The behavior of the vein and crutch in captivity. Behavior of Zhilin and Kostylin in captivity Izegolskaya basic general education school

L.N. Tolstoy in his work " Prisoner of the Caucasus”Wrote about those people who participated in the Russian-Caucasian war. This story is based on actual events that happened to the author himself and his colleagues in the service.

The main characters here are Russian officers who served in one of the garrisons, these are Zhilin and Kostylin. Having read their surnames, you involuntarily notice the consonance of the endings of their surnames. The meanings of their names are closer to opposites. The first is closer in meaning to the word "vein", and the second means "crutch". And the appearance of the characters is also the opposite. "Zhilin, though not great in stature, is daring." And Kostylin is overweight, clumsy and fat.

(Kostylin)

Their behavior also corresponds to their names. Let us recall how these officers behaved when the Tatars attacked the train. Zhilin "grabbed a saber" and rushed to meet the Tatars, entered into battle with them. The Tatars wounded Zhilin's horse and were able to take the officer prisoner.

Kostylin had a gun, but as soon as he saw the Tatar soldiers, he immediately fled, rushed to the fortress, leaving Zhilin. But the treacherous flight did not save Kostylin.

(Zhilin)

In captivity, these people also behaved in their own way. When their owner Abdul-Murat told the young people that they would be released only when relatives paid 5 thousand rubles for each, Kostylin immediately obediently wrote a letter to his relatives and waited for the required amount from his relatives. Zhilin only agreed to write a request to send only 500 rubles to him. He wrote the letter to the wrong address, taking care of his mother's health. He himself decided to choose the moment and run, constantly thinking over the options for escape.

One night Young officers fled to the mountains. Kostylin constantly whined on the road, was frightened of everything, lagged behind. And Zhilin just laughed. He did not lose heart even when, through the fault of the first, the Tatars were again caught and returned to the aul. Upon his return, Kostylin constantly lay and moaned or slept. Zhilin, on the other hand, was again overcome by thoughts of escape. At that time, Ivan made friends with the daughter of his temporary owner, Dina. The thirteen-year-old girl made friends with Zhilin and subsequently played a decisive role in his fate. She saved his life by helping him escape again, giving him food for the journey.

Zhilin offered Kostylin to flee with him from this captivity. But he refused, deciding to stay. After that, Zhilin returned to his garrison, and Kostylin received freedom only a month later after his relatives sent a ransom for him.

As you can see, Kostylin and Zhilin are completely different in character and type of people. One strong, hardworking, loving children. He is kind, helps even those who were his enemy. Kostylin is selfish, who is very cowardly and at the same time lazy. He is able to betray anyone, if only he was better. That is why their fates are different, and they make different decisions.

Zhilin and Kostylin - the main characters of the story - were Leo Tolstoy's "Prisoner of the Caucasus".

Story topic

During the war in the Caucasus (Russians are at war with the highlanders for territories), two Russian officers, Zhilin and Kostylin, go home on vacation. On the way, the heroes are captured by the Tatars; they ask for a ransom. Zhilin, not wanting to ask his old mother for money, starts an escape, but because of Kostylin's clumsiness, the idea is thwarted. Then the officer tries to flee again, and this time luck smiles at him - he is saved. And Kostylin is saved from captivity by ransom only a month later.

How officers Zhilin and Kostylin behave in captivity

Kostylin is a plump and obese man. During the entire time of being in captivity, he only does what he sleeps and counts the time until the ransom. At the same time, Kostylin does not hesitate to ask the family for a huge ransom (5,000 rubles). The main thing for him is that he is rescued as soon as possible, and that he is again in a comfortable and comfortable environment.

Zhilin behaves exactly the opposite. He refuses to write a letter to his mother asking for a ransom, because he does not want her to worry about him and to give the last thing she has. When the Tatars force Zhilin to write this letter, he writes, but the address is deliberately incorrect. The officer decides for himself: either he gets out of captivity on his own, or he will have to die or stay there until the end of his life. In order to save himself, Zhilin begins to dig a tunnel.

In addition, while in captivity, Zhilin is engaged in various useful things, thereby earning the attention and respect of the local Tatars.

For example, it differs in that:

• makes clay dolls for local children;
• repairs the stopped clock to the Tatar master;
• repairs guns and other accessories of local residents.

And even during the escape, Zhilin stands to the last, holds on with all his might, while not abandoning Kostylin, although he fails his comrade several times and does not want to pull himself together for the sake of their common salvation.

Thanks to resilience and strong-willed qualities, Zhilin still manages to escape from captivity.

The brightest are those works in which the main characters are completely different. It is these characters that form the basis of Leo Tolstoy's story "Prisoner of the Caucasus". Characters- Zhilin and Kostylin. These men have different fates and characters. Byl tells about their life in captivity by the Tatars and their attempt to escape. But the path to freedom is thorny, and in particular because these two officers are the complete opposite of each other.

First meeting of comrades

Events take place during the war for Officer Zhilin received a letter from his mother. She asks her son to return. Ivan, that is the name of the man, is considering the proposal and agrees. Traveling alone was dangerous, so the soldiers marched in a column. The group dragged on slowly, and the thought that it would be better to go alone hit him in the head. As if hearing his thoughts, another officer, Kostylin, invites him to continue the journey together.

The first Zhilina and Kostylina is very important for further development events. The author does not talk about how it looks the main character, but gives a description of Kostylin. It's rough. Sweat drips from the heat. After making sure that he has a loaded weapon, and taking the word to stick together, Zhilin agrees to the invitation.

Ambush and unexpected betrayal of a friend

The comrades are leaving. The entire path lies through the steppe, where the enemy is clearly visible. But further the road runs between two mountains. At this point, a conflict of views arises. In the scene, Zhilin and Kostylin are compared in terms of the sense of danger.

Two excellent warriors perceive the mountain gorge differently. Zhilin sees a potential threat and is sure that the Turks can ambush behind the rock. Kostylin is ready to go forward, despite the possible risk. Leaving his friend below, Ivan climbs the mountain and sees a group of horsemen. Enemies notice the officer and jump towards him. Zhilin shouts to Kostylin to pull out the gun. But he, seeing the Tatars, rushes into the fortress.

The comparative description of Zhilin and Kostylin will be incomplete if this situation is not considered in more detail. The first cared about the safety of both, while the second, under difficult circumstances, thought only about own life... Kostylin left his comrade unarmed. Ivan fought back for a long time, but the forces were unequal. He was taken prisoner. But already from the Tatars, he learns that his would-be friend was also ambushed.

Second and unexpected meeting of former friends

The man spent some time in a closed barn. Then he was taken to the house of the Tatars. There they explained to him that the man who took the soldier prisoner sold him to another Tatar. And he, in turn, wants to receive a ransom for Ivan in the amount of 3,000 rubles. The officer, without hesitation, refused and said that he could not afford such a sum. The most he has to offer is 500 gold. The last word was firm and unshakable. His comrade is brought into the room.

And the appearance of Zhilin and Kostylin is very different. The second officer is fat, barefoot, exhausted, tattered, with a shoe on his feet. Zhilina is no better, but the thirst for struggle has not yet quenched in him. The new owner puts Kostylin as an example and says that he will be accepted for a ransom of 5,000 rubles.

The author shows how humbly he accepts an offer at such a high price. Ivan achieved that the payment for his soul would be. But he still understands that the mother, who lives on the money he himself sends her, would have to sell everything in order to free her son. Therefore, the officer writes the wrong address so that the letter does not reach. The comparative characteristics of Zhilin and Kostylin when determining the ransom amount suggests that the first officer takes care of his mother, even if he is threatened with death. Kostylin is not worried about how they collect money for his release.

Attempt to escape from the enemy

Time passes. Leo Tolstoy vividly describes Zhilin's everyday life. A man wins the heart of the owner's daughter when he sculpts clay dolls for her. Gains respect in the village as a master, and even through cunning - as a doctor. But every night, when the shackles are removed, he digs a passage under the wall. He works during the day, thinking about which way to run. The characteristics of Zhilin and Kostylin in captivity are absolutely opposite. Zhilin does not sit still, unlike his comrade. And he is always asleep or sick, waiting for the storm to pass, associated with the death of one of the Tatars' warriors.

One night Zhilin decides to run away. He offers this to his comrade in the "cell". Kostylin is skeptical about this. He declares that they do not know the way and will get lost at night. But the argument that because of the death of a Tatar they, as a Russian, may be avenged, he finally convinces.

Fighting your own capabilities

The prisoners are acting. Trying to get out, the clumsy Kostylin makes a noise. The dogs growled. But the prudent Ivan fed the dogs for a long time. Therefore, the commotion quickly calmed them down. They get out of the village, but the fat man suffocates and falls behind. He gives up very quickly and asks to leave him.

The comparative characteristic of Zhilin and Kostylin is a competition of cowardice with strength. Both were tired. The night is impenetrable, they are forced to walk almost by touch. Bad boots rub your feet bloody. Kostylin repeatedly stops and rests. Subsequently, he is exhausted and says that he is not able to continue on the path.

Then the comrade pulls him on his back. Because of Kostylin's scream in pain, they are noticed and hunted down. Before dawn, the comrades were caught and this time thrown into the pit. And there the portrait of Zhilin and Kostylin is opposite. An officer thirsting for freedom is trying to dig a tunnel, but there is nowhere to put the earth and stones.

Increasingly, one can hear conversations from enemies that the Russians should be killed.

Final and will

The owner's daughter comes to the rescue. She lowers a pole into the pit, along which, not without the help of a friend, Zhilin climbs the mountain. Weak Kostylin remains with the Tatars. He escapes with shackled legs, but nevertheless gets to his army.

After a while, they pay money for Kostylin. He comes back barely alive. This concludes the work. The author does not report what awaits the characters with the surnames Zhilin and Kostylin next. The heroes have different fates, the first relied only on their own capabilities, the second was waiting for manna from heaven. They are two poles that are governed by different principles and rules. If Zhilin is stubborn, courageous and freedom-loving, then his partner in misfortune is weak, lazy and cowardly.

A beautiful officer

The main characters of Leo Tolstoy are Zhilin and Kostylin. This story is about two officers. The first fought bravely, the second with humility accepted everything that life had in store for him. Zhilin has such a feature as care. He thinks about his old mother, when they asked for a ransom, worries about the fate of his friend, so he does not leave him in the village of enemies, for the girl who helped to get out of the pit.

She orders to hide the pole, which she brought so that Zhilin could rise. His heart is full of kindness and love. The officer fell in love with the simple, peaceful people of the Tatars. Therefore, in every possible way it makes their life easier. He is a symbol of everything light and sincere in the work.

Is Kostylin a hero or an antihero?

Kostylin is often considered a negative hero. He threw a comrade in trouble, distinguished himself by laziness and weakness, brought danger to both. There is nothing to say about a man's cowardice, because every now and then helplessness is manifested in his actions.

But is Kostylin really so weak at heart as outside? Somewhere deep in his heart, he is brave and strong. Although in part it borders on unreason. It was he who suggested to a friend to separate from the group and jump first. He was also ready to walk between the mountains, not even making sure if it was safe there. No less courage was needed to decide on an escape, which he had not planned and for which he was not ready either physically or mentally.

The characteristic of Zhilin and Kostylin is an analysis of two opposite types of courage. But Kostylin showed more courage when he refused to repeat the attempt to escape. Moreover, as I could, I helped a friend get out of the hole. He understood all his weakness and did not dare to set up his comrade again. It is in such actions that the secret of his essence lies.

Competition lesson in literature

(5 cl.)

on this topic

"Zhilin and Kostylin - two different nature,

two different fates "

Lesson objectives:

Educational: comprehension of the content of Leo Tolstoy's story "Prisoner of the Caucasus"; the ability to highlight the main problems raised by the author in the work; systematization of knowledge according to the story, according to the system of images of the story;

Developing: introduce children to independent research and creative activity; develop the skill of analysis artwork, logical thinking, monologue speech of students and their vocabulary;

Educating: to educate a spiritual and moral person who knows how to compassion;

Communicative: teaching the culture of speech communication and etiquette.

Lesson epigraph:

Perish yourself, and help your comrade out.

A. Suvorov

Lesson equipment: small information complex (computer, multimedia projector, interactive board), presentation "The system of images in the story of Leo Tolstoy" Prisoner of the Caucasus ", video," Song of a friend "by V. Vysotsky, exposition of students' illustrations, printed tests.

Lesson forms: Work creative groups, work in pairs, collective.

During the classes.

1. Organizational moment.

- Hello guys. Let's smile at each other and start!

2. The word of the teacher: statement of the problem, message of the topic and form of the lesson.

(The lesson is accompanied by a slide show on the computer)

(1-2) Caucasus. His theme, his image, his landscape have an exceptional place in the Russian cultural tradition. In Russian poetry, first of all. More broadly - in the Russian poetic consciousness: still! Names sacred to everyone are Pushkin, Lermontov, Lev Tolstoy ... Their life and work are inextricably linked with the Caucasus.

Like the sweet song of my fatherland,

I love the Caucasus, -

confessed the young lieutenant M. Yu. Lermontov.

Remembering the Caucasus, Tolstoy said: ... (3-7)

3. Conversation over the text. (8-9)

It is proposed to answer the following questions:

– Who are these captives?

– How was Zhilin taken prisoner?

– Who is to blame for his capture?

– What did each of the heroes in captivity think about?

– Why does Zhilin write a letter home, and so that it does not reach?

4. Verification homework: letters of Zhilin and Kostylin home.

1) Analysis of letters.

2) Highlighting the best letter that most accurately characterizes this or the hero.

– What is the meaning of the writer in their names?

(Answer - 10- th slide):

Zhilin: he is wiry, he managed to survive, take root, get used to someone else's and

life is alien to him. Kostylin: as if on crutches, props.

– Why did the first escape fail? Who is to blame for this?

(listening to Vysotsky's song "Song of a Friend") (10)

V. Vysotsky. Song about a friend.

If a friend suddenly turned out to be

And not a friend, and not an enemy, but so ...

If you can't figure it out right away,

Good or bad, -

Pull the guy to the mountains, take a chance,

Don't leave him alone.

May he be in tandem with you in one -

There you will understand who he is.

If a guy is in the mountains - not ah,

If you immediately become limp - and down,

A step stepped on a glacier - and wilted,

He stumbled - and in a cry,

So, next to you is a stranger,

Don't scold him - chase him:

Such people are not taken up even here,

They don't sing about such people.

5. Work on illustrations.

– Choose quotes that match a particular illustration

(work on slides). (11)

– We remembered these episodes for a reason.

– We will arrange them in the desired order and write them down in the form of a story outline. (12)

6. Testing by images.

– Let's check the knowledge of the text:

Work in pairs. The tasks have a test form (mutual check).

Zhilin.

1. What made Zhilin leave the Caucasus?

A) a letter to the mother;

B) brother's telegram;

C) calling the authorities.

2. The horse near Zhilin was ...

A) bay;

B) thoroughbred;

C) hunting.

3. Zhilin ...

A) small in stature, but daring;

B) tall, brave, lanky;

C) a cowardly, pathetic man.

4. Zhilin had ...

A) a gun;

B) checker;

C) a pistol.

5. When Zhilin was captured, he was placed ...

A) in the barn;

B) into the pit;

C) to jail.

6. What did Zhilin want most of all in the barn?

Is there;

B) drink;

C) free your hands.

7. How many Zhilins did the Tatars ask for a ransom?

A) 500 rubles;

B) 1000 rubles;

C) 3000 rubles.

8. What did he do in captivity?

A) tried to find contact with the Tatars;

B) did needlework and tried to find an escape route;

C) sewed clothes.

9. What did Zhilin do and put on the roof?

A) whistle;

B) a jug;

C) a doll.

10. What kind of fame about Zhilin has passed among the Tatars?

A) that he is a master;

B) that he is a sorcerer,

C) that he is a Muslim.

11. What did Zhilin do at night in the barn?

A) slept;

B) did needlework;

C) dug a tunnel.

12. How did Zhilin know the way to the Russians?

A) asked Dina;

B) climbed the mountain and looked;

C) calculated on the map.

Kostylin.

1. Kostylin ...

A) a thin, tall man;

B) overweight, thick, all red;

B) medium height, medium build.

2. Kostylin had ...

A) a gun;

B) a pistol;

B) automatic machine.

3. What did Kostylin do when he saw the Tatars?

A) began to shoot;

B) waited for Zhilin;

C) galloped to the fortress.

4. How much did Kostylin ask for ransom for himself in a letter home?

A) 1000 coins;

B) 3000 coins;

C) 5000 coins.

5. What did Kostylin do in the Tatars' shed?

A) counted the days when the letter arrived and slept;

B) built an escape plan;

C) dug a tunnel under the barn.

6. Whom during the escape was Kostylin frightened in the forest?

A) deer;

B) a bear;

C) wild boar.

7. Why did Kostylin lag behind Zhilin during the escape?

A) it was too lazy to go;

B) choked from brisk walking;

C) rubbed my legs.

8. Why did the Tatar, who drove the cows, find out about the fugitives?

A) Kostylin whistled;

B) Kostylin screamed;

C) Kostylin fired.

9. What happened to Kostylin's pit?

A) he got sick;

B) he took courage;

C) slept for days.

10. What did Kostylin do when Zhilin offered to run for the second time?

A) refused;

B) agreed;

C) issued the plan to the Tatars.

11. How long after Zhilin's escape was Kostylin brought?

A) in a week;

B) in a month;

C) six months later.

12. How did Kostylin get rid of the Tatars?

A) he was freed by the Cossacks;

B) ran;

C) made a ransom.

7. Comparative characteristics of the heroes. Work in creative groups.

– Now that we have comprehended the content of the story, have identified the main problems, it's time to summarize the first results.

– How did the heroes appear before us?

Working with the table of synonyms: compose a characteristic from phrases (in writing).

Zhilin:

kind (thinks about mother, pity her); hopes for himself, ponders escape; active person;

managed to settle down in the aul (he is Zhilin!); hard-working, cannot sit around, master;

helps everyone, even his enemies - the Tatars; he is interested in other people, he loves children;

generous (forgave Kostylin for leaving him in battle).

Kostylin:

a weak person, does not rely on himself, expects help from his mother; very lazy;

capable of betrayal (threw Zhilin); limp, discouraged;

does not understand other people, thinks only of himself.

8. Work on illustrations of students. Self-esteem.

– Whose portrait conveys the real image of the heroes of L.N. Tolstoy?

9. A short break in the lesson for warm-up.

Physical minute.

Are you tired?

Well, then everyone stood up in unison.

Trampled with their feet

They patted their hands.

Spun, spun

And they all sat down at their desks.

We close our eyes tightly

Together we count until five.

We open, blink

And we begin to work.

10. Drawing up a conclusion on the lesson.

– It's time to draw conclusions:

1) The following questions are asked:

– Why was Zhilin's second escape from captivity a success? (13)

Zhilin became his own, enjoyed some freedom, was able to scout the way home, liked Dina, who helped him.

2) Dictionary work on articles etymological vocabulary. (13) – What, in your opinion, is the meaning of the word "our" that fits the definition of Zhilin's position?

– How was Kostylin's fate?

– Who is the Caucasian prisoner?

Video plot: the opinion of two high school students about the Caucasian prisoner.

– One believes that the prisoner is Zhilin, the other is Kostylin. Which one is right? (14)

11. Closing remarks from the teacher.

L.N. Tolstoy shows that people may not understand and even hate each other, but they have the opportunity to understand each other, although this requires some effort.

Kostylin is not only in Tatar captivity, but also in captivity of his weakness, his egoism, and he does not get out of this captivity. Zhilin managed to survive, to take root in a hostile environment, as he managed to win over even his enemies; he solved his problems himself, without shifting onto the shoulders of others; how strong he was, "wiry" he was not. Zhilin managed to escape from captivity, and Kostylin remained not only and not so much in Tatar captivity, as in captivity of his weakness, his selfishness.

L.N. Tolstoy shows how helpless, how physically weak Kostylin is, how he hopes only for the ransom that his mother will send. Kostylin is in double captivity, as we talked about above. The writer, drawing this image, seems to say that without getting out of the inner captivity, it is impossible to get out of the outer captivity.

Zhilin, on the contrary, does not count on his mother, does not want to shift his difficulties onto her shoulders. He joins the life of the Tatars, aul, constantly does something, knows how to win over even his enemies - he is strong in spirit. It is this idea, first of all, that the author wants to convey to us.

12. Assignment for home:

(15) write an essay "With whom would I go to intelligence?".

13. The final point of the lesson. Reflection.

– Thanks for the tutorial guys. The lesson is over, goodbye. And finally, I want to invite you to evaluate the lesson. How did he make you feel? Choose one of the leaves of the seven-colored flower and, leaving the class, attach it, please, to the board.

Goals:

give a concept of comparison;

learn to compare literary heroes;

educate responsibility for their actions, the desire to find their place in life;

develop logical thinking, speech.

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The lesson of the development of speech in literature.

Zhilin and Kostylin are two different characters, two different fates. Comparative characteristics of the heroes.

Goals: give a concept of comparison;

Learn to compare literary characters;

Raise responsibility for your actions, the desire to find your place in life;

Develop logical thinking, speech.

DURING THE CLASSES

1. Organizational moment.
2. Statement of the topic and objectives of the lesson.
3. Conversation on the theory of literature.

• What is comparison?

COMPARISON - comparison of one object or phenomenon with another.

• You and I will be comparing two literary heroes - Zhilin and Kostylin.

1. Analytical discussion on the topic of the lesson.

• Why is the story called "Prisoner of the Caucasus", although there are two main characters captured?
• We will be able to answer this question more fully at the end of the lesson.
• How did Zhilin and Kostylin behave during the Tatars' attack?
• Let's expressively read the role of the episode "Ransom" chapter 2 p. 211 - 212.
• Why do Tatars call Kostylin meek?
• From Chapter 3, write out the verbs related to Zhilin and Kostylin separately.

Zhilin: looks out, elicits, runs, walks, whistles, does needlework, blinded, made, disassembled, laid out, etc.

Kostylin: wrote, waited, missed, sits, counts, sleeps.

• To which hero can the concept of ACTION be attributed?
• Which of the heroes can we say that he is inactive?

1. Retelling of the episode "Unsuccessful Escape".

• Tell us about the first time the heroes tried to run.
• How does this characterize each of the heroes?
• Why was the second escape a success?

1. Working with illustrations.

• Consider the illustration on page 224 by artist A. Itkin.
• What episodes did the artist illustrate? Why?
• How does the picture show the differences in the behavior of the characters?
• Look carefully at the illustration on page 227 by artist M. Rodionov.
• What feelings did the artist put into the illustration? Do they match the feelings of the author? And with yours?

1. Dictionary work.

• The names of the heroes are, as it were, in a pair and even rhyme: Zhilin - Kostylin. Let's see what the words from which they are derived mean.

Speakers are students who have received a homework assignment. They talk about the meaning of the words LIVING and CRUTCH.

• So the author, with the help of the names of the heroes, gives us an additional characteristic and expresses his attitude towards them.

1. Lesson summary.

Under the same conditions, the characters manifest themselves in different ways.

This type of behavior can be observed in an extreme situation, and in Everyday life... The fate of a person depends on the character.

• Why is the story called "Prisoner of the Caucasus"?

1. Homework.

Tell about the character and behavior of Zhilin and Kostylin.

Make a plan for your story.