Wwii theme. The theme of the Great Patriotic War in modern literature (School compositions). "Madonna of the rationed bread"

THE THEME OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR IN MODERN LITERATURE

This topic belongs to free topics. This means that the author of the essay is free to choose those works that will become literary basis his written work... The theme of the Great Patriotic War occupies a significant place in contemporary literature... The works of V. Bykov, B. Vasiliev, V. Grossman, Yu. Bondarev and many other writers about the past war are widely known, for it still contains an inexhaustible source of new material of enormous dramatic power and expressiveness. The terrible threat of fascism hanging over our country made us look at many things with different eyes. The war gave the concepts "homeland" and "Russia" a new meaning and value. The homeland in peacetime seemed to be something unshakable and eternal, like nature. But when the enemy invasion began to seriously threaten the very existence of our country, when the danger of its loss arose, the thought of saving Russia was perceived with heightened sensitivity. The war presented many familiar concepts and norms in a new light, highlighting the high value of human life.

Turning to the military theme, writers are attempting to understand the complex processes of life, in people difficult fate, in the tragic collisions generated by the war. The drama of wartime circumstances has served as the theme of many books contemporary writers... In the stories of B. Vasiliev and V. Bykov, authors are often interested in the "microcosm" of war. Writers tend not to focus on global, large-scale action. In their field of vision, as a rule, there is either a small section of the front, or a group that has broken away from its regiment. Thus, in the center of the image, there is a person in an extreme situation, which often occurs in a military situation.

V. Bykov's stories about the past war continue to excite, read with unflagging interest, because the problems raised in them are always topical and contemporary. This is honor, conscience, human dignity, loyalty to one's duty. And, revealing these problems on bright and rich material, the writer educates the younger generation, shaping its moral character. But the main problem creativity Bykov - this is, of course, the problem of heroism. However, the writer is interested not so much in his outward manifestation, but in how a person comes to feat, to self-sacrifice, why, in the name of what he commits a heroic act. Perhaps one of characteristic features Bykov's war stories is that he does not spare his heroes, putting them in inhumanly difficult situations, depriving them of the opportunity to compromise. The position is such that a person must immediately make a choice between a heroic death or the shameful life of a traitor. And the author does this not by chance, because in a normal setting, a person's character cannot be fully revealed. This is the case with the heroes of the story "Sotnikov". Two heroes pass through the whole story - fighters of one partisan detachment, who go on a mission on a frosty, windy night. They must at all costs get food for their tired, exhausted comrades. But they immediately find themselves in an unequal position, for Sotnikov went on a mission with a severe cold. When Rybak asked him with surprise why he didn’t refuse, if he was sick, Sotnikov answered briefly: “That's why he didn’t refuse because others refused.” This expressive detail says a lot about the hero - about his strong developed feeling duty, conscientiousness, courage, endurance. Sotnikov and Rybak are pursued by one setback after another: the farm, where they hoped to get food, was burned; making their way back, they get into a firefight, in which Sotnikov was wounded. The external action described by the author is accompanied by an internal action. The writer conveys Rybak's feelings and experiences with deep psychologism. At first, he feels a slight dissatisfaction with Sotnikov, his discomfort, which does not allow them to move fast enough. It is replaced by pity and sympathy, then by involuntary irritation. But Rybak behaves quite decently: he helps Sotnikov to carry a weapon, does not leave him alone when he cannot walk due to injury. But more and more often the thought of how to be saved, how to preserve the one and only life, arises in Rybak's mind. He is not at all a traitor by nature, and certainly not an enemy in disguise, but a normal strong, reliable guy. A sense of brotherhood, camaraderie, mutual assistance lives in him. No one could doubt him while he was in a normal combat situation, honestly enduring all difficulties and trials with the detachment. But, left alone with the wounded Sotnikov, choking with coughing, among the snowdrifts, without food and in constant anxiety to be captured by the Nazis, Rybak could not stand it. An internal breakdown occurs in the hero in captivity, when the ineradicable desire to live takes possession of him especially imperiously. No, he did not intend to commit betrayal at all, he tried to find a compromise in a situation where it was impossible. During the interrogation, partly confessing to the investigator, Rybak thinks to outwit him. Remarkable is his conversation with Sotnikov after interrogation:

"- Listen, - after a pause, Rybak whispered hotly. - We must pretend to be meek. You know, I was offered to the police," Rybak said, somehow unwillingly.

Sotnikov's eyelids flinched, eyes flashed with hidden, anxious attention.

Here's how! So what - will you run?

I will not run, do not be afraid. I'll bargain with them.

Look, you’ll get through, ”Sotnikov hissed sarcastically."

The fisherman decides to agree to the offer of the investigator to serve as a policeman, so that, taking advantage of this, he can run to his own people. But Sotnikov turned out to be right, who foresaw that the powerful Hitler machine would grind Rybak into powder, that the cunning would turn into betrayal. In the finale of the story, a former partisan, on the orders of the Nazis, executes his former comrade in the detachment. After that, even the very idea of ​​running away seems implausible to him. And, surprisingly, life, so dear and beautiful, suddenly seemed so unbearable to Rybak that he thought about suicide. But even this he could not do, because the policemen removed the belt from him. This is "the insidious fate of a man lost in the war," the author writes.

Sotnikov chooses a different path, for it is much more difficult for him to withstand the frost, and persecution, and torture. Deciding to die, he tries to save innocent people with his confession. The choice was made by him long ago, even before these tragic events. A heroic death in the name of a great goal, in the name of the happiness of the future generation - this is the only possible path for him. It was not without reason that before the execution Sotnikov noticed among the villagers driven to this place a little boy in his father's old Budenovka. He noticed and smiled with only his eyes, thinking in the last minutes that for the sake of people like this baby he was going to die.

The problem of the continuity of generations, the inextricable connection of times, loyalty to the traditions of fathers and grandfathers have always deeply worried the writer. It acquires even greater concreteness and depth in the story "Obelisk". Here the writer raises a serious problematic question: what can be considered a feat, are we not narrowing down this concept, counting it only by the number of aircraft shot down, tanks blown up, enemies destroyed? Can the act of the village teacher Ales Ivanovich Moroz be considered a feat? Indeed, from the point of view of Ksendzov's district, he did not kill a single German, did not do anything useful for the partisan detachment, in which he did not stay for long. His actions and statements have generally become unconventional, not fitting into the narrow framework of established norms.

Working as a teacher in Selts, Moroz did not teach children according to the established programs, in which it was customary to talk about the shortcomings and errors of the great geniuses of Russia - Tolstoy and Dostoevsky. “And Frost didn’t stir up Tolstoy’s delusions - he simply read to the students and absorbed himself clean, absorbed with his soul. A sensitive soul, she will perfectly figure out where is good and where is so-so. Good will enter her as her own, and the rest will be quickly forgotten. It will answer like a grain of chaff in the wind. Now I understood it perfectly, but then well ... I was young, and even the head ", - tells the author Timofey Tkachuk, an old partisan who was the head of the district before the war. And under the Germans, Ales Ivanovich continued to teach, arousing suspicious glances from those around him. Moroz himself answered Tkachuk's question directly and frankly: “If you mean my current teaching, then leave your doubts. these guys, so that they are now dehumanized. I will still fight for them. As much as I can, of course. " Ales Moroz's words turned out to be prophetic. He really did everything he could for his students. The teacher committed an act that, after the war, received diametrically opposite assessments. Ales Ivanovich, having learned that the Nazis promise to release the guys arrested for attempting to kill a local policeman, if the teacher voluntarily surrenders, he himself goes to the Nazis. The partisans are well aware that the fascists cannot be trusted, that Frost will not be able to save the guys by his self-sacrifice. Ales Moroz understood this too, but nevertheless he left the detachment at night in order to share their terrible fate with his students. He could not do otherwise. He would have punished himself all his life for leaving the guys alone, for not supporting them at the most difficult moment of their short life. A few days later, the brutally beaten Moroz was hanged next to his students. One of them, Pavlik Miklashevich, miraculously managed to escape. He survived and, like Frost, became a teacher in Selce. But his health was forever undermined, and he dies still quite a young man. But Tkachuk sees excellent continuity in the affairs of Miklashevich and Moroz. And it was expressed in character, kindness and adherence to principles, which will surely show through in a few years already in his students.

On the initiative of Pavel Miklashevich, a modest obelisk with the names of the children executed by the Nazis was erected near the school. How much he had to act, prove, explain so that the surname of Frost, a man who accomplished a great moral feat, appeared on the obelisk.

Bykov's heroes are fighting, sacrificing themselves for the future, for the sake of today's children. Partizan Levchuk, the hero of the story "Wolf Pack", endures truly inhuman ordeals in order to save a newborn child, whose mother, radio operator Klava, died a few hours after giving birth. Holding a tiny warm lump to his chest, he makes his way through the swamp for two days. The situation is complicated by the fact that Levchuk is wounded. In addition, the Nazis are pursuing him. What greatness of the soul, what lofty humanism is revealed in this heroic feat of the Soviet soldier, who saved human life at the cost of inhuman efforts. The writer ends the story in an interesting way. 30 years later, accidentally finding out the address of Viktor (so he called the rescued child), Levchuk travels 500 kilometers in order to meet him. The old partisan presents this meeting in different ways, recalling the tragic events that happened many years ago, but are remembered down to the smallest detail. "The three decades that have passed since then have not muffled anything in his tenacious memory, probably because everything he experienced in those two days turned out to be, although the most difficult, but also the most significant in his life," the author writes. The story ends at the moment when Levchuk, having pressed the bell button, heard a good-natured male voice inviting him to enter. What will this meeting be like? What can they say to each other? What kind of person will this child who was saved 30 years ago be like? All this the author invites the reader to speculate on his own.

V. Bykov's books help us, who do not know the war, to appreciate and understand the great feat of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War, which should not be repeated.

Among wonderful works the novel by V. Grossman "Life and Fate", which was written in 1960, but published only in the 1980s, is about the war. Therefore, it can be regarded as a work of modern literature about the war. It gives a new, unconventional interpretation of this topic. In numerous stories and novels about the Great Patriotic War, their authors saw the main conflict in the confrontation between the Soviet people, defending their homeland, with fascism, which threatened the freedom and very existence of Russia. In Grossman's novel, the concept of freedom takes on a new, broader meaning. The most different people, "timid, gloomy, laughing and cold, brooding, women-lovers, harmless egoists, vagabonds, misers, contemplators, kind-hearted", go to fight for a just cause. It consists in driving the enemy out of native land, destroy fascism and return home to peaceful concerns. It would seem, what doubts there can be? But the whole novel "Life and Fate" is permeated with them. Why did the people gathered from all over the country united, who rushed in tanks towards death? Not only to please Comrade Stalin or to win and return home. And then, the writer tells us, in order to defend his right "to be different, special, in his own way, in a separate way to feel, think, live in the world," because it is in man, in his modest peculiarity that the only true and eternal the meaning of the struggle for life. Grossman brings us to this understanding of freedom, summarizing his vast, painful experience and presenting it to everyone - the reader, the people, the state. Life and Fate is a novel about the Battle of Stalingrad, which turned the tide of the war. In the conquering army and the conquering people, a sense of their own dignity, new opportunities, and a half-forgotten sense of freedom are growing. A huge, long-awaited victory, overlapping all past troubles and sorrows, according to the writer, is only part of the just cause of life. And his triumph is still tragically far away.

In Grossman's novel, a person lives and fights, goes to his death under the vigilant supervision of the state. There is no people outside the state and the state outside the people, there is no life outside of destiny. For example, the commander of a tank corps Novikov is constantly looked after by Commissar Getmanov, who, in peacetime, succeeded in fighting the people, and therefore in his career. For Getmanov, the army is a living force that the commander can send to certain death for the sake of performing tactical and strategic tasks. And Novikov has normal human vision, which is not distorted by professional selfish calculation and all kinds of fears. At the sight of the boy recruits, who looked like rural schoolchildren taking a break between lessons, he was seized by a feeling of piercing pity, seized with "such a sharpness that he was even confused by its strength." Looking at the thin childish faces, he realizes with amazing clarity that these are children who are just beginning to live. Perhaps the commander of a tank corps thinks about these boys when he decides to arbitrarily extend the artillery preparation by as much as 8 minutes, contrary to the will of the front commander and the Supreme Commander himself. Getmanov, the commissar under Novikov, cannot comprehend what kind of intellectual nonsense forced Novikov to venture into such blatant arbitrariness, although he perfectly understands the reason: the corps commander wanted to win "with little blood." However, this explanation seems completely unconvincing to the commissioner of the new formation. "The need to sacrifice people for the sake of the cause always seemed natural to him, undeniable, not only during the war." Sincerely admiring Novikov's courage, Getmanov nevertheless fulfills his duty, that is, he reports about 8 minutes where it should be, because the beginning of the greatest historical battle cannot be delayed with impunity, such an attempt on the highest approved schedule of History will not pass in vain. Getmanov has no idea that Novikov's 8 minutes are someone's sons, saved from death, not thrown with a generous hand, like straw into a fire. This is the hidden power of life gathered with the spirit, opposing the total power of fate. "There is a right greater than the right to send, without hesitation, to death, the right to think, sending to death, - says the writer. - Novikov fulfilled his human duty. If you do not value people, then what will remain of what we value!" Looking at his tankmen, alike in black overalls, Novikov imagined how different they are, these guys, what different thoughts are wandering in their young heads. Undoubtedly, it would be easier for Novikov to command the corps, to make reasonable, well-thought-out decisions, if Commissar Getmanov did not control his every step. The heroic defender of Stalingrad, Captain Grekov, would find it easier and more free to carry out his military duty without the tricky, provocative questions of political worker Krymov. The story of Krymov, this "stepson of time", is typical of totalitarian Russia. A convinced Leninist-Bolshevik, during hard days of war, acutely feels his uselessness. It seems absurd that he is on the front line, in a besieged house "six fractions one" with his reports on the international situation, with his memory of the 1920s, of the Comintern. Here Krymov encounters the "mocking ill-will" of Grekov's fighters, he is ready to "put their brains on board" and even threaten, although all threats lose their meaning when death becomes the closest reality. Krymov is a tragic figure, so the author is in no hurry to condemn him. He assures himself that he is serving the revolution. Even that in 1937, Stalin did not spare the old Leninist guard, he explains that the revolution has the right to "destroy its enemies." Its logic is simple: the Bolsheviks shot by Stalin are victims, sufferers, and the enemy is Grekov, who must be reported to a special department, passing a stray bullet for a terrorist attack, accuse the captain of attempting to assassinate a party representative, military commissar Krymov. Whom to blame? A hero, a courageous defender of Stalingrad? This delirium of Krymov's distorted consciousness stems from the fact that he faced strong, courageous, self-confident people. These people behave as if they are equal to him. In Krymov's view, this is a gross violation of the hierarchy, a weakening of the connection between ordinary soldiers and the party, that is, undermining the very foundations. Krymov is offended that he, a man of the revolution, does not find a common language with those for whom it was made. The revolution was declared by the Bolsheviks as freedom, but it is precisely the acute, open feeling of freedom that is perceived by the old communist as sedition. Here, on the edge of danger, he is not needed by the soldiers with their prepared speeches. Their life is about to end anyway, and in this situation they do not need to hear false words many times. Even in the face of death, the desperate daredevil Grekov does not know why he should listen to Krymov's sinister jokes and his threats. Grekov generally doubts that Krymov needs freedom. "Why would you want it? You only have to deal with the Germans," he says. But both he and Krymov are well aware that now we need to fight, because without victory there will be no freedom. But even the military situation does not slow down the perfectly adjusted totalitarian machine. As before, a special department is clearly functioning, during a fierce battle with fascism, it is busy sorting people into "ours", "not enough of ours" and "aliens." True, the war brings its ominous adjustments to this work. So, for example, Grekov was "lucky", who could not be arrested and interrogated, because he died heroically with his entire detachment during the German offensive on Traktorny.

The war brings to the fore the task of liberating Russia from fascism. It would seem that, common trouble should unite people, erase the differences in the questionnaire, annul the question of origin and repressed relatives. It is paradoxical that it is in the atmosphere of German captivity that Major Ershov, whose family was exiled as dispossessed, experiences "a bitter and good feeling." It was caused by the fact that it is not his personal circumstances that play a role here, but the personal qualities of a leader, a leader, followed by people and trust him, without checking with false papers. He fights on equal terms with the Nazis for a free Russian life, his goal is not only the victory over Hitler, but also the victory over the Soviet death camps, where his mother, father and sisters died. During the rapid German advance, he supported his comrades with cheerful, daring words. "And in him lived an inextinguishable, fervent, indestructible contempt for violence," the author writes. The kind warmth emanating from him, the strength of mind and the strength of fearlessness made Ershov the leader of Soviet prisoners of war commanders. Here, in fascist captivity, nothing meant "neither high ranks, nor orders, nor special units, nor the first department, nor the personnel department, nor attestation commissions, nor a call from the district committee, nor the opinion of the deputy on the political side." But in reality, everything turned out to be different. It turns out that even here they know and remember about the kulak origin of Ershov, who is therefore not worthy of trust. This means that wherever a person is - at the front, in the rear, in a German prisoner of war camp - everywhere he is included in the system of totalitarian state relations. The hand of the state reaches out to him in any distance and falls heavily on his shoulder. The old communist Mikhail Sidorovich Mostovsky, who from a young age was accustomed to dividing people into "ours" and "enemies", in a fascist concentration camp suddenly experiences "an unbearable painful sensation of the complexity of life." Together with him, the Menshevik Chernetsov, the foolish Tolstoyan Ikonnikov, the son of the dispossessed Major Ershov find themselves on an equal footing. Party duty did not tell him to communicate with these people, but for some reason they attracted him, aroused curiosity and interest. The major even evokes respect and admiration from Mostovsky. But when he is reminded that Ikonnikov and Ershov are not "their own people", that they are violating moral and political unity when they declare that the spontaneous authority of the major contradicts the approved authority of the underground "center" and that there is an instruction about Ershov from Moscow itself, Mostovsky immediately waver and come to terms with the guidelines. It turns out that the ubiquitous "ours" arranged for Ershov to be sent to Buchenwald, and Ikonnikov was shot for refusing to go to work "to build an extermination camp". The brigade commissar, who told Mostovsky this news, feels himself "the supreme judge over the fate of people." Once again, the immortal state defeated mortal man. This confrontation between the totalitarian might of the Soviet country and the heroes of the novel dooms them in advance to a tragic defeat, causing an abyss of bitterness, disappointed hopes and expectations. Even such handsome heroes as the physicist Shtrum, the professional military man Novikov, the old Bolshevik Mostovsky, cannot withstand a collision with fate, that is, with those political and moral issues that the state put before them. But was it not the state that gathered and sent a formidable army against the invaders, which won a victory at Stalingrad? This is indeed the case. Reading about what was done on the front sector of the front, in the rear, in hospitals, in physical laboratories, in camp barracks and prison cells, we are amazed that in everything that happens, both glory and shame are combined. The selfless heroism of the defenders of Stalingrad is side by side with meanness, denunciations, crimes consecrated by the authority of the proletarian state.

The heroes of the novel "Life and Fate" are both in the center of military events and in the silence of the evacuation, intensely reflecting and arguing about the future paths of Russia and its people. Many of them, such as Grekov, Ershov, Shtrum, are united by the idea of ​​respect for human life, for the dignity and rights of the individual. And these concepts are incompatible with the claims of the state to dispose of a person as its own property. Thus, Grossman saw and reflected in his novel the protest of popular consciousness against violence, awakened by the war against fascism. The author writes: "The Stalingrad triumph determined the outcome of the war, but the tacit dispute between the victorious people and the victorious state continued. The fate of man, his freedom, depended on this dispute." This line of reasoning of the writer does not at all diminish the significance of the Stalingrad victory, does not deny the unity of the state and the people in the war, but it leads to the idea that Stalingrad and the entire Great Patriotic War were not only great historical events, but also an important stage on the people's path to true freedom ...

The theme of the Great Patriotic War in literature: essay-reasoning. Works of the Great Patriotic War: "Vasily Terkin", "The Fate of a Man", "The Last Battle of Major Pugachev." 20th century writers: Varlam Shalamov, Mikhail Sholokhov, Alexander Tvardovsky.

410 words, 4 paragraphs

World War broke into the USSR unexpectedly for ordinary people... If the politicians could still know or guess, then the people certainly remained in the dark until the first bombing. The Soviets were unable to prepare fully, and our army, limited in resources and weapons, was forced to retreat in the first years of the war. Although I was not a participant in those events, I consider it my duty to know everything about them, so that later I can tell the children about everything. The world should never forget about that monstrous battle. This is the opinion not only of me, but also of those writers and poets who told me and my peers about the war.

First of all, I mean Tvardovsky's poem Vasily Terkin. In this work, the author depicted a collective image of a Russian soldier. He is a cheerful and strong-minded guy who is always ready to go into battle. He helps his comrades, helps civilians, every day he has a silent feat in the name of saving the Motherland. But he does not pretend to be a hero, he has enough humor and modesty to keep simple and do his job without wasting words. This is how I see my great-grandfather, who died in that war.

I also remember Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man" very much. Andrei Sokolov is also a typical Russian soldier, whose fate contained all the sorrows of the Russian people: he lost his family, was taken prisoner, and, even returning home, almost ended up on trial. It would seem that it is beyond a person's strength to withstand such an energetic hail of blows, but the author emphasizes that not only Andrei stood - everyone stood to death for the sake of saving the Motherland. The hero's strength lies in his unity with the people, who shared his heavy burden. For Sokolov, all the victims of the war became family, so he takes the orphan Vanechka to him. As kind and persistent, I imagine my great-grandmother, who did not live to see my birthday, but, being a nurse, hundreds of children came out who teach me today.

In addition, I remember Shalamov's story "The Last Battle of Major Pugachev." There, a soldier, innocently punished, escapes from prison, but, unable to achieve freedom, kills himself. I have always admired his sense of justice and the courage to defend him. He is a strong and worthy defender of the fatherland, and I am sorry for his fate. But those who today forget that unparalleled feat of dedication of our ancestors are no better than the authorities that imprisoned Pugachev and doomed him to death. They are even worse. Therefore, today I would like to be like that major who was not afraid of death, just to defend the truth. Today the truth about that war needs protection like never before ... And I will not forget it thanks to Russian literature of the 20th century.

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The theme of the Great Patriotic War in modern literature

Approximate text of the essay

The Great Patriotic War has already become history for us. We learn about it from books, films, old photographs, the memories of those who were lucky enough to live to see Victory. Participants and eyewitnesses of those tragic events wrote about her. And now this topic continues to excite writers who open up new aspects and problems in it. Among the remarkable works about the war are B. Vasiliev's novellas "The Dawns Here Are Quiet", "Not on the Lists", Y. Bondarev's novel " Hot Snow" and many others.

But I want to turn to V. Grossman's novel "Life and Fate", which was written in 1960, but only in the late 1980s became known to the general reader. Therefore, it is perceived as contemporary work about war. In the center of the image is the Battle of Stalingrad, which was a turning point in the Great Patriotic War. However, Grossman's novel amazes with the breadth of coverage of military reality, the variety of destinies and characters, the author's deep and interesting thoughts. How full actor included in the novel is the Soviet totalitarian state, with which the heroes of Grossman are waging a fierce duel. Terrible, powerful, omnipresent, it breaks and destroys human destinies, imperiously intervenes in front-line everyday life, affirming the cult of violence with its authority.

When you read the novel, you get the impression that Soviet soldiers and home front workers are waging an exhausting struggle not only against fascism for the liberation of Russia, but for their personal freedom from the totalitarian might of their native state. Among heroic defenders Captain Grekov stands out in particular in Stalingrad. The desperate daredevil, in whom an ineradicable sense of freedom lives, has already been noted as a peddler of sedition, a dangerous element. The captain, who gathered people in the besieged house "six fractions one", repulsed 30 attacks, destroyed 8 tanks, is accused of guerrilla warfare. The political administration of the front sends combat commissar Krymov to the surrounded house in order to establish Bolshevik order there and, if necessary, remove Grekov from command. Yes, he famously fights the Germans, despising death, but his willful behavior is unacceptable, because it violates the unshakable order. Indeed, he can easily disrupt the wireless communication with the house simply because he is tired of the strict suggestions of the command, flatly refuse to keep a diary of military operations, boldly respond to the commissioner's interrogation with partiality. While Grekov's fighters are fighting heroically with the enemy, the divisional commander is more concerned with the question of how to liquidate this "state within a state", to eradicate the spirit of freedom that the fighters have become infected with. But even the experienced commissar Krymov did not manage to cope with this responsible task, because in the house "six fractions one" he encountered free people who do not give in to the party's envoy. They feel strong and confident, they do not need the moral support of the commissioner. They have enough courage to boldly look death in the eye. Instead of respectful attention, Krymov hears the mocking questions of the soldiers about when the collective farms will be liquidated, how the principle of communism will be implemented in practice: "To each according to his needs." When an angry Krymov speaks directly about his goal - to overcome the unacceptable partisanship, Grekov boldly asks: "Who will overcome the Germans?" A mortal battle with fascism, oddly enough, gives people a feeling of fearlessness, independence, freedom, which for several decades was ruthlessly suppressed by the state. And during the war, this national disaster, the methods of imposing violence remained the same - denunciations accusing a person of non-existent sins. From this familiar ending Grekov is saved by a heroic death during the German offensive.

Courage is required for Grossman's heroes not only to fight the Nazis. It is necessary in order to take responsibility for the correct humane decision, which is contrary to orders from above. Such a bold act is being done by the commander of a tank corps, Novikov. He voluntarily extends the artillery barrage by 8 minutes, contrary to the orders of the front commander and Stalin himself. Novikov did this in order to keep as many of the "unshorn guys from the replenishment" as possible alive. In war, murder is a common thing, but you can avoid unnecessary casualties with clear, well-thought-out decisions. From the point of view of Commissar Getmanov, the corps commander committed a daring and reckless act, which should be reported where it should be. For Getmanov, the need to sacrifice people for the cause always seemed natural and undeniable, and not only during the war. Here Grossman touches upon the problem of moral achievement, which reveals the height of the human spirit, reveals powerful inner forces, often hidden behind a modest, inconspicuous appearance.

The teacher Ales Moroz from the story "Obelisk" by V. Bykov became such a hero. He died during the Great Patriotic War, but his memory continues to live in the hearts of people. They remember, talk, argue about him, without coming to one opinion, differently assessing his last act. The writer invites the reader to take a close look at this extraordinary man, whose figure is gradually acquiring new, real, visible features in Tkachuk's story. Why, many years after the war, the personality of Moroz continues to excite the old partisan so much? He knew Ales Ivanovich even in peacetime, when he worked as the head of the district. And even then he felt the originality of this modest rural teacher, his dissimilarity from his colleagues. Ales Ivanovich could shelter a boy who was abused by his father, without fear of a scandal and a summons to court, he could read for hours with Tolstoy's children in order to teach them to listen and understand the beautiful, and not talk about the delusions of the classics, as the school curriculum recommended. Only now, years later, Tkachuk realizes that what was most important for Moroz was not the knowledge acquired by the students, but what kind of people they would become. So when the war started. Moroz did not go, like many, to the partisan detachment, but continued to teach the children, causing sidelong glances and unkind suspicions. He did this in order to prevent the "dehumanization" of these guys by the Nazis, for he had invested too much in them. Indeed, he raised them as patriots, fighters against injustice and evil. Without initiating the teacher into their plans, they tried to kill a local policeman, but were captured by the Nazis and sentenced to death. The teacher managed to escape, but he leaves the partisan detachment in order to voluntarily surrender to the Germans. Why did he do this reckless act? After all, he could not believe the Nazis, who promised to release the students if the teacher himself surrendered. Yes, he really couldn't save the guys. They were executed by the Nazis together with Moroz. But in this difficult situation, he could not do otherwise, he simply had to morally support the teenagers in the most terrible moments of their life. True, one of them, Pavlik Miklashevich, miraculously managed to escape. But his health was finally undermined by the fact that with a piercing wound in the chest, he lay in a ditch with water until local residents found him. It was on his initiative that a modest obelisk with the names of the children executed by the Nazis was erected near the school where he worked as a teacher. How much effort he had to exert to make the name of Moroz appear here; a person who has accomplished a great moral feat, who sacrificed his life for the sake of the children.

Writings about the Great Patriotic War, telling about the terrible, tragic events, make us understand at what price the victory was won. They teach goodness, humanity, justice. Books about the war are a miraculous monument to Soviet soldiers who defeated fascism in a fierce battle with the enemy.

TOPICS OF ABSTRACTS FOR BOB

Domestic and foreign policy factors that contributed to the Nazis coming to power in Germany

National Socialist ideology in Germany, its essence (political, economic and ideological aspects. How did it attract a significant part of the Germans? Why the Nazis were supported by big business? What is the role of international capital in strengthening the economic and military might of Germany?)

Economic, military potential of Germany and the USSR by 1939: a comparative analysis.

The economic and military potential of Germany and the USSR by June 1941: a comparative analysis.

Military strategy of Germany: its essence and results (on the example of military operations in European countries in 1939-1941)

Military doctrine of the USSR in the pre-war years: its essence and practical implementation.

Comparative technical characteristics of armored vehicles of Germany and the USSR in 1991-1945.

Comparative technical characteristics of the aviation of Germany and the USSR in 1941-1945.

The "blitzkrieg" strategy, its essence and practical implementation (on the example of the fighting of German troops in the European theater of war and in the war against the USSR)

War of two ideologies. What attracted the ideas of Nazism to a significant part of the population of Germany and what are the origins of patriotism of the Soviet people, including young people.

What are the reasons for the failures of the Red Army in the initial period of the war?

Assessment of the possible military potential of the Wehrmacht in heavy weapons (guns, mortars, armored vehicles, etc.), tanks, aircraft by the summer of 1941, based on the industrial potential of Germany and the countries it conquered.

Participation in hostilities on the Soviet front of Romanian, Italian and Finnish units, armed formations consisting of representatives of other nationalities (number of troops, quantity and quality of weapons, participation in military operations, etc.)

I.V. Stalin: a portrait against the background of the era

Assessment of the military potential of the USSR by the beginning of the war in heavy weapons, tanks, aircraft.

Confrontation between Army Group Center and the Western Military District: balance of forces, firepower of troops, tactics of the parties.

The reasons for the defeat of the Red Army in the central sector of the front in the summer of 1941: objective and subjective factors.

"Lilia Molotova", its construction, engineering component, technical and fire support

- "Stalin's Line" - the history of creation, engineering scheme, the state before the beginning of the war

War through the eyes of eyewitnesses, my interlocutors

War in the fate of my family

War through the eyes of children

Actual problems of war in foreign and domestic sources (comparative analysis)

The origins of patriotism of Soviet soldiers, partisans, underground workers, home front workers.

Evacuation of Belarusian enterprises, agricultural machinery to the east in 1941, labor of evacuated Belarusians

Interethnic conflicts in the vastness of the former Soviet Union at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries. and during the Great Patriotic War. What are the origins of Hitler's miscalculation, who staked on the collapse of the USSR from within on interethnic grounds?

Manifestations of the policy of genocide of the occupiers in my small homeland.

Belarusian Church during the Nazi occupation (according to Soviet and modern sources)

Union of Belarusian youth during the years of occupation: history of creation, structure, nature of activity

The policy of the occupiers in the field of culture, health care, education

Youth policy of the occupiers

Punitive operations against partisans as part of a genocidal policy

Compatriots - Heroes of the Soviet Union

The streets of my village, city are named after them.

My fellow countrymen are holders of military orders (Kutuzov, Suvorov, Nakhimov, etc.)

The most significant sabotage and other operations carried out by partisans, underground fighters in my small homeland during the years of occupation

Activities in the partisan and underground movement in Belarus of patriotic internationalists

The military glory of our grandfathers and grandmothers (based on materials from school and district museums military glory, family archives)

My fellow countrymen on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War

My fellow countrymen (fellow countryman) - generals

Defense of Minsk in 1941

Defense of Mogilev in 1941

Defense of Borisov in 1941

Defense of Gomel in 1941

Senno counterattack in 1941

Counterattack near Bialystok in 1941

Possible dates of the beginning of the Great Patriotic War (according to Soviet and foreign sources)

Battle for the Dnieper - the beginning of the liberation of Belarus

Gomel-Rechitsa offensive operation in 1943

Kalinkovichi-Mozyr offensive operation of 1943

Gorodok offensive operation in 1943

Interaction between partisans and the Red Army during Operation Bagration

Participation of Belarusian partisans in operation "Bagration"

Students and teachers of BNTU (BPI) - participants of the Great Patriotic War

Students and teachers of BNTU (BPI) partisans and underground fighters

Participation of Belarusians (my fellow countrymen) in the Moscow battle

Participation of Belarusians (my fellow countrymen) in the Battle of Stalingrad

Participation of Belarusians (my fellow countrymen) in the Battle of Kursk

Participation of Belarusians (my fellow countrymen) in the liberation of Europe

Participation of Belarusians (my fellow countrymen) in the battle for Bellin

Strategy and tactics of the offensive operation in Manchuria

Participation of Belarusians (my fellow countrymen) in the Manchurian offensive operation

Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-1940, strategy and tactics, participation of Belarusians in it

1940 Norwegian Campaign

Resistance movement in Europe in 1940-1941

Diplomatic confrontation in Europe in 1939-1941

War in the air "Battle of England" 1940

Military operations of the Wehrmacht in North Africa in 1940-1943.

Balkan Campaign 1941 Capture of Crete

People's militia in Belarus, fighter battalions in 1941

Belarusian ostarbeiters during the war

Collaboration problem on the territory of Belarus

Situation and life of the population in the occupied territory

Features of military tactics of partisans during the war

Material and combat support for the partisans, assistance from the "Big Land"

Partisan zones in enemy-occupied territory of Belarus

- "Vitebsk Gate" as a phenomenon of the period of the occupation of Belarus

Rail war of partisans of Belarus

The underground of my city (regional center, district) during the war

The Polish underground and the Home Army in Belarus

Summer Campaign 1942 Causes of the Red Army's Failures

The lend-lease problem. Allied supplies to the USSR and their significance

Struggle on the northern sea lanes of the USSR. Northern convoys

Belarusians in the European Resistance Movement

- "Bobruisk boiler" as component Operation Bagration

Liberation of Minsk during Operation Bagration

Victory Price: Estimating the Scale of the Loss