Short story native land Likhachev briefs. Dmitry Likhachev - native land. Dmitry Sergeevich LikhachevNative land
The professor and academician talks about culture, patriotism, respect for elders, describes the culture of Ancient Russia, the political and cultural life of Veliky Novgorod in the 13th-14th centuries.
Word to the young
Professor, academician Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev talks about patriotism and vocation, intelligence and culture, reading and memory. The author believes that each person should have a great personal goal and be passionate about their profession. The work we do should bring joy, be a calling.
True happiness comes from patriotism. Loving your people begins with learning about their past. The author loves Ancient Russia and admires its writing and art. The study of ancient Russian history can spiritually enrich us and suggest a lot of new things.
The author talks about intelligence, which is manifested in respect for parents, in the ability to quietly help one's neighbor, in everyday human behavior. Intelligence is also expressed in a person's ability not to be ridiculous, to behave with dignity.
Intelligence is the ability to understand, to perceive, it is an attitude towards the world and towards people.
Man's behavior corresponds to his purpose. If the goal is great and wise, then the means by which it is achieved are also worthy.
A person acquires his character and best friends in his youth. It is childhood friends who make it easy for us adult life.
The author considers the language of the people to be the greatest value. The Russian language is one of the richest in the world. A sign of a cultured person is not only the ability to write well in their native language, but also knowledge of classical literature.
The author calls to elevate each other, awakening their best features in those around them and not noticing the shortcomings. This is especially true for the elderly, whom attention helps to brighten up the last years. Old people remember the past better, and memory is the overcoming of time and death. The memory of the old helps to better understand the new. The present arose from history.
Notes about Russian
The author notes that the most "Russian traits" of character are pity, friendliness. The concept of will for Russians is reflected in wide spaces, and melancholy is associated with tightness. Russian courage is daring, broad, daring courage.
Since the 12th century, human culture has been opposed to nature. According to, "natural man" is close to nature and therefore uneducated. He also thought so, opposing the peasantry to the intelligentsia.
Ignorance or semi-knowledge is almost a disease.
Human culture softened the sharpness of the Russian landscape, and nature smoothed out all the imbalances made by man.
Russian landscape painting devoted mainly to the seasons, natural phenomena and man in nature. The nature of each country was shaped by the culture of the people living in it, and in gardens and parks, nature is “humanized” and akin to art.
The attitude to the past is of two kinds: as a spectacle, and as a monument to the past. The author is a supporter of the second kind of relationship. Culture is the same park where ennobled nature is merged with art. All the beauty of Russian nature was discovered for us by Pushkin, whom Dostoevsky considered the ideal of the Russian person.
It is necessary to measure culture according to the national ideal created by the people, which leads away from spiritual stinginess, narrowness and philistinism, from vindictiveness and nationalism. This ideal also existed in ancient Russia.
Ecology of culture
The author considers urban planning based on the study of the history of urban development to be the ecology of culture. As an example, he considers the construction of ancient Russian cities, in particular, Veliky Novgorod. During its construction, attention was paid to the views from the houses. The layout of Novgorod created a feeling of spaciousness.
For the ecology of culture, monuments of the past are important, because if nature can heal the wounds inflicted by man or the elements, then the loss of monuments - ancient buildings, monuments, manuscripts, frescoes - is irreplaceable.
If a person is indifferent to the historical monuments of his country, he is, as a rule, indifferent to his country.
Unfortunately, their storage system in Russia is poorly organized. Many manuscripts and frescoes have been lost or ruined by inept restoration, but quite a few have been preserved and even published in the Library of World Literature.
The author is pleased that the ancient Russian culture began to come into fashion, but upset in many respects by the ugly forms that this phenomenon takes. However, he hopes that people will see the beauty that lies in the culture of Ancient Russia.
Novgorod the Great
Veliky Novgorod, a huge city at that time, was a port of four seas and was an independent republic. It was ruled by the feudal aristocracy and the merchants, and the people could freely express their opinion at the Novgorod veche.
Novgorod stood on the trade route from Scandinavia to Byzantium, so famous architects, icon painters, translators flocked to it, who formed Novgorod art. Birch bark letters of the 13th-14th centuries found by scientists. ekov testify that almost all Novgorodians were literate.
Novgorod art, brought up in an atmosphere of free competition with European art schools, is one of the most national Russian and one of the most original.
Urban planning discipline was also strong in Novgorod - all the buildings in the city center did not exceed the height of Hagia Sophia. The improvement of the city surpassed many European capitals, and numerous churches were built with great skill.
There was no Renaissance in Ancient Russia, so the flowering of Novgorod art fell on the XIV century - the time of the Pre-Renaissance. This era enriched the painting and literature of Russia.
Joining Muscovite Russia, Novgorod retained its culture. Although it lost its independence, the Muscovite princes always treated Novgorod with respect and enjoyed its cultural riches. From that moment, Novgorod culture acquired national features and global significance.
Old Russian literature and modernity
The author recalls besieged Leningrad. During the blockade, he, in collaboration with the archaeologist M.A. Tikhanova, wrote the brochure "Defense of Old Russian Cities" to remind people of the history of the sieges of the cities of Ancient Russia. The author noted that the war brings into use forgotten ancient Russian words and concepts - ditches, ramparts, gouges, people's militia.
In Leningrad, as in the besieged cities of Ancient Russia, female labor was used. Women built fortifications, nursed the wounded and mourned the dead. Both in ancient Russian and in modern literature there are many women's lamentations.
Russian women's cries are an unusual phenomenon. They are not only an expression of feelings - they are a comprehension of what has happened.
The author turns to the topic of the history of culture, which not only records changes, but also discovers something new in the old, accumulates cultural values. The study and evaluation of the culture of the past allows people to rely on cultural heritage.
World culture expanded unevenly, it met with misunderstanding and hostility, and lost many of the most valuable monuments. Until the 20th century, the literature of Ancient Russia was not recognized on a global scale. It has not been appreciated until now, since it contains neither, nor. Old Russian literature is closely connected with history, folklore, ritual poetry, but this does not make it any less valuable.
The author recalls the cycle of poems "On the Kulikovo Field", after which he delves into the history of the great battle that liberated the Russians from the Mongol-Tatar yoke. This liberation led to the rise of ancient Russian culture. The author also notes the role of Kievan Rus in the development of Russian culture and unity. He believes that we should be grateful sons of the great mother - Ancient Russia.
Current page: 1 (total book has 20 pages)
Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev
Land Native
To our readers!
The author of the book brought to your attention, Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, is an outstanding Soviet scholar in the field of literary criticism, the history of Russian and world culture. He is the author of more than two dozen major books and hundreds of research articles. D. S. Likhachev is a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, twice a laureate of the State Prize of the USSR, an honorary member of many foreign academies and universities.
Dmitry Sergeevich’s erudition, his pedagogical talent and experience, the ability to speak about complex things simply, intelligibly and at the same time vividly and figuratively - this is what distinguishes his works, makes them not just books, but a significant phenomenon of our entire cultural life. Considering the ambiguous issues of moral and aesthetic education as an integral part of communist education, D.S. Likhachev relies on the most important party documents calling for the cultural enlightenment of the Soviet people, and especially young people, to be treated with the greatest attention and responsibility.
The propagandistic activity of Dmitry Sergeevich, who constantly cares about the ideological and aesthetic education of our youth, his persistent struggle for a careful attitude to the artistic heritage of the Russian people, is also widely known.
In his new book, Academician D.S. Likhachev emphasizes that the ability to comprehend the aesthetic, artistic perfection of the unfading masterpieces of the cultural past is very important for the younger generation, and contributes to the education of truly high civic positions of patriotism and internationalism.
From Author
Fate made me a specialist in ancient Russian literature. But what does "fate" mean? Fate was in myself: in my inclinations and interests, in my choice of faculty at Leningrad University, and in which of the professors I began to take classes with. I was interested in old manuscripts, I was interested in literature, I was attracted to Ancient Russia and folk art. If we put it all together and multiply it by a certain perseverance and some stubbornness in conducting searches, then all this together opened the way for me to a careful study of ancient Russian literature.
But the same fate, which lived in me, at the same time constantly distracted me from my studies in academic science. By nature, I am obviously a restless person. Therefore, I often go beyond the boundaries of strict science, beyond the limits of what I am supposed to do in my "academic specialty." I often speak in the general press and write in "non-academic" genres. I am sometimes worried about the fate of ancient manuscripts, when they are abandoned and not studied, then about ancient monuments that are being destroyed, I am afraid of the fantasies of restorers, sometimes too boldly "restoring" monuments to their liking, I am worried about the fate of old Russian cities in the conditions of growing industry, I am interested in education in our youth of patriotism and much, much more.
Many of my non-academic worries are reflected in this book now open to the reader. I could call my book "the book of worries". Here are many of my worries, and I would like to convey the worries to my readers - to help instill in them an active, creative - Soviet patriotism. Not patriotism, satisfied with what has been achieved, but patriotism striving for the best, striving to convey this best - both from the past and from the present - to future generations. In order not to make mistakes in the future, we must remember our mistakes in the past. We must love our past and be proud of it, but we need to love the past not just like that, but the best in it - what we can really be proud of and what we need now and in the future.
Among lovers of antiquity, collectors and collectors are very common. Honor and praise to them. They saved a lot, which then ended up in state depositories and museums - donated, sold, bequeathed. Collectors collect in this way - rare for themselves, more often for the family, and even more often to bequeath then to the museum - in hometown, village or even just a school (in all good schools there are museums - small, but very necessary!).
I have never been and never will be a collector. I want all values to belong to everyone and serve everyone, while remaining in their places. The whole earth owns and stores the values, the treasures of the past. This and beautiful landscape, and beautiful cities, and the cities have their own monuments of art collected by many generations. And in the villages - traditions folk art, labor skills. Values are not only material monuments, but also good customs, ideas about the good and beautiful, traditions of hospitality, friendliness, the ability to feel one's goodness in another. Values are language, accumulated literary works. You can't list everything.
What is our Earth? This is a treasury of extraordinarily diverse and extremely fragile creations of human hands and the human brain, rushing through outer space with incredible, unimaginable speed. I called my book "Native Land". The word "land" in Russian has many meanings. This is the soil, and the country, and the people (in the latter sense, the Russian land is spoken of in the "Lay of Igor's Campaign"), and the entire globe.
In the title of my book, the word "earth" can be understood in all these senses.
The earth creates man. Without her, he is nothing. But man also creates the earth. Its safety, peace on earth, the multiplication of its wealth depend on a person. It depends on a person to create conditions under which the values of culture will be preserved, grow and multiply, when all people will be intellectually rich and intellectually healthy.
This is the idea of all sections of my book. I write about many things in different ways, in different genres, in different manners, even at different reading levels. But everything I write about, I strive to connect with a single idea of love for my land, for my land, for my Earth ...
***
Appreciating the beautiful in the past, we must be smart. We must understand that, in admiring the amazing beauty of architecture in India, it is not at all necessary to be a Mohammedan, just as it is not necessary to be a Buddhist in order to appreciate the beauty of the temples of ancient Cambodia or Nepal. Are there people now who believe in ancient gods and goddesses? - Not. But are there people who would deny the beauty of Venus de Milo? But it's a goddess! Sometimes it even seems to me that we, the people of the New Age, value ancient beauty more than the ancient Greeks and ancient Romans themselves. She was too familiar to them.
Isn't that why we, Soviet people, began to perceive the beauty of ancient Russian architecture so sharply, ancient Russian literature and ancient Russian music, which are one of the highest peaks of human culture. Only now we are beginning to realize this, and even then not fully.
Of course, while working out your attitude and fighting for the preservation of monuments of the artistic culture of the past, you must always remember that, as F. Engels wrote about the historical conditioning of form and content medieval art, "the worldview of the Middle Ages was predominantly theological ... The Church gave religious consecration to the secular state system based on feudal principles ... It naturally followed from this that church dogma was the starting point and basis of all thinking" (Marx K., Engels F. Sobr. Op. ., vol. 21, p. 495).
Appreciating the beautiful in the past, protecting it, we thereby follow the testament of A. S. Pushkin: "Respect for the past is the feature that distinguishes education from savagery ...".
Word to the young
Your profession and your patriotism
It is very difficult to say parting words to the youth. Much has already been said, and said very well. Nevertheless, I will try to say what I consider the most important and what, it seems to me, every person entering into a great life should be firmly aware.
A lot of what a person achieves in life, what position he occupies in it, what he brings to others and receives for himself, depends on himself. Luck does not come by chance. It depends on what a person considers luck in life, how he evaluates himself, what position in life he has chosen, what, finally, is his goal in life.
Many, many people think something like this: I am smart, I have such and such abilities, I will be engaged in such and such a profession, I will achieve a lot in life, I will become a person "with a position." No, this is far from enough! Random failure on entrance exams(let's say really random, and not supposedly random), an accidental mistake in their abilities (boys often exaggerate them, girls too often underestimate themselves), "accidentally" appeared influential enemies in life, etc., etc. And everything in life is gone. By old age, a person feels deep disappointment, resentment towards someone, or "so, in general."
Meanwhile, he himself is to blame - with the possible exception of very rare cases ...
Think carefully about what I'm about to tell you, young friends. And don't just think that I just want to "read the moral" to you.
Each person, in addition to small and "temporary" personal goals, in life must certainly have one big personal goal, and then the risk of failure will be minimized.
Indeed. In small goals, the proportion of possible failure is always large. We set ourselves the goal of a purely everyday task - to buy good things, but you got second-class things.
This happens often. If this small task was the main thing for you, you will already feel miserable. But if this small goal was “passing” for you and you were aware of it as “passing” and small, you won’t even pay much attention to your “failure”. You will take your "failure" quite calmly.
Give yourself a bigger challenge. For example, to become a good doctor. There will be fewer accidental failures. First, it will depend on you to prepare well for the entrance exams to medical school. But let's say you were approached unfairly at the entrance exams (or it seemed to you - unfairly). There is no big disaster yet. Your task has only moved away, but it will depend on you so that the time until the next entry is not wasted for you. But even here there can still be failures. This must be acknowledged.
Well, if you set yourself a transpersonal goal, let's assume the most general one: to bring as much benefit to people as possible? What "fatal" failures here can prevent you from fulfilling this great life task of yours? You can strive to fulfill it in any circumstances, but what about failures? "Zero result", and only in some cases ... But in general, success will accompany you - success and recognition of others. And if in achieving this task you will be accompanied by personal success, then happiness will be provided to you.
"To bring as much benefit to people as possible!" Is the task too general and abstract? Yes, of course, let's try to concretize this life position of a person so that it can really guide his life.
It is not at all necessary for the transpersonal life task to turn into torment for a person. If helping others - direct or indirect - does not bring joy to those who provide it, is done with effort and only "out of principle", - this is also bad for the cause.
You need to be passionate about your profession, your business, those people to whom you directly provide assistance (this is especially necessary for a teacher or doctor), and those to whom you bring help "from afar", without seeing them. The latter is especially difficult, but not unattainable. And I want to talk about this last thing as clearly as possible.
Love plays a huge role in human life. First, it is love for your parents, for your family. Then it is love for your school, for your class - class comrades and girlfriends; to your village or city. Another important step is love for one's people, for one's country.
Love for one's country and one's people is that transpersonal principle that truly sanctifies (makes holy) all human activity, brings him real happiness, saves him from troubles, minor personal failures.
If a person is a careerist, he always runs the risk of falling under the wheels of a car of careerism built by himself, experiencing terrible disappointments. If the desire to take a better position in life is corrected by the fact that this personal position will give him the opportunity to be more useful to his compatriots, then this or that official failure will not be a collapse, but simply a "zero result" - that's okay.
And how transpersonal goals reduce the risk of failure! In science, if a scientist seeks only the truth, he will always achieve more solid and reliable results than someone who wants to "become famous." The search for spectacular and astounding results rarely leads to great discoveries, and often leads (especially in the humanities, where an experiment that provides the most accurate verification is rare) to rigged, "fireworks" hypotheses, dangerous even for those who seek to launch them into the air.
Care for the truth is brought up by love for people who need this truth, it is brought up by patriotism. Patriotism, precisely Soviet patriotism, as a class-conscious feeling of love for one's Motherland, for its long-suffering and heroic history, to its wonderful traditions of culture - this is a great and uplifting feeling. M.I. Kalinin said: "The preaching of Soviet patriotism cannot be torn off, not rooted in past history our people. It should be filled with patriotic pride in the deeds of its people. After all, Soviet patriotism is the direct heir to the creative deeds of the ancestors, who moved the development of our people forward ... So, Soviet patriotism takes its roots in the deep past, starting from the folk epic; he absorbs all the best created by the people, and considers it the greatest honor to cherish all his achievements.
However, patriotism should not be confused with nationalism. Patriotism is love for one's people. Nationalism is neglect, disrespect, hatred for other peoples. Really, if you think about what I said, one is incompatible with the other.
If you love your family, if your family is friendly, then it always has many friendly families who love to visit your family and love to invite them to their place. A friendly family radiates an atmosphere of friendliness and outside ... This happy family no matter what illnesses and deaths visited her.
If you love your mother, you will understand others who love their parents, and this trait will be not only familiar to you, but also pleasant.
If you love your people, you will understand other peoples who love their nature, their art, their past.
Everyone knows how, for example, the Bulgarians love their small country. But this is what makes them so hospitable to everyone who comes to them.
We must strive to master the cultural achievements of the whole world, all the peoples inhabiting our small planet, and all the cultures of the past. One must develop intellectual flexibility in oneself in order to understand achievements and be able to separate the fake from the genuine and valuable.
You need to know other people's cultures, the cultures of our time and the past, you need to travel a lot - not necessarily "with your feet", moving from place to place, from one country to another, but "travel" through books, with the help of books (books are the greatest of greatest achievements human culture), with the help of museums, with the help of their own intellectual mobility and flexibility. Interested in others mostly unlike ourselves, original. Then you will truly appreciate yourself.
And the first "journey" that a person has to make is a "journey" through his own country. Acquaintance with the history of one's country, with its monuments, with its cultural achievements is always the joy of the endless discovery of the new in the familiar, the joy of recognizing the familiar in the new. Acquaintance and familiarization of others (if you are a true patriot) is a careful attitude to your antiquity, to your history, because your country, in addition to measuring in space, also has a "fourth dimension" - in time.
If you love your parents, then you love them "in all dimensions": you love to look at old photo albums - as they were in childhood, before marriage, young and old (oh, how beautiful the old faces of kind people!). If you love your country, you cannot but love your history, you cannot but cherish the monuments of the past. You cannot but be proud of the glorious traditions of the Land of the Soviets.
And this love for the past of their people should be in people of all professions, all scientific and non-scientific specialties. For patriotism is that great transpersonal super-task of all your activity, which will save you from too acute troubles, personal failures and correctly, along an unmistakable path to direct your activity in search of truth, truth and reliable personal success.
Just do not make a mistake in the position you have taken in life. Always set big and transpersonal goals for yourself, and you will achieve big and reliable things in your life. You will be happy!
On the upbringing of Soviet patriotism, on continuity in the development of culture
We often meet with the opposition of the natural sciences, which are considered exact, to "inexact" literary criticism. This opposition is the basis of the attitude to literary criticism as a "second-class" science.
However, natural and social Sciences are unlikely to differ greatly. Basically, nothing. If we talk about the fact that the humanities are distinguished by a historic approach, then among the natural sciences there are historical sciences: the history of flora, the history of fauna, the history of structure earth's crust and so on and so forth. The complexity of the study material distinguishes geography, ocean science and many other sciences. The humanities deal primarily with the statistical regularities of random phenomena, but many other sciences deal with the same. Likewise, perhaps, other features are relative.
In the absence of fundamental differences, there are practical differences. The so-called "exact" sciences (and among them there are many not at all "exact" ones) are much more formalized (I use this word in the sense in which representatives of the "exact" sciences use it), they do not mix research with popularization, messages are already previously obtained information - with the establishment of new facts, etc.
When I say that the humanities do not differ fundamentally from the "exact" sciences, I do not mean the need to "mathematize" our science. The question of the degree of possibility of introducing mathematics into the humanities is a special issue.
I mean only the following: there is not a single deep methodological feature in the humanities, which, to one degree or another, would not exist in some of the non-humanitarian sciences.
And finally, a remark about the very term "exact" sciences. This term is far from accurate. Many sciences seem to be exact only from the outside. This also applies to mathematics, which at its highest levels is not so precise.
But there is one aspect of literary criticism that really distinguishes it from many other sciences. This is the ethical side. And the point is not that literary criticism studies the ethical problems of literature (although this is not done enough). Literary criticism, if it covers a wide range of material, has a very large educational value, increasing social qualities person.
All my life I have been engaged in ancient Russian literature. Ancient Russian literature belongs to a special aesthetic system, incomprehensible to an unprepared reader. And it is extremely necessary to develop the aesthetic susceptibility of readers. Aesthetic sensitivity is not aestheticism. This is a social feeling of great importance, one of the aspects of human sociality, which opposes the feeling of national exclusivity and chauvinism, it develops in a person tolerance towards other cultures little known to him - foreign-language or other eras.
The ability to understand ancient Russian literature opens the veil before us over other, no less complex aesthetic systems of literature, for example European Middle Ages, Middle Ages Asia.
The same is true in fine arts. A person who is truly (and not in a fashionable way) able to understand the art of ancient Russian icon painting cannot fail to understand the painting of Byzantium and Egypt, Persian or Irish medieval miniatures.
Literary critics have a big and responsible task - to educate "mental susceptibility". That is why the concentration of literary scholars on a few objects and questions of study, on only one era or on a few problems, contradicts the main public sense the existence of literary criticism as a science.
Literary criticism needs different topics and large "distances" precisely because it struggles with these distances, strives to destroy the barriers between people, nations and centuries.
Literary criticism has many branches, and each branch has its own problems. However, if we approach literary criticism from the side of the modern historical stage in the development of mankind, then we should pay attention to the following. Now in orbit cultural world more and more peoples are included. The “population explosion” that humanity is now experiencing, the collapse of colonialism and the emergence of many independent countries - all this leads to the convergence of the progressive sides of various cultures on the globe, contributes to their fruitful mutual influence and interpenetration, with the indispensable condition of preserving the national face of all cultures. Therefore, the humanities face the most difficult task - to understand, to study the cultures of all the peoples of the world: the peoples of Africa, Asia, South America. The sphere of attention of literary critics therefore includes the literatures of peoples standing at the most diverse stages of social development. That is why works that establish the typical features of literature and folklore characteristic of various stages of the development of society are now gaining great importance. You can't limit yourself to learning. modern literatures highly developed peoples at the stage of capitalism or socialism. The need for works devoted to the study of the patterns of development of literatures at the stages of feudalism and tribal society is now very great. The methodology of the typological study of literatures is also of great importance.
One of the problems of literary criticism is to clearly separate research tasks from popularizing ones.
Mixing the tasks of research with the tasks of popularization creates hybrids, the main drawback of which is their scientific nature. Scientism is able to displace science or drastically reduce the academic level of science. This phenomenon is very dangerous on a global scale, as it opens the gates to literary criticism for various kinds of chauvinistic or extremist tendencies. National borders in the literatures are very shaky. Therefore, the struggle for the national identity of this or that writer, for this or that work, even just for a valuable old manuscript, is now becoming more and more acute in different parts of the world. Only high science can stop this struggle for cultural heritage: a detailed philological study of works of literature, texts and their language, evidence and impartiality of arguments.
And here we return to the starting point of our reflections: to the question of exact and inexact sciences. If literary criticism is an inexact science, then it must be exact. The conclusions of literary criticism should have full evidentiary power, and its concepts and terms should be distinguished by rigor and clarity. This is required by the high social responsibility that lies with literary criticism.
***
Now, when we are striving to build a new, communist culture, it is especially important for us to know its origins. New forms of culture are never created on empty place, V. I. Lenin spoke about this.
In the village of Sholokhovskoye, Rostov Region, the guys created a circle to study "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" and called their circle "Boyan". They elected me an honorary member of the circle. A correspondence ensued. I suggested that the guys hold a debate on the topic "What gives a person love for the Motherland?".
I got acquainted with the materials of the dispute and answered the guys:
"Dear members of the Boyan circle!
The materials of the dispute sent by you "What gives a person love for the Motherland?" interesting, and I will try to use them ...
But here I have a question for you. You write that love for the Motherland makes life easier, brings joy and happiness. And all this is certainly true. But is love for the motherland the only joys? Doesn't it sometimes make you feel grief, suffer? Doesn't it sometimes bring difficulties? Think about it. And why is it still necessary to love the Motherland? I will tell you in advance: difficulties in human life are inevitable, but having a goal, caring for others, and not about yourself, it is always easier to endure any difficulties. You are ready for them, you do not vegetate, but live actively.
Love for the motherland gives meaning to life, turns life from vegetating into a meaningful existence.
I love Ancient Russia. In ancient Russia there were many aspects that should not be admired at all. But nevertheless, I love this era very much, because I see in it the struggle, the suffering of the people, an extremely intense attempt at different groups society to correct the shortcomings: among the peasantry, and among the military, and among writers. It is not for nothing that journalism was so developed in Ancient Russia, despite the most severe persecution of any manifestation of hidden or explicit protest against exploitation and arbitrariness. This side of ancient Russian life: the struggle for better life, the struggle for correction, the struggle even just for a more perfect and better military organization that could defend the people from constant invasions - this is what attracts me.
Knowledge of the distant past of the Fatherland, long-suffering and heroic, allows a deeper understanding, to see the true roots of selfless, courageous service to the interests native land the interests of its people.
Patriotism is a creative principle, a principle that can inspire a person's whole life; his choice of his profession, the circle of interests - to determine everything in a person and illuminate everything. Patriotism is a theme, so to speak, of a person's life, his creativity.
Patriotism must certainly be the spirit of all the humanities, the spirit of all teaching. From this point of view, it seems to me that the work of local historians in a rural school is very revealing. Indeed, patriotism first of all begins with love for one's city, for one's locality, and this does not exclude love for our entire vast country. Just as it does not exclude love for one's school, let's say, love first of all for one's teacher.
I think that the teaching of local history at school could serve as the basis for the education of real Soviet patriotism. In the last grades of the school, two or three years of a course in local history, connected with excursions to historical places, with the romance of travel, would be extremely useful.
I adhere to the view that love for the motherland begins with love for one's family, for one's home, for one's school. She is gradually growing. With age, it also becomes love for its city, for its village, for its native nature, for its countrymen, and when it matures, it becomes conscious and strong, until death, love for its socialist country and its people. It is impossible to jump over any link in this process, and it is very difficult to fasten the whole chain again when something has fallen out in it or, Furthermore was missing from the very beginning.
Why do I consider interest in the culture and literature of our past not only natural, but also necessary?
In my opinion, every developed person should have a broad outlook. And for this it is not enough to be familiar with the main phenomena and values only of one’s own modern national culture. It is necessary to understand other cultures, other nationalities - without this, communication with people is ultimately impossible, and how important this is, each of us knows from his own life experience.
Russian literature XIX v. - one of the pinnacles of world culture, the most valuable asset of all mankind. How did it come about? On a thousand-year experience of the culture of the word. Ancient Russian literature remained incomprehensible for a long time, as did the painting of that time. Genuine recognition came to them relatively recently.
Yes, the voice of our medieval literature not loud. Nevertheless, it strikes us with the monumentality and grandeur of the whole. It also has a strong folk humanistic principle, which should never be forgotten. It has great aesthetic value...
Remember The Tale of Bygone Years... This is not only a chronicle, our first historical document, it is an outstanding literary work that speaks of a great sense of national self-consciousness, a broad view of the world, the perception of Russian history as part of world history, connected with it by inextricable ties.
***
The craving for ancient Russian culture is a symptomatic phenomenon. This craving is caused primarily by the desire to turn to their national traditions. Modern culture is repelled by all kinds of depersonalization associated with the development of standards and patterns: from the faceless "international" style in architecture, from the Americanizing way of life, from the gradually eroding national foundations of life.
But it's not only that. Each culture is looking for connections with the past, refers to one of the cultures of the past. Renaissance and classicism turned to antiquity. Baroque and Romanticism turned to Gothic. Our modern culture refers to the epochs of great civic upsurge, to the epochs of the struggle for national independence, to heroic themes. All this is just deeply represented in the culture of Ancient Russia.
Finally, we note such a seemingly private, but very important phenomenon. Ancient Russia attracts our contemporaries aesthetically. Old Russian art, like folk art, is distinguished by laconicism, colorfulness, cheerfulness, courage in solving artistic problems.
Interest in ancient Russian culture is now characteristic of the youth of the whole world. Books on ancient Russian culture, literature, art are published and republished everywhere. Suffice it to say that the first twenty volumes of the Proceedings of the Department of Ancient Russian Literature of the Institute of Russian Literature of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Pushkin House) were reprinted abroad twice - in the USA and Germany. Such monuments as "The Tale of Bygone Years", "Kiev-Pechersk Patericon", "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", "The Prayer of Daniel the Sharpener", "The Life of Archpriest Avvakum" and many others are repeatedly published abroad. I note that literary monuments Ancient Russia are translated and published even in Japan. Collections "Ancient Russia" are published in the old capital of Japan, Kyoto. It is impossible to list all the editions and reprints of the monuments of Ancient Russia in the West and in the East.
D. S. Likhachev. "Native land"
The next topic of literature lessons will be small chapters from the book "Native Land" by a specialist in academician Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev.
With this theme comes to schoolchildren and a new literary genre- the genre of journalism. What is this? What is interesting? Why has it become so popular in recent decades?
Section on Literary Theory and Handbook literary terms they will help schoolchildren to consolidate the information received in the classroom from the teacher, prepare a message about this genre themselves, and choose their own example from any journalistic materials.
The name of D.S. Likhachev is undoubtedly known to seventh graders. They will draw new information from the autobiographical story given in the book "Native Land". Scientist talks about how his fate unfolded. Students will look at how the word "earth" is explained in the book and how it is played on in the text: "The earth makes man. Without her, he is nothing. But man also creates the earth. Its safety, peace on earth, the multiplication of its wealth depend on a person.
Schoolchildren will read the judgments of D. S. Likhachev on various topics in the chapters: “Youth is all life”, “Art opens us Big world!”, “Learning to speak and write”, which are included in the textbook, as well as in those that will be read by students in book"Native land" independently.
These chapters are, as it were, parting words to teenagers who are starting to live, entering adulthood with all its complexities and difficulties. We involuntarily recall the parting words of Vladimir Monomakh, which sounded at the beginning of the school year.
Peace and joy are revealed to those who want them and strive to see who carries goodness and compassion in themselves, who is capable of noble deeds. Great Russian literature, oral, has always given preference to kind characters, loving work, having compassion for the people around them.
Let's consider each of the chapters of the book "Native Land", included in the textbook-reader. For example, in the chapter “Youth is the whole life”, the scientist talks about what seemed to him as a schoolboy: “. When I grow up, everything will be different. I will live among some other people, in a different environment, and everything will be different in general. But the reality turned out differently.” How did it turn out? “My reputation as a comrade, a person, a worker remained with me, passed into that other world that I had dreamed of since childhood, and if it changed, it did not start anew at all.” What examples does the author give? What advice does the scientist give to young people? This small chapter can be advised to retell close to the text or read expressively in text.
No less important is the chapter “Art opens up a big world for us!”. What thoughts in it are important to us today? Why is Russian culture called an author open, kind to bold, accepting everything and creatively comprehending? What is the value of great artists? What does it take to understand literature? music, painting?
Quite an unusual chapter "Don't be funny." Let the students read it on their own. It says "about the form of our behavior, about what should become our habit and what should also become our inner content." What is important to know and do in order not to be ridiculous?
Everyone needs to "learn to speak and write." Children learn this from the first grade, but the scientist is not talking about this skill. What is human language? What does it take to speak publicly and at the same time be interesting to the audience? The chapter ends with the words; "To learn how to ride a bike, you have to ride a bike." How do you understand this ending?
Read other chapters of this book and think about them. How does what you read characterize the author himself? Which of D.S. Likhachev's advice seemed especially necessary to you?
The students are reading retell text, answer questions, prepare their own reasoning-reflections about what they read, reviews of journalistic works read independently.
Essays-reasonings in a journalistic genre on various topics close to students can be, for example: “Why is it difficult to be a teenager?”, “About camaraderie in our class”. You can offer to write an essay on the topic: “What ideas of classical writers could be a lesson to me?”, “Parting words of writers and scientists that cannot be ignored”, and also prepare a speech at an evening or conference: “Relationships between adults and children in the works of writers XIX and XX centuries”, “What is brought up in a person thanks to humorous and satirical works”.
We do not consider texts and questions to them with details that would bind teachers, but only offer directions in which work can be built in literature lessons and related lessons in the development of speech and extracurricular reading.
V. Ya. Korovina, Literature Grade 7. Methodological advice - M .: Education, 2003. - 162 p.: ill.
Essays, literature homework download, download textbooks for free, online lessons, questions and answers
Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev
Land Native
To our readers!
The author of the book brought to your attention, Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, is an outstanding Soviet scholar in the field of literary criticism, the history of Russian and world culture. He is the author of more than two dozen major books and hundreds of research articles. D. S. Likhachev is a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, twice a laureate of the State Prize of the USSR, an honorary member of many foreign academies and universities.
Dmitry Sergeevich’s erudition, his pedagogical talent and experience, the ability to speak about complex things simply, intelligibly and at the same time vividly and figuratively - this is what distinguishes his works, makes them not just books, but a significant phenomenon of our entire cultural life. Considering the ambiguous issues of moral and aesthetic education as an integral part of communist education, D.S. Likhachev relies on the most important party documents calling for the cultural enlightenment of the Soviet people, and especially young people, to be treated with the greatest attention and responsibility.
The propagandistic activity of Dmitry Sergeevich, who constantly cares about the ideological and aesthetic education of our youth, his persistent struggle for a careful attitude to the artistic heritage of the Russian people, is also widely known.
In his new book, Academician D.S. Likhachev emphasizes that the ability to comprehend the aesthetic, artistic perfection of the unfading masterpieces of the cultural past is very important for the younger generation, and contributes to the education of truly high civic positions of patriotism and internationalism.
Fate made me a specialist in ancient Russian literature. But what does "fate" mean? Fate was in myself: in my inclinations and interests, in my choice of faculty at Leningrad University, and in which of the professors I began to take classes with. I was interested in old manuscripts, I was interested in literature, I was attracted to Ancient Russia and folk art. If we put it all together and multiply it by a certain perseverance and some stubbornness in conducting searches, then all this together opened the way for me to a careful study of ancient Russian literature.
But the same fate, which lived in me, at the same time constantly distracted me from my studies in academic science. By nature, I am obviously a restless person. Therefore, I often go beyond the boundaries of strict science, beyond the limits of what I am supposed to do in my "academic specialty." I often speak in the general press and write in "non-academic" genres. I am sometimes worried about the fate of ancient manuscripts, when they are abandoned and not studied, then about ancient monuments that are being destroyed, I am afraid of the fantasies of restorers, sometimes too boldly "restoring" monuments to their liking, I am worried about the fate of old Russian cities in the conditions of growing industry, I am interested in education in our youth of patriotism and much, much more.
Many of my non-academic worries are reflected in this book now open to the reader. I could call my book "the book of worries". Here are many of my worries, and I would like to convey the worries to my readers - to help instill in them an active, creative - Soviet patriotism. Not patriotism, satisfied with what has been achieved, but patriotism striving for the best, striving to convey this best - both from the past and from the present - to future generations. In order not to make mistakes in the future, we must remember our mistakes in the past. We must love our past and be proud of it, but we need to love the past not just like that, but the best in it - what we can really be proud of and what we need now and in the future.
Among lovers of antiquity, collectors and collectors are very common. Honor and praise to them. They saved a lot, which then ended up in state depositories and museums - donated, sold, bequeathed. Collectors collect in this way - rare for themselves, more often for the family, and even more often to bequeath then to the museum - in their hometown, village or even just a school (all good schools have museums - small, but very necessary!).
I have never been and never will be a collector. I want all values to belong to everyone and serve everyone, while remaining in their places. The whole earth owns and stores the values, the treasures of the past. This is a beautiful landscape, and beautiful cities, and the cities have their own monuments of art, collected by many generations. And in the villages - the traditions of folk art, labor skills. Values are not only material monuments, but also good customs, ideas about the good and beautiful, traditions of hospitality, friendliness, the ability to feel one's goodness in another. Values are language, accumulated literary works. You can't list everything.
What is our Earth? This is a treasury of extraordinarily diverse and extremely fragile creations of human hands and the human brain, rushing through outer space with incredible, unimaginable speed. I called my book "Native Land". The word "land" in Russian has many meanings. This is the soil, and the country, and the people (in the latter sense, the Russian land is spoken of in the "Lay of Igor's Campaign"), and the entire globe.
In the title of my book, the word "earth" can be understood in all these senses.
The earth creates man. Without her, he is nothing. But man also creates the earth. Its safety, peace on earth, the multiplication of its wealth depend on a person. It depends on a person to create conditions under which the values of culture will be preserved, grow and multiply, when all people will be intellectually rich and intellectually healthy.
This is the idea of all sections of my book. I write about many things in different ways, in different genres, in different manners, even at different reading levels. But everything I write about, I strive to connect with a single idea of love for my land, for my land, for my Earth ...
***
Appreciating the beautiful in the past, we must be smart. We must understand that, in admiring the amazing beauty of architecture in India, it is not at all necessary to be a Mohammedan, just as it is not necessary to be a Buddhist in order to appreciate the beauty of the temples of ancient Cambodia or Nepal. Are there people today who would believe in ancient gods and goddesses? - Not. But are there people who would deny the beauty of Venus de Milo? But it's a goddess! Sometimes it even seems to me that we, the people of the New Age, value ancient beauty more than the ancient Greeks and ancient Romans themselves. She was too familiar to them.
Isn't that why we, Soviet people, began to perceive so keenly the beauty of ancient Russian architecture, ancient Russian literature and ancient Russian music, which are one of the highest peaks of human culture. Only now we are beginning to realize this, and even then not fully.
Of course, when working out your attitude and fighting for the preservation of monuments of the artistic culture of the past, you must always remember that, as F. Engels wrote about the historical conditioning of the form and content of medieval art, "the worldview of the Middle Ages was predominantly theological ... The Church gave religious consecration to the secular state system , based on feudal principles ... From this it followed by itself that church dogma was the starting point and basis of all thinking "(Marx K., Engels F. Sobr. soch., vol. 21, p. 495).
Appreciating the beautiful in the past, protecting it, we thereby follow the testament of A. S. Pushkin: "Respect for the past is the feature that distinguishes education from savagery ...".
Word to the young
Your profession and your patriotism
It is very difficult to say parting words to the youth. Much has already been said, and said very well. Nevertheless, I will try to say what I consider the most important and what, it seems to me, every person entering into a great life should be firmly aware.
A lot of what a person achieves in life, what position he occupies in it, what he brings to others and receives for himself, depends on himself. Luck does not come by chance. It depends on what a person considers luck in life, how he evaluates himself, what position in life he has chosen, what, finally, is his goal in life.
Many, many people think something like this: I am smart, I have such and such abilities, I will be engaged in such and such a profession, I will achieve a lot in life, I will become a person "with a position." No, this is far from enough! Accidental failure in the entrance exams (let's say, really random, and not supposedly random), an accidental mistake in one's abilities (boys often exaggerate them, girls too often underestimate themselves), "accidentally" appear influential enemies in life, etc. and etc. And now everything in life is gone. By old age, a person feels deep disappointment, resentment towards someone, or "so, in general."
Literature lesson Grade 7
D. S. Likhachev. "Native land"
Today we will get acquainted with the chapters from the book "Native Land" by a specialist inancient Russian literature , academician Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev.
With this theme, a new literary genre comes to you - the genre of journalism.
1. What is this genre ? What is interesting? Why has it become so popular in recent decades?( see Section on Literary Theory and Reference to Literary Terms).
From the autobiographical story given in the book "Native Land" tell a)about scientist Likhachev
B) How is the word “earth” explained in the book and how is it played out in the text?2 Read D. S. Likhachev's judgments on various topics in the chapters: “Youth is all life”, “Art opens up a big world for us!”, “Learning to speak and write”, which are included in the textbook.
Let's consider each of the chapters of the book "Native Land", included in the textbook-reader.
A) For example, in the chapter “Youth is all life,” the scientist talks about what he thought as a schoolboy: “when I grow up, everything will be different. I will live among some other people, in a different environment, and everything will be different in general.But the reality turned out differently.” How did it turn out?
B) “My reputation as a comrade, person, worker remained with me, moved into that other world that I had dreamed of since childhood, and if it changed, it did not start anew at all.”What examples does the author give? What advice does the scientist give to young people?
C) the chapter “Art opens up a big world for us!”.What thoughts in it are important to us today?
Why is Russian culture called an author open, kind to bold, accepting everything and creatively comprehending?
What is the value of great artists? What does it take to understand literature? music , painting?
D) A very unusual chapter "Don't be funny."What is important to know and do in order not to be ridiculous?
Everyone needs to "learn to speak and write." Children learn this from the first grade, but the scientist is not talking about this skill.
What is human language? What does it take to speak publicly and at the same time be interesting to the audience?
The chapter ends with the words; "To learn how to ride a bike, you have to ride a bike."How do you understand this ending?
D) Read other chapters of this book and think about them. How does what you read characterize the author himself? Which of D.S. Likhachev's advice seemed especially necessary to you?
Homeworkanswer the remaining questions , prepare reasoning-reflections in a journalistic genre on the topics : “Why is it difficult to be a teenager?”, “On camaraderie in our class”, an essay on the topic: “What ideas of classical writers could be a lesson for me?”, “Parting words of writers and scientists that cannot be ignored”.
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