Minor heroes in dead souls. Speech characteristics of the heroes in the poem by N.V. Gogol's Dead Souls. The main characters of "Dead Souls"

The main character of the work, a former official, and now a schemer. He owns the idea of ​​a scam with the dead souls of peasants. This character is present in all chapters. He travels all the time in Russia, meets wealthy landowners and officials, enters into their confidence, and then tries to turn around all sorts of machinations.

One of the heroes of the poem, a sentimental landowner, the first "seller" of dead souls in the provincial town of NN. The hero's surname comes from the verbs "lure" and "lure". Chichikov meets Manilov at the governor's reception and quickly finds a common language with him, possibly because of the similarity of characters. Manilov also likes to speak "sweetly", he even has some kind of "sugar" eyes. About people like them they usually say “neither this nor that, not in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Selifan”.

The landowner widow from the work, the second "saleswoman" of dead souls. By nature, she is a selfish little brat who sees a potential buyer in everyone. Chichikov quickly noticed the commercial efficiency and stupidity of this landowner. Despite the fact that she skillfully manages the household and manages to extract benefits from each harvest, she did not find the idea of ​​buying "dead souls" strange.

Broken 35-year-old landowner from the work, the third "seller" of the souls of dead peasants. Chichikov met this character already in the first chapter at a reception with the prosecutor. Later he runs into him in a tavern and he invites Chichikov to his place. The estate of Nozdryov fully reflects the absurd character of the owner. There are no books or papers in the office, there are goats in the dining room, the food is not tasty, something is burnt, something is too salty.

One of the characters in the work, the fourth "seller" of dead souls. The appearance of this hero perfectly matches his character. This is a large, slightly angular and awkward landowner with a "bulldog" grip, similar to "a medium-sized bear."

The character of the poem, the fifth and last "seller" of dead souls. He is the personification of the complete mortification of the human soul. In this character, a bright personality perished, absorbed in avarice. Despite Sobakevich's persuasions not to go to him, Chichikov nevertheless decided to visit this landowner, since it is known that he has a high mortality rate of peasants.

Parsley

Secondary character, Chichikov's lackey. He was about thirty years old, with a stern look, large lips and nose. He wore clothes from a master's shoulder, was silent. He liked to read books, but he liked not the plot of the book, but simply the process of reading. Was unkempt, slept in clothes.

Selifan

Minor character, coachman Chichikova. He was short, liked to drink, and previously served in customs.

The governor

A minor character, the main one in the city of NN, a big good-natured person with awards, hosted balls.

Vice Governor

A minor character, one of the residents of the city of NN.

The prosecutor

A minor character, one of the residents of the city of NN. He was a serious and silent person, had black thick eyebrows and a slightly winking left eye, he loved to play cards. After the scandal with Chichikov, from the endured mental suffering, he suddenly died.

President of the Chamber

A minor character, one of the residents of the city of NN. A reasonable and kind man, he knew everyone in the city.

/ S.P. Shevyrev (1806-1864). Adventures of Chichikov, or Dead Souls. Poem by N. Gogol. Article one /

Let's go through the gallery of these strange persons who live their own special, full life in the world where Chichikov performs his exploits. We will not disturb the order in which they are depicted. Let's start with Manilov, assuming that the author himself starts with him for a reason. Almost thousands of faces are brought together in this one face. Manilov represents a lot of people living inside Russia, about whom one can say together with the author: people are so-so, neither this nor that, not in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Selifan. If you want, they do kind people but empty; they all and all praise, but their praise is useless. They live in the village, do not do their housework, but look at everything with a calm and kind gaze and, smoking a pipe (pipe is their inevitable attribute), indulge in idle dreams, like building a stone bridge across a pond and setting up shops on it. The kindness of their souls is reflected in their family tenderness: they love to kiss, but that's all. The emptiness of their sweet and luscious life echoes with pampering in children and bad upbringing. Their dreamy inaction was reflected in their entire household; take a look at their villages: they will all be like Manilov. Gray log huts, no greenery anywhere; there is only one log everywhere; a pond in the middle; two women with nonsense, in which two crayfish and a roach got entangled, and a plucked rooster with a head extended to the brain (yes, such people in the village must have a rooster plucked by all means) - these are the necessary external signs of their rural life, which even and the day is light gray, because in the sunlight, such a picture would not be so much entertaining. There is always some lack of them in the house, and with furniture upholstered in smart fabric, there will certainly be two armchairs covered with canvas. For any business question, they always turn to their clerk, even if it happened to them to sell something from the rural products.<…>

Box- this is a completely different matter! This is a type of active landlord-hostess; she all lives in her household; she knows nothing else. On the surface, you will call her a little baby, looking at how she collects fifty dollars and quarters in different bags, but, looking at her more closely, you will give justice to her activities and involuntarily say that she is a minister anywhere in her business. Look at how orderly she is everywhere. The contentment of the inhabitants is evident in the peasant huts; the gates were nowhere to be seen; the old tessellation on the roofs has been replaced everywhere with a new one. Take a look at her rich chicken coop! Her rooster is not like in the village at Manilov - a dandy rooster. The whole bird, as it is noticeable, is already so accustomed by the caring mistress, makes up with her as if one family and comes close to the windows of her house; that's why Korobochka could only have a not quite polite meeting between the Indian rooster and the guest Chichikov. Everything about her household is in full swing: it seems that only Fetinya is in the house, but look what kind of cookies! and what a huge down jacket took into its bowels the tired Chichikov! - And what a wonderful memory Nastasya Petrovna has! How she, without any note, recounted to Chichikov the names of all her extinct peasants by heart! You noticed that Korobochka's peasants differ from other landlord peasants all by some extraordinary nicknames: do you know why this is?

The little box is on her mind: what she has is hers, then it is tightly hers; and the peasants are also marked with special names, like a bird is marked by neat owners so that it does not run away. That is why it was so difficult for Chichikov to settle the matter with her: although she loves to sell and sells every household product, she looks at dead souls in the same way as at lard, at hemp or at honey, believing that they too are on the farm. may be needed. She tortured Chichikov with her troubles to the sweat of her brow, all referring to the fact that the product was new, strange, unprecedented. She could only be frightened with the devil, because Korobochka must be superstitious. But the trouble is, if she happens to sell off some of her goods: it seems that her conscience is not calm - and therefore it is no wonder that, after selling dead souls and then thinking about them, she galloped into the city in her travel watermelon, stuffed with calico pillows and bread , kalachami, kokurkami, pretzels and other things, then rode in to find out for sure how much dead souls walk and whether she really missed, God forbid, having sold them, maybe at a cheap price.

On the big road, in some wooden, darkened tavern, met Chichikov Nozdryov, whom he met while still in the city: where is it to meet such a person, if not in such a tavern? There are many Nozdrevs, the author notes: however, at any Russian fair, the most insignificant, you will certainly meet at least one Nozdrev, and at another, more important - of course, several such Nozdrevs. The author says that this type of people in Russia is known under the name broken-hearted: epithets also go to him: careless, erratic, foolish, braggart, bully, bully, liar, rubbish man, crayfish, and so on. From the third time they tell a friend - you; at fairs they buy everything that comes to mind, such as: collars, smoking candles, a dress for a nanny, a stallion, raisins, a silver washstand, Dutch canvas, granular flour, tobacco, pistols, herrings, paintings, a sharpening tool, in a word , in their purchases the same mess as in their head. In their home villages, they like to brag and lie without mercy, and call their own everything that does not belong to them. Do not trust their words, tell them in their eyes that they are talking nonsense: they are not offended. They have a great passion to show everything in their village, although there is nothing to look at, and to boast of everyone: in this passion, cordiality is shown - a trait of the Russian people - and vanity, another trait, also dear to us.

Nostrils are big hunters to change. Nothing will sit still for them, and everything should also revolve around them, as in their heads. Friendly tenderness and curses at the same time pour from their language, getting in the way of the stream of obscene words. Save God from their dinner and from any shortness with them! In the game, they brazenly cheat - and are ready to fight if you notice it. They have a special passion for dogs - and the kennel yard is in great order: does this not come from some kind of sympathy? for in the character of the Nozdrevs there is something truly doggy. It’s impossible to cope with them at all: that’s why at first it seems even strange, like Chichikov, such a smart and businesslike fellow, who recognized the person from the first time who he was and how to talk to him, decided to enter into intercourse with Nozdryov. Such a blunder, of which Chichikov himself later repented, can, incidentally, be explained from two Russian proverbs that there is enough simplicity for every wise man and that a Russian person is strong in hindsight. But Chichikov paid afterwards; without Nozdryov, who would have so alarmed the city and made all the commotion at the ball, which caused such an important upheaval in Chichikov's affairs?

But Nozdryov must give way to a huge type Sobakevich. <…>

It sometimes happens in nature that a person's appearance deceives and under a strange monstrous image you meet a kind soul and a soft heart. But in Sobakevich the external is completely, exactly, corresponds to the internal. His external image was imprinted on all his words, actions and on everything that surrounds him. His awkward house, full-bodied and thick logs used for the stable, the barn and the kitchen; dense huts of peasants, cut down to a wonder; a well, finished in a strong oak, suitable for a shipbuilding; in the rooms there are portraits with thick thighs and an endless mustache, the Greek heroine Bobelina with a leg in her torso, a pot-bellied walnut bureau on preposterous four legs; a blackbird of a dark color - in a word, everything around Sobakevich looks like him and can sing in chorus along with a table, armchairs, chairs: and we are all Sobakevich!

Take a look at his lunch: every dish will repeat the same for you. This colossal nanny, consisting of a mutton stomach stuffed with buckwheat porridge, brains and legs; cheesecakes are larger than a plate; a turkey the size of a calf, stuffed with who knows what - how all these dishes are similar to the owner himself!<…>

Talk to Sobakevich: all the calculated dishes will regurgitate in every word that comes out of his mouth. In all his speeches, all the abomination of his physical and moral nature is echoed. He cuts everything and everyone, just as he himself was chopped off by unmerciful nature: his whole city is fools, robbers, swindlers, and even the most decent people in his vocabulary mean the same thing with pigs. You, of course, have not forgotten Fonvizinsky Skotinin: if not his own, then at least he is the godfather to Sobakevich, but it must be added that the godson outdid his father.

“The soul of Sobakevich seemed to be covered with such a thick shell that everything that turned and turned at the bottom of it did not produce absolutely any shock on the surface,” says the author. So the body overpowered everything in him, clouded the whole person and already became incapable of expressing emotional movements.

His gluttonous nature was also indicated in the greed for money. The mind works in it, but only to the extent that it is necessary to cheat and make money. Sobakevich is exactly like Caliban 1, in which only one evil cunning remained from the mind. But in his ingenuity, he is funnier than Caliban. How skillfully he screwed Elizabeth Sparrow into the list of male souls and how cunningly he began to poke a small fish with a fork, having finished eating a whole sturgeon, and played out hungry innocence! It was difficult to deal with Sobakevich, because he is a man-fist; his tight nature loves to bargain; but having settled the matter, one could remain calm, for Sobakevich is a solid and firm man and will stand up for himself.

The gallery of persons with whom Chichikov does his business is a miser Plyushkin... The author notes that such a phenomenon rarely comes across in Russia, where everything loves to turn around rather than shrink. Here, just like with other landowners, the village of Plyushkin and his house depict to us outwardly the character and soul of the owner himself. The log in the huts is dark and old; the roofs shine through like a sieve, the windows in the huts are without glass, they are plugged with a rag or zipun, a church with yellow walls, stained, cracked. The house looks like a decrepit invalid, the windows in it are covered with shutters or clogged with boards; one of them has a dark blue sugar paper triangle. Buildings crumbling around, dead carefree silence, gates always locked tightly, and a giant castle hanging on an iron hinge - all this prepares us to meet the owner himself and serves as a sad living attribute of his soul shut up alive. You take a break from these sad, heavy impressions in a rich picture of a garden, although overgrown and decayed, but picturesque in its desolation: here you are treated for a minute by the poet's wonderful sympathy for nature, which all lives under his warm gaze on her, and meanwhile in the depths With this wild and hot picture, you seem to be peering into the story of the life of the owner himself, in whom the soul has just died out, like nature in the wilderness of this garden.

Go to Plyushkin's house; everything here will tell you about him before you see him. Heaped furniture, a broken chair, on the table there is a clock with a stopped pendulum, to which a spider has attached its web; a bureau, lined with mother-of-pearl mosaic, which in places has already fallen out and left behind some yellowish grooves filled with glue; on the bureau there are a bunch of finely written pieces of paper, a lemon, all dried up, a broken arm of an armchair, a glass with some liquid and three flies covered with a letter, a piece of sealing wax, a piece of rag raised somewhere, two feathers stained with ink, dried out as in consumption , a toothpick, completely yellowed, with which the owner, perhaps, was picking his teeth even before the invasion of Moscow by the French ... Further, the pictures on the walls, blackened with time, a chandelier in a canvas bag, from the dust has become like a silk cocoon in which a worm sits, a pile of various rubbish in the corner, from where a broken piece of a wooden shovel and an old boot sole protruded - and only one sign of a living creature in the whole house, a worn cap lying on the table ... you have already recognized the person himself!

But here he is, looking from afar like his old housekeeper, with an unshaven chin that protrudes very far forward and looks like a scraper made of iron wire, which is used to clean horses in a stable, with gray eyes that, like mice, run from under high-grown eyebrows ... We see Plyushkin so vividly, as if we recall him in a painting by Albert Durer in the Doria 2 gallery ... Having depicted a face, the poet enters it, reveals before you all the dark folds of this hardened soul, tells the psychological metamorphosis of this man: how avarice, having once made a nest in his soul, little by little stretched out his possessions in it and, having conquered everything for himself, devastating all his feelings, turned a person into an animal that, by some instinct, drags everything into its hole not caught on the road - an old sole, a woman's rag, an iron nail, a clay shard, an officer's spur, a bucket left by a woman.

Every feeling almost imperceptibly slides over this callous, petrified face ... Everything dies, rots and collapses around Plyushkin ... It is no wonder that Chichikov could find in him such a large number of dead and fugitive souls, which suddenly multiplied his fantastic population so significantly.

These are the faces with whom Chichikov sets his plan into action. All of them, in addition to special properties that belong to each one, have one more feature common to all: hospitality, this is Russian hospitality to the guest, which lives in them and keeps as if the instinct of the people. It is remarkable that even in Plyushkin this natural feeling was preserved, despite the fact that it is completely contrary to his stinginess: and he considered it necessary to regale Chichikov with tea and ordered to put the samovar on, but fortunately, the guest himself, who had realized the matter, refused the treat ...

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Dead Souls Characters

Chichikov - the main character poem, it is found in all chapters. It was he who came up with the idea of ​​a scam with dead souls, it is he who travels around Russia, meeting with a variety of characters and finding himself in a variety of situations.

The characteristic of Chichikov is given by the author in the first chapter. His portrait is given very vaguely: “not handsome, but not bad-looking, neither too thick nor too thin, one cannot say that he is old, but not so that too young. Gogol pays more attention to his manners: he made an excellent impression on all the guests at the governor's party, showed himself as an experienced socialite, keeping up the conversation on the most different topics, skillfully flattered the governor, chief of police, officials and made the most flattering opinion of himself. Gogol himself tells us that he did not take a "virtuous man" into his heroes; he immediately stipulates that his hero is a scoundrel.

"The origin of our hero is dark and modest." The author tells us that his parents were nobles, but pole or personal - God knows. Chichikov's face did not resemble his parents. As a child, he had neither a friend nor a comrade. His father was ill, the windows of the little "gorenka" did not open either in winter or summer. Gogol says about Chichikov: “At the beginning, life looked at him somehow sourly, uncomfortably, through some kind of muddy window covered with snow ...”.

“But in life everything changes quickly and vividly ...” Father brought Paul to the city and instructed him to go to classes. From the money that his father gave him, he did not spend a penny, but rather made an increment to it.

From childhood he learned to speculate. Having left the school, he immediately set to work and service. With the help of speculation, he was able to get a promotion from the boss.

After the arrival of the new chief, Chichikov moved to another city and began to serve at customs, which was his dream. "Of the instructions he got, by the way, one thing: to solicit the placement of several hundred peasants in the board of trustees." And then the idea came to him to pull off one little business, which is being discussed in the poem.

The image of the landowner Korobochka in the poem "Dead Souls".

The third chapter of the poem is devoted to the image of the Box, which Gogol considers to be among those "small landowners who complain of crop failures, losses and keep their heads a little to one side, and meanwhile collect a little bit of money in variegated bags placed on the drawers of the chest of drawers!" (or Korobochka are in some way antipodes: Manilov's vulgarity is hidden behind high phases, behind reflections on the welfare of the Motherland, while Korobochka's spiritual scarcity appears in its natural form. Korobochka does not pretend to be a high culture: a very simple simplicity is emphasized in all its appearance. emphasized by Gogol in the appearance of the heroine: he points to her shabby and unattractive appearance. This simplicity reveals itself in relationships with people. The main goal of her life is to strengthen her wealth, continuous hoarding. It is no coincidence that Chichikov sees the entire estate as traces of skillful management. She has no feelings, except for the desire to acquire and benefit. Confirmation is the situation with "dead souls." In Chichikov's proposal, she is frightened only by one but: the prospect of missing something, not taking what can be bailed out for "dead souls". Korobochka is not going to yield them to Chichikov on the cheap. Gogol awarded her with the epithet "clubhead"). This money comes from selling a wide variety of nat products. households.

Korobochka understood the benefits of trade and, after much persuasion, agrees to sell such an unusual product as dead souls.

The image of Korobochka's accumulator is already devoid of those “attractive” features that distinguish Manilov. And again we have a type - "one of those mothers, small landowners who ... are collecting a little money in motley bags placed on the drawers of the dressers." Korobochka's interests are entirely focused on the economy. "Strong-minded" and "club-headed" Nastasya Petrovna is afraid to sell cheap Chichikov dead souls. The "silent scene" that arises in this chapter is curious. We find similar scenes in almost all the chapters showing the conclusion of Chichikov's deal with another landowner.

This is special artistic device, a kind of temporary stop of the action: it allows you to show with a special convexity the spiritual emptiness of Pavel Ivanovich and his interlocutors. In the finale of the third chapter, Gogol speaks of the typical character of Korobochka, the insignificance of the difference between her and another aristocratic lady.

The landowner Korobochka is thrifty, “is gaining a little bit of money,” she lives secluded in her estate, like in a box, and her thriftiness eventually develops into hoarding. Limitation and stupidity complete the character of the "club-headed" landowner, who treats with distrust everything new in life. The qualities inherent in Korobochka are typical not only among the provincial nobility.

She owns a subsistence economy and trades in everything that is in it: lard, bird feathers, serfs. Everything in her house is arranged in the old fashioned way. She keeps her belongings neatly and saves money by putting them in bags. Everything goes into business for her.

In the same chapter, the author pays great attention to the behavior of Chichikov, focusing on the fact that Chichikov with Korobochka behaves more simply, more cheekily than with Manilov. This phenomenon is typical of Russian reality, and, proving this, the author gives a lyrical digression about the transformation of Prometheus into a fly. The nature of Korobochka is especially vividly revealed in the buying and selling scene. She is very afraid to sell too cheap and even makes an assumption, which she herself is frightened of: "What if the dead will come in handy for her herself?" And again, the author emphasizes the typicality of this image: "He is a different and respectable and even a state person, but in fact it turns out a perfect Korobochka." It turns out that Korobochka's stupidity, her "club-headedness" is not such a rare occurrence.

Manilov is a sentimental landowner, the first "seller" of dead souls. Gogol emphasizes the emptiness and insignificance of the hero, hidden behind the sugar pleasing appearance, the details of the furnishings of his estate. M.'s house is open to all winds, thin tops of birches are visible everywhere, the pond is completely overgrown with duckweed. But the pavilion in M.'s garden is pompously named "The Temple of Solitary Reflection." M.'s office is covered with a "blue paint like a gray", which indicates the lifelessness of the hero, from whom you will not get a single living word. Catching on to any topic, M.'s thoughts float away into abstract reflections. To think about real life, and even more so, this hero is not capable of making any decisions. Everything in M's life: action, time, meaning - are replaced by exquisite verbal formulas. As soon as Chichikov clothed his strange request for the sale of dead souls in beautiful words, M. immediately calmed down and agreed. Although earlier this proposal seemed wild to him. The world of M. is a world of false idyll, a path to death. No wonder even Chichikov's path to the lost Manilovka is depicted as a path to nowhere. In M. there is nothing negative, but there is also nothing positive. He - empty place, nothing. Therefore, this hero cannot count on transformation and rebirth: there is nothing to be reborn in him. And therefore M., along with Korobochka, occupies one of the lowest places in the "hierarchy" of the heroes of the poem.

This man is a bit like Chichikov himself. "God alone could say what kind of character M. has. There is a kind of people known by the name: neither this nor that, neither in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Selifan. His facial features were not devoid of pleasantness, but this pleasantness seemed , too transferred to sugar. " M. considers himself well-mannered, educated, noble. But let's look into his office. We see piles of ash, a dusty book, which has been open for the second year on page 14, there is always something missing in the house, only part of the furniture is upholstered in silk fabric, and two armchairs are upholstered with matting. M.'s weakness is also emphasized by the fact that a drunken clerk is engaged in the landlord's household.

M. is a dreamer, and his dreams are completely divorced from reality. He dreams of "how nice it would be if suddenly an underground passage was made from the house or a stone bridge was built across a pond." G. emphasizes the inactivity and social uselessness of the landowner, but does not deprive him of his human qualities. M. is a family man, loves his wife and children, sincerely rejoices at the arrival of a guest, tries in every possible way to please him and do something pleasant.

Nozdrev is the third landowner from whom Chichikov is trying to buy dead souls. This is a brave 35-year-old "talker, revelry, reckless driver." N. is constantly lying, bullying everyone indiscriminately, he is very reckless, ready to "shit" to the best friend without any purpose.

All of N.'s behavior is explained by his dominant quality: "briskness and agility of character", that is, unrestrainedness, bordering on unconsciousness. N. does not contemplate or plan anything, he simply does not know the measure of anything. On the way to Sobakevich, in the tavern, N. intercepts Chichikov and takes him to his estate.

There he quarrels to death with Chichikov: he does not agree to play cards for dead souls, and also does not want to buy a stallion of "Arab blood" and get souls in the bargain.

The next morning, forgetting about all the grievances, N. persuades Chichikov to play checkers with him for dead souls. Caught up in cheating, N. orders to beat Chichikov, and only the appearance of the police captain calms him down. It was N. who almost killed Chichikov.

Faced with him at the ball, N. shouts out loudly: “he sells dead souls!”, Which gives rise to a lot of the most incredible rumors. When officials call on N. to sort things out, the hero confirms all the rumors at once, without being embarrassed by their inconsistency. Later he comes to Chichikov and himself tells about all these rumors. Having instantly forgotten about the offense he had inflicted, he sincerely offers to help Chichikov take away the governor's daughter. The home environment fully reflects N.'s chaotic character.His home is all stupid: there are goats in the middle of the dining room, there are no books and papers in the office, etc.

We can say that N.'s boundless lies are the flip side of Russian prowess, which N. is endowed with in abundance. N. is not completely empty, it is just that his unrestrained energy does not find its proper application. With N. in the poem begins a series of heroes who have retained something alive. Therefore, in the "hierarchy" of heroes, he occupies a relatively high - third - place.

Plyushkin Stepan - the last "seller" of dead souls. This hero personifies the complete mortification of the human soul. In the image of P., the author shows the death of a bright and strong personality consumed by the passion of avarice. The description of P.'s estate (“not getting rich in God”) depicts the desolation and “littering” of the hero's soul. The entrance is dilapidated, everywhere is especially dilapidated, the roofs are like a sieve, the windows are stuffed with rags. Everything here is lifeless - even two churches, which should be the soul of the estate.

P.'s estate seems to disintegrate into parts and fragments, even a house - in some places on one floor, sometimes in two. This speaks of the disintegration of the master's consciousness, who forgot about the main thing and focused on the tertiary. For a long time he no longer knows what is going on in his household, but he strictly monitors the level of liqueur in his decanter.

The portrait of P. (either a woman or a man, a long chin covered with a scarf so as not to spit, small, not yet extinct eyes running like mice, a greasy dressing gown, a rag around his neck instead of a kerchief) speaks of the hero's complete “falling out” of the image of a rich landowner and from life in general.

P. has, the only one of all landowners, quite detailed biography... Until the death of his wife, P. was a zealous and wealthy owner. He raised his children anxiously. But with the death of his beloved wife, something broke in him: he became more suspicious and stingy. After troubles with the children (the son lost at cards, the eldest daughter fled, and the youngest died) P.'s soul finally hardened - "a wolfish hunger of avarice took possession of him." But, oddly enough, greed not to the last limit took possession of the hero's heart. Selling dead souls to Chichikov, P. ponders who could help him to issue the deed of sale in the city. He recalls that the Chairman was a school friend of his.

This memory suddenly revives the hero: "... on this wooden face ... it was expressed ... a pale reflection of feeling." But this is only an instant glimpse of life, although the author believes that P. is capable of rebirth. At the end of the chapter about P. Gogol describes a twilight landscape, in which shadow and light are "completely mixed" - as in P.

Sobakevich Mikhailo Semyonich - landowner, the fourth "seller" of dead souls. The very name and appearance of this hero (reminiscent of a "medium-sized bear", his coat is "completely bearish" in color, steps at random, the complexion is "hot, hot") indicate his mighty nature. From the very beginning, the image of S. is associated with the theme of money, economy, calculation (at the moment of entering the village, S. Chichikov dreams of a 200-thousandth dowry). Talking to S. Chichikov, not paying attention to Chichikov's evasiveness, he busily goes to the essence of the question: "Do you need dead souls?" literary poem artistic

The main thing for S. is the price; everything else does not interest him. With knowledge of the matter, S. bargains, praises his goods (all souls are "like a vigorous nut") and even manages to cheat Chichikov (slipping him a "woman's soul" - Elizabeth Sparrow). S.'s mental image is reflected in everything that surrounds him. In his house, all "useless" architectural beauties have been removed. The peasants' huts were also built without any decorations. In S.'s house, there are paintings on the walls depicting exclusively Greek heroes who outwardly resemble the owner of the house. A dark-colored thrush with specks and a pot-bellied walnut bureau ("perfect bear") are similar to S.. In turn, the hero himself also looks like an object - his legs are like cast-iron pedestals. S. is a type of Russian kulak, a strong, calculating master. His peasants live well and reliably. The fact that S.'s natural power and efficiency have turned into stupid inertia is more likely not the hero's fault, but the misfortune of the hero. S. lives exclusively in modern times, in the 1820s. From the height of his power, S. sees how the life around him was crumbling. During the bargaining, he remarks: “... what kind of people are these? flies, not people ”, much worse than the dead. S. occupies one of the highest places in the spiritual "hierarchy" of heroes, because, according to the author, he has many chances for revival. He is naturally endowed with many good qualities, he has rich potential and a powerful nature. Their implementation will be shown in the second volume of the poem - in the image of the landowner Kostanzhoglo.

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Features of the everyday environment as a characteristic of landowners from the poem by N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls": Manilova, Korobochka, Nozdrev, Sobakevich, Plyushkin. Distinctive features of these estates, specificity depending on the characters of the owners, described by Gogol.

term paper, added 03/26/2011


The main philosophical problem of the poem "Dead Souls" is the problem of life and death in the human soul. The principle of constructing images of landowners in the work. The ratio of life and death in the image of the landowner Korobochka, the degree of her proximity to spiritual rebirth.

abstract, added 12/08/2010


Pavel Chichikov is the protagonist of N. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls". Acquiring Adventurer Type; the embodiment of a new evil for Russia - quiet, average, but enterprising. The origin and formation of the character of the hero; manners, speech, clothing, spiritual basis.

presentation added on 12/12/2013


Concept and sources of the poem "Dead Souls". Her genre originality, features of the plot and composition. Gogol's poem as a critical depiction of the life and customs of the 19th century. The image of Chichikov and the landowners in the work. Lyrical digressions and their ideological content.

term paper, added 05/24/2016


Artistic identity Gogol's poem "Dead Souls". Description of the extraordinary history of writing a poem. The concept of "poetic" in Dead Souls, which is not limited to direct lyricism and the author's intervention in the narrative. The image of the author in the poem.

test, added 10/16/2010


The history of the creation of the poem "Dead Souls". The purpose of Chichikov's life, the behest of his father. The primary meaning of the expression is "dead souls". The second volume of "Dead Souls" as a crisis in the work of Gogol. "Dead Souls" as one of the most widely read and revered works of Russian classics.

abstract, added 02/09/2011


Composition of the second chapter of the poem "Dead Souls". Description of Chichikov's servants. Characteristics of the landowner Manilov. The attitude of the author to the hero. Comparison of Manilov with the "too clever minister", the leisure of the landowner. Composition of the fifth chapter. Characteristic of M.S. Sobakevich.

presentation added on 05/15/2015


Folklore origins of N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls". The use of the pastoral word and baroque style in the work. Disclosure of the theme of Russian heroism, song poetics, the elements of proverbs, the image of the Russian Shrovetide. Analysis of the story about Captain Kopeikin.

abstract, added 06/05/2011


Pushkin-Gogol period of Russian literature. The influence of the situation in Russia on Political Views Gogol. The history of the creation of the poem "Dead Souls". Formation of its plot. Symbolic space in Gogol's Dead Souls. Display of 1812 in a poem.

thesis, added 12/03/2012


Sick and burning questions of life. The decay of the serf system, the doom of its representatives. The image of the main character of the story is Chichikov. The presence of an abyss of alienation between the common people and the ruling classes.

Dead Souls is a poem for the ages. The plasticity of the depicted reality, the comicality of situations and artistic skill N.V. Gogol depicts the image of Russia not only of the past, but also of the future. Grotesque satirical reality in harmony with patriotic notes create an unforgettable melody of life that sounds through the centuries.

Collegiate counselor Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov goes to distant provinces to buy serfs. However, he is not interested in people, but only in the names of the deceased. This is necessary to submit the list to the board of trustees, which "promises" a lot of money. All the doors were open to a nobleman with so many peasants. To implement his plans, he pays visits to the landowners and officials of the city of NN. All of them reveal their selfish disposition, so the hero manages to get what he wants. He is also planning a profitable marriage. However, the result is deplorable: the hero is forced to flee, since his plans become generally known thanks to the landowner Korobochka.

History of creation

N.V. Gogol considered A.S. Pushkin as his teacher, who "presented" a grateful student with a story about the adventures of Chichikov. The poet was sure that only Nikolai Vasilyevich, who possesses a unique talent from God, was capable of realizing this "idea".

The writer loved Italy, Rome. On the land of the great Dante, he began work on a book involving a three-part composition in 1835. The poem was supposed to be like " Divine Comedy»Dante, to depict the hero's immersion in hell, his wanderings in purgatory and the resurrection of his soul in paradise.

The creative process lasted for six years. The idea of ​​a grandiose picture, depicting not only "all of Russia" present, but also the future, revealed "the innumerable riches of the Russian spirit." In February 1837, Pushkin dies, whose "sacred testament" for Gogol becomes "Dead Souls": "Not a single line was written without that I did not imagine him in front of me." The first volume was completed in the summer of 1841, but did not immediately find its reader. The censors were outraged by "The Tale of Captain Kopeikin", and the title was perplexing. I had to make concessions, starting the headline with the intriguing phrase "The Adventures of Chichikov." Therefore, the book was published only in 1842.

After some time, Gogol writes the second volume, but, dissatisfied with the result, he burns it.

The meaning of the name

The title of the work is controversial. The used method of oxymoron gives rise to numerous questions, to which one would like to get answers as soon as possible. The title is symbolic and ambiguous, so the "secret" is not revealed to everyone.

In a literal sense, "dead souls" are representatives of the common people who have gone to another world, but are still listed as their masters. Gradually, there is a rethinking of the concept. "Form" seems to "come to life": real serfs, with their habits and shortcomings, appear before the reader's eyes.

Characteristics of the main characters

1. Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov - "gentleman of the average hand." The manners that are somewhat sugary in dealing with people are not devoid of sophistication. Well-mannered, neat and delicate. “Not handsome, but not bad-looking, not ... fat, not .... thin ... ". Prudent and careful. He collects unnecessary trinkets in his little chest: maybe it will come in handy! He is looking for benefits in everything. Generation of the worst sides of an enterprising and energetic person of a new type, opposed to landowners and officials. We wrote about him in more detail in the essay "".
2. Manilov is a "knight of the void". Blond "sweet" chatterbox "with blue eyes." He covers up the paucity of thought, avoiding real difficulties with a beautiful-minded phrase. It lacks living aspirations and any interests. His faithful companions are fruitless fantasy and thoughtless chatter.
3. The box is "club-headed". A vulgar, stupid, stingy and tight-fisted nature. She fenced herself off from everything around her, shutting herself up in her estate - a "box". Transformed into a stupid and greedy woman. Limited, stubborn and spiritless.
4. Nozdrev is a "historical person". He can easily lie that he pleases and deceive anyone. Empty, absurd. Imagines himself as a broad person. However, the actions expose the disorderly, chaotic - weak-willed and at the same time arrogant, shameless "tyrant". The record holder for getting into tricky and ridiculous situations.
5. Sobakevich is a “patriot of the Russian stomach”. Outwardly, it resembles a bear: clumsy and indefatigable. Completely incapable of understanding the most elementary things. A special type of "drive" that can quickly adapt to the new requirements of our time. He is not interested in anything except housekeeping. we have characterized in the essay of the same name.
6. Plyushkin - "a hole in humanity." A creature of an incomprehensible gender. A vivid example of a moral decline that has completely lost its natural appearance. The only character (except for Chichikov) with a biography that "reflects" the gradual process of personality degradation. Sheer insignificance. Plyushkin's maniacal hoarding "pours out" on a "cosmic" scale. And the more this passion takes possession of him, the less remains of a person in him. We analyzed his image in detail in the essay .

Genre and composition

Initially, the work was born as an adventurous - roguish novel. But the breadth of the events described and the historical truthfulness, as if "pressed" together, gave rise to "talk" about the realistic method. Making precise remarks, inserting philosophical reasoning, addressing different generations, Gogol saturated "his brainchild" lyrical digressions... One cannot but agree with the opinion that the creation of Nikolai Vasilyevich is a comedy, since it actively uses the techniques of irony, humor and satire, which most fully reflect the absurdity and arbitrariness of the "squadron of flies dominating in Russia."

The composition is circular: the chaise, which entered the city of NN at the beginning of the story, leaves it after all the twists and turns that have happened to the hero. Episodes are interwoven into this "ring", without which the integrity of the poem is violated. The first chapter provides a description of the provincial town of NN and local officials. From the second to the sixth chapters, the author acquaints readers with the landowners' estates of Manilov, Korobochka, Nozdrev, Sobakevich and Plyushkin. Seventh - tenth chapters - a satirical image of officials, registration of completed transactions. The chain of the listed events ends with a ball, where Nozdryov "narrates" about Chichikov's swindle. The reaction of society to his statement is unambiguous - gossip, which, like a snowball, is overgrown with fables that have found a refraction, including in the short story ("The Story of Captain Kopeikin") and the parable (about Kif Mokievich and Mokiy Kifovich). The introduction of these episodes makes it possible to emphasize that the fate of the motherland directly depends on the people living in it. One cannot look indifferently at the ugliness that is happening around. Certain forms of protest are ripening in the country. The eleventh chapter is a biography of the hero forming the plot, explaining what he was guided by when committing this or that deed.

The connecting compositional thread is the image of the road (you can learn more about this by reading the essay “ » ), symbolizing the path that the state “under the modest name of Rus” follows in its development.

Why does Chichikov need dead souls?

Chichikov is not only cunning, but also pragmatic. His sophisticated mind is ready to "blind candy" out of nothing. Not having enough capital, being a good psychologist, having gone through a good life school, owning the art of “flattering everyone” and fulfilling his father’s behest to “save a penny,” he starts a great speculation. It consists in simple deception"Those in power" in order to "warm their hands", in other words, to help out a huge amount of money, thereby providing for himself and his future family, which Pavel Ivanovich dreamed of.

The names of the dead peasants bought for a pittance were entered into a document that Chichikov could take to the state chamber under the guise of collateral in order to obtain a loan. He would have mortgaged the serfs, like a brooch in a pawnshop, and could have mortgaged them all his life, since none of the officials checked the physical condition of people. For this money, the businessman would buy both real workers and an estate, and heal on a grand scale, enjoying the favor of the nobility, because the wealth of the landowner was measured by the representatives of the nobility in the number of souls (peasants were then called “souls” in the noble slang). In addition, Gogol's hero hoped to gain trust in society and it would be beneficial to marry a wealthy heiress.

Main idea

Anthem to the homeland and people, distinctive feature whose hard work sounds on the pages of the poem. The masters of golden hands became famous for their inventions, their creativity. The Russian peasant is always “rich for inventions”. But there are also those citizens who hinder the development of the country. These are vicious officials, ignorant and inactive landowners and swindlers like Chichikov. For their own good, for the good of Russia and the world, they must take the path of correction, having understood the ugliness of their inner world. For this, Gogol mercilessly ridicules their entire first volume, but in the subsequent parts of the work the author intended to show the resurrection of the spirit of these people using the example of the protagonist. Perhaps he sensed the falsity of the subsequent chapters, lost faith in the feasibility of his dream, so he burned it along with the second part of Dead Souls.

Nevertheless, the author showed that the main wealth of the country is the broad soul of the people. It is no coincidence that this word is included in the title. The writer believed that the revival of Russia would begin with the revival human souls, pure, unblemished by any sins, selfless. Not just believing in the country's free future, but making a lot of efforts on this rapid road to happiness. "Russia, where are you rushing?" This question runs through the entire book as a refrain and emphasizes the main thing: the country should live in constant movement towards the best, the most advanced, progressive. Only on this path "other peoples and states give it the way." We wrote a separate essay about the path of Russia:?

Why did Gogol burn the second volume of Dead Souls?

At some point, the mind of the writer begins to dominate the idea of ​​a messiah, which makes it possible to “foresee” the revival of Chichikov and even Plyushkin. Gogol hopes to reverse the progressing "transformation" of man into a "dead man." But, faced with reality, the author experiences deep disappointment: the heroes and their fates emerge from the pen as far-fetched, lifeless. Did not work out. The impending crisis in the perception of the world was the reason for the destruction of the second book.

The surviving excerpts from the second volume clearly show that the writer portrays Chichikov not in the process of repentance, but in flight to the abyss. He still succeeds in adventures, puts on a devilish red coat and breaks the law. His exposure does not bode well, because in his reaction the reader will not see sudden insight or shame. He does not even believe in the possibility of such fragments ever existing. Gogol did not want to sacrifice artistic truth even for the realization of his own idea.

Problematic

1. Thorns on the path of development of the Motherland are the main problem in the poem "Dead Souls", about which the author was worried. These include bribery and embezzlement of officials, infantilism and inactivity of the nobility, ignorance and poverty of the peasants. The writer strove to make his own contribution to the prosperity of Russia, condemning and ridiculing vices, raising new generations of people. For example, Gogol despised praise as a cover for the emptiness and idleness of existence. The life of a citizen should be useful for society, and most of the heroes of the poem are frankly harmful.
2. Moral problems. He considers the lack of moral norms among the representatives of the ruling class as the result of their ugly passion for hoarding. The landlords are ready to shake the soul out of the peasant for the sake of profit. Also, the problem of egoism comes to the fore: the nobles, like officials, think only about their own interests, homeland for them is an empty weightless word. High society does not care about the common people, it just uses them for their own purposes.
3. The crisis of humanism. People are sold like animals, lost at cards, like things, pawned like decorations. Slavery is legalized and not considered immoral or unnatural. Gogol shed light on the problem of serfdom in Russia globally, showing both sides of the coin: the mentality of a serf, inherent in a serf, and the tyranny of a master confident in his superiority. All these are the consequences of the tyranny that pervades relationships in all strata of society. It corrupts people and destroys the country.
4. The author's humanism is manifested in his attention to “ little man", A critical exposure of the vices of the state structure. Gogol did not even try to avoid political problems. He described a bureaucratic apparatus that functions only on the basis of bribery, nepotism, embezzlement and hypocrisy.
5. Gogol's characters are characterized by the problem of ignorance and moral blindness. Because of her, they do not see their moral squalor and are not able to independently get out of the vulgarity that engulfs them.

What is the originality of the work?

Adventurousness, realistic reality, a sense of the presence of the irrational, philosophical reasoning about earthly good - all this is closely intertwined, creating an "encyclopedic" picture of the first half of the XIX centuries.

Gogol achieves this by using various techniques of satire, humor, visual means, numerous details, rich vocabulary, and compositional features.

• Symbolism plays an important role. Falling into the mud "predicts" the future exposure of the main character. The spider weaves its webs to capture another victim. Like an "unpleasant" insect, Chichikov skillfully conducts his "business", "entangling" landlords and officials with a noble lie. "Sounds" like the pathos of the forward movement of Russia and affirms human self-improvement.
• We observe the heroes through the prism of “comic” situations, apt author's expressions and characteristics given by other characters, sometimes built on the antithesis: “he was a prominent person” - but only “by sight”.
• The vices of the heroes of "Dead Souls" become a continuation of positive character traits. For example, Plyushkin's monstrous stinginess is a distortion of the former thrift and thrift.
• In small lyrical "inserts" - the thoughts of the writer, difficult thoughts, anxious "I". In them we feel the highest creative message: to help humanity change for the better.
• The fate of people who create works for the people or not to please the "powers that be" does not leave Gogol indifferent, because in literature he saw a force capable of "re-educating" society and contributing to its civilized development. Social strata of society, their position in relation to everything national: culture, language, traditions - take a serious place in the author's digressions. When it comes to Russia and its future, through the centuries we hear the confident voice of the "prophet" predicting the difficult future of the Fatherland, but striving for a bright dream.
• Philosophical reflections on the frailty of life, on the departed youth and impending old age bring sadness. That is why the tender “fatherly” appeal to youth is so natural, on whose energy, hard work and education it depends on which “path” the development of Russia will take.
• The language is truly folk. The forms of colloquial, bookish and written-business speech are harmoniously woven into the fabric of the poem. Rhetorical questions and exclamations, the rhythmic structure of individual phrases, the use of Slavicisms, archaisms, sonorous epithets create a certain structure of speech that sounds solemn, excited and sincere, without a shadow of irony. When describing landlord estates and their owners, the vocabulary is typical for everyday speech. The image of the bureaucratic world is saturated with the vocabulary of the depicted environment. we described in the essay of the same name.
• The solemnity of comparisons, high style in combination with original speech create a sublimely ironic manner of storytelling, serving to debunk the base, vulgar world of the owners.

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Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" is not devoid of a significant number of characters. All heroes, according to their importance and time interval of action in the poem, can be divided into three categories: main, secondary and tertiary.

The main characters of "Dead Souls"

As a rule, the number of main characters in poems is small. The same trend is observed in the work of Gogol.

Chichikov
The image of Chichikov is undoubtedly the key in the poem. It is thanks to this image that the episodes of the narrative are connected.

Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov is distinguished by his dishonesty and hypocrisy. His desire to enrich himself by fraudulent means is discouraging.

On the one hand, the reasons for this behavior can be explained by the pressure of society and the priorities acting in it - a rich and dishonest person is held in higher esteem than an honest and decent poor person. Since no one wants to drag out their existence in poverty, the financial issue and the problem of improving their material resources are always relevant and often bordering on the norms of morality and decency, which many are ready to cross.

The same situation happened with Chichikov. He being common man by origin, in fact, he was deprived of the opportunity to put together his fortune in an honest way, so he solved the problem with the help of ingenuity, ingenuity and deception. The covetousness of "dead souls" as an idea is a hymn to his mind, but at the same time denounces the dishonorable nature of the hero.

Manilov
Manilov became the first landowner to whom Chichikov came to buy showers. The image of this landowner is ambiguous. On the one hand, he creates a pleasant impression - Manilov is a pleasant and well-mannered person, but we immediately note that he is apathetic and lazy.

Manilov is a person who always adjusts to circumstances and never expresses his real opinion on this or that occasion - Manilov takes the most advantageous side.

Box
The image of this landowner, perhaps, is perceived as a whole as positive and pleasant. The box does not differ in intelligence, she is a stupid and, to some extent, an uneducated woman, but at the same time she was able to successfully realize herself as a landowner, which significantly raises her perception in general.

Korobochka is too simple - to some extent her habits and habits resemble the lifestyle of peasants, which does not impress Chichikov, who strives for aristocrats and life in high society, but allows Korobochka to live quite happily and quite successfully develop his economy.

Nozdrev
Nozdryov, to whom Chichikov comes, after Korobochka, is perceived quite differently. And this is not surprising: it seems that Nozdryov could not fully realize himself in any field of activity. Nozdryov is a bad father who neglects communication with children and their upbringing. He is a bad landowner - Nozdryov does not take care of his estate, but only drains all the means. The life of Nozdryov is the life of a person who prefers drinking, festivities, cards, women and dogs.

Sobakevich
This landowner is controversial. On the one hand, he is a rude, peasant man, but on the other hand, this simplicity allows him to live quite successfully - all the buildings in his estate, including the houses of the peasants, are made conscientiously - nowhere can you find something leaky, his peasants are well fed and quite satisfied ... Sobakevich himself often works with the peasants on an equal footing and does not see anything unusual in this.

Plyushkin
The image of this landowner, perhaps, is perceived as the most negative - he is a mean and angry old man. Plyushkin outwardly looks like a beggar, since his clothes are incredibly leaky, his house looks like ruins, as well as the houses of his peasants.

Plyushkin lives unusually economically, but he does it not because there is a need for it, but because of a feeling of greed - he is ready to throw away the spoiled thing, but only not to use it for good. That is why fabric and food rot in his warehouses, but at the same time his serfs go head-to-head and ragged.

Minor heroes

There are not many secondary characters in Gogol's story either. In fact, all of them can be characterized as significant figures of the county, whose activities are not associated with landowners.

Governor and his family
This is perhaps one of the most significant people in the county. In theory, he should be shrewd, intelligent and judicious. However, in practice, everything turned out to be not quite the case. The governor was a kind and pleasant man, but he was not distinguished by foresight.

His wife was also a sweet woman, but her excessive coquetry spoiled the whole picture. The governor's daughter was a typical cutesy girl, but she was outwardly very different from the generally accepted standard - the girl was not plump, as was customary, but was slender and sweet.

That is true, due to her age, she was too naive and gullible.

The prosecutor
The image of the prosecutor defies much description. According to Sobakevich, he was the only decent person, although, to be completely honest, he was still a “pig”. Sobakevich does not explain this characteristic in any way, which makes it difficult to understand his image. In addition, we know that the prosecutor was a very impressionable person - when Chichikov's deception was revealed, due to excessive excitement, he dies.

President of the Chamber
Ivan Grigorievich, who was the chairman of the chamber, was a nice and well-mannered man.

Chichikov noted that he was very educated, unlike most of the important people in the district. However, his education does not always make a person wise and far-sighted.

This also happened in the case of the chairman of the chamber, who could easily quote works of literature, but at the same time could not discern Chichikov's deception and even helped him to issue documents for dead souls.

Chief of Police
Aleksey Ivanovich, who performed the duties of the chief of police, seemed to have merged with his work. Gogol says that he was ideally able to comprehend all the subtleties of work and it was already difficult to imagine him in any other position. Alexey Ivanovich comes to any shop as to his home and can take whatever his heart desires. Despite such impudent behavior, he did not arouse indignation among the townspeople - Alexey Ivanovich knows how to successfully get out of the situation and smooth out the unpleasant impression of extortions. So, for example, he invites to visit for tea, play checkers or watch a trotter.

We propose to follow the image of Plyushkin in Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol's poem "Dead Souls".

Such proposals are not made by the chief of police spontaneously - Alexey Ivanovich knows how to find a weak spot in a person and uses this knowledge. So, for example, having learned that the merchant has a passion for card games, he immediately invites the merchant to play.

Episodic and tertiary heroes of the poem

Selifan
Selifan is Chichikov's coachman. Like most ordinary people, he is an uneducated and stupid person. Selifan devotedly serves his master. Typical of all serfs, he loves to drink and is often absent-minded.

Parsley
Petrushka is the second serf subordinate to Chichikov. He serves as a footman. Petrushka loves to read books, however, he does not understand much from what he read, but this does not prevent him from enjoying the process itself. Parsley often neglects the rules of hygiene and therefore it emanates an incomprehensible smell.

Mizuev
Mizhuev is Nozdryov's son-in-law. Mizhuev is not distinguished by prudence. In essence, he is a harmless person, but he loves to drink very much, which significantly spoils his image.

Feodulia Ivanovna
Feodulia Ivanovna - Sobakevich's wife. She simple woman and with his habits he resembles a peasant woman. Although, it cannot be said that the behavior of aristocrats is completely alien to her - some elements are still present in her arsenal.

We invite you to familiarize yourself with the images and characteristics of landowners in Nikolai Gogol's poem "Dead Souls"

Thus, in the poem, Gogol presents the reader with a wide system of images. And, although most of them are collective images and in their structure are images of characteristic types of individuals in society, they still arouse the interest of the reader.

Characteristics of the heroes of the poem "Dead Souls": a list of characters

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