Term and concept in the visual arts. Relief as a type of sculpture and the significance of its study by students of the "Teaching Fine Arts" specialization when performing a number of tasks of the work program Sculptural forms of relief

RELIEF

sculptural image on a plane. An inseparable connection with a plane that is physical basis and the background of the image, constitutes a specific feature of the relief. The most important expressive means inherent in relief - the deployment of the composition on a plane, the possibility of perspective construction of spatial plans and the creation of the illusion of roundness of volumes, subtle modeling of forms - allow reproducing complex multi-figured scenes in relief, as well as architectural and landscape motifs (components characteristic feature multifaceted, so-called. picturesque relief). The relief can be included in the composition of the wall, vault, sculptural monument etc., or be an independent easel work. In relation to the plane of the background, a recessed and convex relief is distinguished. In-depth relief (the so-called koilanoglyph, or R. "en ccreux", that is, a contour carved on a plane) was used mainly in the architecture of Ancient Egypt, as well as in Ancient Eastern and Antique glyptics. A kind of in-depth relief is the so-called. counter-relief, also used in the manufacture of intaglios; strictly negative in relation to the convex relief, it was designed for a plastic impression in the form of a miniature bas-relief. Convex relief, subdivided, in turn, into low - bas-relief and high - high relief, is much more common: it is known already in the Paleolithic era, later - in Ancient egypt, Assyria, India, China and received special development in antique art(reliefs on pediments, metopes and friezes of ancient Greek temples, on ancient Roman triumphal arches and columns, etc.), in the Renaissance and in sculpture of the subsequent time.

Architectural Dictionary. 2012

See also the interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what RELIEF is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

RELIEF in the Dictionary of Construction Terms:
1. Relief - a sculptural image on a plane. The relief can be in-depth (koilanogriff) and protruding (bas-relief, high relief). 2. Relief - configuration ...
RELIEF in the Explanatory Building and Architecture Dictionary:
1) a sculptural image on a plane. The relief can be in-depth (koilanogriff) and protruding (bas-relief, high relief). 2) the configuration of the surface of the land plot (relief ...
RELIEF in the glossary of terms visual arts:
- (from the Latin relevo - I raise) a sculptural image on a plane. Inseparable connection with the plane, which is the physical basis and background of the image, ...
RELIEF in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
payment of the vassal to the lord upon receipt ...
RELIEF v Encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron.
RELIEF in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(French relief, from Latin relevo - raise), a set of forms of the earth's surface, differing in shape, size, origin, history of development. The relief is formed ...
RELIEF
[French relief, from Italian rilievo] 1) bulge; 2) a convex sculptural image on a plane; 3) a set of various irregularities on the earth ...
RELIEF in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
a, m. 1. Convex (usually sculptural) image on a plane. || Cf. BAS-RELIEF, GOR-RELIEF. 2. The structure of the earth's surface. R. locality. Mountain ...
RELIEF in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, -a, m. 1. The structure of the earth's surface, a set of irregularities of the land, ocean and sea bottom. Mountain r. R. locality. 2. Convexity, ...
RELIEF
RELIEF, the vassal's payment to the lord upon receipt ...
RELIEF in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
RELIEF (in art), a type of sculpture, in which the image is convex (or in-depth) in relation to the background plane. Main kinds - …
RELIEF in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
RELIEF (French relief, from Lat. Relevo - I raise), a set of irregularities of the land, the bottom of the oceans and seas, various in shape, size, origin, ...
RELIEF in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
? cm. …
RELIEF in the Complete Accentuated Paradigm by Zaliznyak:
relief "f, relief" fe, relief "fa, relief" fov, relief "fu, relief" fam, relief "f, relief" fe, relief "vom, relief" family, relief "fe, ...
RELIEF in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
(French relief it. rilievo) 1) a convex image on a plane; 2) a set of irregularities of the earth's surface formed as a result of the interaction of endogenous ...
RELIEF in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
[fr. relief 1.convex image on a plane; 2. a set of irregularities of the earth's surface resulting from the interaction of endogenous and exogenous processes; ...
RELIEF in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
bas-relief, badland, high relief, landscape, macro-relief, mascaron, mega-relief, mesorelief, small hillock, micro-relief, nanorelief, panels, tondo, topography, ...
RELIEF in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
m. 1) The structure of the earth's surface. 2) Convex image on a plane (usually sculptural). 3) transfer. That which stands out prominently from smth. ...
RELIEF in the Dictionary of the Russian language Lopatin:
rel'ef, ...
RELIEF in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
relief, ...
RELIEF in the Spelling Dictionary:
rel'ef, ...
RELIEF in the Ozhegov Russian Language Dictionary:
convexity, convex image on the plane Globe with reliefs. relief the structure of the earth's surface, a set of irregularities in the land, ocean and seabed Mountain ...

RELIEF

- (from the Latin relevo - I raise) a sculptural image on a plane. The inseparable connection with the plane, which is the physical basis and background of the image, is a specific feature of the relief as a type of sculpture. The most important expressive means inherent in relief - the deployment of a composition on a plane, the possibility of perspective construction of spatial plans and the creation of spatial illusions - make it possible to reproduce complex multi-figured scenes, as well as architectural and landscape motives in relief. The relief can be included in the composition of the wall, vault, other parts of architectural or sculptural works, but it can also act as an independent easel work. In relation to the image to the plane of the background, in-depth and convex relief are distinguished. In-depth relief (otherwise koilanoglyph or relief "en creux") became widespread mainly in the architecture of Ancient Egypt, as well as in ancient Eastern and ancient glyptics. A kind of in-depth relief is the so-called. counter-relief, also used in the manufacture of intaglios; strictly negative in relation to the convex relief, it is designed for a plastic impression in the form of a miniature bas-relief. Convex relief, subdivided, in turn, into low - bas-relief and high - high relief, is much more common: it is known already in the Paleolithic era, later in Ancient Egypt, Assyria, India, China and was especially developed in ancient art (reliefs on the pediments , metopes and friezes of ancient Greek temples, on the ancient Roman triumphal arches and columns, etc.), in the Renaissance and in the sculpture of the subsequent time.

(Ill. Hunting a lion. Ashurbanipal II. Assyria. IX century BC, stone.)

Glossary of fine art terms. 2012

RELIEF

The word "relief" comes from the Italian "relevio", which means "bulge", "protrusion". In relief, the image is created by a volumetric form that only partially protrudes above a flat surface. Like any sculpture, it has three dimensions, but the third is abbreviated, conditional. In other words, it becomes, as it were, an intermediate link between a round sculpture and an image on a plane. The plane is both the technical basis and - at the same time - the background on which the composition is located.

The relief was especially widespread in the Ancient East: in India, Mesopotamia, Cambodia (Kampuchea), Iran. The scenes of the palaces of the Assyrian and Persian kings in Nineveh and Persepolis were completely covered with reliefs. The Assyrians depicted scenes of war and hunting, they knew no equal in recreating the actions and feelings of animals, they knew how to show them as furious, suffering, fighting. The Persepolis reliefs affirmed the royal power: they depicted warriors with swords, spears and bows and peoples bearing tribute to the “king of kings” - the Babylonians led him bulls, the Armenians - horses, the Elamites - tamed lions, the Arabs - camels. Due to the fact that all the figures were of the same size and walked in the same direction, it seemed that many people and animals were following them: the simplest method of repetition achieved both a peculiar rhythm and a sense of the majesty of what was happening.

In terms of scale, the eastern reliefs are far superior to the European ones. Sometimes they cover the entire wall completely, sometimes they walk along it with a frieze - a horizontal strip located in its upper part. They are always great. The total size of the frieze running from hall to hall in the palace in Dur-Sharrukin in Assyria reaches six thousand square meters. Elephants are depicted in full size on the frieze of the "elephant terrace" in Angkor, the old capital of Cambodia.

Temples of Cambodia: Relfef Angkor Wat

The relief images are for the most part very realistic. The reliefs of Angkor are a veritable encyclopedia of everyday folk life. N. and they depict hunters shooting birds from bows; fishermen throwing nets into the water; masons cutting stones; cooks bustling around the stoves - they cook rice, bake flat cakes; a tightrope walker boldly walking on a rope stretched in the air; a boy stealing something from the tray of a trader dozing in the market; an excited group of "fans" caught in a cockfight. Even in such solemn reliefs as the relief of the palace in Persepolis, the realism of the details is strictly observed: the border of the clothes of one of the kings depicted on it exactly reproduces the original border found by archaeologists in one of the oldest burials.

The relief is divided into three main types: in-depth relief, bas-relief and high relief... In-depth is called a relief not with convex, but cut into the depth of the slab or wall contours - the plane image is preserved here in its entirety. This is a graphic and very clear technique: despite the play of light and shadow, caused on its surface by light modeling, it never breaks the connection with the drawing.

In-depth relief

The in-depth relief was used in Ancient Egypt. They were used to decorate both miniature caskets and huge temples. Reliefs on the temples, designed for viewing from long distances, had clear compositions and clear contours. These contours became especially deep when depicting the pharaohs and their entourage, their figures were modeled in volume, while the secondary characters were "drawn" superficially and seemed flat. This technique replaced the European perspective for the Egyptians.

Bas-relief

The word "bas-relief" comes from the French Bas-relief and means "low relief". The figures depicted in it protrude no more than half of their volume. A classic example of a bas-relief is the frieze of the ancient Greek temple of the Parthenon (442-435 BC), which depicts the solemn procession of the Athenians to the temple of Athena, the patron goddess of the city. Young men holding hot horses, horsemen galloping to the sacred hill, teenagers carrying cups of wine, old men with olive branches, a symbol of peace - all this is depicted on the frieze almost without reduction in perspective: the bas-relief does not destroy the wall plane, but as if spreads parallel her, becoming an organic part of the temple. One of the most beautiful fragments of the frieze is the procession of girls who weaved the veil for Athena; they move slowly, smoothly, their gestures are majestically slowed down - the rhythm of the composition is based on the alternation of their poses. To show the spiritual community of the procession, the like-mindedness of everyone who composes it, the sculptor depicts all heads - both pedestrians and horsemen - at the same level, this technique is called isocephaly. The composition of the bas-relief develops, as if following the procession (it is not for nothing that they examine it, moving behind the image), the background of the frieze is completely smooth, attention is focused on the silhouettes of walking figures.

Multi-figure reliefs are usually narrative, and their "stories" can be much more comprehensive than the "stories" of round sculptural groups. The sculptor does not have to express his idea in a “frozen moment,” and his narrative often unfolds in the same chronological order in which the events being recreated took place. This is clearly expressed in the Roman reliefs that adorned the triumphal arches and columns. Erected in honor of the victory over the Dacians, Trajan's thirty-eight-meter column (c. 111 -114 AD) is covered from pedestal to capital with a spiral ribbon of bas-reliefs, telling with protocol accuracy about Trajan's campaigns on the Danube. Gradually, one after another, the days of the war are depicted: the construction of a bridge across the Danube, sacrifice to the gods, military councils, receptions of ambassadors, battles, the suicide of the Dacian leader, the burning Dacian villages. Very carefully - in detail - shows the weapons of the Romans, siege weapons, ships, bridges. The role of the commander is carefully emphasized: Trajan is always ahead of the fighting troops. To convince the viewer of this, the author of the reliefs (presumably Apollodorus of Damascus) depicts him ninety times - now in front of one, now in front of another legion. The story ends with the triumphant return of the Romans to their homeland - the final round of reliefs, like the last page of a book, sums up the story.

In Russia in the XVIII-XX centuries. reliefs were used to decorate palaces and public buildings; they were used to complete and complete the pedestals of monuments. On the pedestal of the Leningrad monument to I.A.Krylov, executed in 1848-1855. Peter Klodt, recreated a whole fable menagerie: a pug barking at an elephant; swan, pike and crayfish trying to move a cart with luggage; fox reaching for grapes. This cheerful round dance, surrounding the figure of the fabulist, complements the monument.

Multi-figure reliefs are usually narrative, and their "stories" can be much more comprehensive than the "stories" of round sculptural groups... The sculptor does not have to express his idea in a “frozen moment,” and his narrative often unfolds in the same chronological order in which the events being recreated took place. This is clearly expressed in the Roman reliefs that adorned the triumphal arches and columns. Erected in honor of the victory over the Dacians, Trajan's thirty-eight-meter column (c. 111 -114 AD) is covered from pedestal to capital with a spiral ribbon of bas-reliefs, telling with protocol accuracy about Trajan's campaigns on the Danube. Gradually, one after another, the days of the war are depicted: the construction of a bridge across the Danube, sacrifice to the gods, military councils, receptions of ambassadors, battles, the suicide of the Dacian leader, the burning Dacian villages. Very carefully - in detail - shows the weapons of the Romans, siege weapons, ships, bridges. The role of the commander is carefully emphasized: Trajan is always ahead of the fighting troops. To convince the viewer of this, the author of the reliefs (presumably Apollodorus of Damascus) depicts him ninety times - now in front of one, now in front of another legion. The story ends with the triumphant return of the Romans to their homeland - the final round of reliefs, like the last page of a book, sums up the story.

A unique contribution to sculpture was medieval Russian relief or, as it is more often called, Russian stone carving of the XII-XIII centuries, its center was Vladimir-Suzdal Rus. Covered with a carpet of fabulous ornamental patterns, the massive walls of Russian churches seemed both monumental and decorative at the same time. Like all ancient Russian art, carving was closely associated with the church, but this did not make it either ascetic or dogmatic. There are relatively few Christian images on the walls of the Dmitrovsky Cathedral in Vladimir - only forty-six out of five hundred and sixty-six, they literally drown in the mass of animal, fairy-tale, fantastic plots. Carvers borrow them everywhere: from folk ornaments, fairy tales, the surrounding nature, ancient miniatures, the Bible, and even from medieval novels. The story of Alexander the Great's journey to heaven is entirely taken from the popular adventure story "Alexandria". Sitting in a wicker basket drawn by fantastic griffin monsters, Alexander holds over his head small, newborn lion cubs; seeing the tasty prey, the griffins rush to it, and the basket rises into the air.

dress of St. George Cathedral in Yuryev-Polsky

The sculptural attire of the St. George Cathedral in Yuryev-Polsky is even thicker and more elegant. It rises straight from the ground, becomes part of the architectural details: the capitals of the portals are completely covered with fancy flowers and leaves; pilasters are adorned with the faces of women and warriors. Images of Christ, angels, saints, enclosed in relief medallions, figures of dragons and vultures are buried in floral ornament... We also see good-natured, smiling, philosophically-minded liones who doze in the shade of their tree-like tails. And the Sirins, half-dead-half-birds, ready at any moment to turn into legendary birds of sadness and joy. And centaurs dressed in caftans and caps of princely hunters. Centaurs and lions were considered in medieval Russia emblematic animals: they could only be depicted next to the princes, personifying their wisdom and strength. But in Russian stone carving, they live on their own and, moreover, lose their abstract majestic appearance, becoming fabulous. The spirit of the people triumphs in her both over the princely symbolism and over church institutions.

From: Biryukova Irina, & nbsp11043 views

Relief (sculpture)

Relief- a type of fine art, one of the main types of sculpture, in which everything depicted is created using volumes protruding above the background plane. It is performed with the use of contractions in perspective, usually viewed from the front. The relief is thus the opposite of a circular sculpture. A figured or ornamental image is made on a plane of stone, clay, metal, wood using molding, carving and embossing.

Architectural reliefs (on pediments, friezes, slabs) differ depending on the purpose.

Relief types:

Notes (edit)

Literature

encyclopedic Dictionary young artist/ Comp. N.I. Platonova, V.D.Sinyukov. - M .: Pedagogika, 1983 .-- S. 327 .-- 416 p. - 500,000 copies
"Architectural Dictionary"

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See what "Relief (sculpture)" is in other dictionaries:

Relief (sculpture)- RELIEF, a type of sculpture in which the image is convex or in-depth in relation to the plane of the background. Main types: bas-relief, high-relief. ...

Relief: Relief (fr. Relief, from lat. Relevo I raise) a set of irregularities of the land, the bottom of the oceans and seas. Relief (sculpture) is a type of fine art, one of the main types of sculpture, in which everything is depicted ... Wikipedia

- (Latin sculptura, from sculpo I carve, cut out), sculpture, plastic (Greek plastika, from plasso I mold), a type of fine art, based on the principle of a volumetric, physically three-dimensional image. As a rule, the object of the image is in ... ... Art encyclopedia

Renaissance sculpture is one of the most important genres of Renaissance art, which reached dawn at this time. The main center for the development of the genre was Italy, the main motive was the orientation towards antique samples and admiration for the human personality. ... ... Wikipedia

- (French relief, from Latin relevo I raise), a sculptural image on a plane. The inseparable connection with the plane, which is the physical basis and background of the image, is a specific feature of the relief as a type of sculpture. ... ... Art encyclopedia

- (lat. sculptura from sculpo I cut out, carve out), sculpting, plastic, a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional, three-dimensional shape and are made of hard or plastic materials. The sculpture mainly depicts ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Sculpture antique- sculpture Ancient Greece and Ancient rome as well as the Hellenistic states. The formation of s.a. happened in archaic period(VIII-VI centuries BC). The sculpture of the early archaic is characterized by the east. motives and associates with the name ... ... The ancient world. Reference dictionary.

- (Latin sculptura, from sculpo I cut out, carve out), sculpting, plastic, a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional, three-dimensional shape and are performed (by carving, carving, molding, forging, casting, etc.) from solid or ... ... Modern encyclopedia

- (lat. sculptura, from sculpo - I cut out, I cut out) - sculpting, plastic, a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional, three-dimensional shape and are made of hard or plastic materials. Distinguish between a round statue and a relief, but ... ... Encyclopedia of Cultural Studies

- (Latin sculptura, from sculpo - I cut out, carve out), sculpting, plastic, a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional, three-dimensional shape and are made (by carving, carving, molding, forging, casting, etc.) from solid or ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

Children of the country councils,. The publication introduces the works of Soviet painters, graphic artists, sculptors, artists applied arts dedicated to the theme of childhood. Album of illustrations, consisting of thematic ...

Term and concept in the visual arts. Relief as a type of sculpture and the significance of its study by students of the "Teaching Fine Arts" specialization when performing a number of tasks of the work program Sculptural forms of relief

See also the interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what RELIEF is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

See also the interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what RELIEF is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books: