French artists of the 20th century and their paintings. A Brief History of French Art. Either a peasant, or a thinker ...
Impressionism.
Edouard Manet (French Édouard Manet, January 23, 1832, Paris - April 30, 1883, Paris) - French artist, one of the founders of Impressionism.
Manet's fascination with old painting led to numerous travels. He repeatedly visited Dutch museums, where he admired the paintings of Frans Hals. In 1853, he made the traditional journey for French artists to Italy, where he visited Venice and Florence. It was then that the influence on the young artist of paintings by the masters of the Early and High Renaissance began to appear. Velazquez becomes one of the most influential artists on Manet. Perhaps it was his later works, especially the famous bodegons, that had a huge impact on the formation of the impressionism movement. The return trip to France was long - Manet traveled a lot in Central Europe, visiting museums in Dresden, Prague, Vienna and Munich.
In 1863 and 1864, Manet exhibited both in the Salon of Les Miserables and in the official salon, where his new paintings, especially "Breakfast on the Grass" caused sharp outrage from critics. The peak of rejection falls in 1865, when Manet exhibited in the salon his (now famous) "Olympia" - a painting found by his contemporaries extremely obscene and vulgar, and provoking a grandiose scandal at that time.
During the siege of Paris in 1870, Manet remained in the capital as a convinced republican. After the French-Prussian War and the Paris Commune, the artist converges even closer with the young impressionists. This is evidenced, for example, by the numerous paintings painted in the open air, side by side with Claude Monet at Argenteuil in 1874. However, Manet did not want to participate in exhibitions of Impressionist groups. He preferred to win the recognition of the jury of the official Salons at any cost. Another hype around his name arose in 1874. " Railway"Again aroused the sharp antipathy of the jury. And only in 1879 the Salon appreciated the artist's persistence: Manet's canvases "In the Greenhouse" and "In the Boat" were received very warmly.
Absinthe Drinker, 1858-1859, New Carlsberg Glyptotek
Music at the Tuileries, 1862, National Gallery, London
Olympia, 1863, Musée d'Orsay, Paris
Spanish musician (Guitarrero). 1860 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Execution of the Mexican Emperor Maximilian. 1867, Kunsthalle, Mannheim.
Edgar-Germain-Hilaire de Ha, or Edgar Degas (French Edgar Degas) (July 19, 1834, Paris - September 27, 1917) - French painter, one of the most prominent and original representatives of the impressionist movement.
At the age of 20 (1854), Degas entered an apprenticeship in the studio of the artist Lamotte, who was famous at the time, who, in turn, was a student of the great Ingres. In a familiar Degas family, it happened to see Ingres, and he retained his appearance in his memory for a long time, and throughout his life retained his love for the Ingres melodious line and for a clear form. Degas also loved other great draftsmen - Nicolas Poussin, Hans Holbein - and copied their work in the Louvre with such diligence and skill that it was difficult to distinguish a copy from the original.
Degas's works, with their strictly verified and at the same time dynamic, often asymmetrical composition, precise flexible drawing, unexpected angles, active interaction of figure and space, combine the seeming impartiality and randomness of the motive and architectonics of the painting with careful thought and calculation. “There was no art less direct than mine,” - this is how the artist himself evaluates his own work. Each of his works is the result of long-term observations and stubborn, painstaking work to translate them into artistic image... There is nothing impromptu in the work of the master. The completeness and thoughtfulness of his compositions sometimes makes us recall Poussin's canvases. But as a result, images appear on the canvas that it would not be an exaggeration to call the personification of the instantaneous and the accidental. In French art of the late 19th century, Degas' works in this respect are the diametric opposite of Cezanne's work. In Cézanne's painting, the picture carries all the immutability of the world order and looks like a fully completed microcosm. In Degas, it contains only a part of the powerful stream of life cut off by the frame. Degas's images are full of dynamism, they embody the accelerated rhythms of the contemporary artist's era. It was the passion for the transmission of movement - this, according to Degas' words, determined the dubious plots of Degas: images of galloping horses, ballerinas at rehearsals, laundresses and ironers at work, women dressing or combing their hair.
Edgar Degas. Race horses in front of the stands. 1869-1872 Louvre, Paris.
Blue dancers. Museum them. Pushkin, Moscow.
New Orleans Cotton Trader. 1873
The washing up. 1886 Hill Stand Museum, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
Absinthe, 1876, Musée d'Orsay, Paris
Before the start, 1862-1880, Musée d'Orsay, Paris
Ballet performance - View of the stage from the box, 1885, Art Museum, Philadelphia
Ballet school.
Miss Lala at Fernando's circus.
Laundresses with linen.
At the milliner.
Ironers
Pierre Auguste Renoir (French Pierre-Auguste Renoir; February 25, 1841, Limoges - December 2, 1919, Cagnes-sur-Mer) is a French painter, graphic artist and sculptor, one of the main representatives of impressionism. Renoir is known primarily as a master of secular portrait, not devoid of sentimentality; he was the first of the Impressionists to find success with the wealthy Parisians. In the mid-1880s. actually broke with impressionism, returning to the linearity of classicism, to Engrism. The father of the famous director.
Spring Bouquet (1866). Harvard University Museum
Ball at le Moulin de la Galette (1876). Orsay Museum
Big Bathers (1887). Museum of Art, Philadelphia.
Girls at the Piano (1892). Orsay Museum.
Gabrielle in a Red Blouse (1910). Collection of M. Wertem, New York.
Oscar Claude Monet (fr. Oscar-Claude Monet, 1840-1926) - French painter, one of the founders of impressionism.
When the boy was five years old, the family moved to Normandy, to Le Havre. On the coast of Normandy, Monet met Eugene Boudin, a famous landscape painter and one of the forerunners of impressionism. Buden showed the young artist some techniques of painting from nature
On the Banks of the Seine (Bennecourt, 1868), an early example of plein air impressionism in which the skillful and imaginative use of oils was presented as a finished work of art.
Disillusioned with the traditional art that was taught in art schools, in 1862 Monet entered the Charles Gleyre University in Paris, where he met Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Frederic Bazille and Alfred Sisley. They shared with each other new approaches to art, the art of depicting light effects in an open-air style with a violation colors and quick strokes, what later became known as impressionism. The painting with the portrait of Camille Monet or "The Woman in the Green Dress" (La femme a la robe verte), painted in 1866, brought him recognition and was one of many works depicting his future wife, Camilla Donsieu; a year later, she posed for the paintings "Women in the Garden" and "On the Banks of the Seine" (Bennecourt, 1868).
Following the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War (July 19, 1870), Monet took refuge in England in September 1870, where he studied the works of John Constable and Joseph Mallord William Turner, whose landscape paintings would inspire Monet's innovations in color research.
"Impression. Rising Sun ", 1872, Marmottan-Monet Museum, Paris
Boulevard of the Capuchins, 1873
"Harbor"
Lily Pond, 1899, National Gallery, London
"Regatta at Arjateuil", 1872, Musée d'Orsay, Paris
"Froggy", 1869, Metropolitan Museum, New York, USA
"Women in the Garden", 1866-1867, Musée d'Orsay, Paris, France
"Beach at Purvil", 1882, National Museum Poland, Poznan, Poland
"Water Lilies", 1915
Jacob Abraham Camille Pissarro (French Jacob Abraham Camille Pissarro, July 10, 1830, Saint Thomas Island - November 12, 1903, Paris) - French painter, one of the first and most consistent representatives of impressionism.
Pizarro started out as a student of Camille Corot. In this choice of the teacher, the artist's innate love for landscape painting... But at the beginning of his career, Camille Pizarro pays no less attention to drawing. Already in his early works, the artist paid special attention to the depiction of illuminated objects in an air environment. Since then, light and air have become the leading theme in the work of Pizarro.
Gradually, Pizarro began to free himself from the influence of Corot, he matured his own style. Since 1866, the artist's palette has become lighter, the dominant of his plot is the space, permeated with sunlight and light air, and the neutral tones characteristic of Corot disappear.
The works that made Pizarro famous are a combination of traditional landscape subjects and unusual techniques in drawing light and illuminated objects. The mature Pizarro's paintings are painted with dense strokes and are filled with that physical sensation of light, which he sought to express.
Pissarro had a strong influence on the Impressionists, independently developing many of the principles that formed the basis of their painting style. He was friends with artists such as Degas, Cezanne and Gauguin. Pizarro is the only participant in all eight Impressionist exhibitions.
Boulevard Montmartre. It's sunny afternoon. " 1897
Self-portrait, 1873
Neo-impressionism.
Paul Signac (fr. Paul Signac, November 11, 1863, Paris - August 15, 1935, Paris) - French post-impressionist painter, representative of the pointillism movement.
In 1882, in Paris and Brittany, he began to paint under the influence of the Impressionists, mainly Monet. In 1884 he took part in the creation of the Society of Independent Artists, where he met Georges Seurat, with whom he developed the painting technique of pointillism in 1889, although at the last exhibition of the Impressionists his paintings reflected the aesthetics of divisionism.
During his lifetime, the artist was a recognized classic. In 1911 he was awarded the Legion of Honor.
Les Andelys (1886)
Femme lisant (1887), Musée d'Orsay, Paris. Oil, wood
Château de Comblat (1887), Museum of Liege, Belgium
La bouée rouge (1895) Orsay Museum
L'orage, (1895) Musée de l "Annonciade,
Le phare d'Antibes, (1909)
Post-impressionism.
Paul Cézanne (fr. Paul Cézanne) - French artist, bright representative post-impressionism.
Paul Cezanne was born in France on January 19, 1839 in the city of Aix-en-Provence in the family of a wealthy bourgeois. At Bourbon College, where he studied, Paul became friends with the future famous writer Emile Zola. Paul studied law at the University of Aix, but did not complete the course, deciding to devote himself entirely to painting.
After a short study at the School of Fine Arts in Aix-en-Provence, Cezanne went to Paris, where he met Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Claude Monet and Alfred Sisley. Together with them, he participated in the first impressionist exhibition in 1874 at the photographic studio of Nadar in Paris.
Cezanne's works bear the imprint of the artist's inner life. They are filled with internal energy of attraction and repulsion. Contradictions were originally characteristic of both the artist's psychic world and his artistic aspirations. In the everyday life of Cezanne, the southern temperament was combined with seclusion and asceticism, piety - with attempts to free oneself from the religious traditions that were holding down the temperament. Confident in his genius, Cezanne was nevertheless eternally obsessed with the fear that he would not find exact means of expressing what he saw and wanted to express in a painting by means of painting. He always kept repeating about the inability to "realize" his own vision, all the time doubted that he could do it, and each new picture became both a refutation and confirmation of this.
The Girl at the Piano (Overture to "Tannhäuser"). OK. 1868. Hermitage, St. Petersburg
A bouquet of flowers in a blue vase. 1873-1875. Hermitage, St. Petersburg
Bridge over the Marne at Creteil (Banks of the Marne). 1888-1894. Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts A.S. Pushkin, Moscow
Smoker. 1890-1892. Hermitage, St. Petersburg
Mount St. Victoria. 1897-1898. Hermitage, St. Petersburg
Vincent Willem van Gogh (Dutch. Vincent Willem van Gogh, March 30, 1853, Grotto-Zundert, near Breda, Netherlands - July 29, 1890, Auvers-sur-Oise, France) - the world famous Dutch post-impressionist painter.
In the 1880s, Van Gogh turned to art, attended the Academy of Arts in Brussels (1880-1881) and Antwerp (1885-1886), followed the advice of the painter A. Mauve in The Hague, and painted miners, peasants, and artisans with enthusiasm. In a series of paintings and sketches from the mid-1880s. (Peasant Woman, 1885, Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo; The Potato Eaters, 1885, Vincent Van Gogh State Museum, Amsterdam) an atmosphere of psychological tension.
In 1886-1888, Van Gogh lived in Paris, attended a prestigious private art studio of the famous throughout Europe teacher P. Cormon, studied Impressionist painting, Japanese engraving, synthetic works by Paul Gauguin. During this period, Van Gogh's palette became light, the earthy shade of paint disappeared, pure blue, golden-yellow, red tones appeared, his characteristic dynamic, as if flowing brushstroke ("Bridge over the Seine", 1887, Vincent Van Gogh State Museum, Amsterdam ; "Papa Tanguy", 1887, Musée Rodin, Paris).
In 1888, Van Gogh moved to Arles, where the originality of his creative manner... A fiery artistic temperament, an agonizing impulse for harmony, beauty and happiness and, at the same time, fear of forces hostile to man, are embodied in landscapes shining with sunny colors of the south ("Harvest. Valley of La Cro", 1888, Vincent Van Gogh State Museum, Amsterdam ), then in ominous, nightmare-like images ("Night Cafe", 1888, Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo); the dynamics of color and brushstroke fills not only nature and the people inhabiting it with inspired life and movement (Red Vineyards in Arles, 1888, State Museum of Fine Arts named after A.S. Pushkin, Moscow), but also inanimate objects (Van Gogh's bedroom in Arles ", 1888, Vincent Van Gogh State Museum, Amsterdam). In the last week of his life, Van Gogh writes his last and famous painting: Grain field with crows. She was a testament to the tragic death of the artist.
Eugene Henri Paul Gauguin (June 7, 1848 - May 8, 1903) - French painter, ceramic sculptor and graphic artist.
Along with Cezanne and Van Gogh, he was the largest representative of post-impressionism.
In the early 1870s he began painting as an amateur. The early period of creativity (influenced by Pissarro) is associated with impressionism. Since 1880 he participated in exhibitions of the Impressionists. Since 1883 he has been a professional artist.
Experiencing from childhood in Peru (mother's homeland), a craving for exotic places and considering civilization a "disease", Gauguin, eager to "merge with nature", in 1891 left for Tahiti, where he lived in Papeete and where in 1892 he wrote as many as 80 canvases. After a short (1893-1895) return to France, due to illness and lack of funds, he left for Oceania forever - first to Tahiti, and from 1901 to the island of Hiva Oa (Marquesas Islands), where he marries a young Tahitian woman and works in full force: writes landscapes, stories, works as a journalist. On this island he dies. Despite illness, poverty and depression, which led him to attempt suicide, Gauguin wrote his best works there. Observation of the real life and everyday life of the peoples of Oceania is intertwined with local myths.
Woman Sewing (1880)
Yellow Christ (1889)
Woman with a flower (1891)
The Spirit of the Dead Does Not Sleep (1892)
Are you jealous? (1892)
The Fun of the Evil Spirit (1894)
Where do we come from? Who are we? Where are we going? (1897-1898)
Never Again (1897)
Francois Auguste Rene Rodin (fr. François-Auguste-René Rodin) (November 12, 1840 - November 17, 1917) - famous French sculptor, one of the founders of impressionism in sculpture.
Auguste Rodin was born in Paris. He studied at the Paris School of Drawing and Mathematics, having entered there against the wishes of his father, and with Antoine Bari at the Museum of Natural History.
In 1864, Rodin's first work, The Man with a Broken Nose, was rejected at the Paris Salon because it challenged the academic canons of beauty. Rodin was also not admitted to the School of Fine Arts, and from 1864 to 1870 he worked in the workshop of A. Carrie-Belleuse at the Sevres Manufactory, earning money by creating decorative sculpture.
sculpture "The Thinker"
"Citizens of Calais". Rodin Museum in Philadelphia
Statue of Honore de Balzac. Rodin Museum in Philadelphia
"Gates of Hell" Rodin Museum in Philadelphia
A man with a broken nose. Rodin Museum in Philadelphia
Théophile-Alexandre Steinlen (fr. Théophile-Alexandre Steinlen; November 10, 1859, Lausanne - December 14, 1923, Paris) - French and Swiss artist, graphic artist and illustrator, who worked in both realistic and Art Nouveau styles.
T.-A. Steinlen became famous for his Parisian posters from around 1900, his scenes from Montmartre nightlife and, of course, his "feline" paintings and graphics that made him a name. Other facets of the artist's talent are less known: his paintings, sculptures and graphics dedicated to the events of the First World War, especially the events in Serbia and Belgium. Steinlen was self-taught and yet heir to a rich artistic tradition. In his works, one can feel the influence of the works of Delacroix, Daumier, Dore and Manet. The spread and popularity of Steinlen's works in Paris during the Belle Epoque made the artist a central figure in European art at the beginning of the 20th century; they became a source of inspiration for numerous avant-garde masters, including Picasso
Aristide Bruant: À la Villette
Anatole France
Suzanne Valadon
Georges Courtelen: Une canaille
Save Serbia!
Drink boiled milk!
Cover of Eugenie Buffet's My Life, My Love, My Adventures by Steinlen
Steinlen's illustration for the newspaper Le Gil Blas
These are more than pretty pictures, they are a reflection of reality. In the works of great artists, you can see how the world and the consciousness of people have changed.
Art is also an attempt to create an alternative reality where you can hide from the horrors of your time, or a desire to change the world. Art of the 20th century rightfully occupies a special place in history. People who lived and worked at that time experienced social upheavals, wars, unprecedented development of science; and all this found an imprint on their canvases. 20th century artists took part in creating a modern vision of the world.
Someone's names are still pronounced aspirated, while others are unfairly forgotten. Someone had such a contradictory creative path that we still cannot give him an unambiguous assessment. This review focuses on the 20 greatest artists of the 20th century. Camille Pizarro- French painter. An outstanding representative of impressionism. The artist's work was influenced by John Constable, Camille Corot, Jean Francois Millet.
Born July 10, 1830 in the city of Saint Thomas, died on November 13, 1903 in Paris.
Hermitage at Pontoise, 1868 
Opera Passage in Paris, 1898
Sunset at Varengeville, 1899
Edgar Degas - French artist, one of the greatest impressionists. The influence of Japanese graphics was traced on the work of Degas. Born on July 19, 1834 in Paris, died on September 27, 1917 in Paris. 
Absinthe, 1876
Star, 1877
Woman combing her hair, 1885
Paul Cezanne - French artist, one of the greatest representatives of post-impressionism. In his work, he strove to reveal the harmony and balance of nature. His work had a tremendous impact on the worldview of artists of the 20th century. Born January 19, 1839 in Aix-en-Provence, France, died October 22, 1906 in Aix-en-Provence.
Gamblers, 1893
Modern Olympia, 1873
Still life with skulls, 1900
Claude Monet- an outstanding French painter. One of the founders of impressionism. In his works, Monet strove to convey the richness and richness of the world around him. His later period was characterized by decorativeism and For the late period of Monet's work, decorativeism is characteristic, an increasing dissolution of object forms in sophisticated combinations of color spots.
Born November 14, 1840 in Paris, died on December 5, 1926 in Zhverny.
Uelk Cliff at Purville, 1882
After Lunch, 1873-1876
Etretat, sunset, 1883
Arkhip Kuindzhi - famous Russian artist, master of landscape painting. Lost his parents early. WITH early years love for painting began to manifest. The creativity of Arkhip Kuindzhi had a huge impact on Nicholas Roerich. Born on January 15, 1841 in Mariupol, died on July 11, 1910 in St. Petersburg.
Volga, 1890-1895
"North", 1879
"View of the Kremlin from Zamoskvorechye", 1882
Pierre Auguste Renoir - French painter, graphic artist, sculptor, one of the outstanding representatives of impressionism. He was also known as a master of secular portrait. Auguste Rodin became the first impressionist to become popular with wealthy Parisians. Born February 25, 1841 in Limoges France, died on December 2, 1919 in Paris.
Pont des Arts in Paris, 1867
Ball at the Moulin de la Galette, 1876
Jeanne Samary, 1877
Born June 7, 1848 in Paris, died May 8, 1903 on the island of Hiva Oa, French Polynesia.
Breton landscape, 1894
Breton village in the snow, 1888
Are you jealous? 1892
Saints Day, 1894
Wassily Kandinsky - Russian and German artist, poet, art theorist. It is considered one of the leaders of the avant-garde of the 1st half of the 20th century. One of the founders of abstract art.Born November 22, 1866 in Moscow, died on December 13, 1944 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.
Couple riding a horse, 1918
Colorful life, 1907
Moscow 1, 1916
In gray, 1919
Henri Matisse - one of the greatest French painters and sculptors. One of the founders of the Fauvist movement. In his work, he strove to convey emotions through color. In his work, he was influenced by the Islamic culture of the Western Maghreb. Born December 31, 1869 in the city of Le Catot, died on November 3, 1954 in the town of Cimieux.
Square in Saint-Tropez, 1904
Outlines of Notre Dame at night, 1902
Woman with a Hat, 1905
Dance, 1909
Italian, 1919
Portrait of Delectorskaya, 1934
Nicholas Roerich- Russian artist, writer, scientist, mystic. During his life, he painted more than 7000 paintings. One of the outstanding cultural figures of the 20th century, founder of the Peace through Culture movement. Born on October 27, 1874 in St. Petersburg, died on December 13, 1947 in the city of Kulu, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Overseas guests, 1901
Great spirit Himalayas, 1923
News of Shambhala, 1933
Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin - Russian artist, graphic artist, theoretician, writer, teacher. He was one of the ideologists of the reorganization of art education in the USSR. Born on November 5, 1878 in the city of Khvalynsk, Saratov province, died on February 15, 1939 in Leningrad.
"1918 in Petrograd", 1920
Boys at play, 1911
Bathing a Red Horse, 1912
Portrait of Anna Akhmatova
Kazimir Malevich- Russian artist, founder of Suprematism - trends in abstract art, teacher, art theorist and philosopher Born February 23, 1879 in Kiev, died May 15, 1935 in Moscow.
Rest (Society in Top Hat), 1908
"Peasant women with buckets", 1912-1913
Black Suprematist Square, 1915
Suprematist painting, 1916
On the boulevard, 1903
Pablo picasso - spanish artist, sculptor, sculptor, designer ceramist. One of the founders of Cubism. The work of Pablo Picasso had a significant impact on the development of painting in the XX century. Based on a survey of Time magazine readers Born October 25, 1881 in Malaga Spain, died April 8, 1973 in Mougins, France.
Girl on a ball, 1905
Portrait of Ambroise Vallor, 1910
Three Graces
Olga's portrait
Dance, 1919
Woman with a flower, 1930
Amadeo Modigliani- Italian artist, sculptor. One of the brightest representatives of expressionism. During his lifetime he had only one exhibition in December 1917 in Paris. Born July 12, 1884 in Livorno, Italy, died on January 24, 1920 from tuberculosis. World recognition received posthumously World recognition received posthumously. 
Cellist, 1909
Spouses, 1917
Joan Hebuterne, 1918
Mediterranean landscape, 1918
Diego Rivera- Mexican painter, muralist, politician. Was the husband of Frida Kahlo. In their house, Leon Trotsky found shelter for a short time. Born December 8, 1886 in Guanajuato, died December 21, 1957 in Mexico City.
Notre Dame de Paris in the rain, 1909
Woman at the well, 1913
Union of peasant and worker, 1924
Detroit Industry, 1932
Mark Shagal- Russian and French painter, graphic artist, illustrator, theater artist. One of the greatest representatives of the avant-garde. Born June 24, 1887 in the city of Liozno, Mogilev province, died on March 28, 1985 in Saint-Paul-de-Provence.
Anyuta (Portrait of a sister), 1910
Bride with a Fan, 1911
Me and the village, 1911
Adam and Eve, 1912
Mark Rothko(present Mark Rotkovich) - American artist, one of the founders of abstract expressionism and the founder of color field painting. The first works of the artist were created in a realistic spirit, however, then, by the mid-40s, Mark Rothko turned to surrealism. By 1947, there was a major turning point in the work of Mark Rothko, he created his own style - abstract expressionism, in which he departed from objective elements.
Born on September 25, 1903 in the city of Dvinsk (now Daugavpils), died on February 25, 1970 in New York.
Untitled
Number 7 or 11
Orange and yellow
Salvador Dali- painter, graphic artist, sculptor, writer, designer, director. Perhaps the most famous representative of surrealism and one of the greatest artists of the 20th century. The author of the design is Chupa-Chups.
Born May 11, 1904 in Figueres, Spain, died January 23, 1989 in Spain.
The Temptation of Saint Anthony, 1946
The last supper, 1955
Woman with a Head of Roses, 1935
My wife Gala, nude, looks at her body, 1945
Frida Kahlo - Mexican artist and graphic artist, one of the brightest representatives of surrealism. Frida Kahlo began painting after a car accident that left her bedridden for a year.
She was married to the famous Mexican communist artist Diego Rivera. In their house, Leon Trotsky found refuge for a short time.
Born July 6, 1907 in Coyoacan, Mexico, died July 13, 1954 in Coyoacan.
Embrace of Universal Love, Earth, Me, Diego and Coatl, 1949
Moses (The Core of Creation), 1945
Two Frida, 1939
Andy Warhole(present Andrey Varhola) - American artist, designer, director, producer, publisher, writer, collector. The founder of pop art, he is one of the most controversial personalities in the history of culture. Several films have been made in the artist's life. Born August 6, 1928 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, died 1963 in New York.
"Card Players"
author
Paul Cezanne
Country France
Years of life 1839–1906
Style post-impressionism
The artist was born in the south of France in the small town of Aix-en-Provence, but began to paint in Paris. Real success came to him after a personal exhibition organized by the collector Ambroise Vollard. In 1886, 20 years before his departure, he moved to the outskirts of his hometown. The young artists called their trips to him "a pilgrimage to Aix."
130x97 cm
1895 year
price
$ 250 million
sold out in 2012
at a private auction
Cezanne's work is easy to understand. The only rule of the artist was the direct transfer of the subject or plot to the canvas, so his paintings do not cause bewilderment to the viewer. Cezanne combined two main French traditions in his art: classicism and romanticism. With the help of colorful texture, he gave the form of objects an amazing plasticity.
A series of five paintings "The Card Players" was written in the years 1890-1895. Their plot is the same - several people are passionate about playing poker. The works differ only in the number of players and the size of the canvas.
Four paintings are kept in museums in Europe and America (Museum d'Orsay, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Barnes Foundation and Courtauld Institute of Art), and the fifth, until recently, was an adornment of the private collection of the Greek billionaire ship owner Georg Embirikos. Shortly before his death, in the winter of 2011, he decided to put it up for sale. Art dealer William Aquavella and world-renowned gallery owner Larry Gagosian became potential buyers of Cezanne's "free" work, offering about $ 220 million for it. As a result, the painting went to the royal family of the Arab state of Qatar for 250 million. The largest art deal in the history of painting was closed in February 2012. This was reported in Vanity Fair by journalist Alexandra Pearce. She found out the cost of the painting and the name of the new owner, and then the information penetrated the media around the world.
In 2010, the Arab Museum of Contemporary Art and the Qatar National Museum opened in Qatar. Now their collections are being replenished. Perhaps the fifth version of The Card Players was acquired by the Sheikh for this purpose.
The mostexpensive paintingin the world
Owner
Sheikh Hamad
bin Khalifa al-Thani
The al-Thani dynasty has ruled Qatar for over 130 years. About half a century ago, huge reserves of oil and gas were discovered here, which instantly made Qatar one of the richest regions in the world. Thanks to the export of hydrocarbons, this small country has the largest GDP per capita. Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani in 1995, while his father was in Switzerland, with the support of family members seized power. The merit of the current ruler, according to experts, is in a clear strategy for the development of the country, in creating a successful image of the state. Qatar now has a constitution and a prime minister, and women have won the right to vote in parliamentary elections. By the way, it was the Emir of Qatar who founded the Al-Jazeera news channel. The authorities of the Arab state pay great attention to culture.
2
"Number 5"
author
Jackson Pollock
Country USA
Years of life 1912–1956
Style abstract expressionism
Jack Sprinkler - such a nickname was given to Pollock by the American public for a special painting technique. The artist abandoned the brush and easel, and poured paint over the surface of the canvas or fiberboard while continuously moving around and inside them. From an early age he was fond of the philosophy of Jiddu Krishnamurti, the main message of which is that the truth is revealed during the free "outpouring".
122x244 cm
1948 year
price
$ 140 million
sold out in 2006 year
on the auction Sotheby's
The value of Pollock's work is not in the result, but in the process. It is not by chance that the author called his art "painting of action". From his light hand it has become America's greatest asset. Jackson Pollock mixed paint with sand, broken glass, and wrote with a piece of cardboard, a palette knife, a knife, and a scoop. The artist was so popular that in the 1950s, imitators were found even in the USSR. Painting "Number 5" is recognized as one of the strangest and most expensive in the world. One of the founders of the DreamWorks company, David Geffen, acquired it for a private collection, and in 2006 sold it at Sotheby`s auction for $ 140 million to the Mexican collector David Martinez. However, the law firm soon issued a press release on behalf of its client stating that David Martinez was not the owner of the painting. Only one thing is known for certain: the Mexican financier has indeed recently been collecting works of contemporary art. It is unlikely that he would have missed such a "big fish" as "Number 5" Pollock.
3
"Woman III"
author
Willem de Kooning
Country USA
Years of life 1904–1997
Style abstract expressionism
A native of the Netherlands, he emigrated to the United States in 1926. In 1948, a personal exhibition of the artist took place. Art critics have appreciated the complex, nervous black and white compositions, recognizing the great modernist artist in their author. Most of his life he suffered from alcoholism, but the joy of creating new art is felt in every work. De Kooning is distinguished by the impulsiveness of painting, wide strokes, which is why sometimes the image does not fit within the boundaries of the canvas.
121x171 cm
1953 year
price
$ 137 million
sold out in 2006 year
at a private auction
In the 1950s, de Kooning's paintings featured women with empty eyes, massive breasts, and ugly facial features. "Woman III" became last work from this series bidding.
Since the 1970s, the painting has been kept in the Tehran Museum of Modern Art, but after the introduction of strict moral rules in the country, they tried to get rid of it. In 1994, the work was exported from Iran, and 12 years later, its owner David Geffen (the same producer who sold Jackson Pollock's painting "Number 5") gave the picture to millionaire Stephen Cohen for $ 137.5 million. It is interesting that Geffen in one year began to sell his collection of paintings. This gave rise to a lot of rumors, for example, that the producer decided to buy the Los Angeles Times newspaper.
At one of the art forums, an opinion was expressed about the similarity of "Woman III" with Leonardo da Vinci's painting "Lady with an Ermine". Behind the toothy smile and shapeless figure of the heroine, the connoisseur of painting discerned the grace of a person of royal blood. This is also evidenced by the poorly traced crown crowning the woman's head.
4
"Portrait of AdeleBloch-Bauer I "
author
Gustav Klimt
Country Austria
Years of life 1862–1918
Style modern
Gustav Klimt was born into the family of an engraving artist and was the second of seven children. Ernest Klimt's three sons became artists, and only Gustav became famous throughout the world. He spent most of his childhood in poverty. After the death of his father, he was responsible for the whole family. It was at this time that Klimt develops his style. Any viewer freezes in front of his paintings: under the thin touches of gold, frank eroticism is clearly visible.
138x136 cm
1907 year
price
$ 135 million
sold out in 2006 year
on the auction Sotheby's
The fate of the painting, which is called the "Austrian Mona Lisa", could easily become the basis for a bestseller. The artist's work became the cause of the conflict between the whole state and one elderly lady.
So, "Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I" depicts an aristocrat, the wife of Ferdinand Bloch. Her last will was to transfer the painting to the Austrian State Gallery. However, Bloch in his will canceled the donation, and the canvas was expropriated by the Nazis. Later, the gallery hardly bought the Golden Adele, but then the heiress appeared - Maria Altman, the niece of Ferdinand Bloch.
In 2005, the high-profile trial "Maria Altman against the Austrian Republic" began, as a result of which the picture "left" with her to Los Angeles. Austria took unprecedented measures: negotiations were underway for loans, the population donated money to redeem the portrait. Good never defeated evil: Altman raised the price to $ 300 million. At the time of the trial, she was 79 years old, and she went down in history as the person who changed the will of Bloch-Bauer in favor of personal interests. The painting was acquired by Ronald Lauder, owner of the New Gallery in New York, where it remains to this day. Not for Austria, Altman reduced the price to $ 135 million for him.
5
"Scream"
author
Edvard Munch
Country Norway
Years of life 1863–1944
Style expressionism
The first painting by Munch, which became famous all over the world, - "The Sick Girl" (exists in five copies) - is dedicated to the artist's sister, who died of tuberculosis at the age of 15. Munch was always interested in the topic of death and loneliness. In Germany, his heavy, manic painting even provoked a scandal. However, despite the depressing plots, his paintings have a special magnetism. Take "Scream", for example.
73.5x91 cm
1895 year
price
$ 119.992 million
sold in 2012 year
on the auction Sotheby's
The full name of the painting is Der Schrei der Natur (translated from German - "the cry of nature"). The face of either a person or an alien expresses despair and panic - the same emotions are experienced by the viewer when looking at a picture. One of the key works of Expressionism warns of themes that have become acute in the art of the 20th century. According to one version, the artist created it under the influence of a mental disorder, which he suffered all his life.
The painting was twice stolen from different museums, but it was returned. The Scream, which had suffered minor damage after the theft, was restored and was again ready for display at the Munch Museum in 2008. For representatives of pop culture, the work became a source of inspiration: Andy Warhol created a series of his prints-copies, and the mask from the movie "Scream" is made in the image and likeness of the hero of the picture.
On one subject, Munch wrote four versions of the work: the one in a private collection, made in pastels. Norwegian billionaire Petter Olsen put it up for auction on May 2, 2012. The buyer was Leon Black, who did not regret the record amount for the "Scream". Founder of Apollo Advisors, L.P. and Lion Advisors, L.P. known for his love of art. Black is the patron of Dartmouth College, Museum of Modern Art, Lincoln Art Center, Metropolitan Museum of Art. It possesses the largest collection of paintings by contemporary artists and classical masters of the past centuries.
6
"Nude against the background of a bust and green leaves"
author
Pablo picasso
Country Spain, France
Years of life 1881–1973
Style cubism
By birth he is Spaniard, but by spirit and place of residence he is a real French. Picasso opened his own art studio in Barcelona when he was only 16 years old. Then he went to Paris and spent most of his life there. That is why there is a double stress in his surname. The style invented by Picasso is based on the denial of the opinion that an object depicted on canvas can be viewed from only one angle.
130x162 cm
1932 year
price
$ 106.482 million
sold out in 2010 year
on the auction Christie's
During his work in Rome, the artist met the dancer Olga Khokhlova, who soon became his wife. He put an end to vagrancy, moved with her to a luxurious apartment. By that time, recognition had found a hero, but the marriage was destroyed. One of the most expensive paintings in the world was created almost by accident - for great love, which, as always with Picasso, was short-lived. In 1927, he became interested in the young Marie-Thérèse Walther (she was 17 years old, he was 45). Unbeknownst to his wife, he left with his mistress in a town near Paris, where he painted a portrait depicting Marie-Therese in the image of Daphne. The canvas was acquired by New York dealer Paul Rosenberg and sold to Sidney F. Brody in 1951. The Brody spouses showed the picture to the world only once and only because the artist turned 80 years old. After the death of her husband, Mrs. Brody in March 2010 put the piece up for auction at Christie’s house. In six decades, the price has risen more than 5,000 times! An unknown collector bought it for $ 106.5 million. In 2011, a "one-painting exhibition" took place in Britain, where it was published for the second time, but the name of the owner is still unknown.
7
"Eight Elvis"
author
Andy Warhole
Country USA
Years of life 1928-1987
Style
pop Art
“Sex and parties are the only places where you have to appear in person,” said Andy Warhol, the iconic pop art artist, filmmaker, co-founder of Interview magazine. He worked with Vogue and Harper's Bazaar, designed album covers, and designed shoes for I. Miller. In the 1960s, paintings appeared depicting the symbols of America: Campbell`s soup and Coca-Cola, Presley and Monroe - which made him a legend.
358x208 cm
1963 year
price
$ 100 million
sold out in 2008
at a private auction
Warhol's 60s - this was the name of the era of pop art in America. In 1962, he worked in Manhattan in the Fabrika studio, where all the bohemians of New York gathered. Its prominent representatives: Mick Jagger, Bob Dylan, Truman Capote and other famous personalities in the world. At the same time, Warhol tried the silk-screening technique - the multiple repetition of one image. He used this method when creating "Eight Elvis": the viewer seems to see frames from a movie where the star comes to life. There is everything that the artist loved so much: a win-win public image, silver color and a premonition of death as the main message.
There are two art dealers who are promoting Warhol's work on the world market today: Larry Gagosian and Alberto Mughrabi. The first spent $ 200 million in 2008 to acquire more than 15 of Warhol's works. The second buys and sells his paintings like Christmas cards, only more expensive. But not they, but a modest French art consultant Philippe Segalo helped the Roman connoisseur of art Annibale Berlingieri sell Eight Elvis to an unknown buyer for a record amount for Warhol - $ 100 million.
8
"Orange,Red Yellow"
author
Mark Rothko
Country USA
Years of life 1903–1970
Style abstract expressionism
One of the creators of color field painting was born in Dvinsk, Russia (now - Daugavpils, Latvia), into a large family of a Jewish pharmacist. In 1911 they emigrated to the United States. Rothko studied at the art department of Yale University, won a scholarship, but anti-Semitic sentiments forced him to leave his studies. Despite everything, art critics idolized the artist, and museums haunted him all his life.
206x236 cm
1961 year
price
$ 86,882 million
sold out in 2012
on the auction Christie's
Rothko's first artistic experiments were of a surrealistic orientation, but over time he simplified the plot to color spots, depriving them of any objectivity. At first they had bright shades, and in the 1960s they turned brown, purple, thickening to black by the time of the artist's death. Mark Rothko warned against looking for any meaning in his paintings. The author wanted to say exactly what he said: only a color that dissolves in the air, and nothing else. He recommended looking at the works from a distance of 45 cm, so that the viewer was "drawn" in color, like a funnel. Caution: watching according to all the rules can lead to the effect of meditation, that is, gradually come the awareness of infinity, complete immersion in oneself, relaxation, purification. The color in his paintings lives, breathes and has a strong emotional impact (they say, sometimes - healing). The artist declared: “The viewer must cry when looking at them,” and there really were such cases. According to Rothko's theory, at this moment people experience the same spiritual experience that he did in the process of working on a painting. If you managed to understand it on such a subtle level, then you should not be surprised that critics often compare these works of abstract art with icons.
The work "Orange, Red, Yellow" expresses the whole essence of Mark Rothko's painting. Its initial cost at Christie’s auction in New York is 35-45 million dollars. An unknown buyer offered a price double the estimate. The name of the lucky owner of the painting, as is often the case, was not disclosed.
9
"Triptych"
author
Francis Bacon
Country
United Kingdom
Years of life 1909–1992
Style expressionism
The adventures of Francis Bacon, a complete namesake and also a distant descendant of the great philosopher, began when his father disowned him, unable to accept his son's homosexual inclinations. Bacon went first to Berlin, then to Paris, and then his traces are confused throughout Europe. During his lifetime, his works were exhibited in leading cultural centers of the world, including the Guggenheim Museum and the Tretyakov Gallery.
147.5x198 cm (each)
1976 year
price
$ 86.2 million
sold out in 2008
on the auction Sotheby's
Prestigious museums sought to possess Bacon's paintings, but the prim English public was in no hurry to fork out for such art. The legendary British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher said of him: "The person who paints these horrific pictures."
The artist himself considered the post-war period to be the starting period in his work. Returning from service, he again took up painting and created the main masterpieces. Before the participation of "Triptych, 1976" in the auction, the most expensive work of Bacon was "Study for a portrait of Pope Innocent X" (52.7 million dollars). In "Triptych, 1976" the artist depicted the mythical plot of the pursuit of Orestes by the furies. Of course, Orestes is Bacon himself, and the furies are his torments. For more than 30 years, the painting was in a private collection and did not participate in exhibitions. This fact gives it a special value and, accordingly, increases its value. But what is a few million for a connoisseur of art, and even generous in Russian? Roman Abramovich began to create his collection in the 1990s, in this he was significantly influenced by his friend Dasha Zhukova, who became modern Russia fashionable gallery owner. According to unofficial data, the businessman owns works by Alberto Giacometti and Pablo Picasso, bought for amounts exceeding $ 100 million. In 2008 he won the Triptych. By the way, in 2011, another valuable work of Bacon was acquired - "Three sketches for a portrait of Lucian Freud." Hidden sources say that Roman Arkadievich again became the buyer.
10
"Pond with water lilies"
author
Claude Monet
Country France
Years of life 1840–1926
Style impressionism
The artist is recognized as the ancestor of impressionism, who "patented" this method in his canvases. The first significant work became the painting "Breakfast on the Grass" (original version of the work of Edouard Manet). In his youth, he drew cartoons, and took up real painting during his travels along the coast and in the open air. In Paris, he led a bohemian lifestyle and did not abandon it even after serving in the army.
210x100 cm
1919 year
price
$ 80.5 million
sold out in 2008
on the auction Christie's
Besides the fact that Monet was a great artist, he was also enthusiastically engaged in gardening, adored wildlife and flowers. In his landscapes, the state of nature is momentary, objects seem to be blurred by the movement of air. The impression is enhanced by large strokes, from a certain distance they become invisible and merge into a textured, three-dimensional image. In the painting of late Monet, the theme of water and life in it occupies a special place. In the town of Giverny, the artist had his own pond, where he grew water lilies from seeds specially brought by him from Japan. When their flowers were blooming, he began to paint. The series "Water Lilies" consists of 60 works that the artist painted for almost 30 years, until his death. His vision deteriorated with age, but he did not stop. Depending on the wind, season and weather, the view of the pond was constantly changing, and Monet wanted to capture these changes. Through careful work, an understanding of the essence of nature came to him. Some of the paintings of the series are kept in leading galleries in the world: National Museum of Western Art (Tokyo), Orangerie (Paris). The version of the next "Pond with Water Lilies" went into the hands of an unknown buyer for a record amount.
11
False Star t
author
Jasper Johns
Country USA
Year of birth 1930
Style pop Art
In 1949, Jones entered a design school in New York. Along with Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning and others, he is recognized as one of the main artists of the 20th century. In 2012, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor in the United States.
137.2x170.8 cm
1959 year
price
$ 80 million
sold out in 2006 year
at a private auction
Like Marcel Duchamp, Jones worked with real objects, depicting them on canvas and in sculpture, in full accordance with the original. For his work, he used objects that were simple and understandable to everyone: a beer bottle, a flag or maps. There is no clear composition in the False Start painting. The artist seems to be playing with the viewer, often "incorrectly" signing colors in the picture, overturning the very concept of color: "I wanted to find a way to depict color so that it could be determined by some other method." His most explosive and "insecure", according to critics, the painting was acquired by an unknown buyer.
12
"Seatednudeon the couch"
author
Amedeo Modigliani
Country Italy, France
Years of life 1884–1920
Style expressionism
Since childhood, Modigliani was often ill; during a feverish delirium, he recognized his destiny as an artist. He studied drawing in Livorno, Florence, Venice, and in 1906 he left for Paris, where his art flourished.
65x100 cm
1917 year
price
$ 68.962 million
sold out in 2010 year
on the auction Sotheby's
In 1917, Modigliani met 19-year-old Jeanne Hébuterne, who became his model and later his wife. In 2004, one of her portraits sold for $ 31.3 million, the most recent record for Sitting Nude on the Sofa in 2010. The painting was acquired by an unknown buyer for the maximum for Modigliani on this moment the price. Active sales of works began only after the death of the artist. He died in poverty, sick with tuberculosis, and the next day, Jeanne Hébuterne, who was nine months pregnant, also committed suicide.
13
"Eagle on a pine tree"
author
Qi Baishi
Country China
Years of life 1864–1957
Style gohua
An interest in calligraphy led Qi Baishi to paint. At the age of 28, he became a student of the artist Hu Qingyuan. He was awarded the title of "Great Artist of the Chinese People" by the Ministry of Culture of China, and in 1956 he received the International Peace Prize.
10x26 cm
1946 year
price
$ 65.4 million
sold out in 2011
on the auction China guardian
Qi Baishi was interested in those manifestations of the world around which many do not attach importance, and this is his greatness. A person without education became a professor and an outstanding creator in history. Pablo Picasso said about him: "I am afraid to go to your country, because there is Qi Baishi in China." The composition "Eagle on a Pine" is recognized as the largest work of the artist. In addition to the canvas, it includes two hieroglyphic scrolls. For China, the amount for which the piece was purchased represents a record - 425.5 million yuan. The scroll of ancient calligrapher Huang Tingjian alone was sold for $ 436.8 million.
14
"1949-A-№1"
author
Clifford Still
Country USA
Years of life 1904–1980
Style abstract expressionism
At the age of 20, he visited the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and was disappointed. Later I enrolled in a student arts league course, but left 45 minutes after the start of the lesson - it turned out "not for him." The first solo exhibition caused a resonance, the artist found himself, and with it recognition
79x93 cm
1949 year
price
$ 61.7 million
sold out in 2011
on the auction Sotheby's
All his works, which are more than 800 canvases and 1600 works on paper, Still bequeathed to the American city, where a museum named after him will be opened. Denver became such a city, but only the construction cost the authorities dearly, and for its completion four works were put up for auction. Still's works are unlikely to be auctioned ever again, which pushed up their price in advance. The painting "1949-A-No.1" was sold for a record amount for the artist, although experts predicted the sale for a maximum of $ 25-35 million.
15
"Suprematist composition"
author
Kazimir Malevich
Country Russia
Years of life 1878–1935
Style suprematism
Malevich studied painting at the Kiev Art School, then at the Moscow Academy of Arts. In 1913, he began to paint abstract geometric paintings in a style that he called Suprematism (from Latin "domination").
71x 88.5 cm
1916 year
price
$ 60 million
sold out in 2008
on the auction Sotheby's
In the city museum of Amsterdam, the painting was kept for about 50 years, but after a 17-year dispute with Malevich's relatives, the museum gave it away. The artist wrote this work in one year with the "Manifesto of Suprematism", so Sotheby`s announced even before the auction that it would not go into a private collection for less than $ 60 million. And so it happened. It is better to look at it from above: the figures on the canvas resemble a view of the earth from the air. By the way, a few years earlier, the same relatives expropriated another "Suprematist Composition" from the MoMA Museum in order to sell it at the Phillips auction for $ 17 million.
16
"Bathers"
author
Paul Gauguin
Country France
Years of life 1848–1903
Style post-impressionism
Until the age of seven, the artist lived in Peru, then returned to France with his family, but childhood memories constantly pushed him to travel. In France, he began to paint with paints, was friends with Van Gogh. He even spent several months with him in Arles, until the moment when Van Gogh cut off his ear during a quarrel.
93.4x60.4 cm
1902 year
price
$ 55 million
sold out in 2005
on the auction Sotheby's
In 1891, Gauguin arranged a sale of his paintings in order to use the proceeds to go inland of the island of Tahiti. There he created works in which a subtle connection between nature and man is felt. Gauguin lived in a thatched hut, and a tropical paradise blossomed on his canvases. His wife was a 13-year-old Tahitian woman Tehura, which did not prevent the artist from entering into promiscuous relationships. Having become ill with syphilis, he left for France. However, Gauguin was cramped there, and he returned to Tahiti. This period is called "the second Tahitian" - it was then that the painting "Bathers" was painted, one of the most luxurious in his work.
17
"Daffodils and a tablecloth in blue and pink tones"
author
Henri Matisse
Country France
Years of life 1869–1954
Style fauvism
In 1889, Henri Matisse suffered an attack of appendicitis. When he was recovering from the operation, his mother bought him paints. At first, out of boredom, Matisse copied color postcards, then - the works of great painters that he saw in the Louvre, and at the beginning of the 20th century he invented a style - Fauvism.
65.2x81 cm
1911 year
price
$ 46.4 million
sold out in 2009
on the auction Christie's
The painting "Daffodils and a tablecloth in blue and pink" long belonged to Yves Saint Laurent. After the death of the couturier, his entire collection of art passed into the hands of his friend and lover Pierre Berger, who decided to put it up for auction at Christie’s. The pearl of the collection sold was the painting "Daffodils and a Tablecloth in Blue and Pink Tones", painted on an ordinary tablecloth instead of canvas. As an example of Fauvism, it is filled with the energy of color, the colors seem to explode and scream. From the famous series of paintings painted on a tablecloth, today this work is the only one that is in a private collection.
18
"Sleeping girl"
author
RoyLee
htenstein
Country USA
Years of life 1923–1997
Style pop Art
The artist was born in New York, and after graduating from high school, he left for Ohio, where he took art courses. Liechtenstein received his Master of Fine Arts degree in 1949. His interest in comics and his ability to be ironic made him a cult artist of the last century.
91x91 cm
1964 year
price
$ 44,882 million
sold out in 2012
on the auction Sotheby's
One day, chewing gum fell into the hands of Liechtenstein. He redrawn the picture from the insert to the canvas and became famous. This plot from his biography contains the whole message of pop art: consumption - new god, and the candy wrapper is no less beautiful than the Mona Lisa. His paintings resemble comics and cartoons: Liechtenstein simply enlarged the finished image, painted rasters, used screen printing and silk-screen printing. Painting "The Sleeping Girl" for almost 50 years belonged to collectors Beatrice and Philippe Gersh, whose heirs sold it at auction.
19
"Victory. Boogie Woogie"
author
Pete Mondrian
Country Netherlands
Years of life 1872–1944
Style neoplasticism
My real surname- Cornelis - the artist changed to Mondrian when in 1912 he moved to Paris. Together with the artist Theo van Doosburg he founded the "neoplasticism" movement. The Piet programming language is named after Mondrian.
27x127 cm
1944 year
price
$ 40 million
sold out in 1998
on the auction Sotheby's
The most "musical" of the 20th century artists made a living with watercolor still lifes, although he became famous as a neoplastic artist. He moved to the United States in the 1940s and spent the rest of his life there. Jazz and New York are what inspired him the most! Painting “Victory. Boogie Woogie" - best to example. The "signature" neat squares were obtained through the use of duct tape, Mondrian's favorite material. In America he was called "the most famous immigrant." In the sixties, Yves Saint Laurent released the world famous Mondrian dresses with a print in a large colored cage.
20
"Composition No. 5"
author
BasilKandinsky
Country Russia
Years of life 1866–1944
Style avant-garde
The artist was born in Moscow, and his father was from Siberia. After the revolution, he tried to cooperate with the Soviet government, but soon realized that the laws of the proletariat were not created for him, and not without difficulties emigrated to Germany.
275x190 cm
1911 year
price
$ 40 million
sold out in 2007
on the auction Sotheby's
Kandinsky was one of the first to completely abandon object painting, for which he received the title of genius. During Nazism in Germany, his paintings were classified as "degenerate art" and were not exhibited anywhere. In 1939, Kandinsky accepted French citizenship, in Paris he freely participated in the artistic process. His paintings "sound" like fugues, so many were called "compositions" (the first was written in 1910, the last - in 1939). “Composition No. 5” is one of the key works in this genre: “The word“ composition ”sounded like a prayer to me,” said the artist. Unlike many followers, he planned what he would depict on a huge canvas, as if he were writing sheet music.
21
"Study of a woman in blue"
author
Fernand Leger
Country France
Years of life 1881–1955
Style Cubism-Post-Impressionism
Leger received an architectural education and then attended the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. The artist considered himself a follower of Cezanne, was an apologist for Cubism, and in the 20th century he was also successful as a sculptor.
96.5x129.5 cm
1912-1913 year
price
$ 39.2 million
sold out in 2008
on the auction Sotheby's
David Normann, President of the International Department of Impressionism and Modernism at Sotheby's, believes the huge amount paid for "The Lady in Blue" is fully justified. The painting belongs to the famous collection of Leger (the artist painted three paintings on one subject, the last of them is in private hands today. - Ed.), And the surface of the canvas has been preserved in its original form. The author himself gave this work to the gallery Der Sturm, then it ended up in the collection of Hermann Lang, a German collector of modernism, and now belongs to an unknown buyer.
22
“Street scene. Berlin"
author
Ernst LudwigKirchner
Country Germany
Years of life 1880–1938
Style expressionism
For German Expressionism, Kirchner has become an iconic person. However, local authorities accused him of adherence to "degenerate art", which tragically affected the fate of his paintings and the life of the artist, who committed suicide in 1938.
95x121 cm
1913 year
price
$ 38,096 million
sold out in 2006 year
on the auction Christie's
After moving to Berlin, Kirchner created 11 sketches of street scenes. He was inspired by the bustle and nervousness of the big city. Sold in 2006 in New York, the artist's anxiety is especially acute: people on a Berlin street resemble birds - graceful and dangerous. It was the last work from the famous series sold at auction, the rest are kept in museums. In 1937, the Nazis brutally treated Kirchner: 639 of his works were removed from German galleries, destroyed or sold abroad. The artist could not survive this.
23
"Restingdancer"
author
Edgar Degas
Country France
Years of life 1834–1917
Style impressionism
Degas's history as an artist began when he worked as a copyist at the Louvre. He dreamed of becoming "famous and unknown", and in the end he succeeded. At the end of his life, deaf and blind, 80-year-old Degas continued to attend exhibitions and auctions.
64x59 cm
1879 year
price
$ 37,043 million
sold out in 2008
on the auction Sotheby's
“Ballerinas have always been just an excuse for me to depict fabrics and capture movement,” Degas said. The scenes from the life of the dancers seem to have been spied on: the girls do not pose for the artist, but simply become part of the atmosphere caught by Degas's gaze. The Resting Dancer was sold for $ 28 million in 1999, and less than 10 years later it was bought for $ 37 million - today it is the most expensive work of an artist ever put up for auction. Degas paid a lot of attention to frames, designed them himself and forbade changing them. I wonder what frame is installed on the sold painting?
24
"Painting"
author
Juan Miro
Country Spain
Years of life 1893–1983
Style abstract art
During civil war in Spain, the artist was on the side of the Republicans. In 1937, he fled from the fascist regime to Paris, where he lived in poverty with his family. During this period, Miro paints the picture "Help Spain!", Drawing the attention of the whole world to the dominance of fascism.
89x115 cm
1927 year
price
$ 36,824 million
sold out in 2012
on the auction Sotheby's
The second name of the painting is "Blue Star". The artist wrote it in the same year, when he announced: "I want to kill painting" and mercilessly mocked the canvases, scratching the paint with nails, gluing feathers to the canvas, covering the work with rubbish. His goal was to debunk the myths about the mystery of painting, but having coped with this, Miro created his own myth - a surreal abstraction. His "Painting" belongs to the cycle of "dream pictures". At the auction, four buyers fought for it, but one incognito phone call resolved the dispute, and "Painting" became the most expensive painting of the artist.
25
"Blue Rose"
author
Yves Klein
Country France
Years of life 1928–1962
Style monochrome painting
The artist was born into a family of painters, but studied oriental languages, sailing, the craft of the gilder of frames, Zen Buddhism and much more. His personality and cheeky antics were many times more interesting than monochrome paintings.
153x199x16 cm
1960 year
price
$ 36,779 million
sold in 2012
at Christie’s auction
The first exhibition of solid yellow, orange, pink works did not arouse public interest. Klein took offense and next time presented 11 identical canvases, dyed with ultramarine mixed with a special synthetic resin. He even patented this method. The color went down in history as "Klein's international blue". The artist also sold emptiness, created paintings, substituting paper in the rain, setting fire to cardboard, making prints of a human body on canvas. In a word, he experimented as best he could. To create the "Blue Rose" I used dry pigments, resins, pebbles and natural sponge.
26
"In Search of Moses"
author
Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema
Country United Kingdom
Years of life 1836–1912
Style neoclassicism
Sir Lawrence added the prefix "alma" to his surname himself, so that in art catalogs be listed first. In Victorian England, his paintings were so in demand that the artist was awarded the knighthood.
213.4x136.7 cm
1902 year
price
$ 35,922 million
sold out in 2011
on the auction Sotheby's
The main theme of Alma-Tadema's work was antiquity. In the paintings, he tried to depict the era of the Roman Empire in the smallest detail, for this he even was engaged in archaeological excavations on the Apennine Peninsula, and in his London house he reproduced the historical interior of those years. Mythological plots became another source of inspiration for him. The artist was in great demand during his lifetime, but after his death he was quickly forgotten. Now interest is reviving, as evidenced by the cost of the painting "In Search of Moses", seven times higher than the pre-sale estimate.
27
"Portrait of a sleeping nude official"
author
Lucian Freud
Country Germany,
United Kingdom
Years of life 1922–2011
Style figurative painting
The artist is the grandson of Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis. After the establishment of fascism in Germany, his family emigrated to the UK. Freud's works are in the Wallace Collection in London, where no contemporary artist has previously exhibited.
219.1x151.4 cm
1995 year
price
$ 33.6 million
sold out in 2008
on the auction Christie's
While fashionable artists of the 20th century created positive "color spots on the wall" and sold them for millions, Freud painted extremely naturalistic paintings and sold them even more expensive. “I capture the screams of the soul and the suffering of fading flesh,” he said. Critics believe that this is all the "legacy" of Sigmund Freud. The paintings were so actively exhibited and successfully sold that the experts had doubts: do they have hypnotic properties? Sold at auction "Portrait of a Sleeping Naked Official", according to the publication Sun, was acquired by the connoisseur of beauty and billionaire Roman Abramovich.
28
"Violin and Guitar"
author
NSone gries
Country Spain
Years of life 1887–1927
Style cubism
Born in Madrid, where he graduated from the School of Arts and Crafts. In 1906 he moved to Paris and entered the circle of the most influential artists of the era: Picasso, Modigliani, Braque, Matisse, Leger, also worked with Sergei Diaghilev and his troupe.
5x100 cm
1913 year
price
$ 28.642 million
sold out in 2010 year
on the auction Christie's
Gris, in his own words, was engaged in "flat, color architecture." His paintings are precisely thought out: he did not leave a single accidental brushstroke, which makes creativity akin to geometry. The artist created his own version of Cubism, although he greatly respected Pablo Picasso, the founding father of the direction. The successor even dedicated his first work in the style of cubism "Tribute to Picasso" to him. The painting "Violin and Guitar" is recognized as outstanding in the artist's work. During his lifetime, Gris was famous, treated kindly by critics and art critics. His works are exhibited in the world's largest museums and are kept in private collections.
29
"PortraitFields Eluard "
author
Salvador Dali
Country Spain
Years of life 1904–1989
Style surrealism
“Surrealism is me,” Dali said when he was expelled from the surrealist group. Over time, he became the most famous surrealist painter. Dali's work is everywhere, not just in galleries. For example, it was he who invented the packaging for Chupa-Chups.
25x33 cm
1929 year
price
$ 20.6 million
sold out in 2011
on the auction Sotheby's
In 1929, the poet Paul Eluard and his Russian wife Gala came to visit the great provocateur and brawler Dali. The meeting was the beginning of a love story that lasted more than half a century. The painting "Portrait of Paul Eluard" was painted just during this historic visit. “I felt that it was my duty to capture the face of the poet, from whose Olympus I had kidnapped one of the muses,” the artist said. Before he met Gala, he was a virgin and was disgusted at the thought of having sex with a woman. Love triangle existed until the death of Eluard, after which it became the Dali-Gala duet.
30
"Anniversary"
author
Mark Shagal
Country Russia, France
Years of life 1887–1985
Style avant-garde
Moishe Segal was born in Vitebsk, but in 1910 he emigrated to Paris, changed his name, became close to the leading avant-garde artists of the era. In the 1930s, when the Nazis seized power, he left for the United States with the help of the American Consul. He returned to France only in 1948.
80x103 cm
1923 year
price
$ 14.85 million
sold in 1990
at Sotheby's auction
The painting "Jubilee" is recognized as one of the best works of the artist. It contains all the features of his work: the physical laws of the world are erased, the feeling of a fairy tale in the scenery of a philistine life is preserved, and love is in the center of the plot. Chagall did not draw people from life, but only from memory or fantasizing. The painting "Jubilee" depicts the artist himself with his wife Bela. The painting was sold in 1990 and has not been auctioned since then. Interestingly, the MoMA Museum of Modern Art in New York stores exactly the same, only under the name "Birthday". By the way, it was written earlier - in 1915.
draft prepared
Tatiana Palasova
rating compiled
according to the list www.art-spb.ru
tmn magazine No. 13
(May-June 2013)
France - French Artists ( French artists)
France (fr. France), the official name of the French Republic (fr. République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]) is a state in Western Europe.
France French Republic Most of France is located in Western Europe, its mainland in the northeast is bordered by Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany, in the east - with Germany and Switzerland, in the southeast - with Monaco and Italy, in the southwest - with Spain and Andorra. In the west and north, the territory of the French Republic is washed by Atlantic Ocean(The Bay of Biscay and the English Channel), in the south - the Mediterranean Sea (the Gulf of Lyon and the Ligurian Sea).
France French Republic The French Republic also includes the island of Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea and more than twenty overseas departments and dependent territories.
France French Republic The total area of the country is 547 thousand square meters. km (643.4 thousand sq. km together with overseas territories and departments). It is the largest country in the European Union.
France French Republic The capital of France (French Republic) is Paris. France French Republic The name of the country comes from the ethnonym of the Germanic tribe of the Franks, despite the fact that the majority of the population of France is of mixed Gallo-Roman descent and speaks the language of the Romance group.
France French Republic Today, about 64 million people live in France.
France History of France France in the prehistoric period was the site of the most ancient sites of Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons. In the Neolithic era, there were several prehistoric cultures rich in monuments in France. Prehistoric Brittany was culturally associated with neighboring Britain, on its territory it was discovered a large number of megaliths. During the late Bronze and early Iron Ages, the territory of France was inhabited by the Celtic tribes of the Gauls, the southwest of modern France - by the Iberians, tribes of unknown origin. As a result of the phased conquest, which was completed in the 1st century. BC NS. as a result of the Gallic War of Julius Caesar, the modern territory of France became part of the Roman Empire as a province of Gaul. The population was romanized and by the 5th century they spoke folk Latin, which became the basis of modern French.
France History of France In 486, Gaul was conquered by the Franks under the leadership of Clovis. Thus, the Frankish state was established, and Clovis became the first king of the Merovingian dynasty. In the 7th century, the king's power was significantly weakened, and the majordomo possessed real power in the state, one of which, Karl Martell, managed in 732 at the Battle of Poitiers to defeat the Arab army and prevent the Arab conquest of Western Europe. Karl Matrell's son, Pepin the Short, became the first king of the Carolingian dynasty, and under Pepin's son, Charlemagne, the Frankish state reached its highest prosperity in history and occupied most of the territory of the present Western and Southern Europe... After the death of Charlemagne's son, Louis the Pious, his empire was divided into three parts. In 843, according to the Treaty of Verdun, the West Frankish kingdom was formed, headed by Charles the Bald. This kingdom occupied approximately the territory of modern France and in the X century it became known as France.
France History of France Subsequently, the central government significantly weakened. In the 9th century, France was regularly raided by the Vikings, in 886 the latter besieged Paris. In 911, the Vikings founded the Duchy of Normandy in northern France. By the end of the 10th century, the country was almost completely fragmented, and the kings had no real power outside their fiefdoms (Paris and Orleans). The Carolingian dynasty in 987 was replaced by the Capetian dynasty, named after its first king, Hugo Capet. The Capetian reign is notable for the crusades, religious wars in France itself (first in 1170 the Waldensian movement, and in 1209-1229 - the Albigensian wars), the convocation of parliament - the States General - for the first time in 1302, as well as the Avignon captivity of the popes, when the Pope was arrested in 1303 by King Philip IV the Fair, and the popes were forced to remain in Avignon until 1378. In 1328, the Capetian dynasty was replaced by a side branch of the dynasty known as the Valois dynasty. In 1337, the Hundred Years War with England began, in which at first the British were successful in capturing a significant part of the territory of France, but in the end, especially after the appearance of Jeanne d'Arc, a turning point occurred in the war, and in 1453 the British capitulated.
France History of France During the reign of Louis XI (1461-1483), the actual termination of feudal fragmentation France and the transformation of the country into an absolute monarchy. In the future, France has constantly sought to play a prominent role in Europe. So, from 1494 to 1559, she fought the Italian Wars with Spain for control of Italy. At the end of the 16th century, Protestantism of the Calvinist persuasion spread in predominantly Catholic France (Protestants in France were called Huguenots). This sparked religious wars between Catholics and Protestants, culminating in 1572 on St. Bartholomew's Night in Paris - the massacre of Protestants. In 1589, the Valois dynasty came to an end, and Henry IV became the founder of the new Bourbon dynasty.
France History of France In 1598, Henry IV signed the Edict of Nantes, which ended the war with the Protestants and gave them wide powers, so that they formed a "state within a state" with its fortresses, troops and local government structures. From 1618 to 1648, France participated in the Thirty Years' War (formally, it was fighting only from 1635 - this is the so-called Swedish-French period of the war). From 1624 until his death in 1642, the country was effectively ruled by the minister of King Louis XIII, Cardinal Richelieu. He renewed his wars with the Protestants and managed to inflict a military defeat on them and destroy their state structures. In 1643, Louis XIII died, and his five-year-old son Louis XIV, who ruled until 1715 and managed to outlive his son and grandson, became king.
France History of France In 1648-1653, there was an uprising of the noble opposition, dissatisfied with the reign of Queen Mother Anne of Austria and the minister Cardinal Mazarin, who continued the policy of Richelieu, Fronde. After the suppression of the uprising in France, an absolute monarchy was restored. During the reign of Louis XIV - the "sun king" - France participated in several wars in Europe: 1635-1659. - war with Spain, 1672-1678 - Dutch War, 1688-1697 - War of the Palatinate Succession (War of the Augsburg League) and 1701-1713. - War of the Spanish Succession.
France History of France In 1685, Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes, which led to the flight of Protestants to neighboring countries and the deterioration of the economic situation in France.
France History of France In 1715, after the death of Louis XIV, his great-grandson Louis XV, who ruled until 1774, ascended the French throne.
France History of France Major milestones in French history:
1789 - Great French Revolution.
1792 - First Republic.
1793-1794 - Jacobin terror.
1795 - the capture of the Netherlands.
1797 - the capture of Venice.
1798-1801 - Egyptian expedition.
1799-1814 - the reign of Napoleon (proclaimed emperor in 1804; First Empire). In 1800-1812, Napoleon, through campaigns of conquest, created an all-European empire, and in Italy, Spain and other countries, his relatives or henchmen ruled. After the defeat in Russia (see. Patriotic War 1812) and the next unification of the anti-Napoleonic coalition, Napoleon's power disintegrated.
1815 - Battle of Waterloo.
1814-1830 - the period of the Restoration, based on the dualistic monarchy of Louis XVIII (1814 / 1815-1824) and Charles X (1824-1830).
1830 - July Monarchy. The revolution overthrows Charles X, power passes to Prince Louis-Philippe of Orleans, the financial aristocracy came to power.
1848-1852 - Second Republic.
1852-1870 - reign of Napoleon III - Second Empire.
1870-1940 - The third republic, proclaimed after the capture of Napoleon III at Sedan in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71. In 1879 - 80, the Workers' Party was created. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Socialist Party of France (under the leadership of J. Guesde, P. Lafargue and others) and the French Socialist Party (under the leadership of J. Jaurès) were formed, which united in 1905 (the French section of the Workers' International, SFIO). By the end of the 19th century, the formation of the French colonial empire, which included huge possessions in Africa and Asia, was basically completed.
1870-1871 - Franco-Prussian War
1871 - Paris Commune (March - May 1871).
1914-1918 - France participated in the First World War as part of the Entente.
1939-1945 - World War II
1940 - Compiegne Armistice 1940 with Germany (surrender of France)
1940-1944 - German occupation of northern France, Vichy regime in southern France.
1944 - the liberation of France by the troops of the anti-Hitler coalition and the Resistance movement.
1946-1958 - Fourth republic.
France History of France Fifth republic Modern France France today
France History of France In 1958, the Constitution of the Fifth Republic was adopted, which expanded the rights of the executive branch. Charles de Gaulle, General of the Liberation, hero of the First and Second World Wars, was elected President of the Republic of France. By 1960, amid the collapse of the colonial system, most of the French colonies in Africa had won independence. In 1962, after a bloody war, Algeria also gained independence. The pro-French Algerians moved to France, where they formed a rapidly growing Muslim minority.
France History of France Massive unrest of French youth and students (the May events in France 1968), caused by the aggravation of economic and social contradictions, as well as a general strike led to an acute state crisis; French President Charles de Gaulle, founder of the Fifth Republic, resigned (1969) and on November 9, 1970, he died a year later.
France History of France In general, the post-war development of France was characterized by the accelerated development of industry and Agriculture, the promotion of national capital, economic and socio-cultural expansion into the former African and Asian colonies, active integration within the European Union, the development of science and culture, strengthening social support measures, countering the "Americanization" of culture.
France History of France The foreign policy of France under President De Gaulle was marked by the desire for independence and for "restoring the greatness of France." In 1960, after successful tests of its own nuclear weapons, France joined the "nuclear club", in 1966 France withdrew from the NATO military structure (it returned only during the presidency of Nicolas Sarkozy), Charles de Gaulle did not support the European integration processes either.
France History of France In 1974, after the death of Pompidou, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, a politician of liberal and pro-European views, founder of the centrist party Union for French Democracy, became President of France after the death of Pompidou.
France History of France From 1981 to 1995, the post of President of France was held by the socialist François Mitterrand.
France History of France From May 17, 1995 to May 16, 2007, the President of France was Jacques Chirac, re-elected in 2002. He is a French neo-gollist politician. Under him, in 2000 in France, a referendum was held on the issue of reducing the term of office of the President of France from 7 to 5 years. Despite the very low turnout (about 30% of the population), the majority of the French in the end still spoke in favor of reducing the term of office of the President of France (73%).
France History of France In connection with the increase in the number of immigrants from African countries in France, the problem of migrants, many of whom are Muslims, has become aggravated: 10% of the population of France are non-indigenous Muslims (mostly immigrants from Algeria). On the one hand, this causes an increase in the popularity of ultra-right (xenophobic) organizations among the native French, on the other hand, France is becoming an arena of frequent street riots and even terrorist attacks.
France History of France On May 16, 2007, the candidate from the Union for a Popular Movement party, Nicolas Sarkozy, the son of a Hungarian émigré, became President of France.
France History of France On July 21, 2008, the French parliament, by a slight margin, supported the draft constitutional reform proposed by French President Nicolas Sarkozy. The current reform of the constitution of the French Republic has become the most significant for the entire existence of the Fifth Republic, amending 47 of the 89 articles of the 1958 document. The bill included three parts: strengthening the role of parliament, updating the institution of executive power and providing citizens with new rights.
France History of France The adoption of the new law caused an active controversy in French society. Critics of the project point out that the French president will still receive the main benefits. Nicolas Sarkozy is already called the "hyper-president" and even the new "monarch" of France.
France History of France Today, the history and life of modern France is inextricably linked with the development of the European Union. This trend leads to significant changes in the cultural life of French society.
France Culture and art of France
France French culture The French Republic has a huge cultural heritage... It is rich, diverse, reflecting wide regional differences, as well as the impact of immigration waves different eras... France gave the civilization of great mathematicians, numerous philosophers, writers, artists, the Age of Enlightenment, the language of diplomacy, a certain universal concept of man, and much more. The French language has been one of the main international languages for many centuries and retains this role to a large extent to this day. For long periods of its history, France was the main cultural center spreading their achievements around the world. In many areas, such as fashion or cinema, it still maintains a leading position in the world. The headquarters of UNESCO - the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is located in Paris.
impressionists
impressionist impressionist impressionist
France Culture of France Architecture of France On the territory of France, significant monuments have survived as antique architecture, primarily in Nimes, and the Romanesque style, which was most widespread in the XI century. Typical representatives of the latter are, for example, the cathedrals in the Basilica of Saint Saturnin in Toulouse, the largest Romanesque church in Europe, and the Cathedral of Notre Dame de la Grande in Poitiers. However, medieval French architecture is primarily known for its Gothic structures. The Gothic style originated in France in the middle of the XII century, the first Gothic cathedral was the Basilica of Saint-Denis (1137-1144). Most significant works gothic style in France, the cathedrals of Chartres, Amiens and Reims are considered, but in general in France there are a huge number of monuments of the Gothic style, from chapels to huge cathedrals. In the 15th century, the period of the so-called "flaming Gothic" began, from which only a few samples have survived, like the Saint-Jacques tower in Paris or one of the portals of the Rouen cathedral. In the 16th century, starting with the reign of Francis I, the Renaissance began in French architecture, well represented by the castles in the Loire Valley - Chambord, Chenonceau, Cheverny, Blois, Azay-le-Rideau and others - as well as the Fontainebleau palace.
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France Culture of France The architecture of France in the 17th century is the heyday of Baroque architecture, characterized by the creation of large palace and park ensembles, such as Versailles and the Luxembourg Gardens, and huge domed buildings, such as Val-de-Gras or Les Invalides. The baroque was replaced in the 18th century by classicism. The first examples of urban planning belong to this era, with straight streets and perspectives, the organization of urban space, such as, Champs Elysees in Paris. Examples of the actual architecture of classicism include many Parisian monuments, for example, the Pantheon (formerly the Church of Saint-Genevieve) or the Madeleine Church. Classicism is gradually passing into the Empire style, a style of the first third of the 19th century, the standard of which in France is the arch on the Place Carrousel. In the 1850s and 1860s, a complete redevelopment of Paris was carried out, as a result of which it took on a modern look, with boulevards, squares and straight streets. In 1887-1889, the Eiffel Tower was erected, which, although it met with significant rejection of contemporaries, is now considered one of the symbols of Paris. In the 20th century, modernism spreads around the world, in the architecture of which France no longer played a leading role, but in France, nevertheless, excellent examples of style were created, such as, for example, the church in Ronchamp, built by Le Corbusier, or built according to a specially designed plan of the business quarter of Paris La Defense with the Great Arch.
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France Culture of France Art of France France and French artists produced remarkable specimens medieval art(sculpture of Gothic cathedrals, painting by Jean Fouquet, book miniature, the peak of which is considered the Magnificent Book of Hours of the Duke of Berry, the brothers of Limburg) and the art of the Renaissance (Limoges enamels, painting by François Clouet, the school of Fontainebleau) and the 17th century (Georges de Latour).
France Culture of France Art of France In the 17th century, the largest French masters (painters Nicolas Poussin and Claude Lorrain, sculptor Pierre Puget) spent a significant part of their lives in Italy, which at that time was considered the center of world art. The first style of painting that emerged in France was the Rococo style in the 18th century, the largest representatives of which were Antoine Watteau and François Boucher. In the second half of the 18th century, after going through Chardin's still lifes and female portraits Dreaming, came to classicism, which dominated French academic art until the 1860s. The main representatives of this trend were Jacques-Louis David and Dominique Ingres.
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France Culture of France Art of France At the same time in France, common European artistic movements were developing, which significantly diverged from the official academic direction: romanticism (Theodore Gericault and Eugene Delacroix), Orientalism (Jean-Leon Gerome), the realistic landscape of the "Barbizon School", the most prominent representatives which were Jean-François Millet and Camille Corot, realism (Gustave Courbet, partly Honore Daumier), symbolism (Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Gustave Moreau). However, it was only in the 1860s that French art made a qualitative breakthrough, leading France to the undisputed leadership in world art and allowing it to retain this leadership until World War II. This breakthrough is associated primarily with the work of Edouard Manet and Edgar Degas, and then the Impressionists, the most notable of whom were Auguste Renoir, Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro and Alfred Sisley, as well as Gustave Caillebotte.
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France Culture of France Art of France The outstanding masters of French art include painters and sculptors Auguste Rodin, Odilon Redon, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, and many other French artists. In France, at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, new artistic movements constantly appeared, which then spread throughout Europe, influencing other art schools. These are pointillism (Georges Seurat and Paul Signac), the Nabis group (Pierre Bonnard, Maurice Denis, Edouard Vuillard), Fauvism (Henri Matisse, André Derain, Raoul Dufy), cubism (early works of Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque). French art also responded to the main trends of the avant-garde, such as expressionism (Georges Rouault, Chaim Soutine), the stand-alone painting of Marc Chagall, or the surrealistic works of Yves Tanguy. After the German occupation in the Second world war France has lost its undisputed leadership in the world of fine arts.
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France Culture of France Art of France The practical contribution of French artists to world culture is enormous and priceless Museums and art galleries France attracts tourists from all over the world Paintings by French artists (French artists) adorn museums and private collections around the world
France French painters Contemporary French artists work and create their new interesting paintings and sculptures.
Works by French artists and French sculptors enjoy constant interest among art lovers.
France - Artists of France! French artists!
In our gallery you can find and order works of the best French painters and sculptors in France.
French art in our imagination is the dreamy landscapes of the Impressionists, the bold and vibrant works of the great painters of the 20th century. . Did you know thatmost of the trends in art that we associate with the history of an entire era first appeared in France. Pinpointing the beginnings of "French" art may be an overwhelming task, but rock carvings have been found in Lascaux Cave - " Sistine Chapel primitive painting"17,300 years ago, which makes them one of the earliest artistic traces in the history of mankind. Artists of the academic school of painting and sculpture, founded in 1648 and belonging to the French court, worked skillfully. In 1699, academics organized the first exhibition in the Louvre, which continues act over the next centuries, and since 1725 exhibitions have been held in the Salon Carré and the concept of "salon" has become known.This art is inspired by national, international tastes and forms the basis of what we know today as traditional European art... The beginning of the French Revolution became important event in the history of France and art of that time. The decline of the school of academicism, together with the dissolution of the court and its radical restructuring, destabilized the artistic center of the country and plunged the artists of that time into an atmosphere of social upheavals and innovations. So, let's start with the undisputed master of neoclassicism Jacques-Louis David, dwell on the work of such famous artists like Gustave Courbet, Henri Matisse, Paul Gauguin, Marcel Duchamp, and take a quick look at French art history from the 18th century to the present day.
Neoclassicism
Jacques Louis David
Oath of the Horace, 1784-1785
Louvre, Paris
Eugene Delacroix
Freedom leading the people, 1830
Louvre, Paris
Developing at about the same period and arising from the literature of that time - romanticism, is perceived more emotionally and intimately because of the plots of historical or mythological paintings of neoclassicism. Imagination and inner sensation have become the driving forces in works that often focus on nature and fantastic views of distant lands. Theodore Gericault is the author of some of the most famous works of the Romantic era, including The Raft of the Medusa (1818-19), which depicts the tragic shipwreck of 1816, where he captured the details of survival.
The giant canvas impresses with its expressive power. Gericault managed to create a vivid image, combining in one picture the dead and the living, hope and despair. The painting was preceded by a huge preparatory work. Gericault made numerous studies of the dying in hospitals and the corpses of those executed. "The Raft of Medusa" "was the last of the completed works of Gericault. Gericault's contemporary, Eugene Delacroix, portrayed historical moments characteristic of neoclassicism, but at the same time his paintings are endowed with emotional content and fiercely lively colors. Delacroix looked for inspiration in the East, was fond of the era of French colonial activity. He also created what is perhaps the most iconic for the French, Freedom Leading the People (1830), which shows the fluttering and triumphant tricolor banner of freedom that survived the violent chaos of the revolution.
REALISM
Gustave Courbet
Artist's workshop, 1855
Musée d'Orsay, Paris
After the revolutionary coup in the middle of the 19th century, a striving for egalitarianism began - the concept of the development of a society with equal political, economic and legal opportunities. Moving away from the grandiose neoclassicism and emotional romanticism, the artists focused their attention on the daily life and everyday work of the people of France. Increasingly the main actors in the paintings there were peasants cultivating the land, townspeople at the time of worshiping the church, overcrowded city streets. During this period, the artist Gustave Courbet - the founder realism - directions of the most accurate fixation of reality, represents painting with explicit scenes of poverty and wretchedness, and also demonstrates overt sexuality, such as in his famous painting "The Origin of the World" (1866). In the 1870s, realism was divided into two main areas - naturalism and impressionism, beloved by many. IMPRESSIONISM
Claude Monet
Artist's Garden, 1880
National Gallery of Art, Washington
Paul Gauguin
Barbarian Tales, 1902
Folkwang Museum, Essen, Germany
Post-impressionism, as a direction focused on expressing one's own subjective experience, arose at the end of the 19th century with the French artists Cezanne, Gauguin, Seine and Van Gogh. Moreover, each of them worked in his own style. Seurat is known as the pioneer of pointillism - these are intricate images made from tiny dots. Gauguin and his vivid paintings of Tahitian life become a symbol that discards the scientific problems of art and conveys only the individual emotional experience and feelings of the artist. The self-taught artist Henri Rousseau wrote his bold canvases of exotic landscapes, for example "Dream" - the only work in which the plot is consciously not real and is entirely the author's imagination. FOVISM
Henri Matisse
Spanish Woman with a Tambourine, 1909
State Museum of Fine Arts. A.S. Pushkin, Russia
Inspired by the palette and style of Cézanne and other Post-Impressionists, fauvism became one of the earliest forms of contemporary art. Translated from French, "fauvism" means "wild", just such associations arose in one French critic when looking at the paintings presented in the autumn salon of 1905. Fauves are characterized by the dynamism of the stroke, the spontaneity of its application, the desire for emotional strength and passion. Clarity of artistic perception creates bright color, contrast, purity and sharpness of colors. The rhythm of the composition is always sharp and sharp. Bright representatives and leaders of this artistic direction were Henri Matisse and André Derain. I would especially like to mention the "Spanish Woman with a Tambourine" by Henri Matisse. This composition is a prominent representative of Fauvist paintings. The girl's figure is written in a dynamic color outline and adds contrast and depth to the space. It is innovatively unusual and quite expressive. MODERN ART OF THE XX CENTURY
Jean Dubuffet
Le Fugetif, 1977
David Richard Gallery, Santa Fe
Sophie Calle
project “Take Care of Youself”, 2007
La Virreina Image Center, Barcelona
French contemporary art bears the imprint of the past. While developing different styles and direction, in the artistic environment there was growing interest in the psychology of personality and the nature of the existence of the world. Famous French artists of the second half of the 20th century are Christian Boltanski, who, like Duchamp, often works with found objects, the photo artist Sophie Callet, whose conceptual works are filled with deep intimate experiences, Pierre Wiig and his multimedia projects that include living beings of all kinds ( recent installations include humming sculptures of a living bee colony in the MoMA garden and an eel aquarium on the roof). Based on materials from www.artsy.net
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