Virtual excursion "female Altai national costume". Virtual excursion "female Altai national costume" Altaians are very hospitable and welcoming

In culture Altai peoples Altai itself occupies a special place. For them, he is the main source of well-being, strength and beauty. It is Altai, or rather its spirit, that gives them food, clothing, shelter, happiness and even life. If an Altaian is asked "who is your god?" So answer Altaians, traditions and customs which are filled with an all-encompassing love for their land.

Traditions and customs of the Altaians

The main deity of the Altaians is the owner (eezi) of Altai, who lives on the sacred mountain Uch-Sumer... They picture him as an old man dressed in white robes. To see the owner of Altai in a dream means to enlist his support. It is with the veneration of Eesi Altai that the ancient rite "kyira buular" is associated - tying ribbons on the passes.

They are tied to trees - birch, larch or cedar. There are a number of requirements for a person wishing to perform this rite. In particular, he must be clean, there must be no deaths in his family during the year. The ribbon is tied on the east side, in no case should it be hung on a spruce or pine. There are requirements for the size of the tape itself.

The color of the ribbon is also symbolic: White color- the color of milk, life, yellow is the color of the sun and the moon, pink is a symbol of fire, blue means the sky and stars, and green is the color of nature as a whole. Hanging up the ribbon, a person should turn to nature through alcohol - wishes of peace, happiness and health to all his loved ones. An alternative way to worship Altai in a place where there are no trees is to lay out a hill of stones.

Very interesting among the Altaians traditions of hospitality... There are certain requirements for how to receive a guest, how to serve him milk, araku in a bowl ( alcoholic beverage) or a smoking pipe, how to invite to tea. Altaians are a very hospitable people.

Because they believe that everything has its own spirit: near mountains, water and fire, they are very respectful of everything around them. The hearth is not just a place where food is prepared. It is customary for the Altai to "feed" the fire, to thank it for the warmth and food.
Do not be surprised if you see a woman in Altai throwing pastries, pieces of meat or fat into the fire - she feeds him! At the same time, it is unacceptable for an Altai to spit into the fire, burn garbage in it, or step over the hearth.

Altaians believe that nature is healing, in particular, arzhans - springs and mountain lakes. Locals believe that mountain spirits live in them, and therefore the water from them is sacred, it can even endow immortality. You can visit arzhans only when accompanied by a guide and a healer.

Now Altai culture reborn, held again by the ancients shamanistic customs and Burkhanist rituals... These ceremonies attract many tourists.

Musical traditions

Musical traditions of the Altaians, their song culture is rooted in antiquity. Their songs are legends of exploits, whole life stories. They are performed through Kai's throat singing. Such a "song" can last for several days. She is accompanied by playing the national instruments: topshura and yatakane. Kai is the art of male singing and at the same time prayer, a sacred action that introduces all listeners into something like a trance. It is customary to invite them to weddings and holidays.

Another musical instrument, the komus, is known for its mystical sound. It is believed to be a female instrument. Tourists often bring komus from Altai as a souvenir.

Wedding traditions

This is how the traditional wedding ceremony goes. The newlyweds pour fat into the fire of the ail (yurt), throw a pinch of tea and a few drops of araki into it. The ceremony is divided into two days: toy - a holiday on the side of the groom and belkenchek - the bride's day. Branches of a birch, a cult tree, are hung over the village.

It used to be customary to kidnap a bride, but now this custom has lost its relevance. In a word, the bride could be bought by paying kalym. And here is the custom that has survived to this day: a girl cannot marry a young man from her seok (clan family). When meeting, they must make sure that they belong to different seoks. Marrying "relatives" is considered a shame.

Each clan has its own sacred mountain, its own patron spirits. Women are forbidden to climb the mountain and even stand barefoot near it. At the same time, the role of a woman is very great, in the view of the Altai people she is a sacred vessel that gives life, and a man is obliged to protect her. Hence the roles: a man is a warrior and a hunter, and a woman is a mother, a keeper of the hearth.

At the birth of a child, the Altai arrange a holiday, slaughter a sheep or even a calf. It is interesting that the octahedral Altai ail - the traditional dwelling of the Altai people - has a female (right) and male (left) half. Each family member and guest has their own place. Children are taught to address everyone as "you", thereby showing respect for the spirits of the patrons.

The head of the Altai family is the father. Boys from an early age are with him, he teaches them hunting, male work, handling a horse.

In the old days in the villages they said: " Who has seen the owner of this horse? " calling his suit, but not the name of the owner, as if the horse is inseparable from its owner, as the most important part of it.

The youngest son traditionally lives with his parents and sees them off on their last journey.

The main holidays of the Altai

Altai have 4 main holidays:

El-Oytyn- national holiday and festival national culture, which is attended by a lot of guests, including those of other nationalities, is held every two years. The holiday atmosphere seems to transfer everyone to another time dimension. Concerts, competitions, sports competitions and others are held interesting events... The main condition for participation is the presence of a national costume.

Chaga-Bairam- "White holiday", something like the New Year. It begins at the end of February, during the new moon, and its main goal is to worship the Sun and Altai. It is during this holiday that it is customary to tie kyira-ribbons, to present treats to the spirits on the tagyl - the altar. After the performance of the rituals, the folk celebration begins.

Dyylgayak- a pagan holiday, an analogue of the Russian Shrovetide. On this holiday, Altai people burn a scarecrow - a symbol of the outgoing year, have fun, arrange a fair, funny attractions and contests.

Kurultai storytellers- competitions for kaichi. Men compete in throat singing skills, perform legends to the accompaniment of national musical instruments... Kaichi are popularly loved and respected in Altai. According to legends, even shamans were afraid to arrange rituals near their homes - they were afraid not to resist great power their art.

We invite you to visit the exhibition:

"Women's Altai national costume"

Target: obtaining additional knowledge about the traditions and customs of Altai.

Tasks:

to study theoretical material about the peculiarities of the costume of the Altai woman;

reflect the sequence of wearing headwear ornaments in accordance with the age of the girl.

Altai national traditional clothing is unique and distinctive in its execution. Shecarried in itself not only the function of protection from external weather influences and covering the body, but also deep symbolic functions.In addition to clothing itself, the concept of a national costume includes: shoes, a hat, accessories, a hairstyle, bracelets and other adornments.

The hairstyle and adornments served as age determinants in a girl's costume. In her entire life, the girl's hair was cut only once, at the age of one. This honorary right was awarded to the girl's maternal uncle - "tai".The criterion for the beauty of hair was considered to be its thickness and length. For cosmetic purposes, the hair was washed with milk serum, which promoted its growth and made it silky. For the same purpose, they used soap, which was made at home by boiling ash, samyn grass with animal fat. It was strictly forbidden for young girls to wash their hair in the river. It was believed that the happiness of a girl could float away with the water.

When a girl was born in the family, relatives and friends gave the newborn various jewelry - beads, beads, cowrie shells (“jylamash ")with the expectation that the baby will need them for her future jewelry.

According to popular belief, the shells of the cowrie mollusk had the greatest magical power. In their shape, they are similar to the human eye, therefore it was believed that this decoration could protect from the evil eye.

Cowrie shells were imported by merchants, so they were very expensive. The literature describes cases when a bull was sold for one shell.

The round button - "treads" was credited with the power to give longevity. Beads and seed beads "urkene" were considered symbols of large families and wealth.

Imitating nakosnye ornaments, little girls from 3 to 8 years old on the back of their clothes were attached an adornment - "shaltrack". The shaltrack was made of leather and sewn on it with various ornaments presented at birth.

When the girl was eight years old, they unbuttoned her shaltrack, and until the age of 14 she wore another piece of jewelry - "shymyrak". Shymyrak was assembled from shaltrack parts. It was important that the braids were decorated.

With the onset of marriageable age, when the girl was 15-16 years old, her hairstyle was adorned with shanky dressings. It consisted of cowrie shells woven into each pigtail with special cords threaded through a metal loop of a round convex button. So that the pigtails did not crumble, they were fastened with a hair clip, and also passed under a cloth belt; the ends of which, in contrast to the ways of wearing by men, descended from the back together with the shanky, reaching to the heels.

The sound of friction of shells and the ringing of bell-rings, according to popular belief, frightened off evil spirits, and also alerted others about the presence of an unmarried girl.

The most popular headdress of the girl is “bolchok b o hands ”- a“ beanie ”was sewn from lambskin and covered with an elegant monochromatic fabric on top. Tassels made of silk threads - "chachak" were sewn to the top of the head. In the modern interpretation, it is believed that chachak symbolizes the connection of a person with the Cosmos.

The married woman had a matching hairstyle. The girl's sirmal hairstyle was unwound during the wedding ceremony after changing into a chegedek. A prerequisite: this whole procedure took place behind a ritual curtain - leather.

Two women, one of the family of the groom, the other of the bride, undid the girl's braids, took off the jewelry. We combed our hair and plaited two braids. To participate in this ceremony, women who were in a happy marriage were chosen. The left braid was braided by a relative of the groom, the right - by a relative of the bride. The participation of women on both sides of the relatives meant the transfer of the bride from one family to another. There was a game moment in the process of braiding. It was believed that if the groom's daughter-in-law finished braiding the braids first, it means that the husband would keep the upper hand in the family, and if the bride's daughter-in-law turns out to be faster, then the wife will rule the family.

The shanky jewelry, removed from the sirmal hairdo, was immediately distributed to the children. And the young woman was not woven into her braids with a new adornment - "tana". "Tana" are white flat buttons strung on black threads to match the hair color.

The final moment of transition to the status of a "married woman" was putting on a woman's hat - "Kuragan b o hands ". This hat was sewn of lamb's fur, usually of a black cake-like shape. Its upper edge protrudes noticeably above the woman's forehead.

In the traditional culture of the Altaians, there are more than 15 types of hats. But women were forbidden to wear hats made of fur of animals with claws,because it was believed that it would be bad for pregnancy and childbirth.

When sewing a chegedek, craftswomen used a special technique so that its wings would certainly stand, resembling mountain peaks. And complete with the pointed hat of a married woman "kuragan bohands "silhouette of a woman resembles the three-headed peak" Uch Sumer ", sacred for the Altai. The wings of a chegedek in the Altai language are calledsimilarly: "wing" - "rope". According to popular belief, both wings of the Chegedek symbolize a married couple: one wing is the woman herself, the wife, and the second is her husband, with whom she will go through life. "A one-winged bird cannot fly" - says folk wisdom about the bitter share of a widow. There is also a proverb in her gold storerooms: "There is no Chegedek without a wing, there is no family without a pair."

The edges, floor, armholes and collars were trimmed with brocade and colored silk threads arranged in strict sequence according to the colors of the rainbow. The Altaians believed that Umai-ene, the patron spirit of motherhood, descends to Earth along the rainbow bridge, i.e. across the rainbow. This colored stripe of sewing is called “salt shanks” - “rainbow”.

The cuffs of the sleeves of the dress had a special shape. They completely covered the hands. Altaians considered it indecent to bare their hands, as well as other parts of the body. When doing housework, when there were no men nearby, the cuffs could be folded back.

A very important element of the Chegedek was considered a decoration - "belduush" - a metal pendant worn on the left side and on which a pouch, flint, needle-case and bags with umbilical cords of children were hung.

"There is no need to ask the Altai woman how many children she has: it is enough to count the number of bags hanging on the belt."

The styles of bags for the umbilical cords of children were cut depending on the gender of the child. For the umbilical cord, the girls sewed triangular or diamond-shaped bags. The triangularity suggests that the girl's destiny is to become a keeper of fire in the future, her life will revolve around a tripod hearth. The diamond or rectangular shape is the shape of the needle bar.

Boys' umbilical cords were sewn into bags in the form of a powder flask or tajuur - a vessel for milk and araki - liquids used in ritual ceremonies.

In the literature, there is also a description of the widow's light outerwear (forelock). She was a wide robe, similar to a long robe made of black or blue fabric. Four Chinese buttons were sewn on the chest in pairs, one above the other. It was possible to fasten clothes on them, but the flaps of it still parted. They wore a forelock in summer over underwear, but in winter, unlike a chegedek, they wore it under a fur coat.

At the moment, in the Ust-Kansk and Ongudaysk districts, we have not met any mention of this type of clothing. Only in the Kosh-Agach region was information received about this type of clothing, but now the forelock is not found anywhere.

The Altai had several types of footwear. Both women's and men's shoes were sewn like boots, but ohThe obligatory and most beautiful element for all types of footwear is its toe, which should be bent upwards. In culture Turkic peoples a highly curved toe signifies a respect for all living things. The earth and everything that grows on it, the whole world is alive: both herbs and flowers.

Therefore, the sock is bent so that nothing is injured when walking.

"Bychkak oduk" is sewn from the legs of roe deer, musk deer, deer, sheep and goats. These shoes are sewn for both adults and children.

"Kom" or "katu oduk" is sewn mainly from the skins of cattle and horses. These shoes are worn in the spring, summer and autumn. In summer it is worn without felt stockings - "uk". Such shoes can be decorated with ornaments of white or red leather and other embossing - and this is called "bulgair".

It can be noted that the outer clothing of the Altaians continues to be used at the present time, albeit in a slightly modified form. Like the entire range of traditional clothing, outerwear is worn mainly during weddings and national holidays... Despite the ongoing process of stylization, interest in traditional Altai clothing does not disappear. In the Altai Republic, almost every village has its own craftswomen, who have preserved the traditions and pass them on to subsequent generations.

Pribytkova Vlada

National clothes are a kind of chronicle historical development and artistic creation people. As one of the stable elements of material culture, it has long reflected not only ethnicity and geographic environment; it affected the level of economic development, social and property status, religious affiliation.

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Research Features of the national costume of the Altai Old Believers on the example of a female set

INTRODUCTION The object of the research is the peculiarities of the national costume of the Altai Old Believers. The subject of the research is the design of a set of women's clothing for the Altai Old Believers. Purpose of the research: identification of the principles in the design and decoration of a set of women's clothing of the Old Believers and the development of a project for a women's costume. Research hypothesis: in the clothing set of the Old Believers one can trace specific traits Russian national costume.

Methods: analysis information sources method of projects method of survey. To achieve this goal, the following tasks should be solved: conduct research to identify interest in the Old Believer culture; analyze literary sources on the research topic; to identify the features of a set of women's clothing for Old Believers; to develop a project of women's clothing for Russian old-timers of the Upper Ob region.

Questionnaire # p / p Questions Result Age 14-16 years Age 40-75 years Yes (%) No (%) Yes (%) No (%) 1 Do you know about the culture of your country or a particular region? 25 75 68 32 2 Do you think a person should know the history of their region? 63 37 82 18 3 Do you know the ethnographic composition of the population of the Altai Territory? 17 83 61 39 4 Do you agree with the statement "Every person has his own religion, history, culture"? 44 56 83 17 5 Would you like to know about the clothes of the Old Believer, if there was such an opportunity? 31 69 84 16 6. What do you think if there are Old Believer roots in your gyneological tree? 28 72 41 49 7. Have you been to the Foothill zone of Altai (Krasnogorskiy, Soloneshenskiy, Charyshskiy districts)? 67 33 77 23 8 Without knowing the past, is it possible to think about the future and live in the present? 43 57 29 71

Sociological survey Age groups Know nothing Little covered Familiar with general concepts and did a little work Know and study a lot From 8 to 15 years old 9 5 2 - From 16 to 25 years old 15 12 6 3 From 26 to 40 years old 2 8 3 6 From 41 to 75 years 2 5 7 15

A set of women's and men's clothing of the Old Believers Shirts Research into the tradition of each nation has acquired in our days a special shirts, worn directly on the body, constituted one of the integral parts of the female costume of the old-timers of the Upper Ob region, the second half of the XIX- early XX centuries Tunic-like shirt with a sundress

The methods of cutting layouts shown by the informants give an idea of ​​a very rational, rimless cutting. Open the shirts

Tunic-like shirts The basis of the camp in them was a fabric bent along the weft with 2 straight or 4 cut barrels (sidewalls) sewn on the sides. Burial shirt

In a number of villages of Central Altai, in tunic-like funeral shirts, described, without oblique lines, the structure recorded a peculiar way of connecting the sleeves with the camp: the central canvas folded across was cut and bent at the level of armholes of 2 cm or more, thus creating rectangular grooves, where and sewn on the sleeves Sketch of a shirt with cut-in sleeves

National Russian women's costume Two main types of Russian women's costume - sundress (northern) and ponyev (southern) sets: Ponev's sundress Zapona Telogreya Privoloka - sleeveless cape. Shushpan Boyarynya during the time of Ivan the Terrible

Similarities and differences with traditional Russian clothes Similarities of costumes Differences in costumes The basis of the female costume of the Old Believers, like Russian women, was a shirt long to the floor. Shirts differ only in the length of the sleeves; Either a dress or a sundress was worn on the top of the shirt. For Russian women, the top dress was buttoned right up to the throat. Sundresses also did not fall below chest level. Old Believers tied belts on top of a dress or sundress, which symbolized marriage, position among others, etc. The head of both faiths was covered with a headdress. Old Believers wore scarves on their heads when Russian women loved kokoshniks. Costumes of both faiths were decorated with embroidery and stitching

PROJECT OF A COMPLEX OF WOMEN'S CLOTHING FOR OLD BELIEVERS Choosing and substantiating the problem Altai is my Motherland. Rivers, lakes, mountains, stars, animals, birds, people - all this is Altai. He is sung in songs and legends, poems are composed about him ... Gloomy mountain peaks, transparent rivers, the night sky is blue, with stars scattered with beads. For me, everything merged in the word Altai ... Altai is also my ancestors who were looking for their Belovodye

Bank of ideas and suggestions

Analysis of ideas Old Believers (56%) Kumandins (15%) Tubulars (23%) Teleuts (5%) Chelkandy (1%)

From history The territory of the Soloneshensky region is one of the densely populated by Old Believers. Here they found their Belovodye. Gloomy mountain peaks sometimes evoke sad thoughts. The mountains are silent, formidable, harsh and terrifyingly beautiful Mountains of the Soloneshensky region

Design and construction of the costume Traditionally, the female Old Believer prayer costume to this day consists of a white shirt, a blue or black sundress, a belt tied to a shirt or sundress, and a scarf pinned or tied under the chin. The basis of the suit is a long, up to the feet, shirt (length - 113 cm), straight cut, with long sleeves tapering to the wrist.

CONCLUSION 1) A study was carried out to identify interest in folk culture using a questionnaire, when analyzing the questionnaires, it was revealed that the majority of young people (85%) are not aware of the culture of their country and only 15% have an idea of ​​this topic. 2) Analysis of information sources made it possible to analyze the design of the female national costume of the Old Believers. Not all sources are reliable, some of them carry only half of the true information about the culture and life of the Altai Old Believers.

3) The peculiarities of the costume of the Old Believers of the Upper Ob region consists in the cutting of the shirt, the choice of color, depending on the age of the wearer and the place where the costume was worn. 4) The history of the Old Believers of the Upper Ob region has been studied. 5) The design and construction of the female set of Old Believers have been determined. 6) The choice of materials is substantiated. Cotton fabric has been chosen for making the costume. 7) The technology of making a suit has been studied. Analysis of information sources showed that it is necessary to continue research.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE Bolonev F.F. "Russian old-timers migrants of Siberia in historical and ethnographic research", Novosibirsk 2002. Dementieva L.S. "Old Believers. History and Culture", Barnaul-1993. Lipinskaya V.A. "Old-timers and settlers", Science 1996. Ryabushinsky V. "Old Believers and Russian Religious Society", Moscow-And Jerusalem Mosty-1994. Fausova E.F. “Traditional clothes of Russian peasants, old-timers of the upper land,” Publishing House of the Institute of Archeology.

Ministry of General and Vocational Education Russian Federation Municipal budgetary educational institution "Average comprehensive school№ 34 "Research work Features of the national costume of the Altai Old Believers on the example of a female set Completed by: Pribytkova Vlada Vladimirovna student of grade 7 A Supervisor: Kuznetsova Elena Anatolyevna teacher of technology MBOU" Secondary school № 34 "Biysk - 2014

In the regional exhibition project
18 museums took part:

* Aleisk Museum of History and Local Lore

* Zalesovsky Regional Museum of Local Lore

* Zarinsky Intersettlement Museum of Local Lore

* Kamensk Museum of Local Lore

* Regional Museum of Rubtsovsk, Altai Territory

* Museum of History of Yarovoy

* Pospelikhinsky Regional Museum of Local Lore

* Slavgorod City Museum of Local Lore

* Soloneshensky Regional Museum of Local Lore

* Talmensky Regional Museum of Local Lore

* Topchikhinsky Regional Museum of Local Lore

* Troitsk Regional Museum of Local Lore

* Tyumentsevsky District Museum of History and Local Lore

* Uglovsky Regional Museum of Local Lore

* Khabar Historical and Local Lore Museum

* Shipunovsky Regional Museum of Local Lore

* School museum with. Kashkaragaiha Talmensky district

Some feedback from visitors about the exhibition
"Origins. Folk costume":

Since November 17, 2010 The Altai State Museum of Local Lore announces a competition for children's drawings "The outfit of my great-grandmother." In order to take part in this competition, it is necessary to come to the exhibition “Origins. Folk costume ”, draw the costume that you liked the most. All competitive works will be presented in the museum exposition.

The competition has already begun - children from the folk art studio of the Yuzhny recreation center took part in it. The results of the competition will be announced on December 17, 2010, the winner will receive a prize from the administration of the museum.

In addition, from November 17, 2010, it is announced competition of sketches of modern costumes "Oh, times, oh, fashion!" ... In order to take part in the competition, you must come to the exhibition “Origins. Folk costume ”, choose a national costume, the stylization of which you would like to use in a modern outfit.

Students of design specialties and everyone interested can take part in the competition! All competitive works will be presented in the museum exposition. The results of the competition will be announced on December 17, 2010. The winner will receive a prize from the administration of the museum.

Resident of the city of Barnaul N.I. Terentyev donated to the exhibition “Origins. Folk costume "Zyryan folk costume, family heirloom: shirt, sundress, headdress-kokoshnik, shawl. Late XIX - mid XX century The costume belonged to his mother, Evlalia Efremovna, a resident of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

Komi (Komi-Zyryane, Zyryane) - Finno-Ugric people, the indigenous population of the Komi Republic. Regions of residence: Sverdlovsk, Murmansk, Omsk, Tyumen regions, Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi autonomous districts, Altai Territory. The total number is over 300 thousand people.

Dolls in folk costumes №95.

Altai women's festive costume.

The traditional clothing of both men and women in Altai in the past was a sheepskin coat with long sleeves tapering downward. In the old days, rich cattle breeders sewed fur coats covered with silk, lined with expensive furs.

Women wore short wide shirt chamcha with an oblique collar, long sleeves and a large collar, most often square and less often round. The collar was decorated along the edge with double, triple rows of stitched white and colored buttons; large colored round buttons, beads and beads were freely sewn to the edge of the collar, forming like a fringe.

Worn over the shirt fur coat... It has an interesting cut: the sleeves are sewn at right angles, the collar is oblique, the fastener on the chest is from left to right, the left upper floor had a wide square ledge.

The slanting collar and cuffs of the fur coat were trimmed with black velvet, over which there was a narrow strip of tambour embroidery.

The sleeves of the fur coat ended in triangular hinged cuffs, with which the woman, in front of strangers, covered the lower part of her face up to her eyes.

Over the fur coat married women wore special clothing called chegedek - long-brimmed caftan or sleeveless armyak with wide firm shoulders, gathers at the waist, swing in front. Chegedek was always black; it was sewn from dense, often expensive fabric, most often from good cloth. The collar, armholes and slit in the front were trimmed with stripes, stripes of gold brocade or lace embroidery along the edge, representing straight stripes in one row, combined into a continuous ribbon, shimmering in all the colors of the rainbow.

Among the headdresses of the Altaians are characteristic hats made of lambskin or other fur, pie-shaped, as well as cone-shaped cloth hats with tassels on the crown - "karatbiryuk". Cloth hats lined with mutton fur in the form of a deep round flat-bottomed cap (they were worn by both men and women), as well as round deep fur hats made of fox, lynx, and sometimes otter fur, were widespread. Men's and women's hats were generally the same.