How ancient people knew the world. How ideas about the universe have changed. Roll me big turtle
The most ancient man, he is also a primitive man, is relatively well studied in our time thanks to the works of archaeologists. It was modern archeology that was able to more or less show the history of the most ancient period of mankind - the primitive era and primitive society, it (archeology) is the only source of knowledge about those distant times (after all, primitive people, alas, did not leave us any written evidence). What was the history of primitive society, what culture and life primitive people, read about all this in our article.
The history of primitive people
Most of the skeletons of primitive people were found by archaeologists on the African continent, which gives scientists reason to believe that it was Africa that was the birthplace of mankind. Also, it was here that the first stone tools were found, which are approximately 2-2.5 million years old. It is this time 2-2.5 million years ago that is considered the conditional date of the appearance of man.
If you believe the theory of evolution by Charles Darwin, then the emergence of modern man, the so-called "Homo sapience" was preceded by Australopithecines, and then "Homo habilis" - a skilled man. Australopithecus and "Homo habilis" were a kind of intermediate link between modern man and his closest relative - the ape (again, according to the theory of Charles Darwin). They already confidently moved on two legs, had developed hands, capable not only of holding a stone or a stick, but also confidently using them, as well as other primitive tools of labor. But unlike modern people, they still did not know how to speak, but communicated with each other with the help of shouts, exclamations and gestures, and their bodies were still covered with wool.
Something like this could look like Australopithecus.
It is worth noting that Charles Darwin's hypothesis has many dark spots, and some scientists believe that the Australopithecus skeletons found are a clever fake.
Whatever it was, the first traces of "Homo sapiens" date back to 250 yew. years ago. Primitive intelligent man, he is also a Neanderthal, finally found speech, for the first time, began to use caves as shelters and shelters (hence the name "cave era", "cave people"). During this period in the history of primitive people, religion, culture and its eternal attribute - art, appeared. The amazing rock carvings in many caves around the world are excellent examples of primitive art and are without a doubt the first manifestation of art in history.
The Neanderthals, unlike the Australopithecines, buried their dead relatives, surrounded their graves with stones and flowers, had various religious and magical rituals and rituals, as evidenced by the shards of animals found by archaeologists, arranged in a strictly defined order.
Also, medicine first appeared among Neanderthals: some skeletons found give reason to say that primitive people tried to cure their sick or injured relatives. So some skeletons have traces of surgical operations.
And finally, about 40 yew. years ago, the Neanderthal was replaced by a modern man - "Homo sapience", who was essentially the same person as you and me (only he did not sit at the computer on the Internet, but warmed himself by the fire in some cave). The first skeletons modern man were found in the Cro-Magnon cave in southern France, and sometimes the first "Homo sapience" were also called Cro-Magnons.
Some scientists believe that for some time Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons coexisted with each other, but at a certain period, the smarter Cro-Magnons ousted and completely exterminated the Neanderthals, who could either evolve or die.
Cro-Magnons vs. Neanderthals.
But it is also worth noting that the likely confrontation between Cro-Magnons and Neanderthals is nothing more than a hypothesis.
Inventions of primitive people
Clever Cro-Magnons made many important inventions, for example, they learned the secrets of metals, and metal tools came to replace stone tools (first bronze, then iron), invented (the importance of its appearance can hardly be overestimated), learned to cultivate the land and grow crops (wheat, rice, corn), invented money as the basis of economic relations between tribes, and eventually members of the community. Finally, they invented writing and many other useful things, from the appearance of which human civilization grew.
Primitive culture
The people of the primitive world, like the people of our time, were different, among them there were, as conventionally “narrow-minded gopniks,” and cultural and creative people. Certainly among them were singers and possibly poets, but traces of their work, unfortunately, did not reach us, but the work of primitive artists has been perfectly preserved.
Rock carvings in caves are more than just a shining example of creativity primitive man, sometimes they also represent real encyclopedias the ancient world, they contain information about geography, nature, various animals that were hunted by ancient hunters, sketches from everyday life ancient man, his religious beliefs and more. Nameless artists of antiquity painted their paintings with the help of various improvised means: these are sticks and chisels, with the help of which patterns on the wall were knocked out, and hard rocks and iron fragments and other materials that can leave a mark.
There is a separate one on the cave paintings of primitive people on our website.
The life of primitive people
What was the life of primitive people, where did they live, what did they eat, what clothes did they wear? Let's answer these questions.
Where did primitive people live?
As we wrote above, at first the typical dwelling places of our very distant ancestors were caves. But there were not so many caves convenient for living, and the number of primitive people increased over time, and at some point there were no longer enough caves for everyone. And so before the primitive man first appeared " housing problem"- where to live (as you can see, this question is relevant in all historical eras, and in ours in particular).
The cave of the primitive man.
To solve the "housing problem", primitive people learned to build the first dwellings, which were made, among other things, from the bones of dead animals. It happened that it was possible to kill some large mammoth and create a cozy home in its remains. The powerful bones of the mammoth were dug into the ground, and animal skins were stretched over them from above, it turned out to be such an improvised hut in which it was quite possible to hide from the weather and live its primitive life.
What did primitive people eat?
By what they managed to catch or gather. Men went hunting or fishing, while women were engaged in collecting various berries and fruits. The hunt of primitive man was a very dangerous event, often the hunters themselves died or became the prey of other predators (if the primitive hunter went, for example, on a bear, then there was also the question of who would dine with whom as a result, a man as a bear or a bear as a man).
But if it was possible to catch a large prey, to kill the same mammoth, then its meat was enough for a longer period.
Hunting of primitive people.
The caught game was cooked on a fire, which primitive people learned to breed with sticks and stones.
Primitive clothing
In warm places, primitive people often wore "the costume of Adam and Eve", that is, naked. However, in our time, some tribes of equatorial Africa and South America, which, in fact, remained at the primitive level, go without clothes.
And the residents of Eurasia or North America in the cold season you are not very much naked, therefore the clothes of primitive people had mainly a purely practical meaning - they had to warm a person and protect his "causal places". For this, the ancient people sewed clothes for themselves from the skins of killed animals.
The tools of labor of primitive man
And for hunting and for building housing, primitive people, however, and modern people needed certain tools. Primitive people made them from scrap materials, usually from stones, animal bones, wooden sticks. From primitive man to our world came such popular and now tools as a hammer, ax, chisel. In short, when you pick up a hammer to hammer in a nail, remember that you are holding in your hands the oldest tool used by the Neanderthals.
Life span of primitive man
Alas, it was small. So the Neanderthal, who had reached the age of forty, was already a very old man by their standards. Few of the primitive people lived for more than forty years, many died even earlier, at the age of 30-35. This is due to the fact that their life was full of dangers and difficulties. Primitive women gave birth to children at the age of 14-15. Their life was fleeting, but perhaps bright and full of adventures, who knows ...
When writing the article, I tried to make it as interesting, useful and high-quality as possible. I would be grateful for any feedback and constructive criticism in the form of comments to the article. Also, you can write your wish / question / suggestion to my mail [email protected] or Facebook, sincerely the author.
As soon as a person acquired a mind, he became interested in how everything works. Why doesn't water flow over the edge of the world? Does the sun revolve around the earth? What's inside black holes?
Socratic “I know that I know nothing” means that we are aware of the amount of still unknown in this world. We have gone from myths to quantum physics, but there are still more questions than answers, and they only become more complex.
Cosmogonic myths
Myth is the first way people explained the origin and structure of everything around them and their own existence. Cosmogonic myths tell how the world emerged from chaos or nothingness. Deities are involved in the creation of the universe in myth. Depending on the specific culture, the resulting cosmology (idea of \ u200b \ u200bthe structure of the world) differs. For example, the firmament could appear as a lid, the shell of a world egg, the flap of a giant shell, or the skull of a giant.
As a rule, in all these stories there is a division of the initial chaos into heaven and earth (top and bottom), the creation of an axis (the core of the universe), the creation of natural objects and living beings. Common to different nations basic concepts are called archetypes.
On the early stages of the evolution of the Universe and the origin chemical elements the physicist Alexander Ivanchik tells in his lecture “Postnauka”.
The world is like a body
Ancient man knew the world with his body, measured distances with steps and elbows, worked a lot with his hands. This is reflected in the personification of nature (thunder is the result of the blows of the god's hammer, the wind is the god blowing). The world was also associated with a large body.
For example, in Scandinavian mythology, the world was created from the body of the giant Ymir, whose eyes became bodies of water, and whose hair became forests. In Hindu mythology, this function was assumed by Purusha, in Chinese - by Pangu. In all cases, the structure of the visible world is associated with the body of an anthropomorphic creature, a great ancestor or deity who sacrifices himself so that the world appears. At the same time, man himself is a microcosm, a universe in miniature.
Great tree
Another archetypal plot that often appears among different peoples is the axis of the world, the world mountain or the world tree. For example, Yggdrasil ash among the Scandinavians. Images of a tree with a human figurine in the center were also found among the Maya and Aztecs. In the Hindu Vedas, the sacred tree was called Asvattha, in Turkic mythology - Baiterek. The world tree connects the lower, middle and upper worlds, its roots are in the underground regions, and the crown goes to heaven.
Give me a ride, big turtle!
The mythologeme of the world turtle swimming in the endless ocean, on whose back the Earth rests, is found among the peoples Ancient India and Ancient China, in the legends of the indigenous population of North America. Various versions of the myth of the giant "supporting animals" refer to an elephant, a snake, and a whale.
Cosmological representations of the Greeks
Greek philosophers established the astronomical concepts that we still use today. Different philosophers of their school had their own point of view on the model of the universe. For the most part, they adhered to the geocentric system of the world.
The concept assumed that in the center of the world there is a stationary Earth, around which the Sun, Moon and stars revolve. In this case, the planets revolve around the Earth, forming the "Earth system". Tycho Brahe also denied the daily rotation of the Earth.
Scientific Revolution of the Enlightenment
Geographical discoveries, sea travel, the development of mechanics and optics made the picture of the world more complex and complete. Since the 17th century, the "telescopic era" began: observation of celestial bodies at a new level became available to man and the way to a deeper study of space was opened. From a philosophical point of view, the world was thought of as objectively cognizable and mechanistic.
Johannes Kepler and the orbits of celestial bodies
Tycho Brahe's student Johannes Kepler, who adhered to the Copernican theory, discovered the laws of motion of celestial bodies. The universe, according to his theory, is a ball, inside which there is solar system... Having formulated three laws, which are now called "Kepler's laws", he described the motion of planets around the Sun in orbits and replaced circular orbits with ellipses.
Galileo Galilei's discoveries
Galileo defended Copernicanism, adhering to the heliocentric system of the world, and also insisted that the Earth has a diurnal rotation (revolves around its axis). This led him to a famous disagreement with the Roman Church, which did not support Copernicus's theory.
Galileo built his own telescope, discovered the moons of Jupiter and explained the lunar glow by reflected sunlight from the Earth.
All this was evidence that the Earth has the same nature as other celestial bodies, which also have "moons" and move. Even the Sun turned out to be not ideal, which refuted the Greek ideas about the perfection of the mountain world - Galileo saw spots on it.
Newton's model of the universe
Isaac Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation, developed a unified system of terrestrial and celestial mechanics and formulated the laws of dynamics - these discoveries formed the basis of classical physics. Newton proved Kepler's laws from the position of gravity, declared that the Universe is infinite and formulated his ideas about matter and density.
His work "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" in 1687 generalized the results of the research of predecessors and laid down a method for creating a model of the Universe using mathematical analysis.
XX century: everything is relative
A qualitative breakthrough in human understanding of the world in the twentieth century was the provisions general theory of relativity (GRT) which Albert Einstein brought out in 1916. According to Einstein's theory, space is not something immutable, time has a beginning and an end and can flow in different ways under different conditions.
General relativity is still the most influential theory of space, time, motion and gravity - that is, everything that makes up physical reality and the principles of the world. The theory of relativity states that space must either expand or contract. So it turned out that the universe is dynamic, not stationary.
American astronomer Edwin Hubble proved that our Milky Way galaxy, in which the solar system is located, is only one of hundreds of billions of other galaxies in the Universe. Exploring distant galaxies, he concluded that they scatter, moving away from each other, and suggested that the universe is expanding.
If we proceed from the concept of constant expansion of the Universe, it turns out that it was once in a compressed state. The event that caused the transition from a very dense state of matter to expansion was called Big bang.
XXI century: dark matter and the Multiverse
Today we know that the Universe is expanding at an accelerated rate: this is facilitated by the pressure of "dark energy", which fights against the force of gravity. "Dark energy", the nature of which is still not clear, constitutes the bulk of the Universe. Black holes are "gravitational graves" in which matter and radiation disappear, and into which, presumably, dead stars turn.
The age of the universe (time since the beginning of the expansion) is supposedly estimated at 13-15 billion years.
We realized our non-unique nature - there are so many stars and planets around. Therefore, the question of the origin of life on Earth is considered by modern scientists in the context of why the Universe arose at all, where this became possible.
Galaxies, stars and planets revolving around them, and the atoms themselves exist only because the impulse of dark energy at the moment of the Big Bang was sufficient so that the universe does not collapse again, and at the same time, so that space does not scatter too much. The likelihood of this is very small, so some modern theoretical physicists suggest that there are many parallel universes.
Theoretical physicists believe that some universes may have 17 dimensions, others may contain stars and planets similar to ours, and some may consist only of an amorphous field.
Alan Lightmanphysicist
However, it is impossible to refute this with the help of an experiment, so other scientists believe that the concept of the Multiverse should be considered more philosophical.
Today's understanding of the Universe is largely related to the unsolved problems of modern physics. Quantum mechanics, the construction of which is significantly different from what classical mechanics says, physical paradoxes and new theories assure us that the world is much more diverse than it seems, and the results of observations largely depend on the observer.
§ 1. How did primitive man become intelligent?
Lesson objective. Be able to explain concepts: labor, ability, creativity.
Long, long time ago, people lived on Earth who were not at all like modern man. These were primitive people... They lived in caves, dressed in animal skins. (You will learn more about the era of primitiveness in the history lessons of the Ancient World.)
It is hard to imagine that primitive people were our ancestors.
But it is so. Many millions of years later, a man appeared modern look (reasonable man) - such as you and me. How did this happen?
Ancient man had to find food for himself, sew clothes and build a dwelling.
That was not easy. It took a lot of effort and labor... The more complex tasks a person set for himself, the more perfect his work became. The tools he used in his work were also improved. With the help of a stone ax, a wooden spear, a bone knife, he obtained food for himself, sewed clothes from the skins. Primitive man turned into a man of skill... His hands became dexterous. The brain was developing.
At first he hunted animals, and then he began to tame them. Sheep, goats, pigs and cows gradually became pets. Previously, he dug up edible roots, tore the fruits of wild plants, and now he began to sow barley and wheat, bake hearty cakes from flour. Previously, he wandered through forests, mountains and valleys in search of food, but now he began to plan his work wisely. I thought about how to grow crops, have sheep or cows, build a corral or barn for them.
Labor helped primitive people to develop their capabilities... They learned to speak articulately, to communicate with each other. There is a little free time for creativity, that is, to create completely new, hitherto unknown tools, decorations, images.
It will take a long time before a person learns to write, to transfer his knowledge and experience to those who will live after him. He will learn to know himself and the world around him.
So, step by step, ancient man, powerless in the face of the vagaries of nature, turned into a rational being, a man of a modern kind.
* * * Questions and tasks for the paragraph
1. How did primitive people live? Consider the illustrations for the paragraph.
2. Highlight the reasons that contributed to the transformation of primitive man into a man of a modern intelligent species.
3. What role did labor play in this? Give examples of how work has influenced human development.
4 * ... Using additional literature and Internet resources, give a definition of the concept of "work".
5. How did ancient man know the world?
Read, retell, discuss
Youth Bars
The tribe that had camped at Big Spear a few months ago was worried. The young man Bars refused to go hunting with all the men. “You will starve to death,” the elder told him. "We will miss you." To this Bars replied: “Don't worry about me. I know what I'm doing". While his fellow tribesmen were hunting, he collected various herbs and roots, saying: “Here is my meat. And here is my meat. " And put the plants in a wicker bag made of grass.
He liked to sit for long hours on the bank of the stream. Beautiful patterns and mysterious signs appeared on the wet sand. These signs were very popular with the members of the tribe. They copied them on small flat stones and took them with them - for good luck.
The tribesmen watched the strange young man for a long time. They could not explain his eccentricities. He did not hunt, but he was healthy, strong, never sick. And then they decided to choose him as the Keeper of the Secret: after all, he knew what they did not know.
... Leopard was the first among them to think independently - a primitive scientist.
Finish the story
A ten-year-old hill tribe girl has caught a fawn. The elders told her to bring the fawn to the fire in the evening to eat it. But the kind girl fell in love with the baby deer ...
Find related words
Capabilities. Creation. Work. Human.
Reflecting on the past
1. Were primitive people cruel or kind?
2. Did they take care of the children?
3 * ... Using a dictionary or the Internet, formulate what abilities are and what abilities primitive people had.
Work with the drawings
Review the pictures and choose which ones relate to primitive society, and which - to a later period of time and to the present. Compose short stories.
Play it
Primitive man finds himself in a modern department store. He is hungry and wants to find some clothes. Sellers are trying to teach him how to behave in the store.
Fill out the diagram
Using your knowledge of the history of the Ancient World, complete the diagram of the transformation of a primitive man into a modern man.
Alesya Ermolaeva
Synopsis of the GCD for familiarization with the outside world in the preparatory group for school on the topic "How did the ancient people live?"
Target: shaping elementary ideas about the history of mankind through reconstruction of the way of life of ancient people.
Tasks:
1. To give children primary ideas about what the first people on earth: acquaint with their appearance and lifestyle.
2. Enrich the vocabulary of children with words "Humanoid", "cave", "hut".
3. Broaden your horizons and informative interest in people's lives the ancient world.
4. Continue to develop attention, logical thinking and observation, imagination and fantasy through productive activities.
5. Educate curiosity and communication skills, arouse interest with joint activities, the ability to negotiate and help each other.
Material and equipment:
Demonstration:
Multimedia equipment and presentation;
Wooden stick and breeding board fire:
Mnemonic table.
Dispensing:
Clothing imitating the skin of a primitive man for each child and educator; skins on which children sit;
Cut picture "Primitive world"- 2 pieces;
Beads and Cords (by the number of girls);
Material for constructing a hut: skins on magnets 4 pieces, fabric stones on magnets 10 pieces, fabric bones 16 pieces;
Dotted Rock Sheets ancient animals and charcoal pencils (by the number of boys);
Wet wipes;
Wooden sticks (10cm) for each baby:
Clay figurines of mammoths according to the number of children.
Continuous learning progress.
INTRODUCTORY PART. MOTIVATION.
(Children enter the hall, a teacher comes out to meet him, dressed in a suit ancient man, dragging a skin behind him, on which there are skins for children. Comes across children and is surprised).
Educator: What interesting children, dressed so strangely. (To the child)... What are you wearing? Where are you from? (Answers of children)... So I am in kindergarten? I AM - ancient man... I want to go home to ancient world... Will you help me, walk me out? (Children agree)... First you need to change clothes, we don’t go like that! Here are the clothes for you. (Children dress up)
The teacher sits on the skin near the screen.)
Educator: Sit closer to me. Now you too ancient people. (Children sit on skins)
Where do you think the very first man on Earth came from? (Answers of children)... In fact, this is still a big mystery. Some scientists believe that God created us. Others, that we are descended from monkeys. And still others, in general, think that man was created by aliens.
MAIN PART.
Educator: Many, many years ago, monkeys appeared in Africa, which gradually acquired a human image and features, they are called great apes. They lived together - in groups, helped each other and could not talk at all. Over time, the strongest and most enduring turned into people. Unlike other monkeys, they walked without the help of hands, on two legs, the hair on the body became barely noticeable, and the shape of the head changed. This is how ancient people.
They learned how to make the simplest tools. How do you think which ones? (Answers of children)... That's right, spears, axes, knives, digging sticks.
Look at the screen. Use the table to find the differences between great ape and ancient man? (Answers of children).
Educator: To see how it used to be lived your ancestors need a little try. (Children are independently divided into groups of 5 people) ... Look, the image is damaged, it needs to be assembled from several parts. (Children assemble a picture from 5 parts, go back to the screen)
Here they are, your distant ancestors.
Educator: What do you think you ate ancient people? (Answers of children)
That's right, they ate berries, fruits, plant roots, bird eggs. We caught fish, went hunting.
Educator: You changed into clothes ancient man... What is it called? (Answers of children)
Educator: Right. V ancient the world did not have modern clothes, factories that sewed it. Ancient people they sewed clothes from the skin using thin strips of leather, and the sharpened teeth and bones of animals were replaced with a needle.
What do you think for what ancient people began to make clothes from skins? (Answers of children)... What else could animal skins be used for? (Answers of children)
Educator: Right. In order not to freeze, a person needs clothes. What else helped people keep warm? (Answers of children) Right. Once, during a thunderstorm, lightning hit a tree, and a fire started. So ancient people first got acquainted with fire, and realized that fire gives light, warmth and scares away predators. Over time, they learned to make fire themselves. Do you know what you used to make fire with? (Answers of children)... Come on, and we will try to make fire. (The teacher shows the finger and breathing exercises, then repeats with the children). Like this ancient people made fire.
Do you know what served as a home for ancient people? (Answers of children)... Right, lived they are in caves and huts. The cave is the very first dwelling of people... They found a hole in the mountain to shelter from bad weather and predatory animals. With time ancient people learned to build huts. Of what ancient people could build a hut? (Answers of children)
Educator: From branches, bones and skins. V dwelling they always left a place for fire and fenced off this place with stones. What do you think for what? (Answers of children). (The teacher draws the children's attention to the screen).
Educator: It seems to have darkened. Let's see if the clouds are gathering, if it is not going to rain. Just look at the sky with your eyes, left, right, now let's look around around(circular eye movement) (2 times)... It may rain and we need some shelter. Therefore, we will build huts. (The teacher offers construct a hut made of prepared parts - children are divided into two teams of 5 people, to the music)
Educator: Nice and cozy huts you have built. (Return to their places at the screen).
Already at that time people loved to decorate themselves. What do you think they used for decoration? (Answers of children)
That's right, they sewed shells and feathers to clothes, made necklaces from bones and teeth of animals, pebbles and other materials.
Since ancient times people began to decorate their dwelling... In the caves, scientists find images of hunters and animals that lived in those distant times. At first, they painted only with charcoal. The first paints were made from soft rocks, which were ground into powder and mixed with animal fat. They painted with a finger, and painted over with a piece of fur moistened with paint.
We are with you today ancient people... Before you is a fragment of a rock, the drawing on it is not finished yet. I invite the boys to connect the dots with coal, and you will see what animal is depicted on the rock. And girls, make beads by stringing various objects on a thread. (Children do the task, boys wipe their hands with wet wipes, name animals, girls put on beads). You are great at decorating yourself and yours dwelling.
(Children stand in a semicircle).
REFLECTION.
Educator: Guys, today you helped me a lot. Thanks. It's time for you to go back, but ... how to do it?
Voice: To go back, you need to answer my questions. Why did you travel back in time? (Answers of children) What did you do ancient people? (Answers of children)... What was the most difficult task for you? Why? (Answers of children)... For your courage and ingenuity, I give you mammoths in memory of today. (The teacher with the children demonstrates gifts, goes through the door - distributes mammoths)
Educator: I will remember our meeting for a long time. Everything that you have done today, you can keep in your group and organize a museum together with your tutor the ancient world. (Say goodbye).
Slide number 1 - screensaver.
Slide number 2 - kindergarten
Slide number 3 - forest.
Slide video number 4 - transformation into a human
Slide number 6 - evolution
Slide number 7 - everyday life ancient man
Slide number 8 - getting food
Slide number 9 - ancient girl sews clothes
Slide number 10 - ancient man and skins
Slide number 11 - fire
Slide number 12 - night and fire
Slide number 13 - making fire
Slide number 14 - cave
Slide number 15 - hut
Slide number 16 - clouds
Slide number 17 - hut
Slide number 18 - decorations
Slide number 19 - rock paintings
Slide number 20 - drawings
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Image library:
Primitive people. What did they look like, what did they know? Scientists are confident that they have found convincing answers to these questions. So when did primitive people appear? Where can you find wild tribes today?
Ancient people, or rather their very first species, appeared about 2.5 million years ago. If you adhere to Darwin's theory, which some consider insane, then they descended from the Australopithecus, these creatures are the highest among all primates. They appeared in Africa 2.5-3.5 million years ago. These monkeys had a small brain and massive jaws. They could hold various objects in their hands, such as sticks or stones, and also walk with a straight back.
Perhaps a key factor in evolution was their ability to use their surroundings. This gave impetus to the work of the brain. A mutation has occurred in the genes of the South African monkeys, resulting in "Homo erectus" or Homo erectus.
"Homo erectus" is still a man or does he refer to an animal?
Homo erectus is the first wild man who began to explore the European expanses. When exactly this species reached the lands of Europe, it is difficult to say, since the opinions of historians differ, and they name different dates. The "upright" have already realized that it is much easier to survive together and have begun to gather in small tribes. Collectively, they thought of elementary actions and began to develop simple hunting tactics, build huts. They began to use fire, but they could not yet get it. Also homo erectus realized that the dead should be buried. Some scholars claim that they worshiped certain types of animals.
What do they have common features? The chin was less protruding, the forehead was slightly tilted, right hand was more developed than the left. However, in general, they were similar to the previous species. Hairy bodies, long arms and legs. They communicated with the help of gestures and chaotic shouts.
Neanderthals: who are they and where did they go?
200,000 years ago, the first primitive people, called Neanderthals, appeared on the territory of Europe. Having lived there for a long time, they disappeared in an instant. Scientists have put forward some assumptions, but to this day there is no exact information.
The first Neanderthal skull was found in Germany. Today, scientists are confident that they can be direct descendants of the human race. Their gene is present in the DNA of modern humans in a content of 1 to 4%. And not only among Africans. Most scientists admit that our direct descendants are Cro-Magnons who lived not after the Neanderthals, but at the same time with them. These species have coexisted for about 20,000 years. This also indicates that part of us can still carry mixed genes in ourselves.
Why are Neanderthals extinct? There are many versions, but none of them has found significant confirmation. Some say that everything is to blame glacial period while others claim that another human species could have caused genocide. In any case, the fact remains - the Neanderthals became extinct, and the Cro-Magnons continued to exist, as they were more predisposed to intellectual activity.
Cro-Magnons - the forerunners of modern man
The development of Cro-Magnons was significantly different from the evolution of their predecessors. Outwardly, they differ little from modern people. In some sources, they are confused with the concept of "reasonable man", considering that they are not much different. But in fact, there are differences, and you should not confuse them.
In Ethiopia, intact skulls of this species have been preserved. Their age is approximately 160 thousand years. These wild people had almost identical appearance to modern humans. If you look at the skull, you can see that the brow arches are not very pronounced, the forehead is convex, and the face is smooth. This people can be safely called the longest-lived human species on earth. Californian scientists were able to find that the first people on Earth appeared about 200,000 years ago in Africa, and then they began to actively populate the entire planet. At the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic (about 40,000 years ago), their habitat covered almost the entire planet.
How did the wild people live?
Despite the fact that the first man appeared on Earth a long time ago, archaeologists managed to recreate him daily life... At first it became known that the ancient people lived in small communities, since it was almost impossible to exist alone at that time, and those who renounced their tribe most often simply died. Even at that time, people were segmented and, based on the distribution, they were given jobs that they could afford. The ancient people had already adapted to the use of sticks and stones, and with their help they got their own food and equipped the territory for the tribe.
They very often changed their place of residence, because they were constantly in search of food. Most often, the ancient people set up a camp at watering places, where they also got their own food. Since they could not create full-fledged housing, they took refuge in caves and gorges. Over time, the area around the cave was emptied, food became less and less, therefore, the tribes had to move.
Even then, man learned to make fire. He was kept in caves and was not allowed to go out day and night.
The first city on Earth was built 3400 BC in South America. This building was the same age as the Egyptian pyramids. Is it a coincidence? An interesting fact is that the houses were built with enviable precision, it is obvious that the city was carefully designed before the construction.
What did the wild people wear?
About 170 thousand years ago, people first thought about clothes. It was she who helped him leave Africa and migrate to places with colder climates. In the cold, a person began to think more actively about survival, and the intellectual component began to develop.
At first, with the help of clothes, people protected themselves from a mysterious threat from the outside. Then they came to wrap themselves up in skins to save themselves from the cold.
Wild people today
You and I are the "fruits" of evolution. However, there are people on the planet who have not been able to cognize the blessings. modern world... Most of them are the wild peoples of Africa and the tribes living in the Amazon. Time for these people stopped a few thousand years ago.
What tribes do we know today?
- Sentinelians living on Sentinel Island. They can anticipate natural disasters. Modern researchers have tried to contact them, but to no avail.
- Masai. Aggressive African tribe, their appearance characterized by the fact that from childhood they cut their lips and insert a large ring there. Polygamy flourishes in the tribe, as there are ten times more women.
- Groups of Nicobar and Andaman tribes live by raiding each other on a regular basis. Periodically, some of them are forced to carry out acts of cannibalism, since the food supply is rarely replenished.
- Piraha. A very undeveloped but friendly tribe. The primitiveness of the tribe is evidenced by the complete absence of mythology.
Output
Tribes of wild people still exist today. They shy away from the modern person, as they subconsciously understand that he is able to change their usual way of life. In most cases, they treat researchers with misunderstanding and aggression. However, every year their number decreases, which suggests that civilization is conquering more and more horizons.
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