The history of the creation of the novel "Oblomov" by Goncharov. The history of the creation of the novel Goncharov Oblolov actors

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Characteristics of Ilya Ilyich Oblomov very ambiguous. Goncharov created it complex and mysterious. Oblomov separates himself from the outside world, fences himself off from it. Even his dwelling bears little resemblance to habitation.

WITH early childhood he saw a similar example among his relatives, who also fenced themselves off from the outside world and protected it. It was not customary to work in his native home. When he was still a child, he played snowballs with peasant children, then he was then warmed up for several days. In Oblomovka, they were wary of everything new - even a letter that came from a neighbor in which he asked for a beer recipe was afraid to open for three days.

But Ilya Ilyich happily recalls his childhood. He idolizes the nature of Oblomovka, although this is an ordinary village, nothing particularly remarkable. He was brought up by rural nature. This nature instilled in him poetry and a love of beauty.

Ilya Ilyich does nothing, only complains about something all the time and engages in verbiage. He is lazy, does nothing himself and does not expect anything from others. He accepts life as it is and does not try to change anything in it.

When people come to him and talk about their lives, he feels that in the hustle and bustle of life they forget that they are wasting their lives in vain ... And he does not need to fuss, act, do not need to prove anything to anyone. Ilya Ilyich simply lives and enjoys life.

It's hard to imagine him in motion, he looks funny. At rest, lying on the couch, he is natural. It looks at ease - this is his element, his nature.

Let's summarize what we've read:

1. The appearance of Ilya Oblomov. Ilya Ilyich is a young man, 33 years old, of good appearance, of medium height, overweight. The softness of his expression betrayed in him a weak and lazy person.
2. Family status. At the beginning of the novel, Oblomov is unmarried, lives with his servant Zakhar. At the end of the novel, he marries and is happily married.
3. Description of the dwelling. Ilya lives in St. Petersburg in an apartment on Gorokhovaya Street. The apartment is neglected, the servant Zakhar rarely sneaks into it, who is as lazy as the owner. The sofa occupies a special place in the apartment, on which Oblomov lies around the clock.
4. Behavior, actions of the hero. Ilya Ilyich can hardly be called an active person. Only his friend Stolz manages to bring Oblomov out of his slumber. The protagonist lies on the couch and only dreams that he will soon get up and go about his business. He cannot solve even the most pressing problems. His estate has fallen into disrepair and does not bring money, so Oblomov even has nothing to pay for the apartment.
5. The attitude of the author to the hero. Goncharov sympathizes with Oblomov, he considers him a kind, sincere person. At the same time, he sympathizes with him: it is a pity that a young, capable, not stupid person has lost all interest in life.
6. My attitude to Ilya Oblomov. In my opinion, he is too lazy and weak-willed, so he cannot command respect. Sometimes he just infuriates me, I want to come up and shake him. I don't like people who live their lives like that. Perhaps I react so strongly to this character because I feel the same shortcomings in myself.

Any person with a claim to literacy is familiar with the names of Leo Tolstoy, Ivan Turgenev, Fyodor Dostoevsky and can certainly cite as an example the names of some of the most famous works these authors. But who wrote "Oblomov"? Who was this writer? And why did his hero acquire such symbolic popularity?

Childhood and youthful years of the future writer

Ivan Alekseevich Goncharov (the one who wrote "Oblomov") was born in Simbirsk, now known as Ulyanovsk, in 1812. He was the son of a wealthy merchant. But Ivan Alekseevich's dad died seven years after the boy was born, young Ivan was brought up by his godfather, Nikolai Tregubov, a liberal-minded aristocrat. He opened up wider cultural horizons and a sophisticated lifestyle for Goncharov.

Ivan Goncharov initially studied at a commercial school in 1822, and continued his studies for eight years. As he later recalled, these were the most miserable years of his life. Ivan could not stand the low quality of education and the methods of harsh discipline. His only consolation at that time was self-education.

Higher education and debut editions

And then at Moscow University, in an atmosphere of intellectual freedom and lively discussions, Goncharov's spirit flourished. Ivan Alekseevich, during his studies, gets acquainted with some of the leading minds of his era, but does not join any of the student circles that were full of faith in the ideals of the philosophy of German romanticism.

Goncharov remained indifferent to the ideas of political and social change that were gaining popularity at that time. His main occupation is reading and translation. In 1832, two chapters from the work of Eugene Sue were published, which were translated by Ivan Alekseevich. This became his debut edition.

Graduation and beginning of adulthood

After graduating in 1834, Goncharov served for almost thirty years as a government official. He first returned home to enter the office of the Simbirsk governor, and a year later he moved to St. Petersburg and began working as a translator in the Ministry of Finance.

Unlike literary rivals such as Turgenev or Goncharov, he was forced to earn his living, and not just rely on writing activity. Ivan Alekseevich, of course, became a member of the literary circle founded in the Maikovs' house, and even wrote poetry. But soon he stopped indulging in poetry altogether. Many of Goncharov's poems were included in the novel Ordinary History as Aduev's writings. A sure sign that the author stopped taking them seriously.

The writing career of the one who wrote Oblomov. Photo of the author of the work

Goncharov's first prose began to appear in The Snowdrop. This is a satirical story "Dashing Pain", in which he ridiculed romantic sentimentalism. Then came secular drama with a touch of comedy, and most significant work of that time there was an essay called "Ivan Savvich Podzhabrin". This is how it started literary career the one who wrote "Oblomov".

Despite the fact that Ivan Alekseevich began to write a long time ago, his first serious work is "Ordinary History". She tells about the clash between the decaying Russian nobility and the new merchant classes. The most influential critic of the time described the novel as an attack on antiquated romanticism.

The most popular work, or the second novel of Ivan Alekseevich

And in what year was "Oblomov" written? Ivan Alekseevich Goncharov began his second novel in the late 1840s, but the process was slow for many reasons. In 1855 he accepted the position of censor, traveled to England, Africa and Japan as Admiral Putyatin's secretary.

And the novel "Oblomov" itself first appeared in the journal "Domestic Notes" in 1859. It is dedicated to the midlife crisis of the protagonist. A distinctive feature of Ilya Ilyich is a lazy attitude to life. The author portrayed his character with sympathy, although he was the personification of the nobility.

The main questions in the work of Ivan Alekseevich

What is the reader's primary interest? This is, first of all, what the work is about, and not just who wrote it. "Oblomov" is a novel that describes the fate of the landowner Ilya Ilyich, and on the basis of this plot, the author in his work considers many important issues that he faces Russian society in the nineteenth century. This is the uselessness of many landowners and nobles in society, the complex relationship between members of various classes of society, such as Oblomov and his servant Zakhar.

The main character is a young and generous nobleman, but he does not seem to be in a position to make important decisions or initiate any significant actions at all. Throughout the piece, he rarely leaves his room or bed. Moreover, over the course of the first fifty or so pages, Ilya Ilyich very famously manages not to leave her at all.

The meaning of a famous work

Ivan Alekseevich Goncharov (the one who wrote the novel "Oblomov") certainly did not expect that his work would become so popular that it would leave a significant imprint on Russian culture. Moreover, Goncharov's work will add new words to the Russian vocabulary. The protagonist's name would become often used to describe someone who exhibits traits of a lazy and apathetic personality similar to the character in the novel.

The work caused unanimous recognition not only among readers, but also among critics. There were those who wrote: Oblomov is the last person in a row " extra people"after Onegin, Pechorin and Rudin in the decaying feudal Russia. Nikolai Dobrolyubov noted that in the novel very important problems of that era were brought to the fore and subjected to a thorough analysis. A special kind of laziness, leading to self-destruction of the individual.

The last years of the life of a famous writer and critic

Like these ones global problems was able to affect in his work the one who wrote "Oblomov". Nevertheless, Ivan Alekseevich was not a prolific writer. He published only three of his novels. Ten years after the publication of the novel "Oblomov", another work called "Cliff" is published, which also has significant success with readers.

Goncharov is also planning a fourth novel, but his dreams did not materialize. Instead, he becomes a critic and makes numerous theater and literary reviews. Towards the end of his life, Ivan Alekseevich wrote an unusual memoir in which he accused his literary rivals of plagiarizing his works. He died in St. Petersburg on September 24, 1891 from pneumonia.

Thus passed the life of the remarkable writer and critic Ivan Alekseevich Goncharov, the one who wrote the novel Oblomov. His photo is now known to every schoolchild. And the works are not only popular, but also loved among a wide range readers.

Roman I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" became a kind of appeal to his contemporaries about the need to change the inert image of judgment. This work is the second part of a trilogy, which, in addition to it, includes such novels as "An Ordinary Story" and "Cliff".

The history of the creation of the novel "Oblomov" will help the reader to unravel the idea of ​​the great writer and trace the stages of writing the work.

"Oblomov's Dream"

The first idea for the novel "Oblomov" came from Goncharov in 1847. He gets to work and hopes to complete his new work very quickly. Goncharov promises N.A. Nekrasov, editor of the literary magazine Sovremennik, to provide him with a manuscript for printing by 1848. Work on the novel is hard and slow. In 1849, Goncharov published an excerpt from it under the title "Oblomov's Dream". It reveals the author's reflections on the essence of "Oblomovism" and the role of this phenomenon in social life Russia. Critics received the passage quite favorably.

The editor of Sovremennik was delighted, but due to the fact that the novel was not completed by the promised date, the relationship between Goncharov and Nekrasov went slightly wrong. For this reason, Ivan Alexandrovich turned to the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski, promising to provide the manuscript by 1850.

Trip to Simbirsk

In 1849, Goncharov went to his native city, Simbirsk. He tries to work on the novel, but only manages to finish the first part. Simbirsk was a cozy small settlement in which the way of patriarchal Russia was still alive. Here Goncharov meets many cases of the so-called Oblomov dream. The landowners live a measured, unhurried life, not experiencing a craving for progress, their whole life is built on the labor of serfs.

A break during work

After a trip to Simbirsk, Goncharov took a break from working on the novel Oblomov. The writing of the work was delayed by almost seven years. During this time, the writer took part in world tour as assistant secretary E.V. Putyatin. The result of this trip was a collection of essays "Frigate" Pallada "". In 1857 Goncharov went to Marienbad for treatment. There he resumed the pending work on the creation of the novel Oblomov. The work, which he could not finish for almost a dozen years, was completed in a month. During a long creative break, Goncharov managed to think over his story to the smallest detail and mentally complete the novel.

Ivan Andreevich admitted that the critic Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky had a huge influence on his novel. In his article on the first part of Goncharov's trilogy of novels " Ordinary history”, Belinsky said that for a nobleman who is overly influenced by romance, a completely different ending can be used than in this novel. Goncharov listened to the opinion of the critic and, when creating Oblomov, took advantage of some of his key remarks.

In 1859 Oblomov was published on the pages of Otechestvennye Zapiski.

Hero Prototypes

Oblomov. It is known that in many respects the image of the main character was written off by Goncharov from himself. Sybaritism and unhurried thoughtfulness were his hallmarks. For this reason, his close friends nicknamed him "Prince de Laziness". Much converges in the fate and characters of Goncharov and his hero Oblomov. Both belong to an old family with patriarchal foundations, unhurried and dreamy, but at the same time they have a sharp mind.

Olga Ilinskaya. Researchers of Goncharov's work consider two women to be the prototypes of Oblomov's beloved, Olga Ilyinskaya. This is Elizaveta Tolstaya, to whom the writer had the most tender feelings, considering her the ideal of femininity and intelligence, and Ekaterina Maikova, his close friend, who impressed Goncharov with her determination and active life position.

Agafya Pshenitsyna. The prototype of Agafya Matveevna Pshenitsyna, the “ideal” Oblomov woman, with whom main character found peace and comfort, became the mother of I.A. Goncharova, Avdotya Matveevna. After the death of the father of the family, the godfather of Ivan Andreevich took over the care of the upbringing of the boy, and Avdotya Matveevna plunged into household chores at home, providing a well-fed and comfortable life for her son and his caregiver.

Andrew Stoltz. Collective image, opposed in the novel to Russian national character Oblomov. Stolz becomes a kind of catalyst for the protagonist, which awakens in him inquisitiveness, liveliness and interest in life. But this effect does not last long, as soon as Stoltz leaves him alone, a touch of drowsiness and laziness returns.

Conclusion

The novel "Oblomov" was completed by I.A. Goncharov in 1858, shortly before the abolition of serfdom. He showed the crisis of patriarchal Russia, leaving the reader to decide for himself which path is ideal for a Russian person: a sleepy and peaceful existence or striving forward into a world of transformation and progress.

Often referred to as a mystery writer, Ivan Alexandrovich Goncharov, extravagant and inaccessible to many contemporaries, went to his zenith for almost twelve years. "Oblomov" was printed in parts, crumpled, added to and changed "slowly and heavily", as the author wrote, whose creative hand, however, approached the creation of the novel responsibly and scrupulously. The novel was published in 1859 in the St. Petersburg journal Otechestvennye Zapiski and was met with obvious interest from both literary and philistine circles.

The history of writing the novel prancing in parallel with the tarantas of the events of that time, namely with the Gloomy Seven Years of 1848-1855, when not only Russian literature was silent, but everything Russian society. It was an era of increased censorship, which was the reaction of the authorities to the activity of the liberal-minded intelligentsia. A wave of democratic upheavals took place across Europe, so politicians in Russia decided to secure the regime with repressive measures against the press. There was no news, and writers were faced with the caustic and helpless problem of having nothing to write about. What, perhaps, they wanted, the censors ruthlessly pulled out. Exactly this situation is a consequence of that hypnosis and that lethargy with which the whole work is shrouded, as if by Oblomov's favorite dressing gown. The best people countries in such a suffocating atmosphere felt unnecessary, and values ​​​​encouraged from above - petty and unworthy of a nobleman.

“I wrote my life and what grew to it,” Goncharov briefly commented on the history of the novel after finishing touches on his creation. These words are an honest recognition and confirmation of the autobiographical nature of the greatest collection of eternal questions and answers to them.

Composition

The composition of the novel is circular. Four parts, four seasons, four states of Oblomov, four stages in the life of each of us. The action in the book is a cycle: sleep turns into awakening, awakening into sleep.

• Exposure. In the first part of the novel, there is almost no action, except perhaps only in Oblomov's head. Ilya Ilyich lies, he receives visitors, he shouts at Zakhar, and Zakhar shouts at him. Characters of different colors appear here, but basically they are all the same ... Like Volkov, for example, to whom the hero sympathizes and rejoices for himself that he does not fragment and does not crumble into ten places in one day, does not loom around, but retains his human dignity in his chambers . The next “out of the cold”, Sudbinsky, Ilya Ilyich also sincerely regrets and concludes that his unfortunate friend is bogged down in the service, and that now much will not move in him for a century ... There was a journalist Penkin, and colorless Alekseev, and heavy-browed Tarantiev, and all he was equally sorry, sympathized with everyone, retorted with everyone, recited ideas and thought ... An important part is the chapter "Oblomov's Dream", in which the root of "Oblomovism" is exposed. The composition is equal to the idea: Goncharov describes and shows the reasons for the formation of laziness, apathy, infantilism, and in the end, a dead soul. It is the first part that is the exposition of the novel, since here the reader is presented with all the conditions in which the personality of the hero was formed.
• Tie. The first part is also the starting point for the subsequent degradation of the personality of Ilya Ilyich, because even the leaps of passion for Olga and devoted love for Stolz in the second part of the novel do not make the hero a better person, but only gradually squeeze Oblomov out of Oblomov. Here the hero meets Ilyinskaya, which in the third part develops into a culmination.
• Climax. The third part, first of all, is fateful and significant for the protagonist himself, since here all his dreams suddenly become real: he performs feats, he makes an offer of marriage to Olga, he decides to love without fear, he decides to take risks, to duel with himself... Only people like Oblomov don't wear holsters, don't swordsman, don't sweat during battle, they doze off and only imagine how heroically beautiful it is. Oblomov can’t do everything - he cannot fulfill Olga’s request and go to his village, since this village is a fiction. The hero breaks up with the woman of his dreams, choosing to preserve his own way of life, rather than striving for the best and eternal struggle with himself. At the same time, his financial affairs are hopelessly deteriorating, and he is forced to leave a comfortable apartment and prefer a budget option.
• Interchange. The fourth and final part, "Vyborg Oblomovism", consists of marriage to Agafya Pshenitsyna and the subsequent death of the protagonist. It is also possible that it was marriage that contributed to Oblomov’s stupefaction and imminent death, because, as he himself put it: “There are such donkeys that get married!”.

It can be summarized that the plot itself is extremely simple, despite the fact that it is stretched over six hundred pages. A lazy, kind middle-aged man (Oblomov) is deceived by his vulture friends (by the way, they are vultures each in their own area), but a kind man comes to the rescue. loving friend(Stoltz), who saves him, but takes away the object of his love (Olga), and therefore the main nourishment of his rich spiritual life.

Features of the composition are in parallel storylines on different levels perception.

• There is only one main storyline here and it is love, romantic ... The relationship between Olga Ilyinskaya and her main beau is shown in a new, bold, passionate, psychologically detailed way. That is why the novel claims to be a love story, being a kind of model and manual for building relationships between a man and a woman.
• The secondary storyline is based on the principle of opposing two destinies: Oblomov and Stolz, and the intersection of these very destinies at the point of love for one passion. But in this case, Olga is not a turning point, no, the look falls only on strong male friendship, on a pat on the back, on broad smiles and on mutual envy (I want to live the way the other lives).

What is the novel about?

This novel is, first of all, about a vice of social significance. Often the reader can notice the similarity of Oblomov not only with his creator, but also with the majority of people who live and have ever lived. Which of the readers, as they got closer to Oblomov, did not recognize themselves lying on the sofa and reflecting on the meaning of life, on the futility of being, on the power of love, on happiness? Which reader has not crushed his heart with the question: “To be or not to be?”?

Ultimately, the writer's property is such that, trying to expose another human flaw, he falls in love with it in the process and gives the reader a flaw with such an appetizing aroma that the reader eagerly wants to feast on it. After all, Oblomov is lazy, untidy, infantile, but the public loves him only because the hero has a soul and is not ashamed to reveal this soul to us. “Do you think that a thought does not need a heart? No, it is fertilized by love" - ​​this is one of the most important postulates of the work, laying the essence of the novel "Oblomov".

The sofa itself and Oblomov, lying on it, keep the world in balance. His philosophy, promiscuity, confusion, throwing run the lever of movement and the axis of the globe. In the novel, in this case, not only the justification of inaction takes place, but also the desecration of action. The vanity of the vanities of Tarantiev or Sudbinsky does not bring any sense, Stolz is successfully making a career, but what one is unknown ... Goncharov dares to slightly ridicule work, that is, work in the service, to which he hated, which, therefore, was not surprising to notice in the character of the protagonist . “But how upset he was when he saw that there must be at least an earthquake in order not to come to the service of a healthy official, and earthquakes, as a sin, do not happen in St. Petersburg; a flood, of course, could also serve as a barrier, but even that rarely happens. - the writer conveys all the senselessness of state activity, which Oblomov thought about and waved his hand in the end, referring to Hypertrophia cordis cum dilatatione ejus ventriculi sinistri. So what is Oblomov talking about? This is a novel about the fact that if you are lying on the couch, you are probably more right than those who walk somewhere or sit somewhere every day. Oblomovism is a diagnosis of humanity, where any activity can lead either to the loss of one's own soul, or to the stupid crumbling of time.

Main characters and their characteristics

It should be noted that the surnames of the speakers are typical for the novel. For example, they are worn by all minor characters. Tarantiev comes from the word "tarantula", journalist Penkin - from the word "foam", which hints at the surface and cheapness of his occupation. With their help, the author completes the description of the characters: the name of Stolz is translated from German as “proud”, Olga is Ilyinskaya because it belongs to Ilya, and Pshenitsyna is a hint at the vileness of her petty-bourgeois lifestyle. However, all this, in fact, does not fully characterize the heroes, this is done by Goncharov himself, describing the actions and thoughts of each of them, revealing their potential or lack thereof.

1. Oblomov- the main character, which is not surprising, but the hero is not the only one. It is through the prism of the life of Ilya Ilyich that a different life is visible, only here, what is interesting, Oblomovskaya seems to readers more entertaining and original, despite the fact that he does not have the characteristics of a leader and is even unsympathetic. Oblomov, a lazy and overweight middle-aged man, can confidently become the face of melancholy, depression and melancholy propaganda, but this man is so unhypocritical and pure in soul that his gloomy and stale flair is almost invisible. He is kind, subtle in love matters, sincere with people. He asks himself: “When will we live?” - and does not live, but only dreams and waits for the right moment for the utopian life that comes into his dreams and slumbers. He also asks the great Hamlet question: “To be or not to be,” when he decides to get up from the sofa or confess his feelings to Olga. He, just like Cervantes' Don Quixote, wants to accomplish a feat, but does not, and therefore blames his Sancho Panza - Zakhar for this. Oblomov is naive, like a child, and so sweet to the reader that an overwhelming feeling arises to protect Ilya Ilyich and quickly send him to an ideal village, where he can, holding his wife by the waist, walk with her and look at the cook in the process of cooking. We have discussed this in detail in our essay.
2. The opposite of Oblomov is Stolz. The person from whom the narration and the story of "Oblomovism" is conducted. He is German by father and Russian by mother, therefore a man who has inherited the virtues of both cultures. Andrei Ivanovich from childhood read both Herder and Krylov, he was well versed in "hard-working money-making, vulgar order and boring correctness of life." For Stolz, the philosophic nature of Oblomov is equal to antiquity and the past fashion for thought. He travels, works, builds, reads avidly and envies the free soul of a friend, because he himself does not dare to claim a free soul, or maybe he is simply afraid. We have discussed this in detail in our essay.
3. The turning point in Oblomov's life can be called in one name - Olga Ilyinskaya. She is interesting, she is special, she is smart, she is educated, she sings amazingly and she falls in love with Oblomov. Unfortunately, her love is like a list of certain tasks, and the beloved for her is nothing more than a project. Having learned from Stolz the peculiarities of the thinking of her future betrothed, the girl is eager to make a “man” out of Oblomov and considers his boundless and quivering love for her to be her leash. In part, Olga is cruel, proud and dependent on public opinion, but to say that her love is not real means to spit on all the ups and downs in gender relations, no, rather, her love is special, but genuine. also became a topic for our essay.
4. Agafya Pshenitsyna is a 30-year-old woman, the mistress of the house where Oblomov moved. The heroine is an economic, simple and kind person who found in Ilya Ilyich the love of her life, but did not seek to change him. It is characterized by silence, calmness, a certain limited outlook. Agafya does not think about something high, beyond the scope of everyday life, but she is caring, hardworking and capable of self-sacrifice for the sake of her beloved. More detailed in the essay.

Topic

Dmitry Bykov says:

Heroes of Goncharov do not shoot duels, like Onegin, Pechorin or Bazarov, do not participate, like Prince Bolkonsky, in historical battles and writing Russian laws, do not commit crimes and transgression over the commandment "Thou shalt not kill" as in Dostoevsky's novels. Everything they do fits into the framework of everyday life, but this is only one facet

Indeed, one facet of Russian life cannot encompass the whole novel: the novel is divided into social relations, friendships, and love relationships ... It is the latter theme that is the main one and is highly appreciated by critics.

1. Love Theme embodied in Oblomov's relationship with two women: Olga and Agafya. So Goncharov depicts several varieties of the same feeling. Ilyinskaya's emotions are saturated with narcissism: in them she sees herself, and only then her chosen one, although she loves him with all her heart. However, she values ​​her brainchild, her project, that is, the non-existent Oblomov. Ilya's relationship with Agafya is different: the woman fully supported his desire for peace and laziness, idolized him and lived by taking care of him and their son Andryusha. The tenant gave her new life, family, long-awaited happiness. Her love is adoration to the point of blindness, because indulging her husband's whims led him to an early death. More main topic the work is described in the essay "".
2. Friendship Theme. Stolz and Oblomov, although they survived falling in love with the same woman, did not unleash a conflict and did not betray friendship. They always complemented each other, talked about the most important and intimate in the lives of both. This relationship has been ingrained in their hearts since childhood. The boys were different, but got along well with each other. Andrei found peace and good-heartedness visiting a friend, and Ilya gladly accepted his help in everyday affairs. You can read more about this in the essay "Friendship of Oblomov and Stolz".
3. Finding the meaning of life. All heroes are looking for their own way, looking for the answer to the eternal question about the destiny of man. Ilya found it in reflection and finding spiritual harmony, in dreams and the very process of existence. Stolz found himself in the eternal movement forward. Detailed in the essay.

Problems

The main problem of Oblomov is the lack of motivation to move. The whole society of that time really wants, but cannot wake up and get out of that terrible depressing state. Many people have become and are still becoming Oblomov victims. A living hell is to live life as a dead man and not see any purpose. It was this human pain that Goncharov wanted to show, resorting to the concept of conflict for help: there is a conflict between a person and society, and between a man and a woman, and between friendship and love, and between loneliness and an idle life in society, and between work and hedonism. and between walking and lying down and so on and so forth.

• The problem of love. This feeling can change a person for the better, this transformation is not an end in itself. For Goncharov's heroine, this was not obvious, and she put all the strength of her love into the re-education of Ilya Ilyich, not seeing how painful it was for him. Remaking her lover, Olga did not notice that she was squeezing out of him not only bad character traits, but also good ones. In fear of losing himself, Oblomov could not save his beloved girl. He faced the problem of a moral choice: either remain himself, but alone, or play another person all his life, but for the good of his wife. He chose his individuality, and in this decision you can see selfishness or honesty - to each his own.
• Friendship issue. Stolz and Oblomov passed the test of one love for two, but could not snatch a single minute from family life to keep the partnership. Time (and not a quarrel) separated them, the routine of days tore the former strong friendly ties. From separation, they both lost: Ilya Ilyich finally launched himself, and his friend was mired in petty worries and troubles.
• The problem of education. Ilya Ilyich became a victim of a sleepy atmosphere in Oblomovka, where servants did everything for him. The boy's vivacity was dulled by endless feasts and slumbers, the dull stupor of the wilderness left its mark on his addictions. becomes clearer in the episode "Oblomov's Dream", which we analyzed in a separate article.

Idea

Goncharov's task is to show and tell what "Oblomovism" is, opening its wings and pointing out both its positive and negative sides and enabling the reader to choose and decide what is paramount for him - Oblomovism or real life with all its injustice, materiality and activity. the main idea in the novel "Oblomov" - a description of a global phenomenon modern life which has become part of the Russian mentality. Now the name of Ilya Ilyich has become a household name and denotes not so much a quality as a whole portrait of the person in question.

Since no one forced the nobles to work, and the serfs did everything for them, phenomenal laziness flourished in Russia, engulfing the upper class. The backbone of the country was rotten from idleness, in no way contributing to its development. This phenomenon could not but arouse concern among the creative intelligentsia, therefore, in the image of Ilya Ilyich, we see not only a rich inner world, but also inaction that is disastrous for Russia. However, the meaning of the kingdom of laziness in the novel "Oblomov" has a political connotation. No wonder we mentioned that the book was written during a period of stricter censorship. It has a hidden, but, nevertheless, the main idea that the authoritarian regime of government is to blame for this general idleness. In it, a person does not find any use for himself, stumbling only on restrictions and fear of punishment. The absurdity of subservience reigns around, people do not serve, but are served, therefore a self-respecting hero ignores the vicious system and, as a sign of silent protest, does not play an official who still does not decide anything and cannot change. The country under the gendarmerie's boot is doomed to regress, both at the level of the state machine, and at the level of spirituality and morality.

How did the novel end?

The life of the hero was cut short by obesity of the heart. He lost Olga, he lost himself, he even lost his talent - the ability to think. Living with Pshenitsyna did not do him any good: he was mired in a kulebyak, in a tripe pie, which swallowed and sucked poor Ilya Ilyich. Fat ate his soul. His soul was eaten by Pshenitsyna's repaired dressing gown, the sofa, from which he swiftly slid down into the abyss of innards, into the abyss of offal. This is the finale of the novel Oblomov - a gloomy, uncompromising verdict on Oblomovism.

What does it teach?

The novel is cheeky. Oblomov holds the reader's attention and places this very attention on the whole part of the novel in a dusty room where the main character does not get out of bed and shouts: "Zakhar, Zakhar!". Well, isn't that nonsense?! And the reader doesn’t leave… and can even lie down next to him, and even wrap himself in an “oriental robe, without the slightest hint of Europe”, and not even decide anything about the “two misfortunes”, but think about them all… Goncharov’s psychedelic novel loves to lull reader and pushes him to fend off the fine line between reality and dream.

Oblomov is not just a character, it is a lifestyle, it is a culture, it is any contemporary, it is every third inhabitant of Russia, every third inhabitant of the whole world.

Goncharov wrote a novel about the universal worldly laziness to live in order to overcome it himself and help people cope with this disease, but it turned out that he justified this laziness only because he lovingly described every step, every weighty idea of ​​the bearer of this laziness. It is not surprising, because Oblomov's "crystal soul" still lives in the memories of his friend Stolz, his beloved Olga, his wife Pshenitsyna, and, finally, in the tearful eyes of Zakhar, who continues to go to the grave of his master. In this way, Goncharov's conclusion- find golden mean between the "crystal world" and the real world, finding a calling in creativity, love, development.

Criticism

Readers of the 21st century rarely read a novel, and if they do, they do not read it to the end. It is easy for some fans of Russian classics to agree that the novel is somewhat boring, but boring on purpose, forcing. However, this does not frighten reviewers, and many critics were happy to disassemble and still analyze the novel by psychological bones.

One popular example is the work of Nikolai Alexandrovich Dobrolyubov. In his article “What is Oblomovism?” the critic gave an excellent description of each of the characters. The reviewer sees the reasons for laziness and inability to arrange Oblomov's life in education and in the initial conditions where the personality was formed, or rather was not.

He writes that Oblomov is “not a stupid, apathetic nature, without aspirations and feelings, but a person who is also looking for something in his life, thinking about something. But the vile habit of getting the satisfaction of his desires not from his own efforts, but from others, developed in him an apathetic immobility and plunged him into a miserable state of moral slavery.

Vissarion Grigoryevich Belinsky saw the origins of apathy in the influence of the whole society, since he believed that a person was originally a blank canvas created by nature, therefore, some development or degradation of a particular person is on the scales that belong directly to society.

Dmitry Ivanovich Pisarev, for example, looked at the word "Oblomovism" as an eternal and necessary organ for the body of literature. "Oblomovism" according to him is a vice of Russian life.

The sleepy, routine atmosphere of a rural, provincial life added to what the labors of parents and nannies did not have time to do. On a greenhouse plant, which in childhood did not get acquainted not only with unrest real life, but even with childish sorrows and joys, it smelled like a stream of fresh, living air. Ilya Ilyich began to study and developed so much that he understood what life is, what the duties of a person are. He understood this intellectually, but could not sympathize with the accepted ideas about duty, about work and activity. The fatal question: why live and work? - the question that usually arises after numerous disappointments and deceived hopes, directly, by itself, without any preparation, presented itself in all its clarity to the mind of Ilya Ilyich, - the critic wrote in his well-known article.

Alexander Vasilievich Druzhinin looked at Oblomovism and its main representative in more detail. The critic singled out 2 main aspects of the novel - external and internal. One lies in the life and practice of the daily routine, while the other occupies the area of ​​​​the heart and head of any person, which does not cease to collect crowds of destructive thoughts and feelings about the rationality of the existing reality. If you believe the critics, then Oblomov became dead because he preferred to die, and not live in eternal incomprehensible fuss, betrayal, self-interest, monetary imprisonment and absolute indifference to beauty. However, Druzhinin did not consider "Oblomovism" an indicator of attenuation or decay, he saw sincerity and conscience in it, and believed that Goncharov himself was responsible for this positive assessment of "Oblomovism".

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100 Great Literary Heroes [with illustrations] Eremin Viktor Nikolaevich

Ilya Ilyich Oblomov

Ilya Ilyich Oblomov

Ilya Ilyich Oblomov can rightfully be called the most unknown literary hero in world history. Inspired from above, its creator, Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov, judging by the individual statements of the writer, both in the novel itself and about the protagonist, assumed that he had described a type of his time that was characteristic mainly for Russia only. In fact, in a somewhat exaggerated form, he brought to light a timeless, all-encompassing world way of life, the comprehension of which and the true assessment of which are just ahead of humanity.

Probably, the famous domestic critic N.A. Dobrolyubov, who analyzed “Oblomov” in the article “What is Oblomovism?”, which was studied according to the school curriculum, in which he considered the hero of the novel from the standpoint of contemporary democratic views on the world order, and therefore hopelessly outdated today. Which, however, does not prevent literary critics 21st century stubbornly repeating the ill-conceived, and often false, sayings of the once popular publicist.

What was life experience, how was the character and talent of the creator of the novel "Oblomov" formed?

Ivan Alexandrovich Goncharov was born on July 6, 1812 in Simbirsk into a wealthy merchant family. His father died when the boy was three years old, and the children, and the Goncharovs had four of them, remained in the care of their mother. The widow paid great attention to the education of her children, but on the whole, Ivan Alexandrovich vividly described the first ten years of his life in the famous “Oblomov’s Dream” - it was the world of careless, sleepy, lazy life of the inhabitants of a rich estate.

Primary education future writer received in private boarding houses in Simbirsk and at home. Suffice it to say that at the age of 12 Vanyusha knew the work of G.R. Derzhavin, M.M. Kheraskov and V.A. Ozerov, read the historical works of Sh.L. Rollena, I.I. Golikov, about the travels of Mungo Park, S.P. Krasheninnikova, P.S. Pallas and others.

A retired sailor Nikolai Nikolaevich Tregubov played a big role in the fate of Goncharov. A poor landowner, he did not want to be bored in rural loneliness and rented an outbuilding in the city house of the Goncharovs. Soon, Nikolai Nikolayevich became friends with the father of the future writer, became the godfather of his children and lived with the Goncharov family until his death, almost fifty years.

Tregubov was an enlightened man, he did not spare money for extracting magazines, books, brochures from the capitals. He did not read novels or fiction in general, he preferred books mainly of historical and political content and newspapers. Nikolai Nikolaevich was an expert in his profession. Goncharov recalled: “His talks about mathematical and physical geography, astronomy, cosmogony in general, and then navigation were especially clear and invaluable to me. He introduced me to a map of the starry sky, clearly explained the movement of the planets, the rotation of the Earth, everything that my school mentors could not or did not want to do. I saw clearly that they were children before him in these technical lessons taught to me. He had some marine instruments, a telescope, a sextant, a chronometer. Between the books he had travels of all circumnavigators, from Cook to the last times ... I greedily absorbed his stories and read travels.

“Ah, if you made at least four naval campaigns, you would please me,” he often said in conclusion. I thought in response to this: then I was already drawn to the sea, or at least to the water ... "

Note that it was from Tregubov that the writer subsequently took a number of Oblomov's character traits.

In 1822, ten years old, Goncharov was taken to Moscow and placed in one of the secondary establishments intended exclusively for the nobility. From that time on, Ivan Alexandrovich visited home only in the summer on vacation.

In 1831, Goncharov entered the verbal department of Moscow University, after which he returned to Simbirsk, where he soon became a member of the house of the Simbirsk governor A.M. Zagryazhsky. A year later, Zagryazhsky took the young man with him to St. Petersburg and contributed to his employment in the capital. Goncharov first worked as an interpreter in the Department of Foreign Trade, then he became a head clerk there.

In the 1830s Ivan Alexandrovich became close to the family of the academician of painting Nikolai Apollonovich Maikov, in particular, with his sons Valerian and Apollo. He even undertook to teach history to the Maikov brothers. Ivan Alexandrovich also wrote to the handwritten magazine of the Maikovs' literary salon "Snowdrop". Few participants in the salon knew Goncharov's story "A Happy Mistake", which already contained some images and situations of "Oblomov".

According to the calculations of some literary critics, Ivan Alexandrovich created his first novel, Ordinary History, for six years! The novel was published in the Sovremennik magazine in 1847, and the thirty-five-year-old Goncharov immediately entered the ranks of Russia's leading writers.

Immediately after the publication of Ordinary History, the writer began work on the novel Oblomov. Initially, he was given to Ivan Alexandrovich hard. In February 1849, an excerpt was published under the title "Oblomov's Dream", and the first part of the novel was completed in rough by 1850.

However, things then slowed down significantly. In 1852, Ivan Aleksandrovich, with the assistance of the Minister of Education A.S. Norova "was sent to correct the post of secretary under the admiral (E.V. Putyatin) during an expedition to the Russian American possessions." So Tregubov's dream came true, and his favorite went on a long voyage.

Prior to this campaign, Goncharov "did not travel anywhere in the sea beyond Kronstadt and Peterhof". During the expedition, Ivan Alexandrovich wrote letters that were published in the Marine Collection. Of these, a two-volume description of the voyage “Pallada Frigate” was subsequently compiled - one of the best works Russian literature of a similar genre.

In the ocean, Goncharov continued to work on the image of Oblomov. Apparently, then the writer developed a largely controversial concept of national specifics Oblomovism (the term of the author). Goncharov contrasted the always active, busy, hurried Englishman with the lazy and calm Russian gentleman. Where the writer took such a comparison is not clear. One can, of course, have no doubts about the writer's excellent knowledge of the character of many Russian landowners, but two months of superficial observation could hardly have been enough to get to know the character of the English. Or was it already a preconceived point of view, which the author only purposefully sought confirmation?

"Oblomov" was created for almost nine more years. In 1857 Goncharov went abroad to Marienbad, where he wrote almost all three recent volumes novel. However, the final version of Oblomov was published only in 1859 in the first four books of the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski, when A.A. Kraevsky.

To say that Oblomov became an event in the life of society in pre-reform Russia is to say nothing. A contemporary of Goncharov, critic A.M. Skabichevsky wrote: “One had to live at that time in order to understand what a sensation this novel aroused in the public and what an amazing impression it made on the whole society. He fell like a bomb into an intelligent environment just at the time of the strongest public excitement, three years before the liberation of the peasants ... ”Note that“ Oblomov ”appeared less than three years after the defeat of Russia in Crimean War 1853–1856, when Russian society was still vigorously discussing the causes of the catastrophe. Many people suddenly saw the main reason for this tragedy in Oblomovism.

Ivan Alexandrovich, working on Oblomov, apparently did not intend to engage in accusation. The most correct interpretation of the protagonist's surname is a fragment of the good old Russia, which turned out to be one on one with the bestial mug of a free enterprise that has grown stronger and has come into power. Kind, weak-willed, powerless to resist the boor, Oblomov, having the material opportunity, is trying to leave the world of evil in a bright good dream about the past, about a carefree childhood. He hopes to hide in the snares of Morpheus, but fussy businessmen now and then pull out the "snail" into the light of God and force Ilya Ilyich to live by their rules.

No wonder Goncharov gave Oblomov many of his own features and properties of the people he loved. But in the future, the writer succumbed to the pressure of aggressive critics and himself began to declare the accusatory nature of his work, since some of the author's digressions in the novel contributed to this.

A special hubbub was raised around Oblomov by democratic criticism (subsequently picked up and inflated by Soviet criticism). The following words of Dobrolyubov are characteristic of her: “The story of how the good-natured sloth Oblomov lies and sleeps, and no matter how friendship or love can awaken and raise him, is not God knows what an important story. But it reflects Russian life, it presents us with a living modern Russian type, minted with merciless rigor and correctness; it affected the new word of our community development, pronounced clearly and firmly, without despair and without childish hopes, but with a full consciousness of the truth. This word is Oblomovism; it serves as a key to unraveling many phenomena of Russian life, and it gives Goncharov's novel a much more social significance than all our accusatory stories have. Everything to the last word is a lie and thoughtlessness!

Let's remember what all this political fuss was about.

The novel begins with the fact that in St. Petersburg, on Gorokhovaya Street, Ilya Ilyich Oblomov, a young man of about thirty-two or thirty-three, is lying in bed, not burdening himself with special studies. Lying in bed is a way of his life, philosophically justified and does not annoy others. A person who is financially secure by his ancestors, has no family and can afford idleness, he irritates his acquaintances, who scurry around him with numerous petty squabbles and claims. Oblomov tries to get rid of them either with jokes or diverting the conversation to topics of interest to him. Useless!

Ilya Ilyich is waiting for his childhood friend Andrei Stolz, who, in his opinion, is the only one who can help him with really important issues farming and earning income from his property.

When acquaintances leave Oblomov alone, he falls asleep with a sweet dream, in which he recalls his past, long-gone life in his native Oblomovka, where there is nothing wild or grandiose, where everything breathes tenderness, light, kindness and serene peace.

But for some reason, it was Oblomov's Dream that caused particular rejection among the rushing democratic public in Russia. Dobrolyubov, in particular, “denounced”: “In Oblomovka, no one asked himself the question: why life, what is it, what is its meaning and purpose? The Oblomovites very simply understood it, “as the ideal of peace and inactivity, disturbed from time to time by various unpleasant accidents, such as: illnesses, losses, quarrels and, among other things, labor. They endured labor as a punishment imposed on our forefathers, but they could not love, and where there was an opportunity, they always got rid of it, finding it possible and due.

It is unlikely that the famous critic would have been able to say: when and where was it not so, and what is wrong with such a way of life for the overwhelming majority of the inhabitants of the planet Earth? In the wealthy world, most people “eat, sleep, talk about the news; life flows smoothly, flowing from autumn to winter, from spring to summer, to complete its eternal circles again. What is their crime and why is the so-called Oblomovism terrible, if it is what Dobrolyubov is indignant about? Apparently, the fact that the critic did not understand the universality, indestructibility, harmlessness, and therefore the innocence of Oblomov.

The world of Oblomovka is cozy, almost fabulous, however, as always, the world of childhood is cozy and fabulous. That is why Ilya Ilyich prefers joyful dreams to the boredom of bustling idlers and active false creators, who continually strive to grab more and fatter from the less powerful. However, it was this world that was declared by critics to be "a parodic and ironic idyll of the Golden Age".

But then Oblomov's friend Andrey Ivanovich Stolz arrived. With this event begins the second part of the novel.

Stolz set out to draw Oblomov into the nonsense of secular existence, which he imagined real life. A friend pulled Ilya Ilyich out of bed and began to take him to different houses - to get acquainted and communicate, to have empty conversations. For some reason, many still see the meaning of life in this.

During one of these visits, Ilya Ilyich fell in love with Olga Ilyinskaya, but not for long. Usually they say that Oblomov missed his love. Is it so? Perhaps this artless shy person simply did not dare to express his feelings to the girl who was actually pressing on him? For Oblomov, such behavior is quite justified - he is a man not of this world, and the real Ilyinskaya was obliged to help him, but did not. So who really betrayed love? Is it Ilinskaya?

By the will of fate, having got into the house of Agafya Matveevna Pshenitsyna, Oblomov, at first imperceptibly, and then more and more clearly feels the atmosphere of his native Oblomovka, for which he yearns all his life. A kind, unsophisticated woman becomes civil wife Ilya Ilyich, prepares for him delicious food, improves life, finally gives birth to his son Andryusha. And Oblomov again, for the rest of his life, plunges into the world of dreams.

Olga Ilyinskaya married Stolz, who, in the end, dispersed all Oblomov's enemies, who intended to seize his property.

By the end of his life, Oblomov became “a complete and natural reflection and expression ... of peace, contentment and serene silence. Looking, pondering his life and more and more living in it, he finally decided that he had nowhere else to go, nothing to look for ... ". So he died of a fever.

Later, the Stolts begged for the upbringing of Oblomov's son Andryusha. And Agafya Matveevna kept all her life "the memory of the soul of the deceased, pure as crystal."

The last words of Goncharov must be especially remembered when assessing the image of Ilya Ilyich. They contain, apparently, main point both the novel and its protagonist. And all other idle reasoning is from the evil one.

In particular, let us cite Dobrolyubov’s curious opinion about Oblomovism and numerous, in his opinion, “Oblomovs”: “Everything is external to them, nothing has a root in their nature. They, perhaps, do something like that when external necessity compels, just as Oblomov went to visit, where Stoltz dragged him, bought notes and books for Olga, read what she forced him to read. But their soul does not lie in the work that is imposed on them by chance. If each of them were offered freely all the external benefits that their work brings to them, they would gladly give up their business. By virtue of Oblomovism, an Oblomov official will not go to office if they already keep his salary and promote him to the ranks. A warrior will take an oath not to touch a weapon if he is offered the same conditions and still keeps it nice shape, which is very useful in certain cases. The professor will stop lecturing, the student will stop studying, the writer will give up his authorship, the actor will not appear on the stage, the artist will break the chisel and palette, speaking in a high style, if he finds an opportunity to get for free everything that he now achieves with labor. They only talk about higher aspirations, about the consciousness of moral duty, about the penetration of common interests, but in reality it turns out that all this is just words and words. Their most sincere, sincere desire for peace, for a robe, and their very activity is nothing but an honorary robe (in an expression that does not belong to us), with which they cover up their emptiness and apathy.

In other words, by chance, Dobrolyubov, who was engaged in his favorite business, undertook, through the condemnation of the phenomenon of Oblomovism, to condemn the way of life and existence of the overwhelming majority of mankind, attributing to it unprecedented and unheard of sins for what was predetermined for us from above. And we all repeat this babble for many years, hammering it into the heads of new and new generations of Russians.

Much more important in Dobrolyubov’s article is the following thought (let’s correlate it with our days): “If I now see a landowner talking about the rights of mankind and the need for personal development, I already know from the first words that this is Oblomov ... When I read in magazines liberal antics against abuses and the joy that finally what we have long hoped and desired has been done - I think that all this is written from Oblomovka. When I am in a circle of educated people who ardently sympathize with the needs of mankind and for many years, with unabated fervour, tell all the same

(and sometimes new) anecdotes about bribe-takers, about harassment, about lawlessness of all kinds - I involuntarily feel that I have been transported to the old Oblomovka ...

Stop these people in their noisy ranting and say: “You say that this and that is not good; what should be done?” They don’t know… Offer them the simplest remedy – they will say: “But how is it all of a sudden?” They will certainly say, because the Oblomovs cannot answer otherwise ...

Keep talking to them and ask: what are you going to do? - They will answer you with the fact that Rudin answered Natalia: - “What to do? Of course, submit to fate. What to do! I know too well how bitter, hard, unbearable it is, but judge for yourself…” and so on… You won’t expect anything more from them, because all of them bear the stamp of Oblomovism.”

If it is precisely the above-quoted that is Oblomovism, then it is indeed disgusting, immortal and universal. The entire 20th century has convinced us of this, and modernity convinces us of this even more. But what does the dear, glorious and kindest Ilya Ilyich Oblomov have to do with it? Why has he been branded and sneezed like that for almost two hundred years now, and his name has become a household name and means a loafer and couch potato?

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