Analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise. Kanke A.A., Koshevaya I.P. Basics of logistics. Tutorial
The textbook covers the latest aspects of the development of standardization, metrology and certification in the light of the reform of the technical regulation system in Russian Federation... The basic concepts in the field of metrology, standardization and certification are stated, the content of the supporting subsystems characterizing the full range of tools and methods of implementing the basic procedures is disclosed.
Designed for students of secondary specialized educational institutions of all specialties studying the discipline "Metrology, standardization, certification". It can be useful for students and teachers of universities, managers and specialists of enterprises and organizations working in the field of standardization and quality management, as well as a wide range of modern business people.
The concept and mechanism of quality management.
The last decades of industrial development are characterized by a significant increase in attention to the quality of products. This is natural, since the release of products High Quality is considered in all countries of the world as one of the most important conditions for the development of the national economy.
The modern market economy makes fundamentally different requirements for the quality of products. This is due to the fact that at present the survival of any firm, its stable position in the market for goods and services is determined by the level of competitiveness. In turn, competitiveness depends on two indicators - the price level and the level of product quality, and the second indicator gradually comes out on top, outstripping labor productivity indicators in terms of importance, saving all types of resources.
Quality as a factor of competitiveness extends to the entire national economy. It promotes the rational use of resources. In addition, product quality is the most important indicator of an enterprise's performance. Improving product quality is a characteristic trend in the work of all leading companies in the world.
Content
FOREWORD
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
SECTION I. GENERAL QUESTIONS OF STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION
CHAPTER 1. STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION - TOOLS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF QUALITY
1.1. The concept and mechanism of quality management
1.2. The history of the development of standardization, metrology and certification and features of the modern stage
1.3. Goals, objectives and principles of standardization, metrology and certification
CHAPTER 2. ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS OF STANDARDIZATION, CERTIFICATION AND METROLOGY
2.1. International organizations for standardization, certification and metrology
2.2. Regional organizations for standardization, metrology and certification
2.3. Russian national technical regulation system
CHAPTER 3. CONTENT ASPECTS OF STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION
3.1. Standardization: essence, concept, system of measures.
3.2. Metrology: essence, content, types of measurements
3.3. Certification: content, forms, directions
3.4. State control (supervision) over compliance with the requirements of technical regulations
CHAPTER 4. TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION
4.1. Description of the standards development process
4.1.1. National standards development procedures
4.1.2. Procedures for the development of interstate standards
4.1.3. Organizational standards development procedures
4.2. Measurement procedure
4.2.1. Regulation of measurements
4.2.3. The procedure for certification of measuring instruments.
4.3. Compliance assurance mechanism
4.3.1. Criteria for choosing forms of confirmation of conformity
4.3.2. Types of operations in conformity declaration and product certification schemes
4.3.3. Manufacturing and quality system certification procedures
CHAPTER 5. ROLE OF STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION IN IMPROVING PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCT QUALITY
5.1. Methodological approaches to assessing production efficiency and product quality
5.2. Funding for standardization, metrology and certification
SECTION II. SUPPLY SUBSYSTEMS
CHAPTER 6. LEGAL SUPPORT
6.1. The legislative framework
6.2. Normative base:
CHAPTER 7. METHODOLOGICAL SUPPORT
7.1. General methods of standardization, metrology and certification
7.2. Specific methods of standardization, certification and metrology
CHAPTER 8. MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT
8.1. Technical means
8.2. Material base for standardization, certification and metrology
CHAPTER 9. INFORMATION SUPPLY
9.1. Information resources and their organization
9.2. Indicators of characteristics of quality and safety of products
CHAPTER 10. STAFFING
10.1. general characteristics staff
10.2. Assessment of personnel competence
APPLICATION
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
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2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Forum: INFRA-M, 2007 .-- 288 p.
The tutorial examines the concepts and content of modern concepts of the analysis of financial and economic activity, as well as the problems of choosing the subject and object of analysis, principles and methods of implementing various analytical procedures.
Tutorial contains a comprehensive understanding of the main concepts, theoretical foundations, methodology and modern technologies analysis, its place and relationship with accounting and operational accounting systems, strategic and current planning, monitoring and control of production, economic and financial and investment activities of enterprises.
The manual is made taking into account the basic requirements for the content of educational literature for students of secondary specialized educational institutions, contains the necessary amount of calculation and illustrative information, practical examples.
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Introduction 3
Section 1
THEORY OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Chapter 1. Scientific Foundations of Economic Analysis 6
1.1. Economic analysis concept 6
1.2. Subject, content and tasks of economic analysis. 7
1.3. Principles of Economic Analysis 9
1.4. Types of economic analysis 10
Chapter 2. Methodology of Economic Analysis 20
2.1. Features of the general method of economic analysis 20
2.2. Determinants of business results and their classification 21
2.3. The system of indicators used in ...
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Transcript
1 A.A. Kanke, I.P. Koshevaya LOGISTICS Approved by the UMO Council for Management Education as a teaching aid for students and bachelors studying in the specialty "Organization Management"
2 UDC 658.7 (075.8) ББК 65.40я73 К19 Reviewers: P.P. Taburchak, Head of the Department of Management and Marketing, Dean of the Faculty of Economics and Management, St. Petersburg State Technological Institute (TU), Hon. Scientist of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Economics sciences, prof., E.V. Morgunov, Scientific Secretary of the Institution Russian Academy Sciences Institute of Market Problems RAS, Ph.D. econom. Sciences К19 Kanke A.A. Logistics: study guide / A.A. Kanke, I.P. Koshevaya. M.: KNORUS, p. (For bachelors). ISBN Considered the key provisions of logistics as a science of planning, organization, control, management and regulation of material and related flows in the process and in time. The evolution and the modern conceptual apparatus of logistics formed in the course of it are shown. The logic of managing flows as logistic objects is disclosed. On the basis of an integrated systematic approach to the decomposition of logistics systems, the content of the main and supporting complexes of logistics functions is stated. In the supporting complex, the features and content of financial, information-computer, personnel and service logistics are considered. For theoretical and practical training of bachelors in modern areas of logistics management, as well as for practical use by logistics. UDC 658.7 (075.8) BBK 65.40ya73 Kanke Alla Anatolyevna Koshevaya Irina Petrovna LOGISTICS Sanitary and epidemiological conclusion D from Izd. Signed for printing Format 60 90/16. "PetersburgC" headset. Offset printing. CONV. print l. 20.0. Uch. ed. l. 14.4. The circulation is 1500 copies. Ordering LLC "KnoRus", Moscow, Prospect Mira, 105, building 1. Tel .: (495) E mail: Printed in full accordance with the quality of the electronic original layout provided by the publishing house in the State Unitary Enterprise "Bryansk Regional Printing Association" Bryansk, St. Dimitrova, 40. Kanke A.A., Koshevaya I.P., 2011 ISBN LLC "KnoRus", 2011
3 CONTENTS Introduction ... 6 Section I INTRODUCTION TO LOGISTICS Chapter 1. TASKS AND FUNCTIONS OF LOGISTICS 1.1. The origin and interpretation of the term "logistics" Evolution of logistics Object and subject, goals and objectives of logistics Chapter 2. CONCEPTUAL APPARATUS OF LOGISTICS 2.1. Objects of logistic management Logistic operations and functions Chapter 3. LOGISTIC SYSTEMS 3.1. The concept and classification of logistics systems Decomposition of logistics systems Control questions for Section I Section II FUNCTIONAL SUBSYSTEMS OF LOGISTICS Chapter 4. SUPPLY LOGISTICS 4.1. The role and place of supply logistics in the logistics system Goals, tasks and functions of supply logistics Organization and management of procurement activities Supplier selection Chapter 5. LOGISTICS OF PRODUCTION PROCESSES 5.1. Object, essence, tasks and functions of logistics of production processes ... 72
4 4 CONTENTS 5.2. The production process as a process of converting resources into a product Organization of production processes in time Types of production and their characteristics The production structure of an enterprise as a form of organization of the production process Forms of production organization Chapter 6. DISTRIBUTION LOGISTICS (SALES) 6.1. Object, subject, essence, goals and objectives of distribution logistics Logistic channels and networks in distribution logistics Logistic intermediaries in distribution Product distribution systems Organization and management of distribution system Sales promotion Chapter 7. TRANSPORTATION IN LOGISTIC SYSTEMS 7.1. Essence and tasks of transportation Transport service Characteristics of modes of transport Classification of transported goods Transport management Information support of the transportation process Chapter 8. STORAGE LOGISTICS 8.1. The role, place, tasks and functions of warehousing in the logistics system Classification of warehouses Inventory management in logistics The economic essence and importance of inventories in logistics Classification of inventories Formation of a warehouse network Warehousing strategy Determining the number of warehouses Placement of warehouses in the warehouse network Selecting a supply system Development storage facilities
5 Table of contents 5 Development of a master plan for warehouse management Determination of warehouse capacities Warehouse infrastructure Design of internal devices of a warehouse Management of a logistics process in a warehouse Organizational structure of warehouse management Logistic process in a warehouse Warehouse handling process Technology of operations for goods receipt at a warehouse Control questions for section II Glossary Literature
6 INTRODUCTION The development of a market economy presupposes that supply exceeds demand. In this situation, all enterprises are subject to the need to look for the most effective ways to attract and retain consumers by satisfying the entire spectrum of their needs in terms of the profile of their products and services. To do this, it is necessary to establish close ties and constant interaction of the entire set of functional subsystems of manufacturing enterprises, consumers of finished products and suppliers of resources, as well as to develop and implement a fundamentally new approach to the management of production and economic systems. It is also necessary to integrate the planning and control of operations for organizing production with the operations of marketing, sales, procurement and finance, the organization of a single logistics system covering all divisions of the enterprise, which should facilitate the linking of often conflicting goals of various functional and supporting subsystems and divisions. Logistics as a new approach to management is a tool that ensures the preparation, conduct and completion of commercial operations, it builds relationships with production management, procurement activities, including the provision of production with the necessary resources, transportation and storage of logistics items, inventory management and optimal provision production to maintain its rhythm and quality of products. Currently, the term "logistics" is widely used in the business world and defines the theory and practice of movement of raw materials, materials, production, labor and financial resources, as well as finished products from their source to the consumer. Since the mid-1970s. in world practice, logistics has become a goal-setting field of activity, primarily because in modern business, the transit time of goods through various logistics channels has significantly increased. Logistics, by optimizing the flow of goods, creates very significant prerequisites for saving costs associated with the organization and maintenance of production and economic activities.
7 Introduction 7 The logistic approach provides a significant (by 30-50%) reduction in all types of inventories, acceleration of working capital turnover, reduction (by 25-45%) of the time of movement of products from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer, reduction of production and distribution costs and the most complete satisfaction of consumers in the quality of goods and services. The novelty of the logistics concept to the management of production and economic systems lies in the integration of individual links of the material supply chain into a single system of end-to-end management of material and information flows in order to achieve desired result with minimal investment of time and resources. Today, logistics science acts not only as a science, but also as academic discipline, which includes purchasing and supply logistics, logistics of production processes, sales or distribution logistics, transport logistics, information or computer logistics and a number of others. The main purpose of the publication of the textbook is to form theoretical knowledge and practical skills of future specialists in the field of logistics activities, management of material, financial, information and service flows, and the construction of logistics systems. The manual summarizes aspects of functional logistics, which will be useful for students of higher educational institutions studying in economic and management specialties, graduate students, teachers of economic universities and everyone who is interested in the practical issues of logistics. The logic of the presentation of the main provisions of the book is as follows. The first section provides an introduction to the terminology of logistics. The commodity-material and related information, financial, service flows are briefly characterized, the subject area of logistics is determined, which is implemented through logistics objects, structures and conditions in which they exist, determined by the laws of economics and evolution. The second section is devoted to the features of the functional areas of logistics management and the characteristics of logistics systems, which are subdivided into the main (supply, production and distribution) and auxiliary, contributing to the flow of logistics.
8 8 INTRODUCTION of static processes (transportation, warehousing and stocks). The main mechanisms of the systems functioning are described in detail, which are illustrated with specific examples. Each of the sections of the book has its own introduction and conclusion in the form of control questions, which makes them somewhat autonomous. At the same time, all sections are logically interconnected and represent a single whole.
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BASICS OF LOGISTICS
INTRODUCTION
In the process of the development of scientific and technological progress, the formation of the buyer's market, the change in priorities in the motivations of consumers and the aggravation of all forms of competition, the dynamism of the market environment increases. Fierce competition in the market, the emergence of new, cheaper and rather effective developments force us to reconsider the existing principles of the company's functioning.
Many well-established concepts and principles of work, which were quite acceptable and suited the company's management, begin to significantly slow down the dynamics of business development and require detailed analysis and revision with a view to improving them. To maintain their market positions, companies need to make certain efforts to improve the level of manufacturability and efficiency of business processes. There is an urgent need to research additional opportunities further reducing the level of costs and production costs, improving the quality of customer service, reorganizing and restructuring the company in order to improve business efficiency.
It is about restructuring a business based on a logistics approach. At the same time, various (economic, social, technical, technological, organizational, legal, scientific, psychological, environmental, etc.) aspects of human activity are affected.
Basics of logistics. Tutorial
The theoretical and conceptual provisions of logistics as a sphere of entrepreneurial activity for the management of material, information, financial and related flows are presented. The basic concepts in the field of logistics and supply chain management are stated, the modern concept of logistics is described, its structural elements... The logistic mission and the place of logistic management in the company are considered. Much attention is paid to the consideration of methods and models of logistics, substantiation of functional unity and efficiency of logistics solutions. A wide range of economic logistics issues are stated. The methods and strategies of pricing, logistics costs and methods of accounting and analysis, indicators of the efficiency of logistics activities in the company are considered. Are given Control questions and test tasks to assess the quality of mastering and consolidation of educational material.
For undergraduate and postgraduate students of higher educational institutions of all specialties of the business education system, studying the discipline "Logistics", managers and specialists of enterprises and organizations working in the field of logistics and supply chain management, as well as wide range modern business people.
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