History presentation on the theme of culture. Presentations on the history of Russian culture. which was painted with special paint

Culture and beliefs

in ancient egypt

originated around 4000 BC.

• Construction began in XXVII v. BC. under Pharaoh Djoser.

• Pyramid - construction, at the base of the square

with converging edges.

• Great sphinx - fantastic creature

with the body of a lion and the head of a man.

• Pyramids - the first of the 7 wonders of the world.

Great Sphinx on the background

the pyramids of Pharaoh Khafre

The largest of

pyramids - Cheops .

• Writing originated in Mesopotamia

and in Egypt at the same time,

more than 5000 years ago.

• Signs for writing –

hieroglyphs (over 700).

• Papyrus -plant,

on stems

which was painted with special paint.

Writing supplies:

A sharpened writing reed, a pot of water for diluting paints, and a pencil case for black and red ink.

• The Egyptians knew how to build ships up to 50 m long
• We went under sail and oars.
• The low level of navigation did not allow

retire long distances

4. Religion.

• In ancient egypt

did not exist

one common religion

The religion of Egypt has passed for 3000 years a long

the path of development from fetishism and totemism,

to polytheism and monotheistic thinking.

The concept was first formulated in Egypt

monotheism - Pharaoh Akhenaten made an attempt

religious reform, the aim of which was

centralize Egyptian cults around god

Suns of Aten.

V different periods most

revered were the deities

Ra and later identified

with him Amon, Osiris, Isis,

Seth, Ptah, Anubis

• The body of the deceased was embalmed - rubbed with special ointments

• Then the mummy was wrapped in several layers of cloth and placed in special boxes-sarcophagi

• The more noble the deceased was, the more sarcophagi were inserted into each other

• The mummy of Pharaoh Tutankhamun was placed in 9 sarcophagi

• The upper sarcophagi were given the features of the deceased.

tomb-pyramid (for the pharaohs),

or a cave (for the nobles).

The tomb began to be built more

during the life of a noble Egyptian.

Sometimes the construction took tens of years.

They put things next to the sarcophagus

necessary for life in

the afterlife. To

the tomb was not robbed - entrance

walled up in it,

and inside they built traps.

Ancient Egypt left a huge cultural

heritage for world civilization,

works of his art still

in ancient times were exported to various

corners of the world and widely copied

masters from other countries.

Egyptian culture has had great

influence on the ancient Romans.

laid the foundation for subsequent

cultural development of many peoples.

Introduction The history of art knows no sharper turn from the Middle Ages to modern times than in Russia at the beginning of the eighteenth century. The culture of Peter's time was distinguished by efficiency, but you could not call it boring: it hid a romantic impatience - to learn, discover, master, catch up as soon as possible.

Engraving The most accessible and widespread type of fine art in the Petrine era was engraving. The engravings reflected major events, served as a kind teaching aids and illustrations in books. The most famous Russian engraver early XVIII century was Alexei Fedorovich Zubov A.F. Zubov. Peter I on horseback Image of the palace on an engraving of the 18th century

Iconography of the Soul of Christ Venerable Macarius of Unzhensky and Zheltovodsky At the beginning of the 18th century, Tsar Peter the Great forced Russian artists to follow Western canons. In the art of icon painting, the "free" style prevailed with characteristic features baroque. It was in the 18th century that icons began to be decorated with metal covers, called salaries.

Literature M.V. Lomonosov Since the 60s of the 18th century, a new literary trend has emerged in Russian literature, which is called sentimentalism. N.M. became the ruler of the thoughts of young people in the 90s. Karamzin (his story: " Poor Lisa"," Natalia, the boyar's daughter "). In the 18's, a completely new page was opened in Russian literature - classicism. The most prominent figures of the new literary era were Prince A.D. Kantemir and M.V. Lomonosov. Feofan Prokopovich N.M. was known in Peter's times. Karamzin A.D. Kantemir F. Prokopovich

Music by D.S. Bortnyansky E.I. Fomin Petrovskaya Epoch marked the beginning of the development of secular music of a new type. The creativity of this time is limited mainly to the simplest genres of applied music - military, drinking, dance. The main genre characterizing the development musical art XVIII century in Russia, there was an opera. It is not surprising that it is in operatic genre The creative possibilities of Russian composers of the 18th century were most clearly manifested subsequently. As well as operatic art Various genres of chamber music are gaining popularity in Russia. In the middle of the 18th century, chamber concerts at court became commonplace.

Education An important role in the development of education in Russia was played by the so-called soldiers 'schools, general education schools for soldiers' children, the successors and successors of the digital schools of Peter the Great's time. Second type of schools in Russia XVIII v. these are closed noble educational institutions: private boarding schools, gentry buildings, institutes for noble maidens. The rise of literacy in Russia at the end of the 18th century. B.M. Kustodiev. School in Moscow Russia. The third type of educational institution includes theological seminaries and schools. The training of specialists was also carried out through the Academichesky universities at the Academy of Sciences, Moscow and Vilensky.

Science Russian science of the 18th century. also needed titans, and it was no coincidence that it was Russian Academy the physicist and chemist Lomonosov, mathematicians Euler and Bernoulli glorified their names with discoveries of world significance. In the 6070s, the Academy of Sciences conducted five expeditions that surveyed vast territories. In the second half of the 18th century. the foundations of scientific biology in Russia were laid. In 1793, the first Russian medical journal "St. Petersburg Medical Bulletin" was published. Euler Bernoulli

Results The eighteenth century in the field of culture and life in Russia is a century of deep social contrasts, the rise of education and science. Russian art, as we will see below, which continued to develop on new European principles in the 18th century, still remained an expressed national phenomenon with its own specific face, and this fact in itself is very significant. However, unlike the previous period, the culture was greatly influenced by the nobility, and the dominance of foreigners continued.

Materials "Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Artist." Pedagogy, A. N. Petrov. "Russian architecture of the first half of XVIII century. "1954. Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Moscow: 1975. Volumes 18,19,20,21. V.V. Mavrodin "The birth of a new Russia.", - M., 1998. Essays on Russian culture. graduate School Moscow State University 1990 B.A. Rybakov. History of Russian music. T. 1. From ancient times to the middle of the 19th century O. Levashova, Yu. Keldysh, A. Kandinsky. Russian lira. "Essays on Musical Russia". 1971. Mironov A.G. About Russian art. Collected works vol. 24. M., Gorky A.M. At the origins of the Russian theater. Kuzmin A.I. M. Rybakova B.A.History of the USSR from ancient times to late XVIII v. M .: Higher school V. Krivorotov Vekhi. The Ups and Downs of Russia's Special Path // Knowledge is Power. 8, Anisimov E.V. The birth of an empire // book. History of the Fatherland: people, ideas, solutions. Essays on the history of Russia in the 9th and early 20th century. M .: Politizdat. 1991

Slide 1

Slide 2

The main problematic questions: Is Russia a distinctive cultural type? Can Russia be considered an independent civilization? What and how is the original appearance of Russian culture maintained in the context of centuries of development?

Slide 3

1. Geographical position borders with most of the world's regions: Western Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, China and Japan, North America... Hence - the historical interaction of the culture of Russia with the main world civilizations Russia - the state, society and culture - is developing over a vast territory of Eastern Europe and North Asia,

Slide 4

2. Territory and resources Russia is the largest country in the world in terms of territory; the potential of its resources is proportional to this fact: Russia has practically all the resources for an independent civilizational development

Slide 5

3. Climate The climate of a number of Russian regions is favorable for the life of a large population and its effective activity (Center, Ural, Volga region and North Caucasus). But most of the territory of Russia is one of the coldest parts of the world, the development of which is associated with great difficulties.

Slide 6

4) the population and the nature of its activities Over the centuries, the people of Russia as a multiethnic cultural and historical community has become the largest nation in Europe. The Russian nation was formed on the basis of the integration of many peoples of Eurasia into a single whole while interacting with a number of peoples who preserve their cultural identity within the Russian state. Russia: Factors of identity:

Slide 7

5) national character The harsh climate conditions and the dangers associated with the protection of huge borders have formed a persistent, unpretentious character, the ability to make extreme efforts, a special sense of social cohesion and fairness (communality, conciliarity, "feeling of being united") Russia: Factors of identity

Slide 8

6) The originality of culture In the history of Russia, the unity of culture has been formed - a system of meaning, meanings, values, norms, forms of thinking and communication that determines the conscious goal-setting motives of historical activity.Culture acts as a special factor of identity, not reducible to natural conditions, since it acts as a conscious program of activity - a program for rethinking natural reality. It is the properties of such a conscious program that make it possible to speak of Russia as a special cultural type. Russia: Factors of identity

Slide 9

1. Slavs. Slavic paganism: the main areas of preservation and processing of traditions: - folk life up to the 20th century, - traditional folklore, folk art - stylistic motives of professional art - some features national character, - the phenomenon of neo-paganism The origins of Russian culture

Slide 10

Influence of Byzantium: a cultural prototype. Russia is the spiritual heir to Byzantium. Spheres of borrowing and influence: - Orthodox christian faith, - writing and literature, - education, - architecture, church art and music, - political culture The origins of Russian culture

Slide 11

3) Interaction with the cultures of other countries and peoples Spheres of borrowing and influence: - state and political system, - technology and technology, science, education - Phenomena of lifestyle (since the 18th century) The thousand-year history of Russia is characterized by a qualitative processing and rethinking of influences in accordance with with traditions and with an emerging cultural type The origins of Russian culture

Slide 12

Ancient Russia- modern Russia: Factors of unity 1) Language and general background 2) The emergence and development of a centralized state: Kievan Rus, Moscow state, Russian empire, Soviet Union, Russian Federation... 3) A single faith, a system of world outlook and sense-making, accepted by the elite and the majority of the country's population. 4) Integration of many peoples of Europe and Asia into the Russian nation and the formation of a homogeneous cultural and historical type. 5) "Russian idea" - the formulation of a view of the goals and mission of cultural development.

Slide 13

The semantic cosmos of culture and the uniqueness of the cultural type of Russia Types of cultures as options for understanding - rethinking the world: Options for meaning formation: Rational: "I" as a meaning-forming center, Mystical: "Other" as a source and center for acquiring meaning Aesthetic: empathic interpenetration of one's own and another - meaning as the potential of an emerging event - the potential of miraculous perfection Cultural-semantic type - the specific organization of these ways of acquiring meaning into a single system through the subordination of some to others

Slide 14

Western civilization Rationality Aesthetics Mystic Spheres of main goals and achievements: Technology, science, law, politics, Economics, art

Slide 15

East Asian civilization (China, Japan, Korea) Aesthetics Mysticism Rationality Spheres of goals and achievements: Art, meditative practice, ritualization of life, ethics of submission, cognition as contemplation

Slide 16

Ancient Greek civilization Aesthetics Rationality Mysticism Spheres Main goals and achievements: art, philosophy, education, ethics, politics

Slide 17

South Asia: Indo-Buddhist type of culture Rationality mystic 3 aesthetics of the sphere of goals and achievements: magic, technique of self-control (yoga) secret knowledge, meditation, folk art

Slide 18

Middle East: Islamic civilization and Judaism Mysticism Rationality Aesthetics Spheres of goals and achievements: Religion - strict monotheism, moral law, dogmatic law, family, upbringing

Slide 19

Orthodox civilization: Russia Mysticism Aesthetics Rationality Spheres of goals and achievements: Religion, Ethics of conscience and service, Art

Slide 20

Slide 21

1. Faith: - Faith of Christ, Holy Russia, its symbols: Temple as a symbol of Heaven on earth, Christian values ​​of mercy and love and traditions of piety, Russian saints - Moral priorities of consciousness: concepts of truth and conscience Faith in a higher meaning and higher justice

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Slide captions:

Culture of Russia XVII century

Architecture: - Gradual departure from strict church canons and traditions - External elegance, nicknamed by contemporaries "marvelous pattern" Terem Palace. Moscow Ogurtsov, Ushakov, Konstantinov Mikhail Fedorovich

The Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin

Wooden palace in Kolomenskoye Aleksey Mikhailovich "Wonderful" Assumption Church. Uglich

Church of Elijah the Prophet. Yaroslavl Alexey Mikhailovich

Naryshkinskoe (Moscow Baroque) multi-tiered aspiration upward multicolored rich decoration of buildings decorative carving on white stone colored tiles coloring facades

Bell tower Novodevichy Convent... Moscow under Sophia, Ivan and Peter

Church of the Intercession in Fili. Moscow Peter I Church of the Nativity of the Virgin. Moscow Alexey Mikhailovich

Painting - Icon painting, but plots appear and about Everyday life people - Development portrait painting(parsuns) images in icon painting technique (egg paints on a board), later - oil paints on canvas Icon of the Savior Not Made by Hands Simon Ushakov

Icon of the Savior Not Made by Hands Simon Ushakov Alexey Mikhailovich

Literature “The Story of Shemyakin court”,“ The Story of Ruff Ershovich ”,“ The Story of Thomas and Erem ”. Poems of Simeon of Polotsk "Life" of Archpriest Avvakum The works of oral folk art are recorded - epics, proverbs, songs, conspiracies. The first history of Russia "Synopsis" has been published, primers and religious literature are published in large editions and at an affordable price. - New literary genres appear: satirical, biographical and autobiographical stories:

Education - In 1687 (under Sophia, Ivan and Peter), the first higher educational institution in Moscow was opened - the Slavic-Greek-Latin school (the Greeks brothers Likhuds), where they studied Greek grammar, poetics, rhetoric and philosophy. - The need for educated people grew - The most common form was home schooling: the townspeople were taught by literate family members or lower classes of the clergy, and the boyars and nobles invited teachers from abroad (Rzeczpospolita), schools were opened at churches and monasteries For the first time, they began to widely teach foreign languages ​​(Polish and Latin) A public school was opened at the Moscow Zaikonospassky monastery to train educated clerks for orders (at the suggestion of Simeon of Polotsk)

Slide captions:

The emergence of another style - SENTIMENTALISM (
N.M. Karamzin
"Poor Lisa":
This artistic direction, characterized by attention to the spiritual life of a person, sensuality and idealized depiction of people, life situations, nature.
Sentimentalism prefers feelings rather than reason.
Sentimentalism is the forerunner of romanticism.
N.M. Karamzin
1766-1826
G.I.
Ugryumov
"The election of Mikhail Fedorovich to the kingdom" and "The capture of Kazan"
Education
New types of educational institutions under Catherine
II
:
-
Public schools
(for children of taxable estates) two and four-year course of study in each provincial town
Specialized educational institutions
: Artillery and Engineering Cadet Corps; school at the Academy of Arts; Mining Institute; Commercial school for children of merchants and townspeople

Closed schools
: Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens; Catherine Institute for girls from merchant and bourgeois families
A special teacher training program has been developed
In 1725 (under Catherine
I
), the Academy of Sciences was opened (the first President was Princess Yekaterina Dashkova.
In 1755 (under Elizaveta Petrovna), Moscow University was opened, with it - two gymnasiums (for noblemen and commoners).
Under Pavel, Medical and Surgical Academies were opened in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
M.V. Lomonosov 1711-1765
DI. Fonvizin
1744-1792
G.I. Derzhavin
1743-1816
Painting
- The paintings were distinguished by a variety of genres: portraits, theatrical scenery, landscapes, still lifes, scenes from folk life
Historical painting:
A.P.
Losenko

"Vladimir before
Rognedoy
»
Russian culture
mid-end
Xviii
century
VC. Trediakovsky 1703-1768
A.P. Sumarokov 1717-1777
- In the second half of the 18th century, she achieved great success monumental sculpture in the style of RUSSIAN CLASSICISM:
Monument to Peter the Great
E.M. Falcone
Monument to A.V. Suvorov
M.I.Kozlovsky
Petersburg
Literature
Journalism is developing rapidly (the humorous magazine of Ekaterina
II
"All sorts of things", about waste, female inconstancy; NI Novikov's magazines "Neither that, nor that ...", "Mix", "Drone", "Painter" - he showed the vices of serfdom by means of satire)

A.N. Radishchev
"Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow" (about arbitrariness and lawlessness in the country, first staged in artistic form the problem of the need to eliminate autocracy and serfdom)
The emergence of a new literary language and a new versification system
(V.K. Trediakovsky)
A system of genres has developed: an ode, a fable, an elegy, a tragedy, a comedy, a story, a novel.
The emergence of a new style in literature in the second half
Xviii
century -
RUSSIAN CLASSICISM
: criticism of social shortcomings, departure from ancient subjects, disclosure of important truths by example national history, connection with folklore, poetic basis:
V.K. Trediakovsky, A.P. Sumarokov
(in tragedies he attracted attention to the images of noble princes and brave boyars; in fables he criticized the vices of the serf system),
M.V. Lomonosov
(sang in his odes the victory of the Russian troops, the deeds of Peter the Great),
D.I.Fonvizin
(denounced the ignorance and arbitrariness of the landowners in "Nedorosl"),
G.R.Derzhavin
(ridiculed noble mediocrity and idlers, in patriotic odes he glorified the victories of the Russian army)
Father and son
Argunovs
The portrait "Unknown in Russian costume" and the portrait of P.I.
Kovaleva-Zhemchugova
Music
- Under Anna
Ioanovna
the court opera was first created (singers and music authors were foreigners)
Under Catherine the Great, the first Russian composers appeared:
D.S.
Bortnyansky
(director of the court singing chapel, author of spiritual choral compositions),
V. A. Pashkevich, E. I. Fomin
Sculpture
- In the second half of the 18th century, the foundations of Russian sculpture were laid, its founder was
F.I.Shubin,
the first master of Russian sculptural portrait, worked with marble:
Bust of A.M. Golitsyn
Statue "Catherine the Legislator"
Bust of M.V. Lomonosov
Development of scientific knowledge
M.V. Lomonosov
in various fields: in physics, chemistry, astronomy, history, philology (atmosphere on Venus; the current model of a helicopter; the law of conservation of matter and motion ...)
M.I.Shein
- the first Russian anatomical atlas
Creation of the first "Atlas of the Russian Empire"
I.I. Polzunov
- the first steam engine, project of a universal continuous steam engine
I.P. Kulibin
- mirror lantern (searchlight), elevator for the empress, microscope, projects:
single-arched
bridge, self-propelled carriage, navigating vessels ...
Brothers
Motorins

cast the Tsar Bell
K.D. Frolov
- a unique installation for work in mines (pumping water from the mine and supplying ore)
Vitus
Bering
- The first Kamchatka expedition (opening of the strait between Asia and America); Second Kamchatka expedition (exploration of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands)
Stepan Krasheninnikov
- "Description of the land of Kamchatka"
Vasily Tatishchev
- "Russian History" (scientific coverage of the history of the state)
Theatre

In 1761, the first Russian professional permanent public theater appeared under the direction of F.G. Volkov
Under Elizabeth, theaters appeared in the gentry corps (Petersburg) and at Moscow University
Is developing theatrical art: built in St. Petersburg The Bolshoi Theatre; private, home theaters were famous (Count Sheremetev had 4 theaters), the theater of the Yusupov princes in Arkhangelsk ...
Serf actresses of the Sheremetyevs: P.I.
Kovaleva-Zhemchugova
and T.V.
Shlykova-Granatova

Portrait painting
:
V.L.
Borovikovsky

Portrait
M.I. Lopukhina
D.G. Levitsky
"The Lady in Blue"

F.S. Rokotov
Portrait
A.P.
Struyskoy

Slide captions:

Winter Palace. Petersburg
V.V. Rastrelli
Elizaveta Petrovna
Grand Palace. Peterhof
V.V. Rastrelli
Elizaveta Petrovna
Peter
I
Elizabethan Baroque
Architecture
CLASSICISM is approved. Its main features:
predominance of straight horizontal and vertical lines;
parts of buildings are symmetrical, proportional, balanced;
the columns serve not only as decoration, they support the floors;
roofs are made flat;
building facades are painted in restrained colors: yellow. Coffee, gray, fawn.
The building of the Academy of Arts.
Petersburg
A.F.
Kokorinov
and J. B.
Wallen-Delamot
Catherine
II
classicism
Catherine
II
Pashkov's house. Moscow

A.I. Bazhenov
Senate building in the Kremlin. Moscow

M.F. Kazakov
classicism
Great Catherine Palace. Tsarskoe Selo
V.V. Rastrelli
Catherine
I
Peter
I
Smolny monastery. Petersburg
V.V. Rastrelli
Elizaveta Petrovna
Elizabethan Baroque

Slide captions:

Golitsynskaya
and Pavlovsk hospital. Moscow
M.F. Kazakov
Catherine
II
Paul
I
classicism
Mikhailovsky Castle. Petersburg
project author
A.I. Bazhenov
Tsaritsyno palace ensemble. Moscow
project author
A.I. Bazhenov and M.F. Kazakov
Paul
I
Catherine
II
classicism
Russian gothic and classicism
Catherine
II
Tauride Palace. Petersburg
I.E.
Starov
Alexander Palace. Petersburg
D. Quarenghi
classicism
House of princes Dolgoruky. Moscow
M.F. Kazakov
Petrovsky Travel Palace. Moscow
M.F. Kazakov
Catherine
II
classicism
Russian gothic

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Russian culture First quarter of the 18th century

Education The beginning of the formation of a vocational education system: An increase in the number of educational institutions that are of a secular nature The emergence of digital schools The emergence of mountain schools in the Ural and Olonets factories The emergence of medical, artillery and engineering schools The emergence of special textbooks for teaching The introduction of a new civil font Under Peter public service (for noblemen) The number of printed publications (books, reference books, visual aids) has increased The first newspaper "Vedomosti" has appeared The "Arithmetic" by Leonty Magnitsky (an encyclopedia of mathematical knowledge of that time) has been opened The first scientific library has been opened

The development of scientific knowledge The first Russian museum "Kunstkamera" appeared, the Naval and Artillery museums The year began to begin on January 1, A.D. weather Expeditions to Central Asia and the Caspian Sea region were sent, for the first time the Aral Sea was on the map, which Europe did not know about The first observatory in the Sukharev Tower in Moscow was opened The first hospital was opened, surgical instruments were made in St. Petersburg A pharmaceutical garden with medicinal herbs was developed. Academy of Sciences Jacob Bruce organized a Navigation School in Moscow, where astronomy was studied, a Russian map of the starry sky was compiled, regular meteorological observations began. Nikonov, the first Russian submarine

Literature - B literary works a new hero appeared - an educated, brave, eagerly knowing the world. The genre of journalism was established: Feofan Prokopovich, in his "Commendable Word about the Russian Fleet", glorified Peter's transformations. holidays) Fine arts A new phenomenon: engraving (a print of a relief drawing on paper) - Alexey Zubov Development of secular portrait painting - Ivan Nikitin

Panorama of St. Petersburg Wedding of Peter and Catherine

"Peter I on his deathbed" "Floor hetman"

Architecture The transition from church canons to secular ones Further development Russian (Peter's) Baroque The emergence of regular gardens (Summer) Kikina Chambers. Petersburg Petrovskoe Baroque Peter I Andreas Schlüter?

Peter and Paul Cathedral. Petersburg Petrovskoe Baroque Peter I Domenico Trezzini

Peter-Pavel's Fortress. Petersburg Petrovskoe Baroque Domenico Trezzini Peter I

Building of 12 colleges. Petersburg. Peter I Petrine Baroque Domenico Trezzini

Menshikov Palace. Petersburg. Peter I Petrine Baroque Giovanni Fontana and Gottfried Schedel

Menshikov tower. Moscow Petrovskoe Baroque Peter I

Sculpture Bust of Peter I (K. Rastrelli) Empress Anna Ioannovna with arapcheon (K. Rastrelli)

Changes in everyday life: Introduction of European clothing (camisoles, stockings, shoes, ties, hats) Shaving beards New Years Celebration New European entertainment: assemblies, masquerades, fireworks The emergence of the first public theater in Moscow Elaboration of etiquette rules “Youth is an honest mirror, or an indication of everyday life collected from different authors "

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Features: did not lead to decline; the formation of their own cultural traditions. Literature: Chronicles are kept in every principality. "Teachings" and "Word" - new literary genres: Vladimir Monomakh "Teaching to Children" - the idea of ​​strengthening the unity of the Old Russian state. Daniel the Imprisoned - 1197 - "The Word of Daniel the Imprisoned" Unknown author "The Prayer of Daniel the Imprisoned" is an ideal image of a prince, a defender of all the disadvantaged, a supporter of firm order, capable of ensuring the external security of the country. Unknown author - 1185 - "Word to Igor's Regiment": Campaign of Prince Igor Svyatoslavovich of Novgorod-Seversky against Polovtsians Protest against strife, strength in unity !!!

Transfiguration Cathedral Pereyaslavl-Zalessky 1152 Yuri Dolgoruky

Fresco "The Miracle of George about the Dragon"

Church of the Savior on Nereditsa, Veliky Novgorod, 1198

Fragment of the Last Judgment fresco

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Russian culture from the 9th century to the 12th century

The main motive of ancient Russian art is patriotism. Epics are poetic legends about the past, in which the exploits of Russian heroes were glorified. Ilya Muromets Alyosha Popovich Dobrynya Nikitich Mikula Selyaninovich Oral folk art Writing and literacy The Slavic alphabet of the Byzantine monks Cyril and Methodius penetrated into Russia in the 10th century. Opening of the first schools at churches and temples. the first convent in Kiev - the beginning of the education of girls

Literature 1113 - Chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years" - the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor Zhitiya - a literary description of the life of people numbered among the saints. The Life of Boris and Gleb - Nestor "The Word of Law and Grace" - Hilarion, the first Metropolitan of Kiev, a native of Russia 1049, in honor of the completion of the construction of fortifications of Kiev: In the first part, the ideas of Christianity are praised In the second part "Praise to Prince Vladimir" In the third parts dedication to Yaroslav the Wise, the successor of Vladimir's work

Architecture and art St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev, 1037 Yaroslav the Wise Golden Gate in Kiev Tithe Church (Church of the Assumption Holy Mother of God) in Kiev, 989 Prince Vladimir

Artistic craft: filigree, granulation, enamel Cloth: ornament or drawing with thin gold or silver wire, which was soldered onto a metal surface. Grain: when a pattern is applied to the product, consisting of many tiny balls-seeds. Enamel: when the gaps between the partitions were filled with multi-colored enamel. Saint Sophia Cathedral in Veliky Novgorod Yaroslav the Wise

Culture of Russia from the 12th century to the 13th century

Features: did not lead to decline; the formation of their own cultural traditions. Literature: Chronicles are kept in every principality. "Teachings" and "Word" - literary genres: Vladimir Monomakh "Teaching to Children" - the idea of ​​strengthening the unity of the Old Russian state. Daniil Zatochnik "The Word" and "Praying" is an ideal image of a prince, a defender of all disadvantaged people, a supporter of firm order, capable of ensuring the country's external security. Unknown author - 1185 - "Word to Igor's Regiment": Campaign of Prince Igor Svyatoslavovich of Novgorod-Seversky against Polovtsians Protest against strife, strength in unity !!!

Architecture: Novgorod-Pskov school Church of St. George, Staraya Ladoga, second half of the 12th century

Church of the Savior on Nereditsa, Veliky Novgorod, 1198 Yaroslav Vladimirovich

Vladimir-Suzdal school Assumption Cathedral in Vlad and the world, 1160 Andrey Bogolyubsky

Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, 1165 Andrey Bogolyubsky

Golden Gate in Vladimir, Andrey Bogolyubsky

Dmitrovsky Cathedral in Vladimir, late 12th century, Vsevolod the Big Nest

Russian culture from the 14th century to the 16th century

The culture of the Moscow state in the 14th - 16th centuries: Features: Cultural revival of Russia Revival of a single Russian culture Moving the center to Moscow Cultural contacts of Russia with other countries Relations with Italy are developing especially successfully Typography: The appearance of paper Opening of schools in Moscow and other cities at churches and monasteries 14th century - the emergence of Russian book printing: Moscow, Pechatny Dvor, Ivan Fedorov and Peter Mstislavets - the first Russian printed book "Hours", "Apostle"

Monument to Ivan Fedorov in Moscow

Oral folk art: Epics - about Vladimir Krasnoe Solnyshko; About the Novgorod merchant Vasily Buslaevich and about Sadko Historical songs - "About Avdotya Ryazanochka"; “About Shchelkan Dudentievich”; "About the struggle of Ivan the Terrible with the boyars" Literature: The theme of the struggle against foreign invaders: War stories: "The story of the ruin of Ryazan by Batu" "The tale of the Mamayev massacre" unknown author Poem "Zadonshchina" in honor of Dmitry Donskoy and Vladimir Andreevich Serpukhovsky - author Safoniy Ryazanets Travel notes(travel): Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin 1466: "Walking across the three seas" Revival of the all-Russian chronicle: Trinity chronicle and Moscow chronicles of 1418-1479

Literature: Publicism: Ivan Peresvetov (projects of reforms that strengthen autocratic power based on the nobility) Prince Andrei Kurbsky - "Stories about the Grand Duke of Moscow" (the monarch must rule together with an elected body of representatives of the estates) "Chronograph" - a collection of interesting and moralizing works on world history The entourage of Metropolitan Macarius - "Chetya Menaia" - books intended for reading, works are distributed by days and months Priest Sylvester - "Domostroy", instructions on housekeeping, raising children, fulfilling religious norms and rituals

Archangel Cathedral in Moscow, second quarter of the 14th century Ivan Kalita Aristotle Fioravanti Aleviz New Architecture:

Bell Tower of Ivan the Great / Church of Ivan Climacus, Ivan Kalita Aristotle Fioravanti Bon Fryazin after being added to a height of 81 m in 1600 (under Boris Godunov), the bell tower was the tallest building until the beginning of the 18th century.

Assumption Cathedral in Moscow, second quarter of the 14th century Ivan III Aristotle Fioravanti

The Palace of Facets Ivan III Marco Ruffo Pietro Solari

Cathedral of the Annunciation in Moscow, 15th century Ivan III

Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye (tent style), 1532 Vasily III

Cathedral of the Intercession on the Moat (Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed) Ivan the Terrible Barma and Postnik

Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior, 14th century Veliky Novgorod

Church of Fyodor Stratilat on the Brook, XIV century Veliky Novgorod

Painting of the Savior Almighty painting of the dome of the Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior in Veliky Novgorod Theophanes the Greek Church of the Nativity, the Kremlin tower of Basil the First, frescoes of the Archangel Cathedral, the iconostasis of the Annunciation Cathedral

"Trinity" Andrei Rublev Together with Theophanes the Greek and Prokhor from Gorodets painted the Cathedral of the Annunciation in Moscow and with Daniel Cherny worked on the frescoes of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir, then decorated the Trinity-Sergius Monastery

The first printer Ivan Fedorov and Francis Skorina

Smolensk Cathedral of the Novodevichy Convent

Cathedral of the Rozhdestvensky Monastery in Moscow

Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye

St. Basil's Cathedral

Transfiguration Church

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Development of culture From inception to the XX century Prepared by: student of 10 "B" class of School No. 1095 Kokoreva Maria

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Primitive culture Primitive art - the art of the era of primitive society reflected the views, conditions and way of life of primitive hunters. The main representative of the primitive culture for us is the rock art

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The culture Of the ancient world“... After all, somewhere waiting for them new planet In the Alpha system there will be a new Earth And there will be new winter, spring and summer And autumn will be there and I And there will be people, people new era And there will be a world that is kinder to all worlds And doors are always open for love And people are even a little wiser That magical world kindness and happiness All evil has melted away in the system of black holes Love and friendship without cruel power Such a magical and wonderful world ... "

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ANCIENT EGYPT The art of Egypt reflects its majestic nature. The breath of the desert winds, the ashy color of the sandy plains, the abundance of various kinds of stone in the depths of the mountains, thickets of papyrus in the Nile Delta, sacred lotus flowers, etc. - largely determined the harsh beauty of Egyptian art. Over the centuries, it has developed perfect ways of depicting and expressive means, with the help of which a complex and stately image of a person was recreated, the richness of mythological ideas was reflected.

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Ancient Egypt “Oh, Egypt! Tears of the soul. In the scorched, yellow desert You melted in the haze of time, And I have to cry until now. Forgotten yours secret language... The pyramids keep your knowledge. Out of nowhere you suddenly appeared, In this world of evil and resentment. You needed sultry sand, Silence, the infinity of the desert. Where a stream of rays poured from the sky. Where the radiant god looked at you, And at night - with a distant, silent candle, the Star of sorrow shone from heaven. "

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Ancient india Ancient India has managed to create priceless artistic treasures. As in other ancient cultures, the natural factor played a decisive role in Indian culture in the era of its formation. Belief in the miraculous power of nature has become the basis of Indian mythology, all Indian culture. India is considered both a rich and a poor country. The wealth of India lies in the architectural monuments of the most ancient medicine-Ayurveda, which is an integral part of the culture of Ancient India.

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Ancient China The largest building in China at the end of the 4th-3rd centuries. BC NS. - The Great Wall of China, reaching a height of 10 m and a width of 5-8 m, it served both as a stern adobe fortress with many signal towers, protecting from the raids of nomadic tribes, and as a road stretching along the ledges of rugged mountain ranges. At the early stage of construction, the length of the Great Wall of China reached 750 km, and later exceeded 3000 kilometers.

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Ancient China Chinese culture is one of the most interesting and certainly unique oriental cultures. The continuity of the development of Chinese culture is one of its most important features.

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Middle Ages “I must be my own ancient enemy. My beloved neglects me. Even though the other is supportive to me, I will not be seduced by another beauty. One insists that I am not worth love, I myself am harsh with the other, in love with me. There are two of them, but I’m not happy with either. Whenever I knew at the beginning, That today I will be honored with such awards, That love promises me only sorrows, I would be glad not to love forever. madman, I wander at random And I fear new troubles in my disgrace. I myself am to blame for my troubles. " Rudolph von Fenis

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The Middle Ages "The Middle Ages" is almost a synonym for everything gloomy and reactionary. Its early period is called "dark ages". But despite everything, the Middle Ages still left a memory of itself in books, icons and frescoes, legends about fearless knights and mysterious castles, silent witnesses of that era.

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Renaissance An era of intellectual and artistic flourishing that began in Italy in the 14th century, peaking in the 16th century and having a significant impact on European culture.