Execution of a geometric ornament on the strip. Ornaments and patterns for all occasions. Geometric ornaments and patterns: types

Ornament is a series of repeated images on a plane, where the selected rhythm serves as the basis.

Ornament represents the most ordered, almost mathematically accurate type of compositional construction. He primarily obeys the laws of harmony and proportions. All types of symmetry can be observed in the ornament, which were already discussed above. The arsenal of traditional methods for constructing an ornamental composition includes mirror reflections, rotations, transfers, grids.

Ornament is an alternation of identically repeating parts. The minimum area of ​​a repeating pattern is called rapport(from the French word rapport - return). The repetition of the rapport horizontally and vertically forms a rapport grid.

The pattern can be flat and three-dimensional. A flat pattern is created by completely or partially superimposing one shape on another by the interpenetration of these shapes.

The flat pattern can be repeated many times. This repetition of a pattern is called a motive, or rapport.

Motive- this is a part of the ornament, its main element. The motive can be simple, consisting of one element, or complex, consisting of many elements, plastically connected into a single whole. The ornament rapport includes a motive (or a group of motives) and the distance to a neighboring motive (a group).

By the nature of the alternation of rapports, all ornamental compositions are subdivided as follows.

1. Ribbon ornament- the rapport is repeated many times, developing in one direction. In this case, the motifs in the ribbon ornament can be located in a straight line, such an ornament is called "straight stripe", or strip ornament. In some cases, the rapport is repeated along a curved contour, being called a "border". In architecture, decorative applied arts and in the costume, most often the ribbon ornament has a horizontal direction. When building it, the composition is based on different kinds symmetries: mirror symmetry, transfer symmetry (when elements are transferred in a straight line at a distance of constant length). We can say that this is the most common type of ornamental construction. The ribbon ornament is shown in rice. 1.

Repeating elements of the same size (Fig. 2 , a) create monotony and monotony of rhythm, alternating elements (Fig. 2 , b) give rise to a more "live" composition with a growing or wavy rhythm.

Alternating or repeating elements can be different in size, that is, they are built on the contrast of forms (large, medium, small) with their different movement. Contrast helps to reveal the figurative characteristic of the applied forms.

Contrast can also manifest itself in the distribution of black and white spots of tone, when some spots are intensified and others are weakened.

The sequence of drawing a striped ornament is shown in rice. 3.

2. Centric ornament- based on center-axis symmetry, where the rapport rotates around the center axis. Motives in such an ornament are placed from a central point along the rays, filling the entire surface bounded by a circle, and when rotating, they are completely aligned. The most typical example of a centric ornament is a rosette, which is a motif of a blossoming flower. This is a very ancient type of ornamental construction, known in Ancient Egypt and gained the greatest popularity in gothic art... On rice. 4 depicts a "Gothic rose", which is a vivid example of centric ornament, which is often found in architecture and arts and crafts and is not very typical for costume. The sequence of drawing a compositionally closed ornament is shown in rice. 5.

Rice. 1. Types of ribbon ornaments

Rice. 2. Repeating (a) and alternating (b) elements in the ornament

Rice. 3. The sequence of drawing a strip ornament: a- stylized elements for creating an ornament; b- an example of the layout of an ornament in a strip

Rice. 4. Types of centric ornaments

Rice. 5. Compositionally closed ornament

Rice. 6 Types of mesh patterns Fig. 7. Construction of a mesh ornament

3. Mesh ornament- the repeating rapport fills the entire surface to be decorated, developing in two directions - horizontally and vertically. The cell of such a rapport grid can have a variety of shapes - in the form of a square, rectangle, regular triangle (equilateral), rhombus, parallelogram, regular five- and hexagon, etc. This type of ornament is often used in architecture when decorating floors, walls, ceilings, as well as in a suit when decorating textiles - almost all fabric patterns are mesh ornaments. On rice. 6 examples of mesh ornaments are shown. Mesh patterns are often called rapport compositions. The sequence of drawing a mesh pattern is shown in rice. 7.

Ornamental constructions are based on simple or complex, but always well-drawn, precisely found motives. Most often, these motifs are not depicted in a naturalistic way, but in a stylized way, that is, they undergo modification, processing, artistic generalization of elements in order to reveal their decorative qualities.

The organizing principle of any ornamental composition is rhythm. The rhythmic repetition in the ornament of motifs, their inclinations, spatial turns, gaps between them and other elements is essential characteristic ornament.

Gradual smooth or more abrupt abrupt transitions from small to large forms, from close to distant, from simple to complex, from light to dark, etc. are called rhythmic movement. Being always continuous, in the ornamental composition, it extends to various characteristics: the size of the elements, the distance between them, their slopes and turns, color and light relationships.

§1. The appearance of the ornament. Basic concepts.

The ornament is a very ancient type of DPI. The language of each ornament is associated with the history and culture of the people. The creators of ornaments all the time turned to nature, using what they saw. Ornament is music. The rows of its lines are like the melody of some one eternal song in front of the universe.

An ornament is a part of our spiritual life, which expresses a person's need for beauty. Expressing in its rhythms an emotional attitude to life, ornamental art can become a kind of imprint of the psychological makeup of people of a certain era, nation, social stratum. Each nationality preserved in the ornament the most characteristic, closest national character, aesthetic tastes, concepts of beauty. Folk craftsmen created patterns characterized by a wide variety of individual motives, where real observations of the surrounding nature were intertwined with fabulous ideas.

Basic concepts:

· Ornament (pattern)- sequential repetition of individual pictorial motives or a group of them.

· Rapport- repetition of a part of an ornament (a group of elements) without any change in linear dimensions and shapes.

Ornament can be rapport and bezrapportnom.

Ornament, being one of the most ancient types of decorative arts, has retained not only traditions, but also deep symbolism of ornamental motives, compositional design and color scheme. Studying the ornament of any of the peoples, you can learn more deeply its history, traditions, worldview.

The main means of expressiveness of the ornament:

• Rhythm- rhythmic alternation of similar or contrasting elements.
• A creatively thought-out combination of individual components is called composition and consists of the alternation of individual figures and their rows located horizontally, vertically and diagonally.
• A very important role in all types of creativity is played by - flavor harmonious combination of colors and their shades.

Classification of ornaments.

Ornament type - classification of ornaments by design features (stripe, rosette, mesh);

Ornament type - stripe. Ornament, located vertically, horizontally or in a circle in the form of a strip, ribbon. The ornament in the strip is also called: ribbon, garland, frieze.

Ornament type - rosette. Rosette (from the word "rose" - a centrally symmetrical or mirror-symmetrical ornament.

The type of ornament is mesh. The rapport of the mesh ornament can be either a strip or a rosette, repeating many times they fill the plane completely, as if they are being tightened with a mesh.

Ornament type : classification of ornaments according to the features of pictorial motifs (geometric. Vegetable ...).

Geometric ornament. The geometric ornament is based on such graphic motifs as geometric shapes and bodies (lines, zig-zags, dots, squares, circles, stars ...).

Floral ornament. The floral ornament is based on graphic motifs of floristic themes (flowers, leaves, shoots, buds, trees, etc.).

Zoomorphic ornament."Zoo" is an animal, "morph" is a form. The zoomorphic ornament is based on pictorial motifs from the kingdom of fauna (animals, birds, insects, fantastic beasts, etc.).

Anthropomorphic (humanoid) ornament."Anthropos" is a person, "morph" is a form. The anthropomorphic ornament is based on images of human figures, humanoid gods, angels, masks.

Font (calligraphic) ornament. The font ornament is based on graphic motifs associated with letters, fonts, calligraphy - Russian and Arabic script, initials, initials, hieroglyphs, etc.

Heraldic (symbolic) ornament.

The heraldic ornament is based on motives associated with the image of coats of arms, emblems, signs, symbols.

Sign(in art, design) - the pictorial part of the logo, as a rule, also including the name (written - alphabetic or hieroglyphic - part, often also artistically designed) of the branded product, service, organization, event or person.

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign

Symbol art has a characteristic artistic image from the point of view of its meaningfulness, the expression of a certain artistic idea. Unlike allegory, the meaning of a symbol is inseparable from its figurative structure and is distinguished by the inexhaustible polysemy of its content.

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol

Coat of arms (Polish herb from German Erbe - inheritance) is an emblem, a distinctive sign, inherited, which depicts objects symbolizing the owner of the coat of arms (person, class, family, city, country, etc.). Heraldry studies the coats of arms.

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat of arms

Braided ornament or "braid".

At the heart of a wicker ornament (braiding) there are always pictorial weaving motifs, regardless of which elements are involved in the ornament (vegetable, zoomorphic, etc.).

Practical work №1:

WOVEN ORNAMENT (with elements of zoomorphic and anthropomorphic) - “teratological style.

Historical information (read):

Wicker ornament appeared in Russian books with the appearance of books from Bulgaria. It includes tightly intertwined harnesses or belts. A complex weaving of a cord-like appearance, tied in knots in many places. Basically, the headpieces were drawn like this: circles are repeated and connected with patterned ligature and knots, the initials are multicolored.

Braided ornament "Balkan type". It is an interweaving of circles, eights, rectangles and squares. Strict symmetry. The "Balkan ornament" came to Russia in the 15th century, when the Turks were fighting for the Balkan Peninsula. Many artists and scribes left for Russia. Towards the end of the century, the court workshops of Moscow developed a version of the luxurious "Balkan" ornament with multicolored coloring. And a lot of gold. In the book ornament of the XIII-XIV centuries. a "monstrous" style appeared. The Greek word for "teratos" is a monster. Tightly woven ribbons ending in snake heads. Legs, tongues, heads, tails, wings of animals are entangled in ribbon weaves. A similar ornament is known among the Balkan Slavs, in Scandinavia, Ireland and in many works Romanesque style from different regions of Europe. This stylistic unity is based on the common origin from the animal ornament of the Eastern European nomads of the era of migration of peoples. This art arose in an atmosphere of major travels, when contacts between European barbarians and nomads of the Eurasian steppes played a significant role.

The image of a predatory animal is most popular in ancient Russian applied art. In some cases, we can talk about a certain desire to convey the image of a lion, which is often mentioned in ancient Russian written sources - a brave and strong beast, the king of beasts. Important role in ancient Russian art, images of real and fantastic animals play. They were used to decorate the temples of the cities of Vladimir and Suzdal, jewelry: bracelets and hoops. Used in book craft, starting with the Ostromir Gospel.

Methodical instructions:

• Make a copy of the teratological ornament, choosing a sample of your choice (Internet, books, albums, cards).
• The size of the A4 sheet, the overall dimensions of the ornament are not more than 150x220mm.
• Technique - achromatic graphics.

State budgetary educational institution

primary vocational education

vocational lyceum No. 24 in Sibay

Methodical development of a lesson by discipline

"Fundamentals of composition and color science"

on the topic: « Ornament. Types of ornaments "

Developed by: master of p / o qualification category I

G.K. Zainulina

EXPLANATORY NOTE

Modern world culture is the owner of a huge heritage in the field of all types of fine arts. Studying the greatest monuments of architecture, painting, sculpture and decorative and applied arts, one cannot ignore another area of ​​artistic creativity. It's about ornament. Using the role of this or that object, an ornament (Latin Ornamentum - decoration) cannot exist separately outside a certain work of art, it has applied functions. The work of art is itself, the object decorated with an ornament.

A careful study of the role and function of the ornament, it becomes obvious that its significance in the system of expressive means of a work of art is much greater than the decorating function, and is not limited to only one applied character. Unlike color, texture, plastics, which cannot exist outside a certain object without losing their imagery, an ornament can retain it even in fragments or when redrawing. In addition, stability is inherent in a number of ornamental motifs, allowing a certain motive to be used over a long period of time and on various objects, in different materials, without depriving it of the logic of the ornamental form.

Ornament is part of the material culture of society. Careful study and development of the richest heritage of this component of the world artistic culture contributes to the education of artistic taste, the formation of ideas in the field of cultural history, makes the inner world more significant. The creative development of decorative and ornamental art of previous eras enriches the practice contemporary artists and architects.

Lesson topic. Ornament. Types of ornaments.

Lesson objectives. 1. Familiarization of students with the ornament, with its types. Tell

about the structure of ornaments, about the variety and unity of ornamental

mental motives of countries and peoples.

2. Formation of skills and knowledge. Develop the skills of analyzing

bed, establish connections and relationships. Develop skills

plan their activities, the memory of students.

3. To cultivate friendliness, friendliness. Generate message

striking, responsibility and decisiveness.

Lesson type. Lesson in posting new material.

Educational and methodological support and TSO. NMSokolnikov's textbook "Fine Arts", "Basics of Composition", illustrations, reproductions of great artists.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

a) checking the attendance of students according to the journal;

b) checking the appearance;

c) checking the availability of educational supplies.

2. Checking homework.

Frontal poll:

a) What is colorism (color science)?

b) Tell us about the history of the development of color science.

c) What contribution did Leonardo da Vinci make to the history of the development of color?

d) Tell us about Leonardo da Vinci's idea of ​​a six-color flower row.

e) What contribution did Newton, Roger de Piel, M.V. Lomonosov and Runge make to the history of the development of color science?

3. Communication of new material.

An ornament is a pattern based on rhythmic alternation and an organized arrangement of elements.

The term "ornament" is associated with the word "decoration". Depending on the nature of the motives, the following types of ornaments are distinguished: geometric, plant, zoomorphic, anthropomorphic and combined.

The rhythm in the ornament is the alternation of the elements of the pattern in a certain sequence.

The pattern can be flat and three-dimensional. A flat pattern is created by completely or partially superimposing one shape on another by interpenetrating these shapes.

The flat pattern can be repeated many times. This repetition is called motive, or rapport.

Of the ornaments, the most common are ribbon, mesh and compositionally closed.

A ribbon (strip) ornament is constructed from identical, repeating or alternating elements located along a curved or straight line.

Repeating elements of the same size create monotony and uniformity of rhythm, alternating elements give rise to a more “lively” composition with a growing and wavy rhythm.

Alternating or repeating elements can be different in size, that is, they are built on the contrast of shapes (large, medium, small) with their different movement. Contrast helps to reveal the figurative characteristic of the applied forms.

Contrast can also manifest itself in the distribution of black and white spots of tone, when some spots are enhanced and others are weakened.

The principle of light contrast is of great importance, which is expressed in the fact that any color darkens on light, and brightens on dark. This phenomenon applies to varying degrees to both achromatic (black and white) and chromatic colors.

The ribbon ornament can be in the form of a horizontal, vertical or inclined strip. Such an ornament is characterized by openness, that is, the importance of its continuation. We will consistently follow how a striped ornament is constructed, located vertically, horizontally or in the form of an inclined strip. We draw a strip for the ornament required in width, breaking it into squares, rectangles, respectively, and draw axes of symmetry in them. Then we place pre-stylized forms, taken, for example, from sketches of plants, on a plane, building alternating elements of the ornament.

After that, we see if we are satisfied with what happened. If not, add smaller or medium-sized shapes (according to the three-component principle of these shapes).

Completing the composition, you need to determine where the darkest and lightest spots will be, how they will be repeated on the plane, where the gray spots will be located and what they will complement - the dark or light elements of the ornament.

The mesh pattern is based on a cell with an inscribed ornamental motif - rapport. The cell size can be different.

Mesh ornament is typical for fabrics to a greater extent. The cell can be repeated several times. The mesh ornament is constructed in a similar way to the strip one. The main task in its construction is to correctly plot the axes of symmetry.

Symmetry in art is the exact pattern of the arrangement of objects or parts of an artistic whole.

History of Origin

Ornament(Latin ornemantum - decoration) - a pattern based on the repetition and alternation of its constituent elements; intended for decorating various items. Ornament is one of oldest species the visual activity of a person, in the distant past, carried in itself a symbolic and magical meaning, symbolism. In those days when a person switched to a sedentary lifestyle and began to make tools and household items. The desire to decorate your home is characteristic of a person of any era. And yet, in ancient applied art, the magic element prevailed over the aesthetic one, acting as a talisman against the elements and evil forces. Apparently, the very first ornament adorned a vessel made of clay, when the invention of the potter's wheel was still a long way off. And such an ornament consisted of a number of simple dents made on the neck with a finger at approximately equal distance from each other .. naturally, these dents could not make the vessel more convenient to use. However, they made it more interesting (pleasing to the eye) and, most importantly, "protected" from penetration of evil spirits through the throat. The same applies to decorating clothes. Magic signs on it they protected the human body from evil forces. Therefore, it is not surprising that spell patterns were placed on the collar, sleeves, and hem. The origin of the ornament goes back centuries and, for the first time, its traces were captured in the Paleolithic era (15-10 thousand years BC). In the culture of the Neolithic, ornament has already reached a wide variety of forms and began to dominate. Over time, the ornament loses its dominant position and cognitive value, while retaining an important ordering and decorating role in the system of plastic creativity. Each era, style, consistently emerging national culture developed its own system; therefore, the ornament is a reliable sign of the belonging of works to a certain time, people, country. The purpose of the ornament was determined - to decorate. Ornamentation achieves special development where conventional forms of displaying reality prevail: in the Ancient East, in pre-Columbian America, in the Asian cultures of antiquity and the Middle Ages, in European Middle Ages... In folk art, since ancient times, stable principles and forms of ornament have been formed, which largely determine national artistic traditions. For example, in India the ancient art of rangoli (alpona) - ornamental drawing - prayer has been preserved.

Types and types of ornament

There are four types of ornaments:

Geometric ornament. Geometric ornament consists of dots, lines and geometric shapes.

Floral ornament. The floral ornament is composed of stylized leaves, flowers, fruits, branches, etc.

Zoomorphic ornament. Zoomorphic designs include stylized representations of real or fantasy animals.

Anthropomorphic ornament. Anthropomorphic ornament uses male and female stylized figures or separate parts of the human body as motives.

Types:

Ornament in a strip with a linear vertical or horizontal alternation of the motive (ribbon)... This includes friezes, borders, borders, borders, etc.

Closed ornament. It is arranged in a rectangle, square or circle (rosettes). The motive in it either does not have a repetition, or is repeated with a rotation on a plane (the so-called rotational symmetry).

TO geometric includes ornaments, the motives of which consist of various geometric shapes, lines and their combinations.
Geometric shapes do not exist in nature. Geometric correctness is an achievement of the human mind, a way of abstraction. Any geometrically regular shape looks mechanical, dead. The fundamental basis of almost any geometric form is a real-life form, generalized and simplified to the limit. One of the main ways of creating a geometric ornament is the gradual simplification and schematization (stylization) of motifs, which initially had a pictorial character.
Elements of geometric ornament: lines - straight, broken, curved; geometric shapes - triangles, squares, rectangles, circles, ellipses, as well as complex shapes obtained from combinations of simple shapes.

Fine an ornament is called, the motives of which reproduce specific objects and forms of the real world - plants (floral ornament), animals (zoomorphic motives), humans (anthropomorphic motives), etc. The real motives of nature in the ornament are significantly processed, and not reproduced, as in painting or graphics. In ornament, natural forms require one or another measure of simplification, stylization, typification and, ultimately, geometrization. This is probably due to the repeated repetition of the ornament motif.

Nature and the world around us are at the heart of ornamental art. In the creative process of designing an ornament, one has to discard insignificant details and details of objects and leave only the general, most characteristic and distinctive features. For example, a chamomile or sunflower flower may look simplistic in an ornament.
Natural form the power of imagination is reincarnated with the help of conventional forms, lines, spots into something completely new. The existing shape is simplified to an extremely generalized, familiar geometric shape. This makes it possible to repeat the shape of the ornament many times. What was lost by the natural form during simplification and generalization returns to it when using artistic ornamental means: the rhythm of turns, different scales, flatness of the image, color solutions of forms in the ornament.

How does the transformation of natural forms into ornamental motives take place? First, a sketch is made from nature, which conveys the similarities and details as faithfully as possible (the stage of "photographing"). The meaning of reincarnation is the transition from sketching to a conventional form. This is the second stage - transformation, stylization of the motive. Thus, stylization in ornament is the art of reincarnation. Various ornamental solutions can be drawn from one sketch.

The method of forming an ornament and the choice of ornamental forms, as a rule, is consistent with the capabilities of the visual medium.

Regularities of compositional constructions

CONCEPT OF ORNAMENTAL COMPOSITION

Composition(from lat. composito) - compilation, arrangement, construction; the structure of a work of art, due to its content, nature and purpose.
The creation of a composition from scraps of fabric is the choice of an ornamental and coloristic theme, drawing, plot, determination of the overall and internal dimensions of the work, as well as the relative position of its parts.
Ornamental composition- this is the composition, construction, structure of the pattern.
The elements of the ornamental composition and at the same time its expressive means include: point, spot, line, color, texture... These elements (means) of composition in the work are transformed into ornamental motives.
Speaking about the patterns of ornamental compositions, first of all, it is necessary to say about the proportions. The proportions determine other patterns in the construction of ornamental compositions (I mean rhythm, plasticity, symmetry and asymmetry, statics and dynamics.

RHYTHM AND PLASTIC

Rhythm in the ornamental composition, the pattern of alternation and repetition of motifs, figures and intervals between them is called. Rhythm is the main organizing principle of any ornamental composition. The most important characteristic of the ornament is the rhythmic repetition of the motifs and elements of these motives, their inclinations and turns, the surfaces of the motif spots and the intervals between them.
Rhythmic organization- this is the mutual arrangement of motives on the compositional plane. Rhythm organizes a kind of movement in the ornament: transitions from small to large, from simple to complex, from light to dark, or repetition of the same forms at equal or different intervals. The rhythm can be:

1) metric (uniform);

2) uneven.

Depending on the rhythm, the pattern becomes static or dynamic.
Rhythmic structure determines the rhythm of motives in vertical and horizontal rows, the number of motives, the plastic characteristics of the form of motives, the peculiarities of the arrangement of motives in rapport.
Motive- part of the ornament, its main forming element.
Ornamental compositions in which the motive is repeated at equal intervals are called rapport.

Rapport- the minimal and simple in shape the area occupied by the motive and the gap to the adjacent motive.

The regular repetition of rapport vertically and horizontally forms a rapport grid. The rapports are adjacent to each other without overlapping one another and leaving no gaps.

Depending on the shape of the surface that they decorate, ornaments are: single-pattern or closed; linear rapport or tape; mesh-rapport or mesh.

Monorapport ornaments represent the final figures (for example, coat of arms, emblem, etc.).

In linear-rapport ornaments, the motif (rapport) is repeated along one straight line. A ribbon ornament is a pattern whose elements create a rhythmic row that fits into a ribbon with two-way movement.

Mesh-rapport ornaments have two translation axes - horizontal and vertical. A mesh pattern is a pattern that has elements along many transfer axes and creates movement in all directions. The simplest mesh-rapport ornament is a grid of parallelograms.

In complex ornaments, you can always identify a grid, the nodes of which make up a certain system of points of the ornament. Complex-shaped reports are constructed as follows. In one of the rapports of a rectangular grid, broken or curved lines are drawn outside to the right and top sides, and to the left and bottom - the same lines, but inside the cell. Thus, a complex structure is obtained, the area of ​​which is equal to a rectangle.

These figures fill the ornamental area without gaps.
The composition of the mesh ornament is based on five systems (grids): square, rectangular, regular triangular, rhombic and oblique parallelogram.

In order to determine the type of the grid, it is necessary to connect the repeating

elements of the ornament.

The rhythmic row assumes the presence of at least three or four ornamental elements, since too short a row cannot perform

organizing role in composition.

The novelty of the composition of the ornament, as noted by the well-known expert in the theory of ornament on fabric V.M. Shugaev, manifests itself not in new motives, but mainly in new rhythmic constructions, new combinations of ornamental elements. Thus, special importance is attached to the rhythm in the composition of the ornament. Rhythm, along with color, is the basis for the emotional expressiveness of an ornament.
Plastic in ornamental art, it is customary to call smooth, continuous transitions from one form element to another. If during rhythmic movements the elements are at some distance from each other, then during plastic movement they merge.

Ornamental forms, depending on the emotional impact, are conventionally divided into heavy and light... Heavy forms include a square, cube, circle, ball, light - a line, rectangle, ellipse.

SYMMETRY

Symmetry- this is the property of a figure (or ornamental motive) to superimpose on itself in such a way that all points take their original position. Asymmetry - absence or violation of symmetry.
In the visual arts, symmetry is one of the means of constructing an artistic form. Symmetry is usually present in any ornamental composition; this is one of the forms of manifestation of the rhythmic principle in the ornament.
Basic elements of symmetry: plane of symmetry, axis of symmetry, translation axis, gliding reflection plane.
Symmetry plane - an imaginary plane that divides a figure into two mirror-equal parts

- figures with one plane of symmetry,

A figure with two planes of symmetry,

- with four planes of symmetry.

4. Rules for constructing an ornament.

Showing and explaining the construction of ornaments:

a) tape;

b) mesh.

5. Consolidation of the studied material.

1. Frontal survey:

What is the purpose of the ornament?

What types of patterns, depending on the structure, do you know?

What types of ornaments, depending on the motives prevailing in them, do you know?

Find the signs of ornaments different nations the world with the same motives.

What types of ornaments do you know?

What is an ornament? What is the art of ornament?

What is rhythm in an ornament? What is rapport?

What is called symmetry in art?

What is a plane of symmetry?

2. Exercise:

a) construction of a ribbon ornament;

b) construction of a mesh ornament.

6. Summing up.

7. Homework.

Come up with your own ornaments in a circle, in a square and in a strip, using geometric shapes or vegetation.

Many culturological concepts are based on the material manifestations of the people's consciousness: household items, clothing, the manner of building houses, and so on. It is quite obvious that these phenomena are studied by scientists as closely as possible, starting from external manifestations, ending with the sacred meaning embedded in them.

Ornaments are of particular interest in this regard, since they simultaneously identify a certain culture or nationality, and at the same time are common to completely different, sometimes diametrically opposed cultures.

Types of ornaments

At this stage in the development of cultural studies, it is customary to distinguish four main types of these decorating elements. One of the most common is considered to be a geometric pattern, which is characterized by an abundance of clear lines, dots and geometric shapes.

The next most popular is the floral ornament, which is based on the image of various leaves or flowers, arranged in a certain order and specific forms. This type of decoration for clothing and household items is very characteristic of our Slavic culture.

The zoomorphic one received about the same distribution as the plant ornament. In a sense, they are even close to each other, since elements of the flora are often found in this kind of images. Nevertheless, in this case, the main emphasis is placed on animals (both real and fictitious).

Finally, culturologists distinguish the so-called anthropomorphic type of ornament, the concept of which is based on a person.

In this article, we will define what a floral ornament is, for which cultures it is characteristic and what it symbolizes.

Historical roots

In general, the depiction of flora elements is characteristic of almost all cultures, since this tradition is directly related to the concept of the world tree.

This cult is considered one of the oldest and most widespread. For the Slavs in the era of paganism, he occupied one of the dominant places, being the basis of the world outlook as a whole.

Egyptian culture

The plant ornament was also characteristic of the culture of Ancient Egypt. Some researchers even argue that this particular part of the globe and culture can be called the birthplace of floristic patterns, due to the extremely favorable natural conditions.

The Egyptians depicted mainly lotus and reeds, which were the most common and revered as sacred plants.

Art of the East

Floral ornament was no less popular among the Sumerians and Assyrians. Most often, these peoples depicted daisies and daisies, who, from their point of view, personified the sun. It was also often possible to find the image of cones, pomegranates, palms and ears of corn.

Persian tradition

If in previous cases the image was rather schematic, then in this case there is a much greater craving for a naturalistic image. The floral ornament of Persian decor most often included carnations, anemones, and daffodils.

Ancient Greece

Naturally, one cannot but say that such elements were very often used in Hellenic culture. Along with geometric figures, there were also floral ornaments and patterns depicting palm, laurel branches, vines and even seaweed, which is directly related to the territorial location of Greece.

Slavic culture

As mentioned earlier, our culture is also completely alien to the use of these kinds of elements. Floral ornaments and patterns most firmly settled in Ukrainian culture, however, before that they were actively used by all Slavs.

Most often, such plants were depicted as hops, poppy, wheat ears, periwinkle, oak, grape leaves, viburnum. As a rule, these elements were depicted in red on a white background.

Secret meaning

It is quite obvious that the floral elements of the ornament have never been depicted as a simple decoration. From time immemorial, the image of a particular figure or phenomenon had a hidden sacred meaning. Kalina on clothes and household items, for example, symbolized not only cosmic harmony, but also prosperity, health and strength of the clan.

Oak leaves embroidered on men's shirts and towels were supposed to bring strength and courage to their owners.

Grape leaves and bunches meant the strength and happiness of the family, healthy offspring and all sorts of benefits associated with the family hearth. Poppies, on the other hand, were supposed to protect the owner from evil in any of its manifestations.

Ornament stripes

As you know, there are two main ways of depicting symbolic elements - in the form of one line (parts of the pattern follow one after the other) and circular.

The floral ornament in the strip is a constant repetition and alternation of various elements. Wheat ears, for example, can alternate with hops. This kind of arrangement was most often used in clothing, since it had a kind of protective function... Typically, patterns of this type were placed on cuffs, belts, collars and skirts. Girdling with plant elements was extremely important for the people, which in many respects has survived to this day.

Also, the linear image was used in decorating houses - often plant elements can be found along the perimeter of doors, on house shutters, tables and other interior items.

Circular image

Along with the above-described method of application and placement, there was another. Ornament in a circle, vegetable or otherwise, was more often used in decorating dishes and ornaments, although in meaning it did not differ from the patterns made by the strip.

The circular image of certain elements also symbolized the cyclical nature, repetition and infinity of life.