Keeping family traditions a mysterious charm of a war veteran. Create your own New Year family traditions. ideas for family traditions
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(Ax.) 7) Due to extreme fatigue, I could not sleep, so the night seemed to me, in spite of all its splendor, very long. (M.-Mak.) 2) The snow was getting whiter and brighter so that it hurt my eyes. (L.) 3) The air was becoming so rare that it was painful to breathe. (Narrative, non-excl., Complex, complex subordinate with a subordinate adverbial degree, referring to the predicate with an indicative word and attached to the main word with the help of the conjunction “what”; the main thing is two-part. ., full.) (L.) (G.) 5) I walked very quickly and got so warm that I did not even notice how the bitter frost grabbed the grass and the first flowers. (Prishv.) 122. 1) Explain. 2) Explain. 3) Explain. 4) The goose took another rope in its beak and pulled it, which immediately caused a deafening shot. (Ch.) 5) On May 5-6, I will arrive in St. Petersburg, about which I have already written to the artist. (Ch.) 6) On the same night I arrived in Simbirsk, where I had to stay for a day to buy the necessary things, which was entrusted to Savelich. (P.) 123. (orally).
124. I. 1) Andrii raised his eyes and saw the Kraopred standing by the window.
Savitsu, (which I have not seen since). (G.) 2) I looked at her from the side (so that I could see the clean, delicate profile of her slightly bowed head). (Kupr.) 3) (Despite the fact that the sky is covered with cumulus clouds), the sun was shining brightly. (Ars.) 4) It was decided to go tomorrow (if the rain stops). (Ars.) 5) It was necessary to drink for a reason (since it was beginning to get light). (V. Cat.) 6) The dark blue surface of the sea has thrown off the darkness of the night and is waiting for the first ray (to play with a cheerful sparkle). (L.T.) 7) (As the day faded away), the forest became quieter and quieter. (Ars.) 8) Everywhere do, (wherever you look), masts and flags waving on the masts could be seen. (N. Chuk.) 9) It was so quiet (that one could hear a rare fall of drops from the overhanging branches). (Boon.) 10) I thought (that we will soon go out to sea), but I was mistaken. (Ars.) 11) In the bluish daopred.
or (where the last visible hill merged with the fog), nothing moved. (Ch.) II. 1) There is nothing (that could not be put into the prot. Action.
simple, clear words). 2) You need to write in such a way (so that the reader sees what is depicted in words as accessible to touch). 3) One must love the native language like a mother, like music, and one must be able to speak well (so that, on occasion, convey one's thought to another person clearly and simply). 4) You need to love what you do, and then work, even the most coarse, rises to creativity. 5) Any mass.
you need to know well (if you want to work well).
6) The owner is the one (who works).
Dusk - haze (syn.), Toil - work (syn.).
I. The sun (what was it doing?) Shone - a verb. II. N. f. - to shine.
Post .: not sov. view, non-trans., 2 ref.
Unpost .: in the form of a seizure. incl., units h., pros. vr., wed. R.
I. We (what will we do?) Will come out - verb. II. N. f. - log off.
Post .: Sov. in., not trans., 1 ref.
Unpost .: in the form of a seizure. incl., pl. h., bud. vr., 1 p.
III. The sentence contains the predicate.
125. 1) Wherever our homeland sends us, we will do our job with honor. (Isak.) 2) Where not yet penetrated Sun rays, everything was buried in a blue predawn haze. (Hump.) 3) Not a cloud in the high blue sky. (Stanyuk.) 4) What was not on the table! (Hound.) 5) I will not deliver you until you give an answer. (P.) 6) Who has not been to the taiga of the Ussuri region, he cannot imagine what a thicket it is, what thickets it is. (Ars.) 7) No matter how little rain in the forest, it always soaks up to the last thread. (Ars.) 8) The frost does not soften for a minute. (Hound.) It does not serve for denial, nor for affirmation or for strengthening denial, where it does not stand with the predicate.
126. 1) The driver said that the bus is going to the park. (Explained.) 2) The student did the work in such a way that he had to redo it.
(Mode of action.) 3) A friend said he was busy in the evening. (Explained.) 4) This holiday was a success because the guys tried very hard.
(Reasons.) 5) We couldn't understand what was going on. (Explained.) 6) Suddenly I remembered an incident that happened last summer. (Def.) 127. Keep family traditions (keep traditions - management, family traditions - reconciliation), mysterious charm, war veteran (management), spring carnival, regional festival, young talents, leather suitcase, glass showcase, wind turbine, future generations, windy weather, comment in detail on the chess game (comment in detail - adjoining, comment on the game - management, chess game - coordination), collect old coins, spicy herbs, seating yard.
НН are written in adjectives formed from nouns with a stem ending in n (spring, song), as well as with the suffix enn (the exception is windy).
Н is written in adjectives with the suffixes an (yang), in (leather, silver, mouse). Exceptions: glass, pewter, wood.
128. 1) Try to choose a book to your liking, take a break from everything in the world for a while, sit comfortably with a book, and you will understand that there are many books you cannot live without ... (Explained.) (D. Likhachev.) 2) When in my hands A new book(time), I feel that something living, speaking, wonderful (explicable) has entered my life. (M. G.) 3) The excitement of the old boy has a completely soulful feel, as I remember the smell of the first book and the very taste of a pencil (time). (Tward.) 4) Each book of a writer, if it is written with the blood of the heart (conditions), is the embodiment of his most cherished thoughts. (Ch.) 5) Whatever you do, whatever you do (time), you will always need an intelligent and faithful assistant - a book. (March.) 6) To discover unknown countries (targets), not only a navigation textbook was needed, but also a "Robinson Crusoe".
(Ilyin.) 7) In order to write a popular book (goals), you need to know extremely well what you are writing about. (P.K.) 8) The book teaches, even when you do not expect it and, perhaps, do not want (concession). The power of the book is immense. (S.-Sok.) 129. (orally).
DIFFICULT SUBMITTED OFFERS
WITH SEVERAL SUPPLEMENTARY
9. Main types complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses and the punctuation in them is 130. 1) [Meresiev saw], (how Gvozdev shuddered), (how sharply he turned), (how his eyes flashed from under the bandages). (Paul) 2) [We were on summer vacation] (when the mother, who had stayed all summer in the city, sent a message), (so that we all came). (Cor.) 3) (When the door was locked with a key) [Arina Petrovna got down to business] (about which a family council was called). (S.-Sch.) 131. I. 1) [Sintsov could not find out from anyone for a long time] (when will that train go to Minsk, with which he was to go). (Narrative, non-excl., Complex, complex subordinate with two subordinate clauses with a sequential connection; 1st, explanatory, refers to the predicate of the main "could not recognize" and is attached to the main one with the help of the union word "when"; 2nd, determinative, refers to the 1st subordinate clause, to the noun "train", and is attached with the help of the union word "with which"; the main thing is two-part. - one-part impersonal, widespread, complete.) (Sim.) 2) (When the figure of Seryozha appeared against the background of one of the windows), [it seemed to him], (that someone hiding in the corner, in the darkness, will now see and grab him). (Fad.) 3) [Kucher Trofim, | bending over to the front window |, told my father] (that the road has become difficult) (that we cannot reach Parashin before dark), (that we will be late). (Narrative, non-excl., Complex, complex subordinate with three homogeneous explanatory subordinate clauses related to the predicate and attached to the main one with the help of the “what” conjunctions; the main thing is two-part. the third subordinate clauses are two-part., non-distributable, full, the second - two-part., dist., complete.) (Ax.) 4) [Again, after many years of separation, I saw this huge garden], (in which several happy days flashed my childhood) and (which I later dreamed of many times). (Ven.) 5) [I could neither think nor speak about anything other than the dinner], (so my mother was angry and said), (that she would not let me in), (because I can get sick). (Ax.) 6) [The bear fell in love with Nikita so much], (that, (when he left kudalibo), the beast was anxiously sniffing the air). (MG) 1) [ch.], (When ... noun), (with which). follow. submission 2) (when) about what? (what). parallel slave3) [Ch.], (What), (what), (what). homogeneous. subordinate
4) [noun], (in which) and (which). homogeneous slave
5) consistent. subordinate
6) consistent. subordinate
II. 1) (While we are burning with freedom), (while hearts are alive for honor), [my friend, we will devote our souls to our homeland with beautiful impulses]. (P.) 2) [In the days (when a storm coming from the west rained down fire arrows), I gave everything to my homeland, like a son and a soldier], (what I could), (what I had), (what I could). (Surk.) 3) [We will save the names of those burned-down villages in songs for posterity], (where, beyond the last bitter frontier, the night ended and the day began). (Groundhog.) 1) homogeneous. subordinate
2) parallel and homogeneous slave.
3) complex subscriber. from the par. def.
132. 1) When thunder has thundered, one should not be afraid of lightning, because the danger of its strike has already passed. 2) If we know the speed of sound propagation, then it is quite possible to determine how far the thunderstorm travels. 3) When a body sinks into a liquid, it loses a part of its weight, which is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by it. 4) Although the mountains are composed of hard rock, they are nevertheless gradually collapsing, so that in the place of the former high mountains, low hills and even plains are now often found.
133. I) When the repair of the tram lines was completed and the road was covered with asphalt, traffic resumed. 2) On Saturday I went to my friend, who was fifteen years old and who also entered the technical school. 3) I thought so that I did not even notice how the sun went down and began to get dark. 4) The climbers approached the camp, where the gathering of all the detachments was appointed and from where the ascent to Elbrus was to begin.
1) (When) and (), [to which?
2) [noun], (which) and (which). homogeneous slave
4), (where) and (whence).
134. 1) The books of Academician Fersman are memories of how he had to solve mineralogical riddles, how the secrets of natural resources were gradually revealed to him.
(I. Andr.) 2) Leont'ev knew that the worst forest fire is a horse fire, when the trees burn entirely, from top to bottom. (Paust.) 3) There are autumn nights, deaf and dumb, when calmness stands over the black wooded edge, and only the watchman's beater comes from the village outskirts. (Paust.) 4) When the chaise drove out of the yard, he [Chichikov] looked back and saw that Sobakevich was still standing on the porch and seemed to be looking closely, wanting to know where the guest was going. (G.) 5) He [Meresiev] felt that he could no longer, that no force would move him from his place and that if he sat down, he would no longer get up. (Paul.) 6) My companions knew that if there is no heavy rain, then the scheduled performance is usually not canceled.
(Ars.) 7) I noticed that wherever you go, you will find something wonderful. (Hound.) 8) I read to the point that when I heard the bell ringing on the front porch, I did not immediately understand who was calling and why. (M. G.) 9) I already thought that if at this decisive moment I did not argue with the old man, then it would be difficult for me later to free myself from his care. (I.) 2) [ch.], (What), (when).
3) [noun], (when) and (). about what?
5) (when), [chap.], (What chap.), (Where).
6) [Ch.], (What (if), then). for what?
Black - 2 syllables.
h - [h] - acc., deaf., soft.
p - [p] - acc., call., tv.
n - [n] - acc., call., tv.
s - [s] - vowel., bezud.
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Surely you have met happy families, where traditions are carefully preserved: they gather at the festive table, arrange children's performances, paint family tree... Can you really do the same? Family psychotherapist Inna Khamitova spoke to DO about why traditions are important.
Celebration traditions and family rituals are important for both children and parents. Joint holidays help children to see not strict parents who are raising all the time, but people with whom, it turns out, it is interesting. In addition, rituals provide an opportunity to feel community, to realize that the family is a single whole.
Find traditions in your family
Traditions and rituals exist in any family, they just can be public and private. They talk about vowel traditions, they are proud of them, they are consciously supported and they try to pass on from generation to generation. No one speaks out loud about unspoken traditions, but in fact they can be no less stable. Who in your family puts the children to bed? Who bathes them? Who goes grocery shopping or prepares breakfast on Saturday morning? All these are unspoken traditions. Sometimes it is enough just to realize that they are in order to turn the usual ritual into a reason for pride.
Alena says: “At home, breakfast on Saturdays is always prepared by dad and the eldest son, and my daughter and I stay in bed longer. Then we gather at the table, talk about what happened to everyone during the week. On weekdays we rarely eat together, and on Saturday we don't need to rush anywhere. To be honest, Saturday morning is my favorite time. "
Don't let tradition clash
It is not for nothing that they say: who washed the dishes in the first month after the wedding, he will wash it all his life. There is a deal of truth in it. The rituals and rules by which the family will live are developed gradually. Moreover, each of the spouses brings habits and traditions from the family of their parents. And, if it turns out that the ideas of how to build life, the spouses do not coincide, there is a reason for conflicts.
In some families, on Sundays, everyone goes for a walk in the forest, but somewhere, on the contrary, they sleep until lunchtime. And to each of the spouses, the rituals of his family seem to be the only possible, simply because they are familiar. There is only one way out of this situation - to speak everything out loud, to seek compromises and gradually create our own traditions. When problems are hushed up, it ultimately leads to fights, which can also become a kind of family ritual.
Irina says: “Andrei and I met for three years, and everything was fine, but when we got married and began to live together, the problems began almost immediately. The fact is that Andrei is a native Muscovite and grew up together with his mother. I come from Krasnodar, and we have always had a big friendly family. On holidays, forty people gathered at my grandmother's table and everyone was happy to see each other. When, after graduation, I got married and stayed in Moscow, all my relatives began to come to visit me, and then the first quarrels with Andrey began. He did not understand why it was impossible to stay at the hotel, he even offered to pay for it. But I did not understand how you can not shelter your relatives! After all, I spent every summer with my aunt! There would be no happiness, but misfortune helped. Two weeks after giving birth, I went to the hospital, and Andrei was with tiny Sasha in his arms. My aunt and her eldest daughter arrived the next day. My aunt nursed Sasha, and my cousin drove every morning across Moscow to my hospital to collect expressed milk. I stayed in the hospital for almost a month and a half, and all this time, returning home, Andrei saw a well-groomed baby, a perfectly clean apartment and delicious dinner... After that, his attitude towards my family changed dramatically. But I also drew my own conclusions. Now, if relatives come for a long time, we rent an apartment for them not far from us. "
Don't be afraid to create your own traditions
So, there are rituals in any family, but what if you want something new, festive and enjoyable? Where do all these annual children's shows, carnivals and nature trips come from? And where can you get your strength if all you want to do on the holidays is just lie on the couch and sleep until dinner? If you want to create your own family traditions, it is very important to understand that the truly valuable rituals are those that bring joy to all family members. Don't you want to get off the couch for a while to do something truly enjoyable? Of course you will! And you will find time.
But where does tradition come from in families? Sometimes they arise by themselves. For example, once you called your neighbors with children on the first of January. The kids started a charade game, the adults picked it up, and everyone had so much fun that the next year you thought: why not invite them again? And at the same time a cousin with family, and friends, and maybe even a colleague with children of a suitable age. So you laid the foundation for the first New Year's tradition.
Sometimes traditions appear due to unusual circumstances that knock you out of your usual rut. “One day on the first of January, our TV broke down,” says Alexandra. - We finished the renovation a month before, spent money on New Year's gifts. And now it turned out that there is no money for a new TV right now, and there are ten whole days ahead. What to do? We remembered that somewhere on the mezzanine there was a slide projector and old filmstrips, we got it all out and started it up. My daughter was delighted! My husband and I also liked it. Every evening, as soon as it got dark, we seemed to return to childhood. When the next one approached New Year, the daughter demanded: "Get out the filmstrips!" It has become our tradition: all long holidays we watch filmstrips in the evenings. Now Lisa herself reads the signatures and even invites her girlfriends. "
Let tradition change with your family
Children grow up, and imperceptibly a moment comes when mom and dad no longer need to dress up as Santa Claus and Snow Maiden. The children have grown up, which means that the tradition must change. In some families, it can become a ritual New Year's fun, in which grown-up children participate with pleasure. But often one tradition is replaced by another. At 6-7 years old, it is not so important for a child to see Santa Claus with his own eyes, but it will be very interesting to write him a letter, and then receive a parcel with a gift. Don't be afraid to change your rituals. If one tradition goes away, this does not mean that your family is losing something important. On the contrary, there is an opportunity to acquire a new, no less exciting ritual.
It is important to be prepared for the fact that teens often do not want to celebrate the New Year with their parents. The surest tactic in this case is to let the children go, let them celebrate with friends, rejoicing that the child has his own social circle. Conversely, if your child turns twenty and does not have friends with whom he would like to celebrate the New Year or invite them to his place, this is cause for concern.
Over time, we lose wonderful babies that are so pleasant to mess with, but we make friends. And there are many examples when adult children, together with their little ones, return to the parental home to celebrate the New Year together, just as it was many years ago.
Work theme: "We keep the traditions of our ancestors».
Target:
Study of the history of Russian peasant life,the culture of my ancestors through forgotten household items.
Formation of respect for Russian folk culture.
Tasks:
Get acquainted with the variety of household items, their names and purposes.
Explore family antiquities that are a rarity and a family memory.
The use of antiques on dance classes... History of Russian folk costume.
4. Collect riddles, proverbs and sayings related to household utensils.
Research object: the culture of my ancestors.
Research subject: antique household items.
Problem: Preservation of their traditions of culture and life through their study.
Research methods: Interviewing, searching for information in the library, Internet, analysis of collected items, comparison, contrast.
I believe that all antique items through the years and even centuries have the energy of the previous owners. They store the warmth and touch of human hands. It's a pity things can't speak. Otherwise, they would have told us the story of our distant ancestors. The stories would be different, but interesting. This is what makes us once again, looking at this or that thing, remember our origin and pay tribute to the ancestors, thanks to whom we exist.
Our family keeps several items passed down from generation to generation. We value and cherish them very much.
When I, when I was still little, saw them for the first time, I had many questions:
What are these items called and what did they serve?
Why do parents keep them if they don't use them?
Who did these things and when? I was very interested to know the history of these things. This is what I have devoted my research to.
1. Let's start our research from the hut. It was in it that various household items and all kinds of utensils were used, were and were stored.
Hut and its device .
We are interested to know everything:
How did the Russian people live before?
Why were all these items of Russian everyday life needed?
What are the names of these items and how did people use them?
I began to look for answers to all my questions: I asked teachers, parents, grandmothers, looked at illustrations in books about the ancient life of the Russian people, read encyclopedias, watched videos.
From my research I learned that in ancient times almost all of Russia was made of wood. In Russia, it was believed that a tree has a beneficial effect on a person, it is useful for his health. It is the tree that has long been considered a symbol of the birth of life and its continuation. In the old days, huts were built from spruce or pine. There was a pleasant resinous smell from the logs in the hut.
Russian people who lived many years ago built huts for their families. Izba (village house) is the most common building of that time. The peasant built the house firmly for centuries. The peasant built the hut himself or hired experienced carpenters. Sometimes “help” was organized when the whole village worked for one family.
Let's take a look at the Russian hut. What was the situation there? What was the furniture and dishes like?
I learned from encyclopedias that the peasant's dwelling was adapted to his way of life. The decor was modest, austere, everything in its place, everything for the good of the cause.
It turns out that one could stumble upon entering the hut. Do you know why? The hut had a high threshold and a low lintel. So the peasants took care of the heat, tried not to let it out.
Here I am in the hut. The central place is occupied by the oven. The entire internal layout of the hut depended on the location of the stove. The stove was placed so that it was well lit, and away from the wall so that there was no fire.
The space between the wall and the stove is called the “bake”. There the hostess kept the tools necessary for work: grabs, a large shovel, a poker.
Cast irons and pots were on the pole near the stove. In a niche under the pole they kept inventory and firewood. There were small niches in the oven for drying gloves and felt boots.
The stove was popularly called “nurse, mother”. “Mother is a stove, decorate your children,” said the hostess when baking bread and pies. Our apartment does not have such a stove, it was replaced by a stove, but in the villages, grandmothers still like to bake pies in a Russian stove.
We bake our dough toys in the oven, but we also say: "Mother is a stove, decorate your children." She hears us and makes us happy with ruddy products.
Everybody loved the stove in the peasant family. She not only fed the whole family. She warmed the house, it was warm and cozy even in the most severe frosts.
Children and old people slept on the stove. Young and healthy people were not allowed to lie on the stove. They said about lazy people: "He wipes bricks on the stove."
The hostess spent most of the time at the stove. Its place near the stove was called "babi kut" (that is, "women's corner"). Here the hostess prepared food, here, in a special cupboard - “dishware”, kitchen utensils were kept. There were many shelves near the stove; on the shelves along the walls there were milk pots, clay and wooden bowls, salt shakers.
The other corner near the door was masculine. It was called "konik". On the bench they made a pattern in the shape of a horse's head. The owner worked at this shop. Sometimes he slept on it. The owner kept his tools under the bench. Harness and clothes hung in the men's corner.
In the peasant house, everything was thought out to the smallest detail. An iron ring was made on the central beam - "matitsa" and a baby cradle was fastened. A peasant woman, sitting on a bench, inserted her leg into the loop, rocked the cradle, while she herself worked: spinning, sewing, embroidering.
Nowadays there are no such cradles anymore, children sleep in beautiful cribs.
The main corner in the peasant hut was called the "red corner". In the red corner, the purest and brightest, there was a goddess - a shelf with icons. The goddess was carefully decorated with an elegant towel - "rushnik". Sometimes the goddess was illuminated with an icon lamp - a vessel with oil or candles.
The person entering the hut must take off his hat, turn to face the icons, cross himself, bow low. And only then did he enter the house. The icons were carefully kept and passed on from generation to generation.
According to the Orthodox tradition, the dining table was always placed in the red corner. At the table, the whole family "ate" - ate food. The table was usually covered with a tablecloth. There was always a salt shaker on the table, and a loaf of bread lay: salt and bread were symbols of the well-being and prosperity of the family.
A large peasant family sat at the table according to custom. The place of honor at the head of the table was occupied by the father - "highway". Sons were sitting on the bench to the right of the owner. The left shop was for the female half of the family. The hostess rarely sat down at the table, and even then from the edge of the bench. She fussed around the stove, served food on the table. Daughters helped her.
Sitting down at the table, everyone waited for the owner to command: "With God, we started," and only after that they began to eat. At the table it was impossible to talk loudly, laugh, knock on the table, turn around, argue. Parents said that this would flock to the table hungry "evil" - ugly little people, bring hunger, poverty and disease.
The peasants were especially respectful of bread. The owner cut off the loaf and distributed to each of them his share of the bread. It was not customary to break bread. If bread fell on the floor, they lifted it up, kissed it, and asked for forgiveness of it.
Salt was also revered. It was served to the table in beautiful wicker or wooden "salt licks".
Hospitality was the rule of Russian life, a custom that Russian people still observe. "Bread and salt" - this is how people who enter the house while eating are greeted by the owners.
Peasant household utensils
The world of the Russian village XIX beginning It is difficult to imagine the XX centuries without numerous household utensils that have been accumulating for decades, which our great-grandmothers and great-grandfathers used in their daily lives. Life was spent in a house, the interior decoration of which was organized for work and rest.
Many items were used in Russian everyday life. And almost all of them were made with our own hands. The furniture was also homemade - a table, benches nailed to the walls, portable benches.
From the explanatory dictionary of S.I. Ozhegova, I learned that: “Utensils are objects, accessories of some kind of everyday life. For example: household utensils, kitchen utensils. " The same term V. I. Dal, the author of the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Great Russian Living Language", called utensils "everything movable in the house, dwelling."
Utensils are utensils for preparing, preparing and storing food, serving it on the table; various containers for storing household items, clothes; items for personal hygiene and home hygiene.
The terminology of objects changed depending on the method of manufacture: the capacity of cooper's work was a tub, hollowed out of wood - a dugout, made of clay - a tub. In the Russian countryside, mainly wooden and pottery utensils were used. Metal, glass, porcelain were less common. Utensils made of birch bark, woven from twigs, straw, pine roots were also in great use. Some of the items were made by the male half of the family. Most of them were purchased at fairs. The presence of metal utensils in the house was a vivid testimony to the prosperity of the family, its frugality, and respect for family traditions. Such utensils were sold only at the most critical moments in family life. The traditional set of utensils was preserved in the peasant economy until the end of the 30s of the XX century. However, new things, characteristic of the urban way of life, began to penetrate into national life much earlier, in the middle of the 19th century. It was originally a tableware. Together with the samovar and the coffee pot, tea cups and saucers, sugar bowls, vases for jam, milk jugs entered the life of the peasants, teaspoons. 
The old lady's family items.
The charcoal iron appeared in our family thanks to my grandmother. Many years ago, when there were no electric irons yet, people used coal irons, since an iron is not replaceable in a person's life. My grandmother often watched her mother iron things for her family with him. It was not easy for him to handle such an iron due to its heavy weight. Therefore, later, with the advent of the electric iron, the charcoal iron became a thing of the past, becoming a historical rarity in our family.
The history of the appearance of the charcoal iron and other devices for ironing clothes goes back to the 9th century. History has not preserved reliable information about the exact time of the appearance of the first iron and its inventor. In the distant past, people came up with various ways so that things after washing would not be wrinkled. One such method consisted in stretching the wet cloth and leaving it to dry. 
Samovar - this is the soul of Russia, this is the warmth of the soul of the Russian person. A samovar is not just a device, it is the center of a table, a celebration, a promenade. In the old days, every family had a samovar. Not a single holiday was held without this Russian miracle. And despite its high cost (it cost more than a cow), a samovar was in every home. Now the samovar has become more of a legend, a kind of reality, a thing of the past. At the moment, there are only 3 types of samovars:
An electric samovar, in which water is heated using a heating element (boiler);
Zharova. It is also called a coal samovar or a wood-fired samovar. The water is heated in it with the help of solid fuel (cones, coal, firewood). This is the very first and most ancient species;
Combined samovar is a combination of electric and roasting samovars.
By itself, the word "samovar" speaks for itself, it is a kind of object that he cooks himself. It was his ability to heat liquids in himself that contributed to the spread throughout the Russian Empire. The samovar was used by my great-grandfathers. My grandmother found it in an old barn. My grandmother said that she was little, went to school, and remembers what interesting tea parties were with this samovar. The samovar gave a lot of emotions and impressions from the preparation of real Russian tea from various herbs. Tea invigorated and caused some kind of lightness in the body. And when grandmother found this old samovar darkened from time in the barn, she could not throw it away. After all, she remembers those old gatherings of my ancestors at tea. Currently, many factories continue to produce coal samovars that can run on coal. No electrical appliance can replace the wonderful taste of freshly brewed charcoal tea.
Our family has one wonderful product -towel ... This is an embroidered decorative towel. His story is as follows.
My grandmother's mom loved to embroider. She embroidered pillowcases, curtains, tablecloths. This is what kind of fantasy you need to have to create such miracles from colored threads. And lace! These are such beautiful and interesting patterns, as if a pattern is painted on glass. I even touched the lace to the glass to see this gorgeous hand-painted detail in detail.
Currently, the ancient Slavic traditions are practically forgotten, but they still decorate the dwelling with rushniks, they are used in various rituals in some regions. modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Towels are used to clean the red corner of the hut or hut, the goddess, door and window openings, and also decorate the walls. The towel played a special role in the wedding ceremony. The embroidery on the towels, according to legend, was supposed to protect the newlyweds from damage, the evil eye. Towels were used to decorate the wedding train - horses, harness, guests' clothes. The bride and groom are standing on the towel during the wedding. Also, the towel was an element of maternity, baptismal and burial rites. To this day, the custom has been preserved to greet honored guests with “bread and salt” brought on a towel.
Depending on the ornament that was applied to the Russian towels, and it could be a plant, animal, geometric, abstract ornament, its purpose and role in everyday life depended. Currently, towels are mainly used in Russia for wedding ceremonies and for decorating icon images. Towels are also purchased very often as a souvenir or a gift, but in addition to this, it is necessary to remember that towels, embroidered according to a special scheme and having their own symbols, are a kind of connecting link with your ancestors and distant times.
Towel is made of linen or hemp linen 30-40 centimeters wide and 3 or more meters long. To decorate a towel, embroidery, lace, abusive weaving, ribbons are used.
RUSSIAN FOLK COSTUME. 
The history of Russian folk costume goes back many centuries. In the same way, for many centuries, the natural conditions in which they lived have remained practically unchanged.the peasantry, the nature and conditions of peasant labor, dictated by the natural environment, rituals, beliefs, the entire people's way of life. As a result, the folk costume turned out to be maximally adapted to the life of the people, and its methods were developed.
manufacturing. Archeology, written sources mentioning different kinds clothes, descriptions of travelers all this gives us information about the history of Russian folk costume. The clothes were of great value, they did not lose them, did notthrown away, but very much cherished, repeatedly altering and wearing them to complete decay. The nobility strove to ensure that her costume was different from the clothes of commoners. Life was not easy common man... Hard work from dawn to dawn in the field, taking care of the harvest, domestic animals. But when the long-awaited holiday day came, people seemed to be transformed, put on the best, most beautiful clothes. Clothes could tell a lot about marital status, the age of its owner. So in the southern regions of our country, all children under 12 wore the same long shirts. Festive clothes were kept in chests.
The dress(shirt). In Russia, the main form of clothing was a dress made from various fabrics, depending on the wealth of the owner. The basis of women's clothing was a long shirt, cut from straight panels. The shirt had a round collar, sometimes with gathers around, a slit, buttoned in front and long sleeves. Have ordinary women such a shirt, intercepted at the waist with a belt, served as a home dress, wealthy women also had undershirts, like men's women's shirts, decorated with embroidery, or trimmed with colored fabric along the edge of the hem, sleeves, collar.
Sundress . A sundress was worn on top of the shirt, a long, open, sleeveless garment fastened from bottom to top with buttons.
Soul heat . On top of the sundress, a soul warmer was put on - short, just below the waist and very wide, pleated sleeveless clothes, on the straps like modern sundresses.
Letnik . The most elegant and original women's clothing was the summer man. They sewed it from bright fabrics, putting it on over the head, and did not girdle it. The sleeves were sewn from more expensive fabrics from top to elbow. The ends of the sleeves and the front of the summer man at the collar were decorated with stripes made of more expensive fabrics. Sometimes summer men were trimmed with fur on the hem. Embroidery not only adorned clothes, but also had a magical meaning. According to popular beliefs, embroidered patterns should bring happiness, good luck, prosperity to the home and health. And also to protect from harm and evil. Ornament. In the ornaments on clothes, you can see the image of the sun, stars, the tree of life with birds on the branches, flowers, figurines of people and animals. Such a symbolic ornament connected a person with the surrounding nature, with the wonderful world of legends and myths. Russian folk clothes have a long history.
Its general character, which has developed in the life of many generations, corresponds to the external appearance, way of life, geographic location and the nature of the work of the people. Beginning in the 18th century, the northern part of Russia found itself aloof from the developing centers, and therefore the traditional features of folk life and clothing were much more fully preserved here, while to the south (Ryazan, Orel, Kursk, Kaluga) Russian folk costume developed noticeably. In the northern regions of Russia (Arkhangelsk, Tver, Vologda, Yaroslavl, Ryazan), the sarafan was widespread, and in the southern regions. Each province had its own version of the costume. The clothes of each province had its own ornament, decoration, forms and styles.
Hats . Girls everywhere wore open hats such as bandages, married women before the birth of their first child, young women, wore kokoshniks; women giving birth wore kits or kokoshniks.
It is interesting : Old Russian clothinghad its own characteristics: some types of clothing had sleeves longer than the arms. They were usually collected in small folds. And if you “pull down your sleeves”, then it was almost impossible to work. Therefore, bad work is said to be done "slipshod". Such dresses were worn by very rich people. Those who were poorer wore short dresses that were better suited for walking and work.
Men's suit . Shirt . Men's clothing consisted of a linen shirt with long wide sleeves, a sleeveless caftan that reached the knees and was made of coarse wool. The caftan was pierced with rings and beads, and below it was embroidered with colored patterns. Neither a peasant, nor a city dweller, nor a peasant could do without a shirt. Men's shirts were usually sewn from a single-color, checkered fabric, or with a small pattern. The festive shirt was embroidered with colored silk threads. The chest designs were located along the cut in the center of the chest and protected the heart and lungs, the shoulder designs guarded the hands, and the bottom ones did not allow evil forces from below to get through.
Ports(pants). Men also wore raincoats and wide trousers, sometimes wearing two pairs, one on top of the other. The pants were dark in color, sometimes striped. They were tucked into boots or wrapped with onuchi, and bast shoes were put on top. The relationship with the Byzantines brought about a change in dress.
Caftan . The relationship with the Byzantines brought about a change in dress. First, the royal Byzantine vestments, along with court costumes, passed to the Russian grand-ducal house, after which the clothes of the rich Byzantines also passed on. Byzantine influence was broken by the Tatar-Mangol hordes, which flooded
Russian land. As always, the people remained faithful to their old clothes, and the upper classes exchanged or mixed their clothes with the clothes of their victors. Instead of a closed caftan, they began to wear a Mongolian caftan, which was open in front along the entire length, and instead of a cloak, an upper caftan. Addition: In the 16th century, men began to wear a shirt with a narrow collar, long pants, wide at the top, gathered on a braid. The caftan is as narrow as a cover, reaching to the knees and equipped with sleeves. Under Peter I, pants made of silk, canvas or cloth were used, which were thrust into boots. Long caftan Peter I forced to shorten. For those who did not want to do this voluntarily, according to the tsar's decree, the soldiers cut the floors. Modernity. Russian folk costume. One of the relics of our past national culture... A bright, colorful spectacle, organically intertwining together with folk song and dance into an original, rooted in the depths of centuries action. Without preserving the folk costume, it is impossible, even if the unity of this culture will be revived on the stage, and it will not completely disappear. 
We studied Russian folk costume before staging Russian folk dance with our leader in our dance classes.
Studying the history of the costume, I realized that by the old Russian folk costume it was always possible to understand family, age, social differences, to guess about a person's occupation - this was indicated by the form and material of jewelry, the quality of fabrics, furs, the cover and color of the costume, its wealth finishes.
We were interested in the ancient costume of our Kursk region.
Folk costume contributes to the formation of a worldview, moral convictions, creative abilities; develops imagination, aesthetic feelings and understanding of beauty; brings up emotionally
– a sensual attitude to the world around them, as well as a sense of patriotism in the Motherland. I believe that studying the history of Russian costume helps us to plunge into the past and present of the Russian people. That is why we must preserve and preserve old songs, national clothes, and amazing folk holidays and arts and crafts. For these are the roots that nourished and nourish us, this is not only the present day, but also our future.
Household utensils in oral folk art.
Entering the peasant hut, you immediately pay attention to the stove: it takes up almost half of the hut. Hence the expression: "Without a stove, a hut is not a hut." Besides, the stove is not just a place where food was prepared: “The stove heats and cooks, bakes and fries. She will feed, dry and delight the soul. "
The house, order in it, peace and harmony among the household were considered the guarantee of everyday well-being. Proverbs delve into all the little things: "It's in the hands - and the bread is in the mouth", "Baba baked pies with yeast, but took them out on the reins", "Good millstones grind everything, but the bad ones dare themselves", "A crooked spindle won't wear", etc. .d.
"Without an owner, a house is an orphan" - this proverb conveys the idea of order in the family, of its structure. There are also proverbs about the correct housekeeping: "The ladder is swept not from below, but from above", "Take care of glassware: if you break it, you won't fix it."
The image of household utensils is also easy to see in Russian folk tales.
In the fairy tale "Gingerbread man", the grandfather asks the grandmother to bake the gingerbread man: "Go, old woman, scratch the box, mark the bottom of the gingerbread, pick up flour on the bun" - that is. he asks to make an effort so that he and the old woman can eat.
In the fairy tale "Zayushkina's hut" the rooster, having driven out the fox, shouted after her: "Do not open your mouth to someone else's loaf, but get up early, and start your own."
From Alexander Rowe's film "Frost", many phrases have become proverbs and sayings from Alexander Rowe's film "Frost", many phrases have become proverbs and sayings: "But Marfushka is a sour dough!" Do not forget to return! " etc.
A special place in folklore is occupied by riddles, which also did not ignore the Russian way of life.
Hangs on the wall, dangles, everyone grabs at him. (Towel)
Three brothers went to the river to swim. Two are swimming, the third is lying on the shore. (Buckets, rocker)
I believe that the Russian people have a strong memory of the past. This is proved by the large number of references to everyday life in Russian folklore, primarily in riddles, proverbs and sayings.
From the memories of old-timers.
When I started work, I was faced with the fact that my parents did not know the name of many items of rural life. For clarification, I turned to my grandmother, Lyubov Alekseevna Marchenko. She shared her memories and her family.
Some things got new names and old ones were gradually forgotten. For example: a nickname - a cup, a quilt - a blanket, a drawer - a curtain, a handyman, a handyman - a towel, a zapon - an apron, a shawl - a broom.
My grandmother remembers objects that have long been out of use from her childhood memories. For example: a roll is a wooden plank with a handle for knocking out linen on the river, she heard, even saw how her mother did it and used it herself. It is also called pralnik. From her, I learned that each area had differences in the names of household items depending on the village. For example: a broom for sweeping in the oven in one village was called "Pomelo", and in another village - "Pomelo", the tools for ironing linen in one place were called "Valek and wire rod", and in another - "Rubel and roll".
And also my grandmother told me that on holidays the hut was transformed, the table was covered with a white tablecloth; a red corner, a mirror was decorated with knuckles; shops, chests were covered with smart khokhlusha.
DICTIONARY OF FORGOTTEN OBJECTS OF HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES .
After working with literature, I compiled a dictionary of forgotten household items. In total, the dictionary includes 62 household items.
Bucket, roll,bucket, counter, tub, dough, ladle, cradle, box, rocker, korchaga, purse, crinka, kuhlya, chest-teremok, tub, flint, saddle bench, pestle, bowl, headrest, set, samovar, light, hidden, chest , tub
Tub - a wooden container for lifting water from a well or a river in the form of a vessel, round in cross-section, with a wide top and a body narrowed to the bottom, with iron hoops and ears into which the bow is threaded. Raising water for two buckets (about 24 liters) from a deep well for many years demanded strength and ease of use from the bucket, which was achieved by using oak wood, which is characterized by high hardness, resistance to moisture, i.e. the ability not to swell in water, but, on the contrary, to become stronger. Iron hoops withstood the impact of the bucket on the walls of the well frame well, in contrast to the wooden ones. An oak bucket, bound with iron, containing a large amount of water, was quite heavy, so the water in it was taken out using a lever device - a crane or a gate with a chain.
Outrigger - a flat wooden block with a handle for knocking out the linen while rinsing or for rolling the linen on a rolling pin. The rolls were made mainly of light woods - linden or birch. The upper front surface of some rolls was decorated with champlevé carvings and paintings.
Bucket - woodencontainer for transferring water. In Russia, it was traditionally made by coopers from spruce, pine, aspen planks - rivets. The wood of these trees was distinguished by its lightness, strength, and moisture resistance. It made it possible to make the bucket lightweight, which was highly appreciated and reliable in operation. The hoops that tightened the frame of the bucket in the upper and lower parts were made of willow, bird cherry, lilac, the branches of which were flexible and strong. The bow was also made of them, inserted into the "ears" - the continuation of the rivets. The most widely used bucket is in the form of a truncated cone. The peasants liked it because it splashed less water and it was more durable. Coopers' buckets have always been made "to lift a woman," that is, such that a woman could easily carry them on a yoke. The standard capacity of a Russian bucket is about 12 liters.
Fill –
1) a long box with a lid, used for storing household utensils and as a bench;
2) a low cabinet with doors and two or three shelves for dishes and other kitchen utensils, as well as some products, located on a bench near the oven;
3) the space at the bottom of the Russian oven for storing dishes, closed by a door.
Tub - a container for storing pickles, ferments, urinings for future use, it was also used for kvass, water, for storing flour, cereals. As a rule, the tubs were made by cooperage, i.e. were made of wooden planks - rivets tied with hoops. The tubs were made of deciduous wood: aspen, linden, oak; hoops - from branches of willow, lilac, bird cherry, hazel. For pickles and peeings, oak wood was especially appreciated, containing preservatives that kill putrefactive bacteria, and adding additional aroma and taste to pickles. The aspen tub was mainly used to ferment the cabbage, which remained white and crisp until spring. Tubes were made in the form of a truncated cone or cylinder. They could have three legs, which are a continuation of the rivets. The necessary accessory for the tub was a circle and a lid. The products placed in the tub were pressed in a circle, the oppression was placed on top. The tubs were different in size: the height ranged from 30 to 100 cm, the diameter - from 28 to 80 cm.
Kvashnya - earthenware or wooden utensils for fermenting the dough. The wooden one was made of linden, aspen, oak. It could be hollowed out from a single piece of wood or be cooper, i.e. made up of planks - rivets, tightly fitted to each other and tied with hoops made of wood or iron. The pies were round in cross-section with walls widening towards the upper edge. The height ranged from 50 to 100 cm, the diameter of the top - from 60 to 120 cm. The large size of the saucer was due to the custom of baking bread for the whole family for a week in advance.
Ladle - a wooden or metal vessel for drinking and pouring kvass, etc. Distributed in Russia from antiquity to mid XIX century. It has the shape of a boat with one raised handle or two - in the form of a bird's head and tail. Depending on the purpose, the buckets were portable, mansion, and burial buckets. For royal awards for military valor or ambassadorial service, there were award buckets with a double-headed eagle and a name engraved on the bottom.In accordance with the shape of the ladles, certain types of them were developed: northern ladles, Moscow, Kozmodemyansk, Tver, Yaroslavl-Kostroma. Particularly distinguished were the northern ladles - "liqueurs" and gozmodemyansk ladles - small ladles. Moscow table ladles are typical boat-shaped ladles made of wood or burls, known in Moscow Russia inXvi– Xviicenturies Such a bucket has a flat bottom, a keeled nose and a horizontal handle on a narrow neck rising above the body. Along the edge of the Moscow bucket was decorated floral ornament... Kozmodemyansk buckets, hollowed out of linden, differing from the Moscow ones in their large size and depth (some of them could hold up to 2-3 buckets), were close to them in shape. Small goatmodemyansk buckets - ladlesXviii– XIXcenturies - had the shape of a cup with a rounded, slightly flattened bottom, a pointed nose and a handle with a slotted loop and a hook for hanging the bucket. Tver buckets, known sinceXvic., hollowed out of the root of a tree and having the shape of a boat, are characterized by a more elongated in width than in length, body, with a wide frontal side decorated with ornamental carvings. The body ends with one side of two or three horse heads on a rising narrow neck, and on the other side - with a massive faceted handle in the form of a "stem". Small northern liqueur ladlesXvi– XIXcenturies were made by Vologda craftsmen and were used for scooping from large ladles. Their peculiarity is the spherical bottom and the handle in the form of a bow, decorated with a slot, in which ducks predominated.
Cradle - a device for sleeping and motion sickness of an infant. In Russia, there were four types of cradles, based on design and material. Cradle in the form of a rectangular wooden frame covered with canvas. The ends of the frame protrude in the form of turned balls into which iron rings are screwed for hanging. This type includes cradles made of embroidery hoops, also covered with canvas. Another type is a cradle in the form of a rectangular wooden box tapering downwards with a bottom formed by two transverse beams. Two bows were attached to the walls for hanging. The walls outside were often painted. The third type of cradles is an oval or rectangular bast box. The bottom was woven from hemp rope, bast in the form of a net. And the fourth type is wicker cradles (from vines, flax, straw). All four types of cradles have one thing in common - they are hanging cradles. A later tradition should be considered the appearance of baby cots with curved legs.
Box - a container for storing and transporting small household belongings, clothes, books. It was made of bent aspen, linden bast in the form of a tall cylinder with a hinged wooden or top-mounted lid, or a rectangular box with rounded corners, with a hinged flat or convex lid. Oval boxes in cross section, with lids, like a cylindrical box, were also quite widespread. The bottoms of the boxes were made of thin planks and inserted into a special groove in the walls, where they were reinforced with wooden pins, sewn with bast, bast, pine root. Rectangular boxes with engraved corners were often bound with metal strips. Sometimes, forged with stripes of black or tin-plated metal, they were additionally decorated with metal perforated plates at the corners of the lid or near the key. Under the iron frame of such boxes inXvii- the first halfXviiiv. often lined with light or colored green color mica. Along with boxes decorated with metal, boxes decorated with paintings on the side walls and the top surface of the lid were widespread. The painting was usually done with tempera; the surface of the bast box was previously dried several times.
Rocker - a device for carrying buckets, tubs, baskets. It was made of linden, aspen, willow, the wood of which is light, flexible, resilient. In Russia, bent rockers were most widespread. They were bent out of steamed wood, giving the shape of an arc. A rocker of this type was conveniently located on the shoulders of a woman who held it with her hands. The buckets, put on the ends of the rocker in specially cut grooves, hardly swayed when walking. In many regions of Russia, there were also rocker arms cut from a wide and sturdy board. The straight board tapered towards the ends, and there was a neck cutout in the middle. Buckets of water were attached to long hooks that descended from the ends of the rocker arm. A rocker in the form of a stick, round in cross-section, with movable pendants-hooks at the ends, well known in Western Europe, was rare in Russia.
Korchaga - a vessel of the amphora type with rounded plastic shapes, widespread in Kievan Rus in the 10th – 12th centuries. Also called were the later earthenware vessels in the form of a pot with a very wide socket for heating water, cooking cabbage, beer, kvass, etc. The korchaga could have the shape of a jug with a handle attached to the neck, and a shallow groove - a drain on the rim. As a rule, the pot did not have a lid: when brewing beer, the neck was covered with a canvas, smeared with dough. In the oven, the dough was baked into a dense crust, hermetically sealing the vessel. Korchagi were widespread throughout Russia. In each peasant farm, there were usually several pieces of different sizes - from semi-bucket (6 liters) to pots for two buckets (24 liters).
Wallet - travel back container for carrying products, woven from strips of birch bark, less often bast using the technique of oblique, occasionally straight weaving. The purse has a simplified rectangular shape, closed with a triangular flap. The flap is held in place by ropes that are wrapped around special wood chips inserted along the open top of the purse. On the back wall of the wallet there are straps made in various ways from birch bark, leather, canvas, hemp rope. Small purses were made for children, up to 40 cm high, 20-30 cm wide, for adults, respectively, more. The advantage of birch bark pouches was that the food in them kept fresh for a long time, and did not freeze in winter. The purse was indispensable during the hay harvest, in the fishing and hunting industry, on a long journey.
Krinka - an earthen vessel for storing and serving milk on the table. Characteristic feature krinki is a high, rather wide throat, smoothly merging into a rounded body. The shape of the throat, its diameter and height are designed for a hand grip. Milk in such a vessel retains freshness longer, and when sour it gives a thick layer of sour cream, which is convenient to remove with a spoon.
Kuhlya - a vessel for transferring drinks over a short distance and serving them on the table, is a small barrel of cooper's work made of oak staves, with two bottoms. The body of the barrel is horizontal and has four short legs. In the upper part of the kitchen there is a small spout for draining, an opening with a cork for pouring a drink, and a handle for carrying.
Casket-teremok - a capacity for storing especially valuable things: money, jewelry, documents, a kind of chest. It has the shape of a deep, rectangular (square) box with a hinged, four-slope lid with a flat end. The lid usually had an iron bracket or ring-handle attached. Large caskets, reaching a height of 50 cm, had two compartments inside: the first was the casket itself, and the second was a four-sloped lid. These caskets were called "two-fat caskets." Each compartment was locked with an internal padlock. The chests were made of metal, bone, but most of them were made of wood - pine, oak, cypress. Wooden caskets were bound with strips of iron, decorated with paintings, and pasted over with bone plates.
Lohan - a container for washing clothes, washing dishes, washing, made of spruce, pine wood using the cooper's method. The choice of these rocks for rivets was explained by their lightness and moisture resistance. The bowls were distinguished by low sides and a wide round or oval bottom. They were made with legs or without legs, but always with two handles - "ears". Lohani were usually large sizes(about 70-80 cm in diameter).
Flint - a device for receiving fire, is a metal plate of an oval shape with unclosed ends, which are bent inward or outward so that rings - "antennae" are formed. This form of flint was widespread throughoutXIX–BeginningXXv. At an earlier time, in Russian life, a flint was known, which had the shape of a dagger without a handle, with blunt edges and a sharp end. Its length ranged from 9 to 30 cm. To obtain fire, it was necessary to have, in addition to flint, flint and tinder. The man who was striking the fire struck the flint with a flint, the sparks that appeared during this were caught on the tinder lying in a box with a lid - a tinderbox. The fire flared up in a box, from where it was transferred to birch bark, straw, tow, pine coals or to seryanka - homemade matches. The fire was extinguished after using it by closing the lid of the box. Fire obtained with the help of flint was considered especially beneficial to humans. Flame, flint and tinder were used by Russian peasants as the main means of making fire until the 1920s. Matches. Invented by the German chemist Camerer in 1833, they did not receive wide distribution in the villages, despite the fact that they were sold in shops, shops, at fairs in a large number... Some groups of the Rksk population, for example the Old Believers, did not use matches at all, considering them "demonic instigation". It was generally accepted that fire lit with matches did not have the beneficial properties of fire produced with flint.
Overhead bench - the type of seating and sleeping furniture typical of the European Middle Ages and Ancient Rus... In Russia, it existed until the first quarter of the 18th century. It differs from a simple bench with a back, hinged to the seat, which can be shifted to any of its long sides. If necessary, to arrange a sleeping place, the backrest along the top, along the circular grooves made in the upper parts of the side stoppers of the bench, was thrown to the other side of the bench, and the latter was moved to the bench, so that a kind of bed was formed, bounded in front by a "overhang". The backrest of the saddle bench was often decorated with through carvings, which significantly reduced its weight.
Pester - travel back container for carrying food, picking berries, mushrooms, etc., woven of birch bark or bast. The shape of the pestle is close to the purse.
Pipette –
1) utensils, most often made of clay or wood, for cooking and eating food, is a low flat vessel, round or oblong in shape, with sides expanding upward, sometimes decorated with paintings or carvings;
2) a lighting device consisting of a flat vessel with a recess inside, a tube or a cylinder with a tube for a lamp (wick). For bowls, they used homemade clay vessels, any flat metal dishes. Hemp, flax, rags served as a lamp. Lard, animal fat, vegetable oil were poured into a bowl with a wick.
Headrest - a travel box for storing and transporting money, jewelry, securities in the form of a shallow rectangular box with a sloping hinged lid and two half-ring handles on the sides. The sloping lid made it possible to turn the travel chest into a headboard when spending the night in a sleigh, in an inn or in someone else's house. The lid consisted of two parts: a narrow one, located parallel to the bottom, and a wide, inclined one. Both parts of the lid were connected to each other by hinge hinges. The same hinges connected the narrow part of the cover to the back wall of the headrest. The box was locked with an inner lock. The headboard had two compartments inside, they corresponded to two parts of the lid. The headrests were usually made of hardwood and were bound with metal strips. Many headrests, especiallyXvii–BeginningXviiicentury, had under the metal binding a gasket made of colored leather, painted paper, mica. In this case, the metal stripes were made with notches, forming a continuous openwork coating. The inside of the lid was often decorated with paintings.
Supplier –
1) turned wooden tableware - a round wooden bowl on a low base, which has the same deep lid, sometimes with a handle. The presence of the lid distinguishes the supplier from the bowl and bowl. The vendors were used as dinnerware, most often for one person. Having a lid almost equal in size to the lower part, the open source was already two vessels for food;
2) copper, pewter, earthenware vessel on a stand or legs for serving kvass, beer on the table;
2) a cupboard for dishes of various shapes: with open top shelves (like a sideboard), a kitchen table with a cupboard at the top, a wall corner cupboard on a special underframe.
Samovar - a device for boiling water and cooking food, was always made of metal, usually of brass and copper (in rare cases, of silver, steel, cast iron) and often nickel-plated. The body could have a wide variety of shapes: a ball, a glass, a cylinder, a barrel, a rectangular box, a pear, an egg. The upper part of the body, through which water was poured, was closed with a lid. The body ended with a pallet and four short legs. In its lower part there was a tap for water drainage. The liquid in the samovar was heated in a metal brazier that passed through the body. The upper end of the brazier went out and ended with a burner on which the "lid" was attached; the lower end was covered with a lattice. Hot coals were put into the brazier. The fire in it was supported by blowing air from the bottom of the brazier and a chimney with a knee, which was put on its upper part. After the liquid boiled, the pipe was removed, and the brazier was closed with a plug. For the steam outlet on the "flap" there was an air vent - a small hole with a lid. Samovars came to Russia from Western Europe toXviiicentury, where they were used to warm broths. VXIXv. they have become widespread in all strata of Russian society. In addition to the described samovars for making tea, there were samovars intended for other purposes. For example, a samovar for coffee was small in size with a drawer for charcoal and a special device in the form of a metal frame with a canvas bag into which coffee was poured. The samovar for sbitn - a hot drink made of honey with herbs and spices - resembled a large metal teapot with a pipe and a blower.
Svetets - a device for holding a burning torch. The sevets had various shapes and sizes. The simplest light was a wrought iron rod bent at a right angle, at one end of which there was a fork with three or four horns, and at the other - a center plate (point). Such a light was stuck with a point into a crack in a log wall, and a torch was inserted between the horns. For the falling coals, a trough of water was placed under the light. Another type of light is hanging, designed for several torches. The hanging light was hooked onto an iron bracket driven into a half-shelf (a long shelf located along the perimeter of the entire hut), and a vessel with water was also placed below. Portable lights were more common and convenient. Small ones, consisting of a metal fork, a wooden stand and a bottom, were placed on a bench. Tall lights (about 1 m and more), completely forged from iron and riveted from iron rods and strips, were placed on the floor anywhere in the hut.
Skrynya - a kind of chest, casket. It usually had a rectangular, slightly elongated shape and a folding upper part, made by a small tower, like a casket. It consisted of three compartments, each locked with its own key. The first was in the hinged lid, the second was in the middle part of the hideout, the third, the largest, occupied the lower part. The lower part was filled with drawers and closed with doors located in the front wall. The doors could be locked with a padlock or an internal lock. Metal handles in the form of a half-ring were attached to the sides of the hideout, which were used to carry it. Skryns were made of oak planks and bound with metal plates. They met in the homes of representatives of all strata of Russian society up to the era of PeterI, and at a later time only in the peasant environment. VXvii–BeginningXviiiv. the main centers of their production were Kholmogory and Veliky Ustyug, famous for their chest products. The hides of these two craft centers in their decoration and decor resembled the iron-bound caskets made here.
Box - (from Arabic sanduk) a large container with a hinged lid, used for storing various items of clothing and household items. In Russia, the most common - wooden chests - were made from flat dies tightly nailed to each other. Various types of wood were used for them: pine, spruce, cedar, oak, linden, aspen. The chests had internal or external locks, often these locks were made "with a secret" and their opening was accompanied by melodious ringing or music. Inside the chest in the upper part of it, special compartments were often made for storing small things - a narrow box on the side along the entire width of the chest. Sometimes for wrinkling things in the chest, removable trays were arranged in several rows. Chests of various sizes were produced so that they could be nested inside each other during transportation to the fair. Such sets of chests had special names: threes, fives, flock - sixes, sevens. All centers for the production of chests had pronounced distinctive features... Thus, products from Nizhny Tagil were made mainly of pine or cedar and were completely bound with white iron - tin with embossed ornaments. In addition, round or heart-shaped recesses were made on the side walls, into which "mirrors" made of polished tin were inserted. Often, the lid, front and side walls of chests were decorated with painted genre scenes. Makaryevsky chests were decorated with strips of tin filled with a straight or oblique lattice, or squares of tin, painted with bouquets, flowerpots, fruits, birds, and wreaths. The latter were called "tray". In Veliky Ustyug chests, colored mica was placed under strips of filled perforated metal. Kholmogory craftsmen upholstered their products with red leather or seal skins. From the inside, the chests were often upholstered with calico, calico, pasted over with paper.
Tub - a tub with two ears on the upper cut, through the holes of which a stick is threaded for lifting, carrying. Serves for transferring water, storing food, salting meat and lard. Water-bearing tubs used for watering the garden, washing clothes, were made with a capacity of up to 50-60 liters.
Most families have their own vowel or unspoken traditions. How important are they to raising happy people?
Traditions and rituals are inherent in every family. Even if you think that there is nothing like this in your family, most likely you are a little mistaken. After all, even in the morning: "Hello!" and evening: "Good night!" - this is also a kind of tradition. What can we say about Sunday dinners with the whole family or the collective production of Christmas tree decorations.
To begin with, let's remember what such a simple and familiar from childhood word “family” means. Agree, there may be different options on the topic: "mom, dad, me", and "parents and grandparents", and "sisters, brothers, uncles, aunts, etc.". One of the most popular definitions of this term reads: "A family is an association of people based on marriage or consanguinity, connected by a common life, mutual moral responsibility and mutual assistance." That is, they are not just blood relatives living under one roof, but also people who help each other and are mutually responsible. Family members, in the true sense of the word, love each other, support each other, rejoice together on happy occasions and sadden over sad ones. They seem to be all together, but at the same time they learn to respect each other's opinion and personal space. And there is something that unites them into one whole, inherent only to them, in addition to the stamps in the passport.
This “something” is family tradition. Remember how in childhood you loved to visit your grandmother for the summer? Or celebrate birthdays with a large crowd of relatives? Or decorate the tree with your mom? These memories are filled with warmth and light.
What are family traditions? Explanatory dictionaries say the following: "Family traditions are the usual family norms, manners, customs and attitudes that are passed on from generation to generation." Most likely, these are the usual standards of behavior that the child will carry with him to his future family and will pass on to his children.
What do family traditions give people? First, they contribute to the harmonious development of the child. After all, traditions presuppose the repeated repetition of some actions, and, therefore, stability. For a kid, such predictability is very important, thanks to her, over time, he ceases to be afraid of this big, incomprehensible world. Why be scared if everything is constant, stable, and your parents are nearby? In addition, traditions help children to see in their parents not only strict educators, but also friends with whom it is interesting to spend time together.
Secondly, for adults, family traditions give a feeling of unity with their relatives, bring them closer, strengthen feelings. After all, these are often moments of pleasant pastime with those closest to you, when you can relax, be yourself and enjoy life.
Thirdly, it is the cultural enrichment of the family. It becomes not just a combination of separate "I", but a full-fledged cell of society, bearing and making its own contribution to the cultural heritage of the country.
Of course, these are not all the "pluses" of family traditions. But even this is quite enough to think: how do our families live? Maybe add some interesting traditions?
There is a huge variety of family traditions in the world. But still, in general, we can try to conditionally divide them into two large groups: general and special.
Common traditions are traditions found in most families in one form or another. These include:
- Celebrating birthdays and family holidays. This tradition will surely be one of the first significant events in the life of a kid. Thanks to such customs, both children and adults receive many "bonuses": anticipation of the holiday, good mood, the joy of communicating with the family, the feeling of being needed and important for loved ones. This tradition is one of the warmest and funniest.
- Household chores for all family members, cleaning, putting things in their places. When a baby learns from an early age to his household duties, he begins to feel included in the life of the family, learns to take care.
- Joint games with children. Both adults and children take part in such games. By doing something with their children, parents set an example for them, teach them different skills, and show their feelings. Then, as the child grows up, it will be easier for him to maintain a trusting relationship with mom and dad.
- Family dinner. Many families honor the traditions of hospitality, which helps to unite families, gathering them at one table.
- Family council. This is a "meeting" of all family members, at which important issues are resolved, the situation is discussed, further plans are made, the family budget is considered, etc. It is very important to involve children in the advice - this way the child will learn to be responsible, as well as to better understand his relatives.
- Carrot and stick traditions. Each family has its own rules for what a child can (if possible) be punished for, and how to reward him. Someone gives extra pocket money, and someone - a joint trip to the circus. The main thing for parents is not to overdo it, unnecessary demands of adults can make a child inert and lethargic, or, conversely, envious and angry.
- Welcome and farewell rituals. Wishes good morning and sweet dreams, kisses, hugs, a meeting when returning home - all these are signs of attention and care from loved ones.
- Days of memory of the deceased relatives and friends.
- Walking together, going to theaters, cinema, exhibitions, travel trips - these traditions enrich the life of the family, make it brighter and more eventful.
Special traditions are special traditions inherent in one given family. Perhaps it's a habit of sleeping until lunch on Sundays, or going on a picnic on weekends. Or home theater. Or hiking in the mountains. Or…
Also, all family traditions can be divided into those that have developed by themselves and deliberately introduced into the family. We'll talk about how to create a new tradition a little later. Now let's look at some interesting examples of family traditions. Perhaps you will like some of them, and you want to introduce it into your family?
How many families - how many examples of traditions can be found in the world. But sometimes they are so interesting and unusual that you immediately start to think: “Shouldn't I come up with something like that?”.
So, examples of interesting family traditions:
- Joint fishing until the morning. Dad, mom, children, night and mosquitoes - few will dare! But on the other hand, a lot of emotions and new impressions are also provided!
- Family cooking. Mom kneads the dough, dad turns the minced meat, and the child makes dumplings. So what, what is not quite even and correct. The main thing is that everyone is cheerful, happy and soiled in flour!
- Birthday quests. Every birthday person - whether a child or a grandfather - is given a card in the morning, according to which he looks for clues leading him to a gift.
- Trips to the sea in winter. Collect backpacks with the whole family and go to the seaside, breathe fresh air, having a picnic or spending the night in a winter tent - all this will give unusual sensations and unite the family.
- Draw cards to each other. Just like that, for no reason or special artistic talent. Instead of being offended and pouting, write: “I love you! Even though you are sometimes unbearable ... But I'm not a gift either. "
- Together with the little ones, bake cakes for the feast of St. Nicholas for orphans. Joint selfless good deeds and trips to the orphanage will help children become kinder and more sympathetic, and grow up as caring people.
- Bedtime story. No, not just when mom reads to the baby. And when all the adults read in turn, and everyone listens. Light, kind, eternal.
- Celebrate the New Year every time in a new place. It doesn't matter where it will be - on the square of a strange city, on the top of a mountain or near the Egyptian pyramids, the main thing is not to repeat yourself!
- Evenings of poetry and songs. When the family gets together, everyone sits in a circle, composes poetry - each line by line - and immediately comes up with music for them, and sings with a guitar. Great! You can also arrange home shows and puppet theater.
- "Placing" gifts for neighbors. Going unnoticed, the family gives gifts to neighbors and friends. How nice to give!
- We say warm words. Every time before a meal, everyone says pleasant words and compliments to each other. Inspiring, right?
- Cooking with love. "Did you put in love?" “Yes, of course, I'll put it in now. Please give it to me in the locker! "
- Celebration on the top shelf. The custom of celebrating all holidays on the train. Fun and on the move!
In order to create a new family tradition, you need only two things: your desire and the principled consent of the household. The algorithm for creating a tradition can be reduced to the following:
- Actually, come up with the tradition itself. Try to involve all family members as much as possible to create a friendly, close-knit atmosphere.
- Take the first step. Try your "action". It is very important to saturate him with positive emotions - then everyone will look forward to the next time.
- Be moderate in your desires. Do not immediately introduce many different traditions for each day of the week. It takes time for customs to take hold. And when everything in life is planned out to the smallest detail, it is also not interesting. Leave room for surprises!
- Strengthen the tradition. It is necessary to repeat it several times so that it is remembered and began to be strictly observed. But do not bring the situation to the point of absurdity - if there is a blizzard or downpour on the street, it may be worth giving up the walk. In other cases, it is better to keep the tradition.
When is created new family, it often happens that the spouses do not have the same concept of traditions. For example, in the groom's family it is customary to celebrate all the holidays in the circle of numerous relatives, and the bride met these events only with mom and dad, and some dates could not cope with at all. In this case, the newlyweds may immediately have a conflict. What to do in case of disagreement? The advice is simple - just a compromise. Discuss the problem and find the solution that works best for both. Come up with a new tradition - already a common one - and everything will work out!
In Russia, from time immemorial, family traditions have been honored and protected. They are a very important part of the historical and cultural heritage country. What family traditions were there in Russia?
Firstly, an important rule for each person was knowledge of their ancestry, moreover, not at the level of “grandparents,” but much deeper. In each noble family, a genealogical tree, a detailed pedigree was compiled, stories about the life of their ancestors were carefully kept and passed on. Over time, when cameras appeared, the maintenance and storage of family albums began, and they were handed down to the younger generations. This tradition has come down to our times - in many families there are old albums with photographs of loved ones and relatives, even those who are no longer with us. It is always pleasant to revise these "pictures of the past", to be happy or, on the contrary, sad. Now, with the widespread use of digital photographic equipment, there are more and more frames, but more often than not they remain electronic files that have not "flowed" onto paper. On the one hand, it is much easier and more convenient to store photos in this way, they do not take up space on the shelves, do not turn yellow over time, and do not get dirty. And you can shoot much more often. But the thrill associated with the expectation of a miracle also diminished. Indeed, at the very beginning of the photo era, a trip to family photo was a whole event - they carefully prepared for it, dressed smartly, everyone walked happily together - why isn't a separate beautiful tradition for you?
Secondly, veneration of the memory of relatives, commemoration of the departed, as well as care and constant care for elderly parents has been and remains a primordially Russian family tradition. This, it is worth noting, the Russian people differs from European countries, where elderly citizens are mainly engaged in special institutions. Good or bad - it's not for us to judge, but the fact that such a tradition exists and is alive is a fact.
Thirdly, in Russia since ancient times it was established to pass from generation to generation family heirlooms - jewelry, dishes, some things of distant relatives. Often young girls got married in their mothers' wedding dresses, who had previously received them from their mothers, etc. Therefore, in many families there have always been special "hiding places" where grandfather's watches, grandmother's rings, family silver and other valuables were kept.
Fourthly, it was previously very popular to name a child born after one of the family members. This is how “family names” appeared, and families, where, for example, grandfather Ivan, son Ivan and grandson Ivan.
Fifth, an important family tradition of the Russian people was and is the assignment of a child's patronymic. Thus, already at birth, the baby receives part of the genus name. Calling someone by name - patronymic, we express our respect and politeness.
Sixth, earlier, very often, the child was given a church name in honor of the saint who is honored on the baby's birthday. According to legends, such a name will protect the child from evil forces and help in life. Nowadays, such a tradition is observed infrequently, and mainly among deeply religious people.
Seventh, in Russia there were professional dynasties - whole generations of bakers, shoemakers, doctors, military men, priests. Growing up, the son continued the work of his father, then the same work was continued by his son, and so on. Unfortunately, now such dynasties in Russia are very, very rare.
Eighth, an important family tradition was, and now it is increasingly returning to this, the obligatory wedding of newlyweds in the church, and the baptism of infants.
Yes, there were many interesting family traditions in Russia. Take at least a traditional feast. It is not for nothing that they talk about the “broad Russian soul”. But it’s true, they carefully prepared for the reception of guests, cleaned the house and the yard, laid the tables with the best tablecloths and towels, put pickles in the dishes stored especially for special occasions. The hostess went out on the threshold with bread and salt, bowed to the waist to the guests, and they bowed to her in response. Then everyone went to the table, ate, sang songs, talked. Eh, beauty!
Some of these traditions have hopelessly sunk into oblivion. But how interesting it is to notice that many of them are alive, and they are still passed down from generation to generation, from father to son, from mother to daughter ... And that means that the people have a future!
The cult of family traditions in different countries
In Great Britain important point in raising a child, the goal is to raise a true Englishman. Children are raised in severity, taught to restrain their emotions. At first glance, it might seem that the British love their children less than parents in other countries. But this, of course, is a deceptive impression, because they are simply used to showing their love in a different way, not like, for example, in Russia or in Italy.
In Japan, it is very rare to hear children's crying - all the wishes of children under 6 years old are immediately fulfilled. All these years, the mother has only been raising the baby. But then the child goes to school, where strict discipline and order awaits him. It is also curious that the whole large family usually lives under one roof - both old people and babies.
In Germany, there is a tradition of late marriages - there rarely anyone creates a family before thirty. It is believed that up to this time, future spouses can realize themselves at work, build a career, and are already able to provide for their family.
In Italy, the concept of "family" is all-encompassing - it includes all relatives, including the most distant ones. An important family tradition is joint dinners, where everyone communicates, shares their news, and discusses pressing problems. Interestingly, the Italian mother plays an important role in choosing a son-in-law or daughter-in-law.
In France, women prefer a career to raising children, so after a very short time after the birth of a child, the mother returns to work, and her child goes to kindergarten.
In America, an interesting family tradition is the habit from early childhood to teach children to live in society, supposedly to help their children in adulthood. Therefore, it is quite natural to see families with small children in cafes and at parties.
In Mexico, the cult of marriage is not so high. Families often live without official registration. But the male friendship there is quite strong, the community of men supports each other, helps in solving problems.
As you can see, family traditions are interesting and great. Do not neglect them, because they unite the family, help it become a single whole.
"Love your family, spend time with her and be happy!"
Anna Kutyavina for site site
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