In a certain symbol of patriotism c. Heraldry in signs and symbols patriotic education (knowledge). Patriotic education is understood as the gradual and steady formation of students' love for their homeland.

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• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Theoretical and methodological foundations of patriotic education of schoolchildren
• 1.1 The essence of patriotic education
• 1.2 Methodological foundations of patriotic education of schoolchildren
• Chapter 2. Features of the symbolism of the Moscow region as a means of patriotic education of schoolchildren
• 2.1 Concept and role of symbols
• 2.2 Symbols of Russia: content and pedagogical significance
• 2.3 Heraldry as a discipline, rules and history of its development
• 2.4 Coats of arms of the Moscow region: history and description

Introduction

"Patriotism is when you think that this country is better than everyone else because you were born here." Bernard Show

The patriotic education of the younger generation has always been one of the most important tasks of the modern school, because childhood and adolescence is the most fertile time for instilling a sacred feeling of love for the Motherland.

Patriotic education is understood as the gradual and steady formation of students' love for their homeland.

Patriotism is one of the most important features of a comprehensively developed personality. Younger schoolchildren should develop a sense of pride for their homeland and their people, respect for their great achievements and worthy pages of the past. Much is required of the school: its role in this regard cannot be overestimated.

Unfortunately, at the end of the last century, school patriotic education practically disappeared, as they say, "to naught." Many factors have contributed to this in recent years: the increased propagation of the opinion by the media about the erroneous path of development of Russia, the absence of a common state, so to speak, basic ideology. In addition, the education of patriotism is hampered by the lack of methodological literature in which educators could find guidance and advice on this issue.

Their meaning lies in explaining the real concepts of good and evil, turning the consciousness of schoolchildren to the lofty ideals of Russian history and thereby creating in them independent ideas about the worthy global significance and intrinsic value of Russia. If a teacher in his daily work begins to regularly refer to the topic of patriotism, then he will allow to raise a generation of people who are convinced, noble, ready for heroic deeds, those who are usually called the short and capacious word "patriot".

The relevance of research. The topic of the thesis is relevant, because as the schoolchildren grow up, as noted by the researchers, the so-called “fontanel of heroism” begins to form, requiring implementation, but, no matter how offensive it is to state, it often remains unclaimed. On the other hand, the awakening forces of the growing organism can find their application in adherence to antisocial organizations, the flow of which is growing from year to year.

The use of heraldic symbols is being revived today. Heraldry comes from the tribal system. This is a special worldview. The efforts of modern heraldry are aimed at studying the coats of arms, identifying their owners. Thus, we touch history, participate in its present and future.

There is a massive revival of old and the creation of new city coats of arms, coats of arms of public organizations, institutions and even private individuals begin to appear. The new heraldry has a strong influence on the practical side of other disciplines of faleristics, numismatics, banner studies, since coats of arms are depicted on awards, on coins and on banners.

Information about heraldry is of great importance not only for the study of certain periods of the Middle Ages, but also for clarifying the issue of modern state symbols of Russia. Local lore is unthinkable without heraldic attributes, which reflect many natural, geographical, economic, historical features of the regions.

Meanwhile, each nation should respect its history, its past. In every event that happened once, our grandfathers and great-grandfathers participated or could participate. That is why, when we come to monuments or to the battlefields, to the majestic buildings of the past, we involuntarily think that representatives of our families could have something to do with them. Associated with this is a sense of pride in their last name and their country.

Coats of arms occupy a much larger place in our life than it might seem at first glance. There is not a single modern state without its own coat of arms. Coats of arms have municipal districts, cities. Many families (primarily old noble families) have coats of arms. Political parties, universities, sports and other organizations, societies, clubs, etc. have their own symbols, brand signs (essentially a semblance of emblems).

Schools often announce contests for the best coat of arms of a school or class, for the best sports emblem, etc. Children unfamiliar with heraldry find it difficult to complete such tasks. And knowledge of the symbols of your state is necessary.

Topics related to heraldry attract schoolchildren, allow maintaining a steady interest in history, continue to work on the patriotic education of growing citizens.

Heraldry - auxiliary historical discipline, the object of which is the coat of arms, the name of this discipline comes from the Latin word "heraldus" - herald. In Polish, "coat of arms" was pronounced and written as "herd", in German as "erde" - inheritance, in French "la blazon" - description.

What coat of arms? There are several definitions of the coat of arms. Yu. A. Arseniev wrote: “Coats of arms are special figures or symbolic images presented on the basis of well-known precisely defined rules and serving as permanent distinctive signs of an individual, clan, community or a whole state, like any coat of arms, it developed in feudal society. .V. Heraldry. - M .: Terra-Book Club. 2001..

The formation of heraldry in Russia happened later. Than in other European countries, and took the entire XYIII century. and the first half of XIX v. In contrast to the West, where heraldic space first developed. And then his comprehension began, in Russia the creation of coats of arms and attempts to analyze them took place almost simultaneously.

There is no common point of view among researchers on the time of the birth of heraldic historiography in Russia. Some associated it with the activities of the king of herald invited from Austria Lawrence Khurelich(Kurelich). Others - with heraldic works, translated in the second half of the XYII century. in the Ambassadorial Prikaz. Still others - with the "Titular" of 1672 - a handwritten, luxuriously designed book containing, along with general historical information, drawings of the coats of arms of European states, as well as territorial emblems of Russia.

However, the most convincing are the statements of researchers who believe that the literature on heraldry could not have arisen earlier than the time when the coats of arms themselves began to spread in Russia, therefore, we are talking about the end of the XYII - XYIII centuries. It was during this period that works devoted directly to coats of arms began to be published.

Since that time, the heraldic historiography of Russia has passed a long and difficult path of development. Significant successes were achieved on this path, the main of which is that by 1917 heraldry was fully formed as scientific discipline with a clearly defined object of research, developed methods of work. A branched structure, a wide range of sources.

The formation of scientific heraldry in Russia took place mainly through the study of family coats of arms, which provided more research opportunities than territorial and state symbols.

An important point in the study of Russian coats of arms is the work of A.B. Lackner's "Russian Heraldry", which draws attention to the originality of Russian heraldry.

Interest in heraldry begins in the 1990s, when the best pre-revolutionary works on coats of arms were reprinted. In 1997, the 2nd edition of the heraldry textbook was published, prepared by Professor Yu.V. Arseniev in 1908. Lectures by Yu.V. Arseniev are of interest not only for specialists, but also for the widest audience interested in the past of Russia.

In the early years of the 20th century, researchers appeared in heraldry, who devoted a lot to the study of noble, city coats of arms, issues of theoretical heraldry. Among them are the works of V.B. Lukomsky, V.E. Belinsky.

Interest in urban heraldry returned only in the 1960s. This was due to the emancipation of public consciousness, its turn towards humanitarian knowledge, interests in collecting city coats of arms. Changes were made to the emblems of the old coats of arms and coats of arms for new cities were drawn up.

In Soviet times, the works of A.A. Urvanova, N.N. Speransova, V.S. Drachup and others. The works of N.А. Soboleva. For the first time, she comprehensively studied the complex of well-known pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary urban coats of arms and linked her concept of the origin of urban coats of arms with the legal development of the people and statehood in general, with the growth of urban privileges and independence under the conditions of feudalism.

The achievement of modern heraldry is the publication of N.A. Soboleva "Essays on the history of Russian symbolism" (From tamga to symbols of state sovereignty) 2006 N. Soboleva Essays on the history of Russian symbols. Publ .: Languages ​​of Slavic Culture. Series: Studia historica. ; illustrated reference book by N.Yu. Bolotina, O. N. Chernysheva "Military and award symbols in questions and answers" 2009 Bolotina N.Yu., Chernysheva ON Military and award symbols in questions and answers: An illustrated reference guide. - Kostroma, JSC "Kostroma", 2009..

Research object is the history of the formation of the symbols of Russia, the coats of arms of the cities of the Moscow region (southeast), the coat of arms of the city of Lytkarino, as well as the process of formation of the patriotic education of junior schoolchildren.

The subject of research there are pedagogical conditions for the patriotic education of younger schoolchildren, methodological methods of spiritual and moral education, as well as state symbols of Russia, the coats of arms of the southeastern district of Moscow, family coats of arms of students.

Hypothesis: the formation of a personality with an active civic position, loving his homeland, taking care of its historical past is impossible without referring to the state symbols of Russia. In this regard, it is required to intensify work to familiarize children with state symbols. Russian Federation... This is possible if we apply various methodological techniques to familiarize schoolchildren with the symbols of the state, region, native year, which are referred to in this study. If we approach the work of instilling patriotism in junior schoolchildren, then the upbringing process can be made more natural and effective. It can be assumed that if, on the basis of the basic program, a set of classes aimed at improving the work on patriotic education of schoolchildren is developed, then the following results can be obtained:

- to raise the level of development of schoolchildren;

- to provide an integrated approach to the harmonious development of schoolchildren;

- to increase the effectiveness of raising children's cognitive interest in native land, to your country

Target the research consists in acquainting students with the symbolic language of coats of arms, flags, emblems, with the coats of arms of cities of their native land, other Russian cities, in the formation of skills in drawing up the composition of the coat of arms, color combinations, the coat of arms of their family, to identify the methods and techniques used in educational work on the formation of the patriotic consciousness of junior schoolchildren.

Based on the set goal, the following are set tasks work:

- to form students' understanding of the symbolic nature of the language of the coat of arms as a distinctive language, about its constituent parts, about the symbolic meaning of pictorial elements and color in the art of heraldry, about symbols and emblems in modern society;

- show the processes of the formation of coats of arms;

- to analyze the activities of the family in the formation of family emblems;

- to foster a sense of patriotism, respect for the history of their region, their Motherland;

- to intensify the educational and cognitive activities of schoolchildren, to increase interest in academic disciplines.

- to substantiate the tasks and principles of patriotic education;

- to identify methods and techniques of patriotic education of junior schoolchildren;

- to show effective forms of upbringing a patriot in primary school.

Practical significance. The material used can be recommended when preparing lessons from the surrounding world, history, extracurricular activities.

The work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a bibliography and an appendix.

Chapter 1. Theoretical and methodological foundations of patriotic education of schoolchildren

1.1 The essence of patriotic education

The educational process occupies an important place in the integral pedagogical process.

In domestic and foreign pedagogical science, the problem of upbringing is considered quite deeply and in many ways. Many researchers note that when the formation of a personality has a controlled, controlled character, where people are guided by conscious intentions, they do not act spontaneously, but according to a pre-planned plan in accordance with the tasks set, and upbringing is manifested. Education, writes Yu.K. Babansky, this is “a process of purposeful personality formation. This is a specially organized, controlled and controlled interaction of educators and pupils, whose ultimate goal has the formation of a personality that is necessary and useful to society. ”Babansky Yu.K., Pobedonostsev GA. An integrated approach to the education of schoolchildren. M .: Pedagogy, 1980. - S. 13..

In the literal sense, "upbringing" is feeding a child, spiritual nutrition. It is customary to consider upbringing as a leading force in the motivational and value development of a person, the purposeful formation of a personality based on the formation of certain attitudes towards objects, phenomena of the surrounding world, on the basis of its worldview and behavior.

The state program "Patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation for 2011-2015" defines the content and main ways of development of the system of patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation, as well as the main goal of patriotic education - the formation of patriotism as a moral basis for the formation of an active life position of Russians Program "Patriotic education citizens of the Russian Federation for 2011-2015 "dated October 5, 2010 No. 795. - M., 2011..

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

· Increasing the role of state and public structures in the formation of high patriotic consciousness among the citizens of the Russian Federation;

· Improvement of legal, methodological and information support for the functioning of the system of patriotic education of citizens;

· The formation of a positive attitude of society towards military service and positive motivation among young people regarding military service under contract and conscription;

· Introduction of modern forms, methods and means of educational work into the activities of organizers and specialists of patriotic education;

· Increasing the professionalism of organizers and specialists in patriotic education;

· Development of the material and technical base of patriotic education in educational, labor, creative and military teams and public associations.

The fulfillment of these tasks involves the implementation of the following main measures:

· Pursuing a targeted policy to create conditions for the social, cultural, spiritual and physical development of citizens;

· Providing opportunities for the full socialization of citizens, especially young people, for their more active involvement in solving socio-economic, cultural, scientific, environmental and other problems;

· Affirmation in the consciousness and feelings of citizens of patriotic values, views, ideals, respect for elders, religious views of citizens, the historical and cultural past of Russia;

· Increasing the efficiency of the system of patriotic education, which ensures optimal conditions for the development of love for the Fatherland in each individual, the readiness to strengthen the foundations of society and the state, to fulfill the duties of a citizen of the Fatherland, a patriot of Russia with dignity and honesty;

· Renewal and enrichment of the content of patriotic education, its methods, forms and means;

· Creation of a mechanism that initiates and optimizes the effective functioning of the system of patriotic education of citizens at all levels.

The end result of the implementation of these measures, carried out within the framework of the implementation of the patriotic education program, should be:

increasing the level of patriotism and internationalism among Russian citizens;

strengthening and expanding the alliance of patriotic forces to protect the national interests of Russia, create even more favorable conditions for its revival as a world power;

increasing social activity and the level of socialization and self-realization of citizens, especially young people;

the rise of education, political and legal culture;

socio-economic and political stability, strengthening of national security;

minimizing negative manifestations in the youth environment, reducing crime, increasing the level of public safety and law and order;

an increase in the degree of participation of citizens in public and state life, public organizations and associations;

increasing the efficiency of the mechanism for coordinating the activities of interdepartmental and interregional bodies and organizations, coordinating councils for patriotic education in order to more effectively implement a systematic approach, fulfill complex tasks in the process of implementing adopted projects, programs and plans.

As practice shows, the prospects for the actualization of patriotic education from a general humanitarian point of view have an intrinsic value and therefore are of independent research interest. However, turning to them in the field of education should not be an end in itself. Attempts to achieve the plausible goal of "reviving national identity" should not turn into isolation and marginalization of ethnoculture, its falling out of world civilization, which at the beginning of the 21st century is fraught with disastrous consequences. And, at the same time, interest in the national culture and traditions of their people, its symbols, the desire to study and preserve them is an important indicator of the spiritual integrity of a person, his patriotic and moral qualities.

“Who does not belong to his fatherland, he does not belong to humanity” Belinsky V.G. Complete works - M .: Education, 1954. -T. IV. - P. 88. - this is the statement of the great Russian critic V.G. Belinsky should be understood in the sense that it is necessary to educate children through familiarizing with the universal, but this should be done through the native, national. Thus, the national in heraldic art acts as a form of the nation's awareness of itself as a world subject through national symbols.

S.N. Smirnov in his research Smirnov S.N. Pedagogical conditions for the use of symbols in the upbringing of patriotic feelings of students of the cadet corps: Author's abstract. dis. Cand. ped. sciences. Kostroma, 2002. notes that symbolism and rituals are widely used in different systems education "due to the ability to express generalized ideas in a vivid visual form, to replace complex concepts, phenomena with relatively simple and outwardly attractive objects, images, expressive gestures, actions, and also due to the ability to inspire the younger generation with certain ideas."

Here S.N. Smirnov partly considers a socially vivid example of “the use of school as an ideological superstructure of the entire education system for ideological influence on the younger generation. Relying on such psychological characteristics of adolescence as a penchant for romance, play, she directs the natural aspirations of children into the framework of the military police school through specially organized patrols, the introduction of uniforms, a special form of greeting, mandatory drill, various badges resembling military insignia, finally, the charter, laws and oaths of the members of the organization. "

G.S. Karneev, exploring the nature of symbols and rituals, their application in various fields of human activity, including in the field of education, makes the following conclusions Military and patriotic rituals / G.S. Karneev. - M.: DOSAAF, 1989.:

A symbol is a product of social consciousness. It is based on objective reality. Thanks to a person's ability to generalize, his sensory perception rises to the level of thoughts, ideas and at the same time materializes on a conventional basis in visually tangible, emotionally influencing factors - words, objects, actions.

Ritual is a system of symbolic actions. Rituals are aimed at expressing specific ideas, thoughts, ideas. As classes developed, rituals more and more symbolized certain social relations, acted as a kind of form and norm of the existing social order, recognition of the dominant values ​​and authorities of society.

As a phenomenon of the superstructure order, symbols and rituals have always been a reflection of the way of thinking, worldview, ideology of a certain class, which, in turn, formed feelings, way of thinking, worldview on the basis of its social relations.

The ability of symbolism conditionally, through a visual image, to convey the generalized content contained in it, to exert a targeted impact on human consciousness has determined its use in various spheres of human life, including in social communication. In addition, the ability with the help of symbolism to replace complex concepts, phenomena with relatively simple and outwardly attractive objects, images, expressive gestures, actions, as well as the ability to inspire the younger generation with certain ideas, ensured the active use of symbols and rituals in various educational systems.

Here, according to S.N. Smirnov, symbolism and rituals, being a means of education, perform the following functions: ideological, psychological and the function of social ties of S.N. Smirnov. Decree. op. - S. 21.

In recent years, views on the content of the educational process have changed rapidly and radically. Today, a course has been taken for the humanization and democratization of education, which should lead to a new quality of upbringing. The modern ideology of education is based on the following ideas:

1. Realism of the goals of education.

The real goal today is the diversified development of a person, based on his abilities and talents. The means for achieving this goal is the mastery by man of the basic foundations of culture. Hence the central concept of the content of upbringing - the "basic culture" of the individual. This is a culture of self-determination in life: economic culture and work culture; political, democratic and legal; moral and ecological, artistic and physical; culture of family relations.

2. Joint activities of children and adults.

Together with children, the search for moral models, the best examples of spiritual culture, culture of activity, the development on this basis of their own values, norms and laws of life constitute the content of the teacher's work, ensuring an active personal position of the student in the educational process.

3. Self-determination.

Patriotic education presupposes the formation of an integral personality - a person with strong convictions, democratic views and a life position. The most important element of the content of education is the culture of a person's life self-determination. Self-determination in life is a broader concept than just professional and even civil. The culture of life self-determination characterizes a person as a subject of his own life and his own happiness. It is in the harmony of a person with himself that civil, professional and moral self-determination should take place.

4. Personal orientation of education.

At the center of all the educational work of the school should be not programs, not measures, not forms and methods, but the child himself, adolescent, young man - the highest goal, the meaning of our pedagogical concern. It is necessary to develop their individual inclinations and interests, uniqueness of characters, self-esteem. The movement from the immediate interests of pupils to the development of high spiritual needs should become the rule of education.

5. Voluntariness.

The essential ideas of upbringing cannot be embodied without the pupils' own goodwill: neither the idea of ​​development (overcoming, raising oneself), nor the idea of ​​cooperation. The educational process, if organized as a compulsory one, leads to the degradation of the morality of both the child and the teacher. Children cannot be obliged to be "educated." The free will of the pupil is manifested if the educators rely on interest, romance, a sense of comradely and civic duty, the desire for initiative and creativity.

6. Collectivist orientation.

The repetition of many qualities in the selected areas testifies to the organic integrity of the upbringing of all qualities and aspects of the personality and indicates the only correct way to achieve this integrity - an integrated approach to upbringing.

In a broad pedagogical sense, upbringing is a specially organized, purposeful and controlled influence of the collective, educators on the educated in order to form the given qualities in him, carried out in educational institutions and covering the entire educational process.

In the narrow pedagogical sense, education is a process and result of educational work aimed at solving specific educational problems.

Consider the specifics patriotic education.

According to the definition of a deep connoisseur of Russian cultural tradition V.I. Dahl, "a patriot - a lover of the fatherland, a zealot for its good." Elsewhere in his fundamental work, he explains: "a zealot is a zealous defender, prospector, champion, companion" Dal V.I... Explanatory dictionary living Great Russian language. - M .: "Progress", "Univers". - 1994.. SI. Ozhegov defines patriotism as devotion and love for his fatherland, for his people Ozhegov, S. I., Shvedova, N. Yu. Tolkovyi dictionary Russian language. - M., 1992. Thus, considering patriotism, it is necessary to dwell on the basic, deepest and most stable elements expressed in terms such as “Fatherland” and “Motherland”.

“Homeland - 1. The country in which a person was born, fatherland. 2. Place of birth, the origin of something, the origin of someone ”Pedagogical Encyclopedia, in 2 vols. - M .: Pedagogy, 1999 .-- S. 597.

As the analysis of sources and literature shows, the concept of "Motherland" can be understood as a territory, a geographical space where a person was born; the social and spiritual environment in which he grew up, lives and is brought up. Conditionally distinguish between large and small homeland. Under the big homeland is meant the country where a person grew up, lives, and which has become dear and dear to him. A small homeland is the place of birth and formation of a person as a person. A. Tvardovsky wrote: “This small homeland with its appearance, with its own, albeit modest and unassuming, beauty, appears to a person in childhood, at a time of memorable impressions of a childish soul, and with it, with this separate and small homeland, he comes over the years to that big homeland that embraces all the small and - its great whole - for all it is one ”Cit. on A. Kondratovich... Alexander Tvardovsky. Poetry and personality. - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Hood. lit., 1985.

Small and large Motherland appears in the mind of a person as a set of images reflecting pictures of nature and culture, history and modernity.

"Russian Explanatory Dictionary" gives the following definitions: "Fatherland is the country where this person was born, to whose citizens he belongs" Lopatin V.V., Lopatin L.Ye. Russian explanatory dictionary. - M., 1994 .-- S. 399. These concepts, along with such as "father", "mother", are usually called saints, sacred. From the point of view of social norms, a child in relation to his parents should experience feelings of love, show respect: in old age, illness, etc. (in difficult times) to take care of the father and mother. By analogy, you can construct the relationship between a citizen and a home country.

According to V.V. Usov, the content of these concepts is invariant and always represents an enduring, highest value for a person, political regimes and governments, ideologies can change, but the meaning of the concepts "Fatherland", "Motherland" always remains unchanged.

Fatherland is a concept akin to the Motherland, into which, however, a deeper content and, above all, moral, spiritual content is put. The analogy between a child's relationship to his parents and a citizen to his Fatherland points to the inextricable connection between the concepts of “Fatherland” and “sense of duty”. Depending on the specific living conditions of people, the nature of their activities, debt takes various forms. It is generally accepted that duties in relation to the Fatherland expresses a civic duty; to the armed defense of the country - military, to comrades - a comradely duty.

In this regard, we can state the second component of the relationship between the subject and the country, defined by him as the Motherland or Fatherland - a functional connection. This connection includes the functions (roles) of a person in relation to the country.

In the pedagogical literature, it is noted that patriotism is manifested in an individual's understanding of civic duty, in selfless work in the name of strengthening the Motherland. The word "patriot" for the first time, as evidenced in his research by E.V. Lisetskaya E.V. Lisetskaya Socio-pedagogical activity of institutions of additional education on the formation of patriotism among modern schoolchildren. - Diss. .. c.p.n. = 2002. *, began to be used during the Great French Revolution in 1789. At that time, fighters for the people's cause, defenders of the republic, called themselves patriots. Over the centuries, the concept of "patriot" has undergone significant changes. In his definition, the emphasis was placed mainly on the various attitudes of the individual to the Motherland, which was determined by the peculiarities of the cultural and historical development of society. In the modern sense, the author defines that a patriot is a person who loves his fatherland, is devoted to his people and is able to defend its interests, and patriotism is a moral quality of a person, which is expressed in his love and devotion to his homeland, awareness of its greatness and experience of his spiritual connection with her.

In the concept of military-patriotic education of young people, patriotism is seen as the personification of love for their homeland, involvement in its history, nature, achievements, problems. Patriotism is a kind of foundation of social and state systems, the spiritual and moral foundation of its viability and effective functioning.

Patriotic education is an integral part of education. Therefore, the characteristics of patriotic education can be attributed to its moral (a person's attitude to other people) and practical (connection with human activities) orientation. Patriotism as a feeling can be attributed to the emotional states of a person, manifested in their own experiences, experiences transmitted to other people, in emotional responses to ongoing events. Finally, patriotism as a feeling of love for the Motherland, a willingness to serve its ideals, can be attributed to the highest feelings, ranked among spiritual values.

Speaking about patriotism, it is important to focus not only on passive-contemplative love, but also on active, giving, and not only pleasing to oneself. Such love is meaningless from the point of view of consumer consciousness, but, in our opinion, only it creates a Person with a capital letter. In such a setting, patriotic education is important not only for the successful development of society and the state, but, above all, for the person himself, as a necessary component developed personality.

For the formation of a sense of patriotism, it is very important to give children basic knowledge about the Motherland, basic ideas about our country, people, customs, history, culture, state, regional symbols and symbols of their “small homeland”.

At the same time, it is very important to realize the spiritual and moral nature of patriotism, because outside the general context of spiritual and moral education, patriotism at best will turn into profanity, and at worst into chauvinism, national arrogance, aggressiveness towards strangers.

Here the powerful, multifaceted and universal spiritual and moral potential of the Russian cultural, historical, including heraldic, tradition comes to the rescue. Indeed, in the course of its millennial formation, our traditions have absorbed everything "reasonable, kind, eternal" that was created by the best people of Russia and was part of the people's life of each of the estates.

1.2 Methodological foundations of patriotic education of schoolchildren

In the context of the multinational nature of the Russian state in the education system, the issues of upbringing in the younger generation both a sense of respect for other peoples and a sense of love for the Motherland acquire great importance. It should be noted that, since the 90s of the 20th century, the young generation of Russians has been in contact with new social mediators and realities. It no longer accepts the previous foundations and values ​​of the previous social system, a new social type of personality has appeared. In these conditions, it is important to establish an updated system of patriotic education, formulate new tasks and increase the effectiveness of its forms and methods.

Political disintegration, social differentiation of society, devaluation of spiritual and moral values ​​had a negative impact on the public consciousness of most social and age groups of Russians, young people in the first place. The process of reducing the educational impact has intensified Russian culture, art, education - important factors in the formation of patriotism. The loss of traditional Russian patriotic consciousness has become more noticeable among the younger generation.

There was a loss of ideological values, patriotic and international education are in the process of restructuring in new socio-economic conditions.

Objective and subjective processes taking place in society have significantly aggravated the national question. As a result, patriotism sometimes degenerates into nationalism, the true meaning and understanding of internationalism is lost.

Patriotism (Greek rbfsjufzt - compatriot, rbfsYat - fatherland) is a moral and political principle, social feeling, the content of which is love for the fatherland and the willingness to subordinate its private interests to its interests (Solzhenitsyn 1996).

Patriotism presupposes pride in the achievements and culture of one's homeland, a desire to preserve its character and cultural characteristics and identification of oneself with other members of the nation, readiness to subordinate one's interests to the interests of the country, the desire to defend the interests of the Motherland and one's people.

The historical source of patriotism is the fixed existence of separate states for centuries and millennia, which formed attachment to their native land, language, traditions. In the conditions of the formation of nations and the formation of national states, patriotism becomes an integral part of public consciousness, reflecting national moments in its development.

Attributing patriotic feelings to other persons, and patriotic coloring to some events, the evaluating person thereby most often gives a positive characteristic. Relevant article in Encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Efron contains words about patriotism as a moral virtue. The example of public opinion polls shows that the majority of the respondents support patriotic slogans.

The idea of ​​patriotism is associated with a reverent attitude towards their homeland, but the idea of ​​the essence of patriotism is different for different people. For this reason, some people consider themselves patriots, while others do not. For example, Archpriest of the Russian Orthodox Church Dimitri Smirnov gave the following definition to the Izvestia newspaper on September 12, 2008: “Patriotism is love for one's own country, not hatred for someone else's”. Among the theses of the interviewee: patriotism is not associated with a person's attitude to state policy, patriotism cannot mean hatred of someone else, patriotism is cultivated with the help of religion, etc.

Patriotism is love for the Motherland, devotion to one's Fatherland, striving to serve its interests and readiness, up to self-sacrifice, to defend it Malgin A.S., Malgin M.A.Ratnaya glory to the Fatherland. - M .: Examination, 2006.

At the personal level, patriotism acts as the most important, stable characteristic of a person, expressed in his worldview, moral ideals, and norms of behavior.

At the macro level, patriotism is a significant part of public consciousness, manifested in collective moods, feelings, assessments, in relation to their people, their way of life, history, culture, state, system of fundamental values.

Patriotism is manifested in the actions and activities of a person. Arising out of love for their small homeland, patriotic feelings, having gone through a number of stages on the way to maturity, rise to national patriotic self-awareness, to a conscious love for their homeland.

Patriotism is always concrete, aimed at real objects. The active side of patriotism is decisive, it is she who is able to transform the sensory principle into concrete deeds and actions for the Fatherland and the state.

Patriotism is moral basis the viability of the state and acts as an important internal mobilizing resource for the development of society, an active civil position of the individual, his readiness for selfless service to his Fatherland. Patriotism as a social phenomenon is the cementing basis for the existence and development of any nation and statehood.

Patriotism harmoniously combines the best national traditions of the people with dedication to serving the Fatherland. Patriotism is inextricably linked with internationalism, alien to nationalism, separatism and cosmopolitanism.

Patriotism is a special orientation of self-realization and social behavior of citizens, the criteria for which are love and service to the Fatherland, ensuring the integrity and sovereignty of Russia, its national security, sustainable development, duty and responsibility, implying the priority of social and state principles over individual interests and aspirations and acting as the highest meaning of life and activity of an individual, all social groups and strata of society Leontyev AA Patriotic education and national education // Primary school - 2002. - No. 4. - P. 4-6. ...

Patriotism is a consciously and voluntarily accepted position of citizens, in which the priority of the public, the state acts not as a restriction, but as an incentive for individual freedom and a condition for the comprehensive development of civil society N. Savotina Modern experience of civic education: features and development trends. // Education of schoolchildren. - 2003. - No. 5. - S. 17-18. ... This understanding of patriotism is basic, and the Program acts in this regard as a direction for the formation and implementation of this type of social behavior of citizens.

Patriotism is one of the most striking features of the Russian national character... Russian patriotism has its own characteristics. First of all, it is the high humanistic orientation of the Russian patriotic idea; religious tolerance; conciliarity and obedience to the law; community as a stable inclination and need of Russians for a collective life; special love for native nature.

Underestimation of patriotism as the most important component of public consciousness leads to a weakening of the socio-economic, spiritual and cultural foundations of the development of society and the state. This determines the priority of patriotic education in the general education system of Russian citizens.

Patriotic education, being an integral part of the general educational process, is a systematic and purposeful activity of state authorities and public organizations to form citizens of high patriotic consciousness, a sense of loyalty to their Fatherland, readiness to fulfill civic duty and constitutional obligations to protect the interests of the Motherland A. Leontyev. A. Patriotic education and national education // Primary school - 2002. - No. 4. - P. 4-6. ...

As one of the types of multifaceted, large-scale and constantly carried out activities, patriotic education includes social, target, functional, organizational and other aspects, has a high level of complexity, that is, it covers all generations with its impact, permeates all aspects of life: socio-economic, political, spiritual , legal, pedagogical, based on education, culture, history, state, ethnic groups. It is an integral part of the entire life of Russian society, its social and state institutions.

Patriotic education presupposes the formation of socially significant orientations in citizens, a harmonious combination of personal and public interests, overcoming processes and phenomena alien to society, destroying its foundations and the potential of creation. The technology of patriotic education should be aimed at creating conditions for the national revival of Russia as a great power.

An integral part of patriotic education is military-patriotic education, aimed at developing readiness for military service as a special type of public service.

Military-patriotic education is characterized by a specific orientation, a deep understanding by each citizen of his role and place in serving the Fatherland, high personal responsibility for fulfilling the requirements of military service, the conviction of the need to form the necessary qualities and skills to fulfill military duty in the ranks of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies. Patriotic education of servicemen is organized and carried out within the framework of a unified system of military education of servicemen.

In the context of the fight against international terrorism, the patriotic education of citizens should be determined by the national interests of Russia and ensure the active participation of citizens in ensuring its security from external and internal threats.

The goal of patriotic education is the development in Russian society of high social activity, civic responsibility, spirituality, the formation of citizens with positive values ​​and qualities, capable of manifesting them in the creative process in the interests of the Fatherland, strengthening the state, ensuring its vital interests and sustainable development G. Efremova. Patriotic education of schoolchildren // Education of schoolchildren. - 2005. - No. 8. - P. 17..

At the present stage of development of our society, the achievement of this goal of patriotic education is carried out through the solution of the following tasks:

Establishment in society, in the consciousness and feelings of citizens of socially significant patriotic values, views and beliefs, respect for the cultural and historical past of Russia, for traditions, increasing the prestige of state, especially military, service;

Creating and ensuring the implementation of opportunities for more active involvement of citizens in solving socio-economic, cultural, legal, environmental and other problems;

Education of citizens in the spirit of respect for the Constitution of the Russian Federation, legality, norms of social and collective life, creation of conditions for ensuring the implementation of constitutional human rights and his duties, civil, professional and military duty;

Instilling in citizens a sense of pride, deep respect and reverence for the symbols of the Russian Federation - the Coat of Arms, the Flag, the Anthem, other Russian symbols and historical relics of the Fatherland;

Involvement of traditional for Russia religious confessions for the formation of citizens' need to serve the Motherland, its protection as the highest spiritual duty;

Creation of conditions for strengthening the patriotic orientation of television, radio and other media in the coverage of events and phenomena public life, active opposition to anti-patriotism, manipulation of information, propaganda of samples of mass culture based on the cult of violence, distortion and falsification of the history of the Fatherland;

Formation of racial, national, religious tolerance, development friendly relations between nations.

The implementation of the tasks of patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation is carried out through more specific tasks, taking into account the specifics of the subjects and objects of education, the conditions in which it is carried out, the specifics of their solution in the economic, social, legal, political, spiritual and other spheres.

The state Program "Patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation for 2011-2015" defines the goal of developing in Russian society a high social activity of responsibility of citizens who have positive values ​​and qualities, capable of manifesting them in the creative process in the interests of the Fatherland, strengthening the state, ensuring its interests.

Based on the goal, educational institutions are tasked with establishing socially significant patriotic values, views and beliefs in the minds and feelings of schoolchildren, respect for the cultural and historical past of Russia, for traditions, and increasing the prestige of military service; creating opportunities for the active involvement of schoolchildren in solving socio-economic, cultural, legal, environmental problems; instilling a sense of pride, respect and reverence for the symbols of Russia - the Emblem, Flag, anthem, other Russian symbols and historical relics of the Fatherland; the formation of national tolerance.

The State Program notes that the system of patriotic education has taken shape in its foundation. However, patriotism is not yet fully the unifying force of society. The main goal of the Program is to improve the system of patriotic education, to form in the citizens of the Russian Federation a high patriotic consciousness, loyalty to the Fatherland.

In the documents adopted by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, it is argued that the public-state education system, focused on the formation of civic feelings, consciousness, an active position of schoolchildren, is capable of ensuring the consolidation of society, maintaining social and economic stability, and strengthening the unity of peoples.

Relying on theoretical basis patriotic education, we will reveal the classroom methodology "Where does the Motherland begin?" for students in grades 1-4.

The preparation process may include: organizing excursions around the city and its museums; visiting the exhibition "Folk arts and crafts"; meetings with veterans of the Great Patriotic War in the veterans club; conducting a survey: 1. Complete the sentence "Patriotism is ...". 2. Do you consider yourself a patriot? Why? 3. Is patriotism necessary in peacetime ?; drawing up a family tree; writing essays "History of the Great Patriotic War in my family"; design of an exhibition of books about hero-countrymen.

The class hour can begin with listening to the song "Where does the Motherland begin?" Then the students are divided into groups, each of which performs the task - to draw a drawing with which they associate their Motherland, and a presentation of the drawing is made.

In the course of analyzing the answers to the questionnaire, the class teacher reveals to the students the content of patriotism. We consider it expedient to reveal to students the instinctive, conscious and active nature of patriotism. The essence of the nature of instinctive patriotism is expressed in the words: "I love the Motherland, for which I do not know myself." The son of his homeland perceives it as his inalienable, dear, with which he lives and dies. This is the most dear thing, and he himself. Love for the Motherland is disinterested, it is not loved for anything, it is not a deal, not an agreement. They love their homeland not because it is great, rich, beautiful, but because the roots of a person are in it.

Conscious patriotism requires an objective assessment of the positive and negative aspects of the cultural and historical development of the Motherland. The critical direction of teaching, denying the centuries-old experience of the people, is unacceptable. You should also eliminate bias in teaching associated with exaggeration of achievements. As a result of the enrichment of patriotic feelings with historical and cultural concepts that schoolchildren acquire, instinctive patriotism is transformed into a conscious one. The one who loves the Motherland sees in it much more than the one who does not love, because love is knowledge. A patriot who sees in the Motherland a weak, weak, sick mother, is ready for feat and self-denial for the sake of love for her. In self-denial for others and for the Motherland there is an indestructible self-assertion of a person.

The active nature of patriotism is manifested in practical activities for the good of the Fatherland. Knowledge of the cultural and historical achievements of the development of Russia, an understanding of its social needs and needs makes a person want to transfer his theoretical views and beliefs into the sphere of practical activity. The limitation of a person's activities within the boundaries of his country is a consequence of the realization that this is his real place, where he can be most useful. One of the possible options for revealing the features of the active nature of patriotism in peacetime is the implementation by students of group social projects aimed at participating in the feasible transformations of their school, courtyard, city.

Being engaged in patriotic education, teachers must know to follow the sequence in the development of civil-patriotic feelings of children: love for the family, native land, country. N.A. Dobrolyubov, V.A. Sukhomlinsky, K. D. Ushinsky. Academician D.S. Likhachev warned that if this sequence is violated, it is impossible to achieve the set goal, since the missing link will destroy the entire chain and it will be difficult to fasten it if something is missing from the very beginning. All teachers are unanimous that the basis of civic-patriotic education at school should be local history.

...

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Heraldry in signs and symbols patriotic education (knowledge)

Heraldry in signs and symbols

Patriotic education

It is a sacred duty to love the country

Who gave us drink and nourished us like a mother.

M. A. Sholokhov

Patriotism- translated from Greek, means compatriot, dear, fatherland, and in relation to a person, a sense of belonging to the motherland, fatherland, where he was born to its citizens; love for the fatherland, devotion to the desire to serve its interests. Hence follows a brief description of the civil patriotic position of man... Which, for a long time, has been a universal human cultural norm.

V. Stepanov

On the world map you will not find The house in which you live, And even the native streets We will not find on the map, But we will always find Our country, our common home on it.

Since ancient times, the heirs of princely dynasties received their family with the throne sign, which was imprinted on a helmet, a ring, a mirror and even on household items. These simple generic signs and became the founders heraldry.

Heraldry the science of the study of coats of arms. Russian heraldry originates from the traditions of the ancestral old Russian nobility. When, according to historians, did the first coat of arms of Russia appear? Researchers heraldry unanimously attribute its appearance to the reign of Prince Ivan III, who finally chose symbol state power of a two-headed eagle.

Russian emblem was perceived unequivocally: the eagle is the king of birds, his strength and vigilance are indisputable symbol courage and discernment. Vast Russia is located both in Europe and Asia. Therefore, one eagle's head is turned to the East, the other to the West, with a single television control. Russian two-headed eagle symbolizes a firmness and loyalty to the government. Each city in Russia has its own coat of arms. Consider the Russian coat of arms. Let's pay attention to the fact that the eagle's chest is decorated with a shield with the iconic image of St. George the Victorious - the defender of the Fatherland, fighting a snake. This coat of arms reflects the constant struggle between good and evil. Three crowns over a two-headed eagle mean a single bond between three friendly peoples - Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. Scepter and orb in the clutches of an eagle, royal regalia, which serve as the embodiment of state order and fidelity to the law. The coat of arms of Russia is a dark red shield, which depicts a golden two-headed eagle. The coat of arms of Moscow is placed on the eagle's chest, which means that Moscow is the capital of the mighty Russian state. The shape of the coat of arms resembles a shield. The shield is the weapon of an ancient warrior to protect against blows and arrows.

Flag distinctive sign, state symbol... The flag of Russia consists of three stripes of the same width. The upper stripe is white, the middle one is blue, the lower one is red. Russians respect both modern and other historical flags of their Fatherland. Since ancient times, red was widespread in Russia. The white-blue-red flag was first given to the Russian fleet and the army by Tsar Peter I, in his era there were red-blue-white flags on his ships. The Russian flags approved by Peter have survived for several centuries. Kutuzov's troops fought under these banners in the Battle of Borodino. The arrangement of the stripes reflected the Old Russian understanding the world: below the physical world (natural)- Red; above - heavenly, blue; even higher - the Divine world - white.

In Russia, three colors had the following symbolic meaning:

White - nobility, frankness;

Blue - loyalty, honesty, impeccability, chastity;

Red - courage, boldness, generosity, love.

This color combination has survived in the Russian flag to this day.

Anthem is the main state song, which reflects people's love and patriotism... The anthem is sung and listened to while standing. The national anthem is performed on special occasions. The author of the words of the anthem of Russia famous writer and playwright Sergei Mikhalkov. During the Great Patriotic War S. Mikhalkov was a war correspondent. Near the Kremlin there is the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, on which the words written by S. Mikhalkov: « Your name unknown, your feat is immortal ".

Color in coats of arms

When a coat of arms or emblem is invented, attention is paid not only to objects, but also to color, because it can also matter.

Red color - called scarlet and serves symbol courage and courage, as well as symbolizes blood shed for the faith, sovereign, fatherland.

Blue - called azure and symbolizes beauty.

Blue color - symbolizes beauty greatness, loyalty, trust, impeccability, as well as development in front, hope, dream.

Green color - a symbol of hope, youth, joy, abundance, fertility, freedom of rest and peace.

Black color - usually speaks of sadness, prudence, and humility. Moreover, it symbol of education, modesty and caution.

Yellow and white are compared to precious metals - gold and silver. Gold is most often symbol of wealth rather silver of purity.

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On the Red Square of the capital, in front of the Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed, there is a monument in memory of the liberation of Moscow from the Poles in 1612. On its pedestal there is a laconic inscription: "To Citizen Minin and Prince Pozharsky, grateful Russia."

Fundraising for the construction of the monument was started in 1803 at the initiative of members of the Free Society of Lovers of Literature, Sciences and Arts. In 1804, the sculptor Ivan Petrovich Martos created the first sketch of the monument.

Ivan Martos was born in 1754 in the town of Ichnya, Chernigov province, into a family of small-scale Little Russian nobles. In 1761 he was admitted to the Imperial Academy of Arts and graduated from the course in 1773 with a small gold medal. Working in painting classes, the young man already then felt his calling as a sculptor.

Among the best boarders of the Academy of Arts, Martos was sent for an internship in Italy. In Rome, he comprehends the majestic simplicity of classical sculptural forms. It was in those years when the baroque was replaced by classicism, and the young sculptor with all his heart embraced the aesthetic ideals of the established style.

Upon his return to St. Petersburg in 1779, Martos was determined to be a teacher of sculpture at the Academy of Arts, then became its senior professor, rector and, finally, in 1831, an honored rector.

In the early 80s of the 18th century, the artist creates a series of sculptural portraits. The most famous of them are the portraits of N. I. Panin (1780) and A. V. Panina (1782). Subsequently, Martos worked in the genre of elegiac memorial sculpture. The most successful are the gravestones of M.P.Sobakina (1782), E.S.Kurakina (1792), E.I.Gagarina (1803). A special place in this row is occupied by the tombstone of Field Marshal Count Peter Alexandrovich Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. However, the sculptor dreamed of a large, large-scale work.

In 1808, Emperor Alexander I decided to hold a competition to create a monument to the heroes of 1612 - the liberators of Russia, which was planned to be installed in Nizhny Novgorod, where the militia was assembled.

Many Russian sculptors took part in the competition. But the project of Ivan Martos was recognized as the best way of life. On January 1, 1809, a nationwide subscription was announced, sending out engravings throughout the empire depicting the approved project, "so that this way of life is known to all Russians." This drawing was significantly different from the first project and in its composition almost coincided with the final version of the monument. By 1811, the amount of everyday life was collected, sufficient to start work. By the same time, it was decided to erect a monument in Moscow on Red Square, and an obelisk in Nizhny Novgorod.

Creating a small model sculptural composition was started in 1812, “at the time when the great job again to save the fatherland, just as Minin and Pozharsky saved Russia exactly two hundred years ago ”. Due to the outbreak of war, the creation of the monument progressed slowly, and it was not until 1815 that the large model, exhibited by Martos for public viewing, was completed.

Interest in the work of the master was already great, but after the Patriotic War of 1812, it increased unusually. The citizens of Russia saw this monument as a symbol of victory. The periodicals published not only notes on the progress of work on the monument, but also separate large articles dedicated to this, including about the technologies used in its manufacture.

Vasily Yekimov cast a monument based on the Martos model in 1816 in bronze in St. Petersburg, and on May 21, 1817, the monument was sent to Moscow by water - along the Neva and Lake Onega, then along the canals and Sheksna to Rybinsk, and from there the Volga to Nizhny Novgorod ... In the city where Minin began to gather the militia, a solemn meeting was arranged for the monument. An eyewitness described this event in the following way: "No pen can depict the admiration of both some townspeople and the entire local area by the appearance in these waters of such a famous monument to their fellow citizen." From Nizhny Novgorod, the sculpture was delivered along the Oka River to Kolomna, and then along the Moskva River directly to the walls of the Kremlin.

In Moscow, the place of installation of the monument was chosen in the middle of Red Square near the Trade Rows.

The grand opening of the monument to Minin and Pozharsky took place on February 20, 1818. On Red Square, filled with thousands of Muscovites, troops were lined up, a military parade was held. To the beat of drums and shouts of "hurray", the veil was removed from the sculpture. One of the Moscow newspapers described this event as follows: “During this solemn ceremony, the crowd of residents was incredible; all the shops, the roofs of the Gostiny Dvor, the shops, set up on purpose for the nobility near the Kremlin wall, and the very towers of the Kremlin were strewn with people eager to enjoy this new and extraordinary spectacle. "

The monument was distinguished by the severity and simplicity of the silhouette, stately emotionality: dressed in a Russian shirt, the Nizhny Novgorod headman Kuzma Minin called on Dmitry Pozharsky to lead the militia and lead him to save the Fatherland; Pozharsky, leaning on the shield, takes the sword from Minin's hands.

The red granite pedestal was decorated with bas-reliefs depicting the collection of donations and heroic episodes of the struggle for the liberation of Moscow. On one of the bas-reliefs one could see Martos himself with two sons - militias from the Patriotic War of 1812. On the back of the pedestal there is a bronze inscription: “Composed and sculpted by John Martos, master from Ichnya”.

The monument to Minin and Pozharsky supplemented the national-patriotic sound of the Red Square ensemble: the Kremlin and the Intercession Cathedral personified the greatness of the Russian state, and the Kazan Cathedral reminded of the victories of Russian weapons early XVII century. Ivan Martos had a great influence on the work of many Russian sculptors of the first third of the 19th century. He died in St. Petersburg on April 5 (17), 1835.

The significance of the monument to Minin and Pozharsky goes far beyond the memory of the events of 1612. He not only became the first monument in Moscow, but also the first monument depicting a person from the common people. In 1930, during the reconstruction of Red Square, the monument was moved to St. Basil's Cathedral.

At the beginning of the XXI century, historical justice prevailed in relation to Nizhny Novgorod, where a copy of the monument to Minin and Pozharsky was erected opposite the fortress gate, from which the people's militia once emerged.

Prepared by E. V. Nikolsky

Olga Balabkina, Deputy Chairman of the State Assembly (Il Tumen) of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia):
- The Russian flag was raised over our country during the August 1991 coup, then it became clear: Russia became a different country, with a new, emerging democracy, a country that remembers and honors its history, but at the same time confidently strides into the future.
The Russian tricolor unites us and helps to feel that together we are a single multinational Russian people. The flag makes us feel respect for our history, traditions, culture, it is fanned with military and labor glory, sports successes and achievements of many generations of our country's inhabitants.

The flag of Russia has traveled in open space, at the North and South Poles, the highest peaks of the continents, crossed all seas and oceans. Without it, not a single significant event takes place - from the signing of important state documents to international sports competitions, world championships and the Olympic Games.
Probably, each of us experienced that exciting moment, that pride for the country in which we live, when the national flag of the Motherland is raised at sports competitions, when our athletes are on the highest step of the podium.
We witnessed the moment when the Russian flag was raised over the territory of the Republic of Crimea, when millions of our fellow citizens happily accepted the news of their return to Russia.

All of us, regardless of political convictions, world views, or other differences, are citizens of a single state. It has always united and unites us. We live in a common home, and taking care of it, caring for our loved ones, friends, neighbors, helping the elders, supporting the weak, joy for children, respect for the views and shrines of people living nearby - this is the contribution of each of us to achieving peace and justice.
Let the feeling of pride for Russia and for our national flag always live in us!

Alexey Eremeev, Chairman of the Standing Committee on State Building and Legislation, Head of the United Russia faction in the State Assembly (Il Tumen) of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia):
- Every citizen of our state, which has always held on thanks to the spirit of patriotism, love for the Motherland, fulfillment of their duty, must follow the tradition of celebrating such holidays. I consider this holiday important for the younger generation and for all of us, citizens of the Russian Federation, because we instill in our children and young people an understanding of the importance of the state flag, we tell the story of the formation of the Russian state.

The Russian tricolor is perceived as a symbol of freedom and the formation of a new Russia. In the 90s, people under this flag went to conquer the democratic foundations of our state, with which Russia is strong today. Now our national flag unites all our citizens, regardless of political views and moods. I think that the Russian tricolor as a symbol of the state is dear to every Russian. I wish all citizens to always love our Motherland, so that a white-blue-red banner always flutters over us as a symbol of the greatness and power of the Fatherland.

Yuri Grigoriev, deputy of Il Tumen, head of the "Fair Russia" faction in the State Assembly (Il Tumen) of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia):
- Since ancient times, white, blue and red colors in Russia meant: white - nobility and frankness; blue - loyalty, honesty, impeccability and chastity; red - courage, courage, generosity and love.

We have to live and work under the Russian flag so that children and grandchildren can be proud of the victories and successes of their ancestors, continue to strengthen the Russian statehood, develop the economy, transfer cultural values from generation to generation, making scientific discoveries and sporting achievements.

May our state Russian flag fly proudly over the stable and prosperous Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). We are the largest Russian region in the Far East and in Russia, and the Russian flag unites the peoples of the Russian Federation in their pursuit of development, friendship and harmony.

Gavril Parakhin, deputy of Il Tumen, head of the LDPR faction in the State Assembly (Il Tumen) of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia):
- In the current situation in the country and in the world, the Day of the State Flag of the Russian Federation is becoming especially significant for our people. For the residents of our republic, as well as for all Russians, the meeting of this holiday is an opportunity to unite, discuss the situation in Ukraine.

Day of the Russian tricolor makes it possible to realize that we are not alone: ​​we have a state, there are national holidays and sacred national symbols. The multinational people of Russia and our republic are united by one thing - a sense of pride for our country, for their flag, for their president. According to the results of many polls, V. Putin is a leader as a politician, as a strong personality, who makes it clear to the whole world that our state has strength and significance, and it is impossible not to reckon with this.

Yuri Baishev, Chairman of the Committee for Family, Childhood, Youth, Physical Culture and Sports of the State Assembly (Il Tumen) of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia):
- Each state has official attributes, and residents are proud of their symbol. For us, citizens of the Russian state, the flag of Russia, like the anthem and the coat of arms, is a sacred concept.

In connection with the difficult situation that has arisen due to sanctions from some countries, we, the Russians, have rallied even more. This holiday, associated with one of the most important state symbols, strengthens our patriotic spirit and national pride. Therefore, it is gratifying that such a significant public holiday is being held. Of course, I would like this date to fall within the period of the school year, then in schools and other educational institutions, events dedicated to the symbols of our Fatherland would be massively held.

The upbringing of worthy citizens of the country begins with the respect for state symbols and historical traditions, which we instill in the young generation, and the feeling of respect and love for the Motherland grows stronger. And I think this holiday is very important and necessary. We must be proud that we live together and united in such a multinational country as Russia. Our state is the largest in the world in terms of territory, land and water resources.

As a person directly connected with sports, I myself can say that I always feel a great sense of pride in the state when the national flag of our country is raised to the sound of the anthem in honor of the victories of Russian athletes at the Olympic Games and World Championships. Let there be more such moments in our country!

Vladimir Prokopyev, Chairman of the Standing Committee on Land Relations, Natural Resources and Ecology of the State Assembly (Il Tumen) of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia):
- Since 1994, on August 22, all Russians celebrate the Day of the State Flag of the Russian Federation - a holiday approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation. The Russian flag symbolizes the inviolability of historical traditions. Even at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries, during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, Russian warships sailed the Caspian Sea under a white-blue-red banner. Great is the merit of Peter I in recognizing the tricolor as the state flag of Russia.

V recent history The tricolor flag became the official state symbol of Russia on the eve of the adoption of the Constitution on the basis of the decree on the state flag, hereinafter - the Regulations on the flag. On December 27, 2000, the Constitutional Law of the Russian Federation "On the State Flag of the Russian Federation" came into force.

The state flag as a symbol of the unity of the inhabitants of the country gives every citizen an opportunity to be proud of their Fatherland, to feel like a part of a mighty power. We are faced with the task of educating young citizens from childhood in the traditions of patriotism; its solution is impossible without respect for the state symbols of our multinational Motherland.

Dear fellow countrymen! Let the personifying colors of the Russian tricolor: white - nobility and freedom, blue - faith and loyalty, red - will and courage become your bright companions in life.

I am sure that most of the inhabitants of our country are familiar with most of the state symbols. We will not undertake to check your knowledge - it is better to do it yourself.

STATE SYMBOLS OF RUSSIA

The state symbols of any country include the coat of arms, flag and anthem. This triad did not appear immediately. Only in the XX century, a mandatory tradition was established all over the world - each country has its own coat of arms, flag and anthem.

Inhabitants different countries are rightfully proud of their symbols. The attitude towards the coat of arms, flag and anthem is the attitude towards the state itself. And it should be respectful.

The symbols of our Motherland are more than one hundred years old.

The first state emblem appeared at the end of the 15th century, the first flag - in the 18th century, and the first anthem - in the 19th century. But more on that later.

MOSCOW IS THE CAPITAL OF RUSSIA

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THE KREMLIN IS A SYMBOL OF MOSCOW

The Moscow Kremlin is called the heart of Moscow. It is located on the banks of the Moskva River, in the very center of the city. The Kremlin, a symbol of Moscow, is a magnificent ensemble that unites architectural monuments different eras, enclosed by brick walls, over which 20 towers rise. The Kremlin houses state institutions, ancient palaces and temples. You can walk along the Kremlin walls By the way, once it was almost blown up - you can learn more

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RED SQUARE IS A SYMBOL OF MOSCOW

Red Square is the main square of Russia. Military parades and major celebrations of the country take place here. There are a lot of interesting cultural monuments and sights on Red Square. The most famous of them are the V.I. Lenin, Lobnoe mesto, St. Basil's Cathedral, as well as the Upper and Middle trading rows, Kazan Cathedral. In addition, the Moscow Kremlin is located to the west.

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ST. BASIL'S CATHEDRAL

The Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God (St. Basil's Cathedral) is the main temple of Red Square and all of Moscow. It was built in the middle of the 16th century by order of Tsar Ivan the Terrible in honor of the capture of the Kazan Khanate - part of the former Golden Horde. We have previously dedicated a large and interesting article to the Cathedral - read it

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COAT OF ARMS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW.

The word "coat of arms" came into the Russian language in the 16th - 17th centuries. It is based on the German erbe, which means inheritance. So already in the word itself one of the important features of the coat of arms is laid - stability, constancy in use.

The state emblem testifies to the sovereignty of the country, the clan emblem - about the belonging of its owner to a certain class. The coat of arms can indicate land holdings, like many family coats of arms of the Middle Ages, serve as a means of certifying its owner. Therefore, the coat of arms, as a rule, is officially approved by the supreme authority.

Where did the emblem of the two-headed eagle in Russia come from?

Initially, historians thought that Russia borrowed it from Byzantium. As a sign of the imperial court, the double-headed eagle adorned the fabrics, clothes and shoes of emperors and courtiers. This emblem gained particular popularity under the emperors of the Palaeologus dynasty. Perhaps the two-headed eagle was their ancestral emblem. His image can be seen on the handwritten Gospel, which belonged to Dmitry Palaeologus.

In Rome, the eagle has been revered since ancient times. According to legend, it was the eagle, this messenger of the gods, who predicted the ancient Tarquinia's acquisition of royal power. The prevalence of the emblem of the two-headed eagle in the Balkans led scientists to the idea that it was from this region that the eagle could get to Russia. But, most interestingly, the two-headed eagle was also found in Russia itself, and long before 1497 the two-headed eagle was intended to symbolize the power and independence of our country. In this capacity, he continued his history on the Russian land.

In the XVI - XVII centuries. In the Muscovite kingdom, two state seals were used - Big and Small. They differed in size, location of emblems and inscriptions, but both preserved images of a horseman and a two-headed eagle. On the Bolshoi state seal the rider was placed on the chest of a two-headed eagle. In the Small Seal, the rider and the eagle were depicted on both sides.

In the late 1530s. the two-headed eagle acquired a more warlike appearance, they began to depict Him with open beaks and protruding tongues. In heraldry, such an emblem is called an armed eagle.

armed eagle

On the seal of False Dmitry I, an eagle is depicted with wings raised up, and above its heads there are two crowns, between which is a third, bigger size... On the seals of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, the wings of an eagle fell, and three crowns were placed above the eagle's head.

In the first half of the XIX century. the image of the Russian coat of arms has changed again. There were two types of state emblem. On the first, an eagle with spread wings held the Moscow coat of arms in a shield of an elegant, pointed upward shape on its chest. A crown was placed over the heads of the eagle. In its paws, this eagle sometimes held - in one a bundle of lightning and a torch, and in the other - a laurel wreath. The second type of coat of arms is an eagle with raised wings, topped with three crowns. A shield with the Moscow coat of arms on his chest was framed with a chain of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. And on the wings of the eagle there are 6 shields with the coats of arms of the most important lands, the names of which were included in the imperial title. The last change in the state emblem in the pre-revolutionary period took place in 1882 - 1883.

Alexander III took over the Large, Medium and two Small Coats of Arms made by the artist A. I. Charlemagne. The presence of three types of state type of coat of arms is explained by the fact that they were depicted on seals that fastened documents of different importance.

The revival of the Russian state entailed the inevitable return of the original Russian symbols, so recklessly forgotten in the Soviet period. The history of the creation of the coat of arms is huge. The symbols are nameless, they do not know the authorship, history itself creates them.

In 1917, the eagle ceased to be the emblem of Russia. The return of the two-headed eagle to the coat of arms of Russia took place in 1993 by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of October 30, 1993. The author of the sketch of the coat of arms is the artist of the State Heraldry under the President of the Russian Federation, E.I.

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FLAG OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW.

The Russian flag owes its birth to the Russian fleet.

B 1667-1669 the first Russian flotilla was built in the village of Dedinovo on the Oka.

It was necessary to choose a flag for the ship. The flag of this or that country showed that this ship belongs to it, is its territory. The flag served as the ship's identification mark, and the state thereby indicated that the ship was under its protection.

By that time, the leading maritime powers already had their flags. All of them were distinguished by a simple image and simple colors, since it was important that they were recognizable from afar. Usually the colors of the flag included two or three stripes. The colors of the stripes corresponded to the colors of the state or dynastic symbols of the country.

It is from the sea flags that many state flags originate.

In April 1668, Russian ships were ordered to issue a large amount of white, blue and red cloth, but exactly how these colors were located on the first Russian flags is not known.

Some researchers believe that the flag consisted of four parts. The blue cross divided the panel vertically and horizontally, while the white and red colors were staggered. There was a red border around the edges of the cloth.

In 1699, Peter I gave the naval flag the status of a state flag - the main symbol of the country.

In November 1990, the commission, which was to develop a draft of a new flag of the RSFSR, proposed to restore the historical Russian flag - a white-blue-red cloth.

On December 11, 1993, on the eve of the adoption of the new Constitution, the President of Russia signed a decree “On the State Flag of the Russian Federation”. In accordance with it, the colors of the flag were white, blue and red.

The Russian tricolor was probably inspired by the Dutch model. Red, the color of blood, seemed to denote the earthly world, blue - the celestial sphere, white - divine light. Red was considered a symbol of courage and courage, and was also synonymous with beauty. The color blue was the symbol of the Mother of God. White personified peace, purity, nobility.

August 22 - Day of the State Flag of the Russian Federation.

The state flag of the Russian Federation is constantly raised on the buildings of the authorities of our country. It is posted on public holidays for ceremonies. Rises on the buildings of Russian diplomatic missions abroad. The flag is our shrine, and we must treat it with respect and veneration.

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ANTHEM OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW.

The national anthem of Russia - the official state symbol of Russia - is performed on the most solemn occasions, during official ceremonies of national importance. Hymns as solemn cult chants originated in ancient times. In Russia until the 17th century, solemn ceremonies were accompanied by church chants.

« Hymn "is a word of Greek origin, it means" a solemn, laudatory song. "

Since the time of Peter I, military marches have occupied a special place. And it has become a generally accepted tradition to have the national anthem in the last 200 years. In December 2000, Russian President Vladimir Putin proposed adopting the "old" Soviet anthem to the music of Aleksandrov.

The first official national anthem appeared after the victory of Russian weapons over the Napoleonic army.

In 1813 in St. Petersburg to the melody of the English anthem "God Save the King / Queen!" performed for the first time "Song to the Russian Tsar", the author of which was famous poet, translator, philologist A.Kh. Vostokov. In 1815, a new text of the song appeared under the title "Prayer of the Russians":

God save the king!
Glorious debts days
Give it to the ground!….

V.A. Zhukovsky.

After 2 years, Zhukovsky supplemented the text with two stanzas, and the anthem acquired its final form in 1833, thanks to the officer and composer A.F. Lvov. The anthem of Lvov sounded everywhere - both in the army and during civil celebrations. It became the national anthem of the Russian Empire.

Russia knew a few more melodies that became its unofficial hymns. One of them belongs to the genius of Russian music MI Glinka, the author of the opera “A Life for the Tsar”:

Glory, glory, our Russian tsar,
The Lord has given us the Tsar-Sovereign!….

In February 1917, along with the monarchy, the old hymn also became a thing of the past. On the streets completely different songs sounded, and the main place among them was taken by "Marseillaise".

The anthem is the official state symbol. He is, as it were, a musical and poetic embodiment of the country and its people, and therefore the most respectful attitude towards him should be.

These symbols are part of Russian history, the embodiment of its heroic and tragic pages, a reflection of the life of the peoples of our country.

- We all need to know well the history of the state symbols of Russia.

- The attitude towards the coat of arms, flag and anthem is the attitude towards the state itself. It must be respectful.

- Insulting state symbols is akin to insulting the state, and its people, and its history and culture.