conventions. Modern fiction includes genres such as science fiction, fantasy, horror, magical realism, and many others.

The origins of fiction

The origins of fiction are in the post-myth-making folklore consciousness, primarily in the fairy tale.

Science fiction stands out as a special kind artistic creation as the folklore forms move away from the practical tasks of the mythological interpretation of reality (the most ancient cosmogonic myths are essentially non-fantastic). The primitive worldview is faced with new ideas about reality, mythical and real plans are mixed, and this mixture is purely fantastic. Science fiction, in the words of Olga Freudenberg, is “the first product of realism”: a characteristic sign of the invasion of realism into myth is the appearance of “fantastic creatures” (deities combining animal and human traits, centaurs, etc.). The primary genres of science fiction, utopia and fantastic travel, were also the oldest forms of storytelling as such, primarily in Homer's Odyssey. The plot, images and events of the "Odyssey" are the beginning of all literary Western European fiction.

However, the collision of mimesis with myth, which produces the effect of fiction, has so far been of an involuntary nature. The first who deliberately confronts them, and, therefore, the first conscious science fiction, is Aristophanes.

Science fiction in ancient literature

In the era of Hellenism, Hecateus Abder, Evgemer, Yambul combined the genres of fantastic travel and utopia in their works.

V roman time the moment of the socio-political utopia inherent in Hellenistic pseudo-travel has already disappeared; there was only a series of fantastic adventures in different parts of the globe and beyond - on the moon, combined with the theme love story... This type includes "The Incredible Adventures on the Other Side of Thule" by Antony Diogenes.

In many respects, a continuation of the tradition of fantastic travel is the novel by Pseudo-Callisthenes "The Story of Alexander the Great", where the hero finds himself in the realm of giants, dwarfs, cannibals, freaks, in an area with a strange nature, with unusual animals and plants. Much space is devoted to the wonders of India and its "naked sages", brahmanas. The mythological prototype of all these fabulous wanderings, a visit to the land of the blessed, has not been forgotten either.

Science fiction in medieval literature

In the period of the early Middle Ages, from about the 5th to the 11th century, there was, if not a rejection, then at least a suppression of the miraculous, the basis of the fantastic. In the XII-XIII centuries, according to Jacques Le Goff, "there is a genuine invasion of the miraculous into the scientific culture." At this time, one after another, the so-called "books of miracles" appear (Gervasius of Tilberia, Marco Polo, Raymond Llull, John Mandeville, etc.), reviving the genre of paradoxography.

Renaissance science fiction

The development of fiction during the Renaissance is completed by M. Cervantes' Don Quixote - a parody of the fantasy of knightly adventures and at the same time the beginning of a realistic novel, and Gargantua and Pantagruel by F. Rabelais, using profane language chivalric romance to develop a humanistic utopia and humanistic satire. In Rabelais, we find (the chapters on the Abbey of Thelem) one of the first examples of the fantastic development of a utopian genre, albeit originally uncharacteristic: after all, among the founders of the genre T. More (1516) and T. Campanella (1602), utopia tends to a didactic treatise and only in “ New Atlantis "F. Bacon is a sci-fi game of the imagination. An example of a more traditional combination of fantasy with the dream of a fairytale kingdom of justice is Shakespeare's The Tempest.

Science fiction in the 17th and 18th centuries

By the end of the 17th century, Mannerism and Baroque, for which fantasy was a constant background, an additional artistic plan (at the same time, there was an aestheticization of the perception of fantasy, the loss of a living feeling of the miraculous), classicism, inherently alien to fantasy, replaced classicism: its appeal to myth is completely rationalistic.

French " tragic stories"The 17th century draws material from the chronicles and draws fatal passions, murders and cruelties, demonic possession, etc. These are the distant predecessors of the novels of the Marquis de Sade and the" black novel "in general, combining a paradoxical tradition with a narrative fiction. Infernal themes in a pious setting (the story of the struggle with terrible passions on the path of serving God) appear in the novels of Bishop Jean-Pierre Camus.

Fantasy in romanticism

For romantics, duality turns into a split personality, leading to a poetically beneficial "sacred madness." All romantics were looking for “refuge in the kingdom of fantasy”: among the “Yenians” fantasy, that is, the striving of the imagination into the transcendent world of myths and legends, was put forward as an introduction to the highest insight, as a life program - relatively prosperous (due to romantic irony) in L. Tik , pathetic and tragic in Novalis, whose "Heinrich von Ofterdingen" is an example of a renewed fantastic allegory, comprehended in the spirit of searching for an unattainable and incomprehensible ideal-spiritual world.

Romantic fiction was synthesized by the work of E. T. A. Hoffmann: here is a gothic novel ("Elixir of the Devil"), and literary tale("The Lord of the Fleas", "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King"), and enchanting phantasmagoria ("Princess Brambilla"), and a realistic story with a fantastic background ("Choosing a Bride", "Golden Pot").

Science fiction in realism

In the era of realism, fantasy again found itself on the periphery of literature, although it was often used for satirical and utopian purposes (as in Dostoevsky's short stories "Bobok" and "The Dream of a Ridiculous Man"). At the same time, science fiction itself was born, which in the work of the epigone of romanticism J. Verne (“Five weeks on hot-air balloon"," A Journey to the Center of the Earth "," From the Earth to the Moon "," Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea "," The Mysterious Island "," Robur the Conqueror ") and the outstanding realist H. Wells are fundamentally isolated from the general fantastic tradition; she paints the real world, transformed by science (for better or worse) and reopening to the eyes of the researcher. (True, the development of space fiction leads to the discovery of new worlds, which inevitably somehow correlate with the traditionally fabulous, but this is an incidental moment.)

More about the genre

The question of separating science fiction into an independent concept arose as a result of the development in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. literature firmly associated with scientific and technological progress. Scientific discoveries, inventions, technical foresight constituted the plot basis of fantastic works ... Herbert Wells and Jules Verne became the recognized authorities of science fiction of those decades. Until the middle of the 20th century. fiction kept itself somewhat apart from the rest of literature: it was too strongly associated with science. This gave the theoreticians of the literary process grounds to assert that science fiction is a completely special kind of literature, existing according to the rules inherent only to it, and setting itself special tasks.

Subsequently, this opinion was shaken. The famous American science fiction writer Ray Bradbury said: "Science fiction is literature." In other words, there are no significant partitions. In the second half of the 20th century. the previous theories gradually receded under the onslaught of the changes taking place in science fiction.

Firstly, the concept of “fiction” began to include not only “science fiction” itself, i.e. works that go back basically to the samples of Julesvern's and Wells's production. Under the same roof there were texts related to "horror" (horror literature), mysticism and fantasy (magic, magic fantasy).

Second, there have been significant changes in science fiction: “ new wave"American science fiction writers and the" fourth wave "in the USSR (1950-1980s of the 20th century) led an active struggle to destroy the boundaries of the" ghetto "of science fiction, to merge it with the literature of the" mainstream ", to destroy the unspoken taboos that dominated classic science fiction of the old sample. A number of trends in "non-fantastic" literature somehow acquired a pro-fantastic sound, borrowed the entourage of fantasy. Romantic literature, a literary tale (E. Schwartz), a phantasmagoria (A. Green), an esoteric novel (P. Coelho, V. Pelevin), many texts that lie in the tradition of postmodernism (for example, Mantissa Fowles), are recognized among science fiction writers as “their own” or "Almost their own", that is borderline, lying in a wide strip, to which the spheres of influence of both "mainstream" literature and fiction are spread.

In the late 20th and early 21st centuries. the destruction of the notions “fantasy” and “science fiction” familiar to science fiction literature is growing. Many theories have been created that, in one way or another, fixed strictly defined boundaries for these types of fiction. But for the general reader, everything was clear from the entourage: fantasy is where witchcraft, swords and elves are; science fiction is where robots, starships and blasters are.

"Science fantasy" gradually appeared, i.e. "Science fantasy", perfectly combining witchcraft with starships, and swords - with robots. A special kind of fiction was born - "alternative history", which was later replenished with "cryptohistory". And there, and there science fiction writers use both the familiar surroundings of science fiction and fantasy, or even combine them into an indissoluble whole. Directions have arisen within the framework of which belonging to science fiction or fantasy does not really matter at all. In Anglo-American literature, this is primarily cyberpunk, and in Russian literature, it is turborealism and “sacred fiction”.

The result is a situation where the concepts of science fiction and fantasy, previously firmly dividing science fiction literature in two, blurred to the limit.

Science fiction - genres and subgenres

It is known that science fiction can be divided into different directions: fantasy and science fiction, hard science fiction, space fiction, combat and humorous, love and social, mysticism and horror.

Perhaps these genres, or as they are also called, the subspecies of science fiction, are by far the most famous in their circles. Let's try to characterize each of them separately.

Science fiction (SF)

So, science fiction is a genre of literature and the film industry that describes events taking place in the real world and differs from historical reality in some significant respect.

These differences can be technological, scientific, social, historical and any other, but not magical, otherwise the whole idea of ​​the concept of "science fiction" is lost. In other words, science fiction reflects the impact of scientific and technological progress on the everyday and familiar life of a person. Among the popular plots of works of this genre are flights to unknown planets, the invention of robots, the discovery of new forms of life, the invention of the latest weapons, and so on.

Among fans of this genre, the following works are popular: "I, Robot" (Azeik Asimov), "Pandora's Star" (Peter Hamilton), "Escape" (Boris and Arkady Strugatsky), "Red Mars" (Kim Stanley Robinson) and many other great books.

The film industry has also produced many sci-fi films. Among the first foreign films, Georges Milles's film "A Journey to the Moon" was released. It was filmed in 1902 and is truly considered the most popular film ever shown on the big screens.

You can also note other paintings in the genre of "science fiction": "District 9" (USA), "Matrix" (USA), the legendary "Aliens" (USA). However, there are also films that have become classics of the genre, so to speak.

Among them: "Metropolis" (Fritz Lang, Germany), filmed in 1925, amazed with its idea and vision of the future of mankind.

Another classic classic is 2001: A Space Odyssey (Stanley Kubrick, USA), released in 1968. This picture tells about extraterrestrial civilizations and very much resembles rather scientific material about aliens and their lives - for the viewers of the distant 1968, this is really something new, fantastic, that they have never seen or heard before. Of course, one cannot ignore and " star Wars.

Solid science fiction as a subgenre of SF

Science fiction has a subgenre or subspecies called hard science fiction. Hard science fiction differs from traditional science fiction in that scientific facts and laws are not distorted during the narration.

That is, we can say that the basis of this subgenre is the natural scientific knowledge base and the whole plot is described around a certain scientific idea, even if it is fantastic. The storyline in such works is always simple and logical, it is built on several scientific assumptions - a time machine, super-high-speed movement in space, extrasensory perception, and so on.

Space fiction, another subgenre of science fiction

Space fiction is a subgenre of science fiction. Her distinctive feature in that the main plot unfolds in outer space or on various planets in the Solar System or beyond.

There is a division of space fiction into types: planetary romance, space opera, space odyssey. Let's talk about each type in more detail.

1. A space odyssey. So, a Space Odyssey is a storyline in which actions take place most often on space ships (ships) and the heroes need to complete a global mission, the outcome of which depends on the fate of a person.
2. Planetary romance. Planetary romance is much simpler in terms of the type of development of events and the complexity of the plot. Basically, all action is limited to one specific planet, which is inhabited by exotic animals, people. A lot of works in this type of genre are devoted to the distant future in which people move between worlds in a spaceship and this is a normal phenomenon, some early works space fiction portrays simpler stories with less realistic modes of movement. However, the goal and main theme of the planetary novel is the same for all works - the adventures of heroes on a particular planet.
3. Space opera. Space opera is an equally interesting subtype of science fiction. Its main idea is the maturing and growing conflict between the heroes with the use of powerful high-tech weapons of the future to conquer the Galaxy or free the planet from space aliens, humanoids and other space creatures. Characters this cosmic conflict is heroic. The main difference between space opera and science fiction is that there is an almost complete rejection of the scientific basis of the plot.

Among the works of space fiction that deserve attention are the following: "Paradise Lost", "The Absolute Enemy" (Andrey Livadny), "Steel Rat Saves the World" (Harry Garrison), "Star Kings", "Return to the Stars" (Edmond Hamilton ), The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (Douglas Adams) and other great books.

And now we would like to point out several striking films in the genre of "space fiction". Of course, you can't get around everyone famous film Armageddon (Michael Bay, USA, 1998); “Avatar” that blew up the whole world (James Cameron, USA, 2009), which is distinguished by unusual special effects, vivid images, rich and unusual nature of an unknown planet; Starship Troopers (Paul Verhoeven, USA, 1997), also a popular film at the time, although many moviegoers today are ready to revisit this picture more than once; it is impossible not to mention all parts (episodes) of "Star Wars" by George Lucas, in my opinion, this masterpiece of fiction will be popular and interesting to the viewer at all times.

Combat fiction

Combat fiction is a type (subgenre) of fiction that describes military actions taking place in the distant or not very distant future, and all actions take place using super-powerful robots and the latest weapons unknown to humans today.

This genre is quite young, its origin can be attributed to the mid-20th century during the height of the Vietnam War. Moreover, I would like to note that battle fiction was becoming popular and the number of works and films increased, in direct proportion to the growth of conflicts in the world.

Among the popular authors-representatives of this genre stand out: Joe Haldeman "Infinity War"; Harry Garrison "Steel Rat", "Bill - Hero of the Galaxy"; Russian authors Alexander Zorich "Tomorrow is War", Oleg Markelov "Adequacy", Igor Paul "Guardian Angel 320" and other wonderful authors.

A lot of films have been filmed in the genre of "battle fiction" "Frozen Soldiers" (Canada, 2014), "Edge of the Future" (USA, 2014), Star Trek: Retribution "(USA, 2013).

Humorous fiction

Humorous fiction is a genre in which the presentation of unusual and fantastic events takes place in a humorous form.

Humorous fiction has been known since antiquity and is developing in our time. Among the representatives of humorous fiction in literature, the brightest are our beloved Strugatsky Brothers "Monday starts on Saturday", Kir Bulychev "Miracles in Guslyar", as well as foreign authors of humorous fiction Pradchett Terry David John "I'll wear midnight", Bester Alfred "Will you wait? ", Bisson Terry Ballantine" They're Made of Meat. "

Love fiction

Love fiction, romantic adventure stories.

This type of fantasy can be attributed to love stories with fictional characters, magical countries that do not exist, the presence in the description of wonderful amulets with unusual properties, and, of course, all these stories have a happy ending.

Of course, films made in the genre cannot be ignored either. Here are a few of them: The Mysterious Story of Benjamin Button (USA, 2008), The Time Traveler's Wife (USA, 2009), She (USA, 2014).

Social fiction

Social fiction is a type of science fiction literature where relationships between people in society play a major role.

The main focus is on creating fantastic motives in order to show the development of social relations in unrealistic conditions.

The following works were written in this genre: The Strugatsky Brothers "The Doomed City", "The Hour of the Bull" I. Efremov, H. Wells "The Time Machine", "Fahrenheit 451" by Ray Bradbury. Cinematography also has in its piggy bank films in the genre of social fiction: The Matrix (USA, Australia, 1999), Dark City (USA, Australia, 1998), Youth (USA, 2014).

As you can see, science fiction is such a versatile genre that anyone can choose what suits him in spirit, in nature, will give him the opportunity to plunge into the magical, unusual, terrible, tragic, high-tech world of the future and inexplicable for us - ordinary people.

What is the difference between fantasy and science fiction?

The word "fantasy" comes to us from the Greek language, where "phantastike" means "the art of imagining." "Fantasy" comes from the English "phantasy" (tracing paper from the Greek language "phantasia"). The literal translation is "representation, imagination." Here key point are the words art and imagination. Art implies certain patterns and rules for constructing a genre, and imagination is limitless, the flight of fantasy does not obey the laws.

Science fiction is a form of reflection of the surrounding world in which a picture of the Universe that is logically incompatible with reality is created on the basis of real ideas about it. Fantasy is a kind of fiction, a kind of fantastic art, in the works of which fictional events are depicted in worlds, the existence of which is logically impossible to explain. The basis of fantasy is a mystical, irrational beginning.

The fantasy world is an assumption. The author sends his reader on a journey through time and space. After all, the genre is based on the free flight of fantasy. The location of this world is not specified in any way. Its physical laws cannot be explained by the realities of our world. Sorcery and magic are the norm of the described world. Fantasy "miracles" operate in their own system, like the laws of nature.

The heroes of modern science fiction books, as a rule, confront the whole society. They can fight a mega-corporation or a totalitarian state that runs society. Fantasy is built on the antithesis of good and evil, harmony and chaos. The hero goes on a long journey, seeking truth and justice. Often the plot is about an incident that awakened the forces of evil. The hero is opposed or helped by mythical invented creatures that can be conventionally combined into certain "races" (elves, orcs, dwarves, trolls, etc.). The classic example of the fantasy genre is JRR Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings.

conclusions

1. The word "fantasy" is translated as "the art of imagining", and "fantasy" - "performance", "imagination".
2. A characteristic feature of works of science fiction is the presence of a fantastic assumption: what the world would be like under certain conditions. The author of the fantasy describes an alternative reality that is not connected with the existing reality. The laws of the fantasy world are presented for granted, without any explanation. The existence of magic and mythical races is the norm.
3. In fantastic works, as a rule, there is a conflict between the norms imposed on society and the protagonist's desire for freedom. That is, the heroes defend their dissimilarity. In fantasy works, the main conflict is associated with the confrontation between light and dark forces.

Science fiction

Cinema science fiction is a direction and genre of artistic cinematography, which can be characterized by an increased level of convention. Images, events and surroundings of science fiction films are often deliberately removed from everyday reality - this can be done both to achieve specific artistic goals, which are more convenient for filmmakers to achieve by means of science fiction than by means of realistic cinema, and simply for the entertainment of the viewer (the latter is characteristic primarily of genre cinema).

The nature of the convention depends on the specific direction or genre - science fiction, fantasy, horror, phantasmagoria - but they can all be broadly understood as science fiction. There is also a narrower view of science fiction as a mass purely commercial genre of cinema; according to this view, for example, "A Space Odyssey 2001" is not science fiction. This article uses a broad understanding of science fiction to provide a more complete understanding of the subject.

The evolution of science fiction has largely followed the evolution of a much more dynamic science fiction literature. However, from the very beginning cinematography possessed the property of visuality, which the written literature is practically devoid of. A moving image is perceived by the viewer as authentic, existing here and now, and the feeling of authenticity does not depend on how fantastic the action unfolding on the screen is. This property of the viewer's perception of cinematography acquired particular importance after the appearance of special effects.

Science fiction actively uses the mythology of the technical era. Mythology is featured in science fiction films.

Fantastic motives are one of the main methods of creating a certain key situation in the works of not only Russian, but also world culture.

V domestic literature writers of various directions turned to these motives. So, for example, in the romantic poems of Lermontov there are images of the other world. In The Demon, the artist depicts a protesting Spirit of Evil. The work introduces the idea of ​​protest against the deity as the creator of the existing world order.

The only way out of sadness and loneliness for the Demon is to love Tamara. However, the Spirit of Evil cannot achieve happiness, because it is selfish, cut off from the world and from people. In the name of love, the Demon is ready to renounce the old vengeance on God, he is even ready to follow Good. It seems to the hero that tears of remorse will reborn him. But he cannot overcome the most painful vice - contempt for humanity. The death of Tamara and the Demon's loneliness is an inevitable consequence of his arrogance and selfishness.

Thus, Lermontov turns to science fiction in order to more accurately convey the mood of the idea of ​​the work, to express his thoughts and feelings.

A slightly different purpose of science fiction in the work of M. Bulgakov. The style of many of the writer's works can be defined as fantastic realism. It is easy to see that the principles of depicting Moscow in The Master and Margarita are clearly reminiscent of the principles of depicting Gogol's Petersburg: a combination of the real with the fantastic, the strange with the ordinary, social satire and phantasmagoria.

The novel is narrated simultaneously on two levels. The foreground is the events taking place in Moscow. The second plan is the story about Pilate and Yeshua, composed by the master. These two plans are united, brought together by Woland's retinue - Satan and his servants.

The appearance of Woland and his retinue in Moscow becomes the event that changed the lives of the heroes of the novel. Here we can talk about the tradition of romantics, in whom the Demon is a hero, attractive to the author with his intelligence and irony. Woland's retinue is as mysterious as himself. Azazello, Koroviev, Begemot, Gella are characters that attract the reader with their singularity. They become the rulers of justice in the city.

Bulgakov introduces a fantastic motive in order to show that in his contemporary world only with the help of an otherworldly force is it possible to achieve justice.

In the works of V. Mayakovsky, fantastic motives are of a different character. So, in the poem "An unusual adventure that happened with Vladimir Mayakovsky in the summer at the dacha" the hero has a friendly conversation with the sun itself. The poet believes that his activities are similar to the glow of this luminary:

Let's go poet

The world is in gray trash.

I will shower my sun

And you are yours

Thus, Mayakovsky, with the help of a fantastic plot, solves realistic problems: he explains his understanding of the role of the poet and poetry in Soviet society.

Without a doubt, turning to fantastic motives helps domestic writers more vividly, accurately and clearly convey the main thoughts, feelings and ideas of their works.

Science fiction is one of the genres of literature, cinema and visual arts. It originates in the deep past. Even at the dawn of his appearance, man admitted the presence of mysterious and powerful forces in the world around him. The first fantasy is folklore, fairy tales, myths and legends. This genre is based on some incredible, supernatural assumption, an element of something unusual or impossible, a violation of the boundaries of a reality familiar to a person.

The beginning of the development of science fiction in cinematography

The genre moved from literature to cinema almost immediately after its inception. The first science fiction films appeared in France in the 19th century. In those years, Georges Melies was the best director in this genre. His fantastic film "Journey to the Moon" entered the golden fund of world masterpieces of cinema and became the first film about space travel. At this time, fiction is an opportunity to show on the screen the achievements of human progress: amazing mechanisms and machines, vehicles.

From the beginning of the 20th century, science fiction films began to gain more and more popularity, and the audience's interest in them increased.

Types of fiction

In cinematography, science fiction is a genre that is difficult to define. This is usually a confusion different styles and forms of cinema. There is a division into types of science fiction, but it is largely conditional.

Science fiction is a story about incredible technical and other discoveries to travel in time, cross space, use to create artificial intelligence.

The film "Prometheus" - interesting picture with philosophical meaning about a person's search for an answer to the main question: who are we and where did we come from? As a result, scientists have obtained evidence that humanity was created by a highly developed humanoid race. In search of its creators, a scientific expedition is sent to the edge of the solar system. Each team member has his own interest: someone wants to get an answer why humanity was created, someone is driven by curiosity, and some are pursuing selfish goals. But the creators are not at all what people imagined them to be.

Space fiction

This view is very closely intertwined with science fiction. A striking example is the recently released and critically acclaimed film "Interstellar" about the possibility of travel through black holes and the resulting space-time paradoxes. Like Prometheus, this picture is filled with deep philosophical meaning.

Fantasy is a fantasy that is closely related to mysticism and fairy tale. The most striking example of a fantasy film is the famous epic saga of Peter Jackson "The Lord of the Rings". Of the most recent interesting works in this genre can be noted the trilogy "The Hobbit" and last job Sergei Bodrov "The Seventh Son".

Horror - oddly enough, this genre is also closely related to fantasy. A classic example is the Alien film series.

Science fiction: films that have become classics of cinema

In addition to the films already named, there are also a large number of magnificent paintings included in the list best works in the fantasy genre:

• Space saga "Star Wars".
• A series of films "Terminator".
• Fantasy cycle "The Chronicles of Narnia".
• The Iron Man Trilogy.
• Series "Highlander".
• "Inception" with Leonardo DiCaprio.
• Fantastic comedy "Back to the Future".
• "Dune".
• The Matrix Trilogy with Keanu Reeves.
• Post-apocalyptic picture "I am a legend".
• Fantastic comedy "Men in Black".
• "War of the Worlds" with Tom Cruise.
• Combat space fantasy "Starship Troopers".
• The Fifth Element with Bruce Willis and Mila Jovovich.
• A series of films "Transformers".
• Cycle "Spiderman".
• Batman film series.

The development of the genre today

Contemporary science fiction - films and cartoons - continues to be of interest to the viewer today.

For 2015 alone, several large-scale and spectacular fantastic films have been announced. The most anticipated films include the final film from the Hunger Games series, the second part of The Maze Runner, Star Wars Episode 7 - The Force Awakens, Terminator 5, Tomorrowland, the sequel to Divergent, a new a motion picture from the series "The Avengers" and the long-awaited "Jurassic World".

Conclusion

Fiction is what gives a person the opportunity to dream. Here you can, as a superhero who saves the world, admit the possibility of the existence of other worlds and fly into the depths of space. For this, viewers love fantastic films - dreams come true in them.

In general, I am a big fan of science fiction and science as well. At one time I read a lot, now much less because of the invention of the Internet and lack of time. While preparing the next post, I came across such a rating. Well, I think I'll run now, I guess I know everything here! Aha! No matter how it is. I haven't read half of the books, but that's okay. I hear some authors almost for the first time! There it is! And they are CULT! How are you doing with this list?

Check out ...

1. Time machine

A novel by H.G. Wells, his first major science fiction novel. Revised from the 1888 story "The Argonauts of Time" and published in 1895. The "Time Machine" introduced the idea of ​​time travel and the time machine used for this into fiction, which were later used by many writers and created the direction of chrono fiction. Moreover, as noted by Yu. I. Kagarlitsky, both scientifically and globally Wells "... in a sense anticipated Einstein", who formulated the special theory of relativity ten years after the publication of the novel

The book describes the journey of the inventor of the time machine into the future. The plot is based on the fascinating adventures of the protagonist in a world that is 800 thousand years later, describing which, the author proceeded from the negative trends in the development of modern capitalist society, which allowed many critics to call the book a warning novel. In addition, for the first time, the novel describes many ideas related to time travel, which will not lose their attractiveness for readers and authors of new works for a long time to come.

2. A stranger in a foreign land

A fantastic philosophical novel by Robert Heinlein, in 1962, awarded the Hugo Prize. It has a "cult" status in the West, being considered the most famous science fiction novel ever written. One of the few science fiction books included by the Library of Congress in the list of books that shaped America.

The first expedition to Mars disappeared without a trace. The third World War postponed the second, successful expedition for a long twenty-five years. New explorers made contact with the original Martians and found out that not all of the first expedition died. And they bring to earth "Space Age Mowgli" - Michael Wallentine Smith, raised by local intelligent beings. A man by birth and a Martian by education, Michael bursts into the usual everyday life of the Earth as a bright star. Endowed with knowledge and skills ancient civilization Smith becomes the messiah, the founder of a new religion, and the first martyr for his faith ...

3. The Lensmen saga

The Lensman saga is the story of a million-year confrontation between two ancient and powerful races: the evil and cruel Eddorians, who are trying to create a giant empire in space, and the inhabitants of Arrisia, the wise patrons of young civilizations that are born in the galaxy. Over time, the Earth will join this battle with her mighty space fleet and the Lensman Galactic Patrol.

The novel instantly became unprecedentedly popular among fans of science fiction - it was one of the first major works, the authors of which dared to take the action beyond Solar System, and since then Smith, along with Edmond Hamilton, is considered the founder of the genre of "space opera".

4. A space odyssey of 2001

"A Space Odyssey of 2001" is a literary script of the movie of the same name, which, in turn, is based on early story Clarke "Sentinel"), which has become a classic in science fiction and dedicated to the contact of humanity with extraterrestrial civilization.
2001 A Space Odyssey is regularly featured on the list of "Greatest Movies in Cinema History." He and its sequel, 2010: Odyssey Two, won the 1969 and 1985 Hugo Awards for Best Science Fiction.
Influence of the film and the book on modern culture huge, as well as the number of their fans. And although 2001 has already arrived, "A Space Odyssey" is unlikely to be forgotten. She continues to be our future.

5.451 degrees Fahrenheit

The dystopian novel of the famous American science fiction writer Ray Bradbury "Fahrenheit 451" has become, in a sense, an icon and a guiding star of the genre. It was created on a typewriter that the writer rented from the public library and was printed for the first time in parts in the first issues of Playboy magazine.

The epigraph of the novel states that the ignition temperature of the paper is 451 ° F. The novel describes a society that is based on popular culture and consumer thinking, in which all books that make you think about life are to be burned; keeping books is a crime; and people who are able to think critically are outside the law. The protagonist of the novel, Guy Montag, works as a "firefighter" (which in the book implies the burning of books), confident that he is doing his job "for the benefit of humanity." But soon he becomes disillusioned with the ideals of the society of which he is a part, becomes an outcast and joins a small underground group of outcasts, whose supporters memorize the texts of books in order to save them for posterity.

6. "Foundation" (other names - Academy, Foundation, Foundation, Foundation)

A science fiction classic that follows the collapse of a great galactic empire and its rebirth through the Seldon Plan.

In later novels, Asimov connected the world of Foundation with his other series of works about the Empire and about positronic robots. The combined cycle, which is also called "Foundation", covers the history of mankind for over 20,000 years and includes 14 novels and several dozen stories.

According to rumors, Azimov's novel made a huge impression on Osama bin Laden and even influenced his decision to create the terrorist organization Al-Qaeda. Bin Laden has likened himself to Gary Seldon, who rules the society of the future through pre-planned crises. Moreover, the name of the novel in translation into Arabic sounds like Al Qaida and, thus, could be the reason for the emergence of the name of bin Laden's organization.

7. Slaughterhouse number five, or the Children's Crusade (1969)

Autobiographical novel by Kurt Vonnegut about the bombing of Dresden during World War II.

The novel was dedicated to Mary O'Hare (and Dresden taxi driver Gerhard Müller) and was written in a "telegraphic-schizophrenic style," as Vonnegut himself puts it. Realism, grotesque, fantasy, elements of madness, cruel satire and bitter irony are closely intertwined in the book.
The main character is American soldier Billy Pilgrim, a ridiculous, timid, apathetic person. The book describes his adventures in the war and the bombing of Dresden, which left an indelible imprint on the mental state of Pilgrim, which was not very stable from childhood. Vonnegut introduced a fantastic element into the story: the events of the protagonist's life are viewed through the prism of post-traumatic stress disorder - a syndrome characteristic of war veterans that crippled the hero's perception of reality. As a result, the comical "story about aliens" grows into a kind of harmonious philosophical system.
Aliens from the planet Tralfamador take Billy Pilgrim to their planet and tell him that time does not actually "flow", there is no gradual random transition from one event to another - the world and time are given once and for all, everything that happened and will happen is known ... When someone dies, Trafalmadorians simply say, "Such is the case." One cannot say why or why something happened - that was the “structure of the moment”.

8. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. Douglas Adams' legendary ironic sci-fi saga.
The novel tells the story of the adventures of an unlucky Englishman Arthur Dent, who with his friend Ford Prefect (a native of a small planet somewhere near Betelgeuse, who works in the editorial staff of the Hitchhiker's Guide) escapes death during the destruction of the Earth by a race of bureaucrats-Vogons. Zaphod Beeblebrox, a relative of Ford and President of the Galaxy, accidentally saves Dent and Ford from death in outer space. Also aboard Zaphod's stolen ship on the incredible Heart of Gold are the depressive robot Marvin, and Trillian, aka Trisha McMillan, whom Arthur once met at a party. She, as Arthur soon realizes, is the only surviving earthling besides himself. The heroes search for the legendary planet Magrathea and try to find a question that matches the Ultimate Answer.

9. Dune (1965)

The first novel by Frank Herbert from the Chronicles of Dune saga about the sandy planet Arrakis. It was this book that made him famous. Dune won the Hugo and Nebula awards. Dune is one of the most famous science fiction novels of the 20th century.
This book raises many political, environmental, and other important issues. The writer managed to create a full-fledged fantasy world and cross it with philosophical novel... In this world, the most important substance is a spice, which is needed for interstellar travel and on which the existence of civilization depends. This substance is found only on one planet called Arrakis. Arrakis is a desert inhabited by huge sand worms. The Fremen tribes live on this planet, in whose life the main and unconditional value is water.

10. Neuromancer (1984)

A novel by William Gibson, a canon cyberpunk work that won the Nebula (1984), Hugo (1985) and Philip Dick Prizes. This is Gibson's first novel to open the Cyberspace trilogy. Published in 1984.
This work examines concepts such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality, genetic engineering, transnational corporations, cyberspace (computer network, matrix) long before these concepts became popular in popular culture.

11. Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968)

Sci-fi novel by Philip Dick, written in 1968. Tells the story of the "bounty hunter" Rick Deckard, who pursues androids - creatures almost indistinguishable from humans, outlawed on Earth. The action takes place in a radiation-poisoned and partially abandoned future San Francisco.
Along with The Man in the High Castle, this novel is the most famous work Dick. This is one of the classic science fiction books, which explores the ethical issues of creating androids - artificial humans.
In 1982, based on the novel by Ridley Scott, he directed the film Blade Runner with Harrison Ford in starring... The script that Hampton Fancher and David Peeples wrote is quite different from the book.

12. The Gate (1977)

Science fiction novel American writer Frederick Paul, published in 1977 and winning all three major American awards of the genre - Nebula (1977), Hugo (1978) and Locus (1978). The novel opens the Heechee cycle.
Near Venus, people found an artificial asteroid built by an alien race called the Heechee. Spacecraft were found on the asteroid. People figured out how to fly ships, but they couldn't change their destination. Many volunteers have tested them. Some returned with discoveries that made them rich. But most returned with nothing. And some didn’t come back at all. The flight on the ship resembled a Russian roulette - you could get lucky, but you could die.
The protagonist is a lucky explorer. He is tormented by remorse - from the crew, who had the luck, only he returned. And he is trying to figure out his life, confessing to a robot psychoanalyst.

13. Ender's Game (1985)

Ender's Game won Nebula and Hugo awards for best novel in 1985 and 1986 - one of the most prestigious literary prizes in science fiction.
The novel takes place in the year 2135. Humanity has survived two invasions of the alien race "buggers", only miraculously survived, and is preparing for another invasion. To search for pilots and military leaders who can bring victory to Earth, a military school is being created, to which the most talented children are sent from an early age. Among these children is the title character of the book - Andrew (Ender) Wiggin, the future commander of the International Fleet of the Earth and the only hope of mankind for salvation.

14. 1984 (1949)

In 2009, The Times listed 1984 in a list of 60 best books published over the past 60 years, and Newsweek magazine ranked the novel in second place in the list of the 100 best books of all time.
The title of the novel, its terminology, and even the name of the author later became common nouns and are used to denote a social order reminiscent of the totalitarian regime described in 1984. Repeatedly became a victim of censorship in socialist countries and an object of criticism from left circles in the West.
George Orwell's science fiction novel 1984 tells the story of Winston Smith, who rewrote history based on party interests during the rule of a totalitarian junta. Smith's rebellion has dire consequences. As the author predicts, nothing can be worse than total lack of freedom ...

This work, which was banned in our country until 1991, is called the dystopia of the twentieth century. (hatred, fears, hunger and blood), a warning about totalitarianism. The novel was boycotted in the West due to the similarity between the country's ruler Big Brother and the real heads of state.

15. Brave New World (1932)

One of the most famous dystopian novels. A kind of antipode to Orwell's 1984. No torture chambers - everyone is happy and contented. The pages of the novel describe the world of the distant future (the action takes place in London), in which people are raised in special embryonic factories and in advance (by affecting the embryo at different stages of development) are divided into five castes of different mental and physical abilities, which perform different jobs... From "alphas" - strong and beautiful mental workers to "epsilons" - semi-cretins who have access to only the simplest physical work. Babies are raised differently depending on the caste. Thus, with the help of hypnopedia, each caste develops reverence for the higher caste and contempt for the lower castes. The costumes for each caste are of a certain color. For example, alphas go in gray, gamma in green, deltas in khaki, epsilons in black.
In this society, there is no place for feelings, and it is considered indecent not to have regular sex with different partners (the main slogan is “everyone belongs to everyone else”), but pregnancy is considered a terrible shame. People in this "World State" do not age, although the average life expectancy is 60 years. Regularly, in order to always have a good mood, they use the drug "soma", which has no negative actions ("gram soms - and no dramas"). God in this world is Henry Ford, he is called “Our Lord Ford”, and the chronology comes from the creation of the “Ford T” car, that is, from 1908 AD. NS. (in the novel, the action takes place in 632 of the "era of stability", that is, in 2540 AD).
The writer shows the life of people in this world. The main characters are people who cannot fit into society - Bernard Marx (a representative of the upper class, alpha-plus), his friend the successful dissident Helmholtz and the savage John from the Indian reservation, who all his life dreamed of getting into wonderful world where everyone is happy.

source http://t0p-10.ru

And by literary theme, let me remind you what I was and what I was The original article is on the site InfoGlaz.rf The link to the article this copy was made from is