Lesson game. Folklore. Proverbs and sayings. Oral folk art: types, genres of works and examples Oral folk art proverbs examples

CNT. Proverbs and sayings as a small genre of folklore, their folk wisdom

Lesson objectives: to reveal wisdom that teaches the meaning and perfection of the form of proverbs and sayings, the similarities and differences between the two genre forms of folklore.

Lesson Objectives:

training in the ability to analyze the meaning of proverbs and sayings;

development of students' speech;

fostering love for the Motherland, for nature, for your family;

promoting a healthy lifestyle.

Vocabulary work: laconicism, aphorism, perfection of form.

Equipment: proverbs and sayings of writers drawn up on the board.

During the classes

And what a luxury, what a meaning
what is the use of every saying
our! What a gold!

A.S. Pushkin.

I. Acquaintance with the genre of proverbs and sayings

1. Introductory conversation

Proverbs are gold deposits in our language.

A person's life takes place among a huge number of news, events and incidents. It is almost impossible to grasp everything that happens with a separate human mind. Popular culture has created special oral memory mechanisms. The experience of many generations was passed on in the form of short sayings - proverbs and sayings. They are widely used in everyday speech. They appear in the mind suddenly, by the way, and allow you to express your thoughts more clearly.

A proverb vividly names, draws some kind of phenomenon, for example: "Goal like a falcon", "Like cheese rolls in butter", "Pouted like a mouse on a rump", "Lay softly, but hard to sleep", "Found a scythe on a stone" ...

The proverb expresses in connection with life situation a kind of judgment, morality: "If you like to ride - love and carry sledges", "You chase two hares - you won't catch a single one", "There is no smoke without fire", "A thin world is better than a good quarrel."

Proverbs and sayings are capable of so capaciously denoting the phenomena of the surrounding world because they are applicable not to one case, but to all such events.

"An apple does not fall far from an apple tree," they say about a specific person who imitates his parents or mentors, and about all people whose character is similar to that of a parent.

The capacity of a folk proverb, each of which contains a potential plot for a whole drama, was used by A. N. Ostrovsky, who placed folk sayings in the titles of his plays: “There was not a penny, but suddenly altyn”, “Poverty is not a vice” - we will count "...

Proverbs keep popular ideas about harm and benefit, intelligence and stupidity. About spiritual beauty and ugliness in the form of short sayings. They help us understand the history of our people, teach us to love our homeland, be honest and hardworking, love and respect our parents, and lead a healthy lifestyle. They condemn laziness, ignorance and other negative qualities of a person. Using proverbs and sayings in speech, we make it figurative, colorful, expressive.

Guys, let's remember the proverbs that you use in your speech. What proverbs and sayings do you hear from people around you

(at school, at home)?

2. Reading and discussing proverbs about proverbs .

"You can't get away from the proverb"

"The proverb does not say for nothing"

"Proverb will never break"

"Silly speech is not a proverb"

"Red speech is a proverb"

3 ... Discussion of sayings about proverbs.

“This is how well men compose. It's simple, there are few words, but a lot of feelings "

L. Tolstoy

"Who invented them so neatly ..."

A. Pushkin

What admired in the proverbs of Russian writers?

4. Writing in a notebook:

PROVIDER - a genre of folklore, aphoristically concise, figurative, grammatically and logically complete utterance with an instructive meaning in a rhythmically organized form ("What you sow, so you reap").

SPEECH - a figurative expression, a turn of speech, aptly defining any phenomenon of life; in contrast to the proverb, it is devoid of a generalizing instructive meaning ("Seven Fridays in the week", "Put your teeth on the shelf").

II ... Working with proverbs from different thematic groups.

There are a lot of proverbs. Already in 1500, Erasmus of Rotterdam compiled a collection of ancient sayings and proverbs. From the end of the 17th century, collections of proverbs and sayings began to be published in Russia. The beginning of the study of this reservoir folk art put M.V. Lomonosov. V. Dal, a contemporary of A. Pushkin, collected proverbs and sayings for fifty years.

Guys, please read and comment on those proverbs and sayings that you have prepared for the lesson.

1. Work in groups.

1st group: proverbs about the Motherland.

Each person - sooner or later, whether he realizes it or not - must be connected with his Fatherland. The life and fate of a person to a certain extent depends on the fate of the Fatherland, which leaves a certain imprint on the formation of its civic features. Fatherland is a social system to which a person belongs by birth. Our homeland is Russia. Our ancestors have always been proud of her, as the following proverbs say:

"Everyone has their own side."

"Great Svyatoyusskaya land, and everywhere the sun"

"Look for good on the side, and love the house in the old days"

"On the wrong side, and spring is not red"

"On the wrong side, and the falcon is called a raven"

" WITH native land- die, don't go! " and other proverbs.

"He who is a mountain for the Motherland is a true hero"

"In a foreign land, and kalach is not a joy, but in the homeland and black bread for sweetness"

"The Motherland is twice as mile on the wrong side"

"Be not only the son of your father - be also the son of your people"

"Take care of your homeland like the apple of your eye"

"To live - to serve the Motherland"

Yes, we love our Motherland for its glorious past, for the fact that it has repeatedly defended its independence in the struggle against numerous invaders, for the fact that it provides all the nations of the country with equal rights, for the fact that this is our past and future, for its stately and varied nature; for her heroic and hardworking people. The feeling of national dignity presupposes responsibility for the fate of the people, which has evolved over the centuries. To be a worthy son of your people means to represent your people with dignity among other nations.

2nd group: about nature

For example: "Forest and waters are the beauty of nature"

"Forest and plants - salvation for the beast"

"In a strong wind, the forest is quiet, but the field is dashing"

"The enemy of nature is the one who does not protect the forest"

"A lot of forest - take care, little forest - don't cut it, no forest - plant it"

"Plant a forest in the field - there will be more bread"

"To break a tree is a second, and to grow - years"

"Green outfit pleases the eye"

"The plant is the salvation of the shores"

"Forest and water - brother and sister"

Let's talk about the beauty of nature. “Beauty is the joy of our life. Man became Man because he saw the depth of the azure sky, the twinkling of the stars, the pink flood of the evening dawn, the transparent haze of the steppe expanses, the crimson sunset before a windy day, the fluttering of the haze over the horizon, blue shadows in the snow drifts of March, a flock of cranes in the blue sky, the reflection of the sun in a myriad of drops of morning dew, gray threads of rain on a cloudy day, a purple cloud on a lilac bush, a delicate stalk and blue bell of a snowdrop - I saw and, amazed, walked along the ground, creating a new beauty. Stop and you are amazed at the beauty - and nobility will bloom in your heart. The joy of life opened up before the man because he heard the whisper of leaves and the song of a grasshopper, the murmur of a spring brook and the play of silver bells of a lark in the hot summer sky, the rustle of snowflakes and the groan of a blizzard, the gentle lapping of the waves and the solemn silence of the night - he heard and, holding his breath, listens hundreds and thousands of years of wonderful music of life. Be able to listen to this music too. Cherish beauty, take care of it "- wrote V. A. Sukhomlinsky.

The first snow, the first drop, the first rain and the first thunderstorm, the first leaves - nothing should pass our attention. Let everyone discover something important for themselves in nature. And everyone else will rejoice with him at its discovery.

3rd group: about a healthy lifestyle

We are all different, each of us has his own life, with his own interests, problems, plans. But one common desire unites us - we all want to be happy. It is unlikely that any wise man will be able to give a recipe for happiness, and few of us love other people's advice, preferring our own path of trial and error. And everyone has their own concept of happiness. But no matter how much they argue about what happiness is, without any doubt, everyone would agree that being a healthy person is already happiness. Hiking in the woods, on the river, bonfires on the seashore, playing sports, hobbies for favorite work, favorite business - there are so many interesting things in the world. Is it worth it to spend precious years, days, minutes on harmful, and sometimes very dangerous habits

Smoking, drinking are ugly habits. They destroy the most important systems of the human body. The idea of ​​drunkenness as a custom of Russians, to put it mildly, is exaggerated. There were strict traditions of wine drinking in Russia. Beer, home brew, mead - this is what our ancestors drank, and the strength of these drinks did not exceed 15 degrees. Drink alcoholic drinks was adopted only on certain holidays. The use of alcohol by young people was condemned, drunkards were subjected to public flogging.

Tobacco, whose homeland is America, came to the Old World at least 500 years ago. In Russia in the 15th century, those convicted of smoking for the first time were punished with 60 blows of sticks in the footsteps, in the second - they cut off their nose or ears. Smoking was recognized as the cause of a fire in Moscow in 1634, after which smoking was banned on pain of death. In the 17th century, smokers were severely punished (they were tortured and beaten with a whip), and tobacco merchants (they were flogged and exiled to distant cities).

Proverbs also say that our ancestors valued health and a healthy lifestyle. For example:

"Health is more valuable than wealth"

"Mind and health are the most precious thing"

" V healthy body healthy mind "

« Pure water trouble for sickness "

"Do not be afraid of the cold, wash yourself up to the waist"

"Smoking is harmful to health"

"You ruin your health - you can't buy a new one"

"I lost money - I did not lose anything, I lost time - I lost a lot, I lost my health - I lost everything"

"You will be hardened from a young age, it will be useful for the whole century."

"To get sick is one day, and to get better for seven weeks"

4th group: about the family

Man is a binder for at least three centuries. In that century, grandparents lived with their parents, we remember them, in this century we live with our parents and children, but in the next our grandchildren will live with their parents and children. They will remember us.

Family is what is close and understandable to every person. In the family, the child receives the first life guidelines, the first convictions and the first worldview views, which, of course, depend on the spiritual and cultural atmosphere prevailing in it. Much depends on the relationships that develop in the family, they largely determine the future of the child. Happy is the one who has mom and dad, grandparents, brothers and sisters. After all, who better than a grandmother will slowly and sincerely tell his grandson or granddaughter about good Ivanushka, evil Koschey, about hardworking Cinderella ... These fairy tales will not be forgotten, if no, no, grandmother will say: “You are just as hardworking as Cinderella, resourceful like Alyonushka beautiful as Vasilisa. " Happy are the mother and father, to whom they say about the child: "The very good", " A kind person raised ". This is not just a compliment to the parents, but a tribute to their child's sincere respect. Kindness and kindness have always been highly valued and appreciated by every nation, as well as good family relations.

Proverbs:

"Whoever honors his parents will never perish"

"Glory to the son - joy to the father"

"Father and mother are sacred words"

"You can buy everything, only you can't buy a father and mother"

"It's warm in the sun, but good in the mother's presence"

"There are no relatives dearer than mother"

"Maternal anger is like spring snow: and a lot of it falls and will soon melt"

"The bird is happy with spring, and the child is happy with the mother"

"There is no friend closer to the mother"

"Mother's affection has no end"

"Quarrel in the family at first sight"

"What is the treasure for when the family is okay"

How beautiful, how accurate! After all, a family is an island of understanding, love, warmth and reliability. Here we draw strength, gain confidence, adopt doubts, find forgiveness for our mistakes ...

Look at the parents who came home from work, how tired they are, how they are tormented by problems. Smile at them, let them receive the warmth and caress of your heart. Do not conflict with your parents, remember: no one will understand you better than them, because they gave you the most valuable thing - life. Love and respect them. And grandmothers and grandfathers who live by your visits, you must do all you can to support and help them. Remember how not scary, but people are leaving the Earth. And with them all the grievances and griefs caused to them by you go away. Think about yourself and your family!

5th group: about time

In one of the philosophical stories of the famous Voltaire "Zadig, or Destiny", the great magician asks questions to the protagonist. The first question was: “What is the longest and the shortest in the world, the fastest and the slowest of all, what is most easily divided into infinitely small values ​​and reaches infinitely large values, what is most neglected and what is most regretted, without which nothing is possible to accomplish that devours all that is insignificant and resurrects all that is great? " It took Zadig a little time to answer this question. You probably guessed what the great magician meant.

Let's listen to the answer and Zadig, who said that the riddle talks about time. “Because,” he added, “there is nothing longer in the world, for it is the measure of eternity, and there is nothing shorter, because it is not enough to fulfill our intentions; nothing is slower for one who comes to life, nothing is faster for the one who eats pleasure; it reaches infinity in the great and is infinitely divisible in the small; people neglect him, and having lost - they regret; everything takes place in time; it destroys offspring unworthy in memory and bestows immortality on the great. "

There are things that we often talk about, which we know well, but which we have never seen or touched with our hands. Air, for example, is invisible and you cannot grab it with your hands. But we simply cannot live without it! So is the time! It is invisible, odorless, colorless. And you can't touch it with your hands. And you can't hide it and you can't give it to a friend! And you can lose! And elusive time is very expensive. After all, there is no way to turn back the wasted time. Time is the highest arbiter of all our affairs. And also, mind you, we are all equally, without exception, obeying the dictates of the hour hands. Time is probably the only thing that is incorruptible and impartial. Therefore, the people say:

"Time is the best judge"

"Time will judge"

"Time is more precious than money"

"If you miss a minute, you will lose hours"

"Know the price for the minutes, count for the seconds"

"You will lag behind for an hour, you won't catch up in a day"

"The day goes by - you can't tie it to the wattle fence"

"Time is not a bird - you can't catch the tail"

"Years are like water: if they pass, you won't see"

2. Play for attention

Guys, you have cards on your tables on which the second part of the proverb is written. I will read the first part of the proverb, and whoever has the second part will finish it. Be careful! (or working with an interactive whiteboard)

For example: "Everyone is nice ...." (own side)

"To protect nature means ..." (to protect the Motherland)

"The whole family together ..." (the soul is in place)

"Who lied yesterday ...." (they won't believe that even tomorrow)

“A tree is valued for its fruits ... (and a person for deeds)

III. Conclusion

Proverbs and sayings are included in folk culture as the purest and most precious source of folk wisdom. They are deeply rooted in history. Proverbs and sayings accompany a person with early childhood... Most of them are associated with attitude to work, homeland, parents, friends, nature, health, a healthy lifestyle ... Accuracy of thought and laconic presentation allow you to quickly assimilate them from an early age, perceive them not as wishes, but as a norm in life. Proverbs and sayings have always been a kind of guide to life, guided by adults, introducing children to them. They have not lost their educational significance for moral education and today.

Proverbs and sayings decorate and enrich a person's speech, expand vocabulary, develop imagination. Indeed, in order to use the simplest proverbs or sayings, you must quickly assess the situation, how to apply it to the proverb, again compare their correspondence and only then express your judgment.

VI . Homework :

Write an essay according to the proverb you like.

Lesson number 2

Topic: Oral folk art. Proverbs and sayings.

Objectives: To continue acquaintance of students with works of folk art; show the wisdom and value of Russian proverbs. Give the concept of proverbs and sayings, riddles as small folklore genres; to activate and consolidate the knowledge of students about proverbs and sayings; show the direct and figurative meaning of proverbs.

Equipment: blackboard, textbook of literature 6 cl. 1 part.

During the classes:

Work on the topic. What is the luxury, what is the point, what is the use

in every saying of ours, what a gold!

A.S. Pushkin

Theme, goals.

Homework check.

1) Conversation:

What is a proverb?

What proverbs do you remember about proverbs? ("The proverb of the century will not break", "Stump is not a outskirts, stupid speech is not a proverb", "Proverb is an assistant to all matters", "A proverb is a flower, a proverb is a berry", "A speech cannot be said without a proverb" ...)

What other proverbs do you know? (Each student - according to the proverb.)

2) Children read their proverbs, determine their topic, explain them at the choice of the teacher.

Teacher's word.

Proverbs and sayings live in the folk speech of the century. They belong to small genres of oral folk art. In a short, descriptive and figurative form, they reflect life, history, and capture events. They were born in ancient times and reflect all aspects of human life.

Some proverbs and sayings have come down to us in the works of ancient Russian literature of the XI-XII centuries: "The Word about Igor's Campaign", "The Tale of Bygone Years."

In the 16th century, and perhaps even earlier, the collection of proverbs and sayings began, but the records of that time have not reached us.

The first handwritten collections that have come down to us date back to the 17th-18th centuries. Most of the compilers of these collections are unknown.

Only from the second half of XVIII centuries, collections of proverbs and sayings began to be published. We know the names of such compilers as I. M. Snegirev, F. I. Buslaev, A. N. Afanasyev and others, but the most famous among them, whose work is considered unsurpassed, is V. I. Dal (1801-1872). He devoted his whole life to collecting and systematizing proverbs. V. I. Dal traveled all over Russia. He wrote down proverbs and sayings from peasants, artisans, soldiers. In these layers, in his opinion, the most profound folk sayings are born. He bluntly stated that "in an educated and enlightened society there are no proverbs: one comes across weak, crippled echoes of them, transferred to our mores or worn out by a non-Russian language, and bad translations from foreign languages." For more than thirty years, he collected and wrote down proverbs and sayings everywhere bit by bit.

In addition to the collection "Proverbs of the Russian people", V. I. Dal prepared and published a major work - four volumes of the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" (1863-1866), where he cited many proverbs and sayings. V. I. Dal said: "... The examples are taken from everyday life, from simple Russian speech, and there are also tens of three thousand proverbs, sayings and various popular sayings." The words of A.S. Pushkin are addressed to Dal: "What a luxury, what a meaning, what is the use of each of our sayings, what a gold!"

Working with the dictionary (if any): Choosing topics, for example, Motherland, friendship, family work, learning ... We find the corresponding proverbs in Dahl's dictionary, write them down in a notebook, comment.

Task number 1.

Restore the proverbial design (shape):

If you love currants, then love and soreness.

Although he is laying softly, he is hard to sleep.

If you want to eat rolls, then do not sit on the stove.

(You love currants, love and soreness.

Lay down softly, hard to sleep. Etc.)

Task number 2.

Determine if all the proverbs are on a given topic:

About the lazy person:

1. People plow, and he waves his hands.

2. Do not open your mouth on someone else's loaf, but get up early and get it yourself.

3. Walking day, two sick, and on the third day off.

4. Words and to and fro, but in deed nowhere.

5. No matter how you feed the wolf, everything looks into the forest.

About mind, teaching:

1. The root of the teaching is bitter, but the fruit is sweet.

2. Truth does not sink in water, does not burn in fire.

3. An unlearned person that an ax is not sharpened.

4. Not knowing the ford, do not poke your nose into the water.

5. They greeted by dress, escorted by the mind.

Task number 3.

Determine what these proverbs are about. Think about when they are used:

1. If the frost was not on the peas, it would have grown over the tyn long ago.

2. You can't erase a word from a song.

3. As will backfire, so will respond.

4. Do you like to ride, love to carry sledges.

5. The fisherman sees the fisherman from afar.

6. I'm talking about boots, and he's talking about pies.

7. Prepare the sleigh in the summer and the cart in the winter.

Question: How does a proverb differ from a saying? (A proverb is only a part of a judgment, there is no conclusion or conclusion. This is not a whole sentence. The proverb rather expresses a person's attitude to something, his feelings. ours and yours. ”No wonder they say:“ A saying is a flower, a proverb is a berry. ”)

“The saying is very close to the proverb. There is no sharp border between them. It is worth adding, according to M.A.Rybnikova, just one word or making a rearrangement, and a proverb will come out of the saying, for example:

Sayings

To rake in the heat with someone else's hands.

Pound water in a mortar.

And ours and yours.

Shit-covered.

Miracles in the sieve.

Proverbs

It is easy to rake in the heat with someone else's hands.

Pound water in a mortar - there will be water.

And ours and yours will dance for a penny.

Sewn-covered, but the knot is here.

Miracles in the sieve: there are a lot of holes, but nowhere to get out. "

Teacher's word.

“Some sayings seem meaningless, since they appeared a long time ago. So, the saying "Business is tobacco" comes from the custom of barge haulers, entering the water, to tie a pouch to the throat, to the neck. When it got so deep that the water came up to the neck, they shouted: "Tobacco." Hence the incomprehensible expression "business is tobacco". Also historical references explain many sayings. So, our ancestors wore long sleeves that covered the palms of their hands, so for work it was necessary to roll up the sleeves, since it was impossible to do this without picking up the sleeves. Hence the expressions: "roll up your sleeves", "carelessly".

Many proverbs and sayings have direct and figurative meanings. For example, the proverb “To shoot at a stone - to lose arrows” has never been understood in its literal sense. Or else: "A dry spoon tears your mouth." But many proverbs and sayings have direct and figurative meaning. For example, the proverb “Strike while the iron is hot” refers to a blacksmith who deals with iron. It is clear that only hot iron can be forged. If you waste time, nothing will come of it. But on the other hand, this proverb speaks not so much about the physical process itself - the forging of iron, but about any business that cannot be delayed. Or another example: "Drop by drop and the stone hollows." The meaning of this proverb is that hard and long work will give the desired results. "

Explain the figurative meaning of the proverbs:

I'm talking about boots, and he's talking about pies - a lack of understanding.

You can't hide an awl in a sack - the secret always becomes apparent.

As you sow, so will you reap - as you do the work, so will the result.

The forest is being cut down - the chips are flying - ...

I bought a pig in a poke - ...

They don't shoot at sparrows from a cannon - ...

Summarizing.

Homework: p. 15, task # 3 - in writing.

Small folklore genres include works that are small in volume: proverbs, sayings, omens, riddles, jokes, sayings, tongue twisters, puns... These genres in the scientific literature are called paremia(from the Greek paroimia - parable 1).

Proverbs and sayings, as works of folk art, are close to each other in their artistic characteristics.

Define what is proverbs and sayings, Russian folklorists tried back in the 19th century. F.I. Buslaev considered proverbs and sayings as works of art of the native word, expressing the life of the people, their common sense and moral interests.

N.V. Gogol saw in them the result of popular ideas about life in its various manifestations.

IN AND. Dahl understood the proverb as "judgment, sentence, lesson." In his "Explanatory Dictionary" he gave the following definition:

"A proverb, a short saying, a lesson, more in the form of a parable, an allegory, or in the form of an everyday sentence; a proverb is an individual of a language, folk speech, it is not composed, but is born by itself; it is the walking mind of the people; it turns into a proverb or a simple turn of speech ". 2

The saying, according to Dahl's definition, is:

"folding short speech, common among the people, but not a component complete proverb; teaching, in the accepted - walking terms; conditional turn of speech, the usual way of expressing yourself. "3

TO common features proverbs and sayings include brevity, conciseness, stability, widespread use. Both proverbs and sayings can be defined as poetic, polysemous, widely used in speech, stable short expressions that have figurative meanings of the utterance. 4

Proverbs and sayings reflect folk wisdom, the moral code of the rules of life. They represent broad strata of life and are educational in nature. The experience of the people is enshrined in them. The subject of proverbs and sayings is very diverse. They express an understanding of the foundations of life, historical events, family relationships, love and friendship, condemn human vices and praise virtues (sobriety, modesty, intelligence, diligence), as well as other moral qualities of a person.

It is no coincidence that V.I. Dahl, in his famous collection of proverbs and sayings, arranged the material on the topics: work - idleness, yard - house - economy - agriculture, superstition - omens - happiness - luck, good - mercy - evil, etc. 5

V folk proverbs various aspects of human life were reflected: mythological ideas ("a prophetic dream will not deceive"); peculiarities of serf life ("here's to you, grandmother, and St. George's Day"); events of hostile invasions and wars ("empty, as if Mamai passed"); courage, courage and heroism of the people ("the courage of the city takes", "to be afraid of wolves, and not to go to the forest"). They capture all aspects of the labor activity of the people, love for the homeland, glorify labor ("only smoke the sky without work," "labor feeds, but laziness spoils"), a sense of deep human dignity is expressed ("a goal, but not a thief", "money not a penny, but the glory is good "," poor, but honest ").

Proverbs took shape in all strata of the population, but most of all in the peasant environment, as the main carrier of the national folk culture... The annual cycle of peasant labor is reflected in the proverbs “for the time being they don’t sow seed”, “good seed, good and sprout”.

Proverbs also arose among artisans - "without an ax - not a carpenter, without a needle - not a tailor", and among barge haulers - "need will teach rolls to eat."

In proverbs and sayings, various artistic and visual means and techniques are used: comparisons ("someone else's soul is like a dark forest"), metaphors, personifications ("hop makes noise - the mind is silent", "put a spoke in the wheel"), antitheses, i.e. oppositions ("the root of the doctrine is bitter, but its fruit is sweet"), hyperbole ("to climb out of your skin", "to get lost in three pines"). Found in proverbs and artistic device- tautology 6 ("they don't look for good from good", "not heard by ear, not seen by sight").

By composition, proverbs are divided into single-term, two-term and polynomial. Most of them are binomial ("praise the rye in a haystack, and the master in the coffin").

Proverbs can be based on opposition ("a man and a dog are always in the yard, and a woman and a cat are always in the hut"). In them, as well as in lyric songs, the technique of parallelism is used ("a worm wears away a tree, sadness breaks a heart").

Proverbs are rhythmic. In them, individual words rhyme ("you can't take a fish out of the pond without difficulty"), individual parts or the whole proverb ("don't open your mouth to someone else's loaf, but get up early and start your own"). They are varied in the form of expression. They may include a monologue or dialogue (“we’re not out of an onion, we’re not out of a squeak, but we cannot find a drink and a dance against us,” “Titus, go thresh!” - My belly hurts. - Titus, go and drink wine! - Oh, let me be a fool and somehow be satisfied ").

Proverbs and sayings are examples of folk eloquence, a source of wisdom, knowledge about life, folk ideas and ideals, moral principles.

Thus, proverbs and sayings, which arose as a genre of folk poetry in ancient times, have existed for many centuries and play an everyday and literary and artistic role, merging into folk culture.

Oral folk art is immense. It has been created for centuries, there are many varieties of it. Translated from of English language"folklore" is " popular meaning, wisdom. "That is, oral folk art - everything that is created by the spiritual culture of the population over the centuries of its historical life.

Features of Russian folklore

If you carefully read the works of Russian folklore, you will notice that it actually reflects a lot: the play of the people's fantasy, and the history of the country, and laughter, and serious thoughts about human life. Listening to the songs and tales of their ancestors, people thought about many difficult questions of their family, social and work life, pondered how to fight for happiness, improve their lives, what a person should be like, what should be ridiculed and condemned.

Varieties of folklore

Varieties of folklore include fairy tales, epics, songs, proverbs, riddles, calendar choruses, dignity, sayings - everything that was repeated passed from generation to generation. At the same time, the performers often added something of their own to the text they liked, changing individual details, images, expressions, imperceptibly improving and honing the work.

Oral folk art for the most part exists in a poetic (poetic) form, since it was she who made it possible to memorize and transmit from mouth to mouth these works over the centuries.

Songs

A song is a special verbal and musical genre. It is a small-scale lyric-narrative or lyric work that was created specifically for singing. Their types are as follows: lyric, dance, ritual, historical. The feelings of one person, but at the same time of many people, are expressed in folk songs. They reflected love experiences, events of public and family life, reflections on a plight. In folk songs, the so-called parallelism technique is often used, when the mood of a given lyric hero is transferred to the nature.

Historical songs are dedicated to various famous personalities and events: the conquest of Siberia by Yermak, the uprising of Stepan Razin, the peasant war led by Yemelyan Pugachev, the battle with the Swedes near Poltava, etc. The narrative in historical folk songs about some events is combined with the emotional sound of these works.

Epics

The term "epic" was introduced by I. P. Sakharov in the 19th century. It is an oral folklore in the form of a song, a heroic, epic character. An epic arose in the 9th century, it was an expression of the historical consciousness of the people of our country. Bogatyrs are the main characters of this kind of folklore. They embody the people's ideal of courage, strength, and patriotism. Examples of heroes who were portrayed by works of oral folk art: Dobrynya Nikitich, Ilya Muromets, Mikula Selyaninovich, Alyosha Popovich, as well as the merchant Sadko, the giant Svyatogor, Vasily Buslaev and others. The life basis, at the same time enriched with some fantastic fiction, constitutes the plot of these works. In them, the heroes single-handedly overcome entire hordes of enemies, fight monsters, and instantly overcome huge distances. This folklore is very interesting.

Fairy tales

Epics must be distinguished from fairy tales. These works of oral folk art are based on invented events. Fairy tales can be magical (in which fantastic forces are involved), as well as everyday ones, where people are depicted - soldiers, peasants, kings, workers, princesses and princes - in an everyday setting. This type of folklore differs from other works by its optimistic plot: in it, good always triumphs over evil, and the latter either suffers a defeat or is ridiculed.

Legends

We continue to describe the genres of oral folk art. A legend, in contrast to a fairy tale, is a folk oral story. Its basis is an incredible event, fantastic image, a miracle that is perceived by the listener or the narrator as authentic. There are legends about the origin of peoples, countries, seas, about the sufferings and exploits of fictional or actually existing heroes.

Riddles

Oral folk art is represented by many riddles. They are an allegorical depiction of an object, usually based on a metaphorical approach to it. Riddles are very small in volume, have a certain rhythmic structure, often emphasized by the presence of rhyme. They are created in order to develop quick-wittedness, quick-wittedness. Riddles are varied in content and topics. There may be several of their options about the same phenomenon, animal, object, each of which characterizes it from a certain side.

Proverbs and sayings

Oral folklore genres also include sayings and proverbs. A proverb is a rhythmically organized, short, figurative saying, aphoristic folk saying. It usually has a two-part structure, which is supported by rhyme, rhythm, alliteration and assonance.

A proverb is a figurative expression that evaluates a certain phenomenon of life. She, unlike the proverb, is not a whole sentence, but only a part of the statement that is part of oral folk art.

Proverbs, sayings and riddles are included in the so-called small genres of folklore. What is it? In addition to the above types, they also include other oral folk art. The types of small genres are complemented by the following: lullabies, little dogs, nursery rhymes, jokes, game choruses, chants, sentences, riddles. Let's dwell a little more on each of them.

Lullabies

Small genres of oral folklore include lullabies. People call them bikes. This name comes from the verb "bayat" ("bayat") - "to speak". This word has the following ancient meaning: "to speak, whisper". Lullabies received this name for a reason: the oldest of them are directly related to conspiracy poetry. Struggling with sleep, for example, the peasants said: "Slumber, get away from me."

Pestushki and nursery rhymes

Russian oral folk art is also represented by pestushki and nursery rhymes. In their center is the image of a growing child. The name "pestushki" comes from the word "foster", that is, "to follow someone, raise, nurse, carry, educate." They are short sentences with which in the first months of a baby's life they comment on his movements.

Imperceptibly pestushki turn into nursery rhymes - songs accompanying the kid's games with the fingers of legs and pens. This oral folklore is very diverse. Examples of nursery rhymes: "Magpie", "Ladushki". They often already have a "lesson", an instruction. For example, in "Magpie" the white-sided woman fed everyone with porridge, except for one lazy person, albeit the smallest one (it corresponds to the little finger).

Jokes

In the first years of the children’s lives, the nannies and mothers sang them songs of more complex content, not related to the game. All of them can be designated by a single term "jokes". In content they resemble small fairy tales in verse. For example, about a cockerel - a golden scallop that flew to the Kulikovo field for oats; about a chicken ryab, which "smelt peas" and "sowed millet."

In a joke, as a rule, a picture of some bright event is given, or it depicts some swift action that corresponds to the active nature of the baby. They have a plot, but the child is not capable of long-term attention, so they are limited to only one episode.

Sentences, calls

We continue to consider oral folk art. Its forms are complemented by chants and sentences. Children on the street very early learn from their peers a variety of calls, which represent an appeal to birds, rain, rainbows, the sun. The children, on occasion, shout out the words in a sing-song chorus. In addition to cries, any child in a peasant family knew sentences. They are most often pronounced singly. Sentences - appeal to a mouse, small bugs, a snail. This can be an imitation of various bird voices. Verbal sentences and song calls are filled with faith in the powers of water, heaven, earth (now beneficial, now destructive). Their pronunciation introduced adult peasant children to the work and life. Sentences and chants are combined into a special section called "calendar children's folklore". This term emphasizes the existing connection between them and the season, holiday, weather, all the way of life and the way of life in the village.

Game sentences and choruses

Genres of folklore works include play sentences and choruses. They are no less ancient than chants and sentences. They either bind the parts of a game, or start it. They can also play the role of endings, determine the consequences that exist when conditions are violated.

The games are striking by their resemblance to serious peasant occupations: harvesting, hunting, sowing flax. Reproduction of these cases in strict sequence with the help of multiple repetition made it possible to inoculate with early years to the child respect for customs and the existing order, to teach the rules of behavior accepted in society. The titles of the games - "Bear in the Forest", "Wolf and Geese", "Kite", "Wolf and Sheep" - speak of the connection with the life and everyday life of the rural population.

Conclusion

In folk epics, fairy tales, legends, songs live no less exciting colorful images than in works of art classical authors. Peculiar and surprisingly accurate rhymes and sounds, bizarre, beautiful poetic rhythms - as if lace are intertwined in the texts of ditties, nursery rhymes, jokes, riddles. And what vivid poetic comparisons we can find in lyric songs! All this could be created only by the people - the great master of the word.